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Reservoir Fluid Properties Course (1st Ed.)
1. About This Course
2. Resources
3. Training Outline (beta)
4. Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 2
Course Description
This course is prepared for: 2 semester (or credit) hours and meets for a total of 2
hours a week.
Sophomore or junior level students (BS degrees)
(Major) Petroleum engineering students
(Minors) Production, Drilling and reservoir engineering students
Prerequisites :Thermodynamic 1 and lab.
Main objective: to describe how oil and gas behave under various
conditions and how this behavior can be modeled
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 4
Lectures
Each session Consists of different sections (about 4-5 sections)
Consists of about 50 slides
Is divided into 2 parts with short break time
Would be available online
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 5
Timing
Last Session (Review)
session Outlook
Presentation A
Break Time
Presentation B
Next Session Topics
Roll Call
Last session (Review), 5
Session Outlook , 5
Presentation A, 45
Break Time, 5
Presentation B, 45
Next Session Topics, 5
Roll Call, 5
TIME (MIINUTE)
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 6
Assessment Criteria
Class activities5%
Mid-term exam25%
Final exam70%
Class activities,
5 Mid-term exam, 25
Final exam, 70
PERCENT OF GRADE
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 7
Syllabus
1390 edition
1378 edition
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 9
1390 Edition
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 10
1390 Edition (Cont.)
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 11
1390 Edition (Cont.)
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 12
1378 Edition
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 13
1378 Edition (Cont.)
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 14
Class Lectures
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 15
Major References
Pedersen, K.S., Christensen, P.L., and Azeem, S.J. (2006). Phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids (CRC Press).
Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., John Paul, O., and Reid, R.C. (2001). The properties of gases and liquids (McGraw-Hill New York).
Tarek, A. (1989). Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (Gulf Publishing Company, Houston).
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 16
Syllabus Proposed References:
McCain, W.D. (1989). The properties of petroleum fluids.
Pedersen, K.S., Christensen, P.L., and Azeem, S.J. (2006). Phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids (CRC Press).
Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., John Paul, O., and Reid, R.C. (2001). The properties of gases and liquids (McGraw-Hill New York).
Tarek, A. (1989). Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (Gulf Publishing Company, Houston).
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 17
Class Schedule
Lec. No. Topic
Lec. 1 Introduction
Lec. 2 Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
Lec. 3 Compositional Analyses
Lec. 4 Reservoir Hydrocarbons
(Natural gas & Crude Oil)
Lec. 5 Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Bo
& Bt & Constants)
Lec. 6 PVT Experiments (CME &
CVD & DL)
Lec. 7 PVT Experiments (DL &
Other Experiments)
Lec. 8 Equations of State and
Compressibility Factor
Lec. No. Topic
Lec. 9Advanced EoS and C7+
Characterization
Lec. 10 Equilibrium
Lec. 11 Flash and Equilibrium Ratios
Lec. 12Separators and Phase
Envelope Calculations
Lec. 13 Thermodynamic Properties
Lec. 14 Physical Properties
Lec. 15Solid Components and
Formation Water
Lec. 16 Relevant Software
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 19
Lec. 1: Introduction
About This Course
Resources
Training Outline (beta)
Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 20
Lec. 2: Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
Reservoir Fluids
Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbons
Phase Envelopes
HC Classifications
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 21
Lec. 3: Compositional Analyses
Samples
Sample Analysis
Samples Quality Control
K-Factor as A QC
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 22
Lec. 4: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)Reservoir Fluid Course
HC Alteration
Properties of Natural Gases
Properties of Crude Oilsdensity
Gas Solubility
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 23
Lec. 5: Reservoir Hydrocarbons(Bo & Bt & Constants)Formation Volume Factor
Oil
Total (two phase)
Property Constants
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 24
Lec. 6: PVT Experiments(CME & CVD & DL)Constant-mass expansion Experiment
Constant-Volume Depletion Experiment
Differential Liberation Experiment: Procedure
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 25
Lec. 7: PVT Experiments (DL & Other Experiments)Differential Liberation Experiment: Data set
Separator Experiment
Swelling Experiment
Other Experiments
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 26
Lec. 8: Equations of State and Compressibility Factor General Notes about EoS
Ideal Gas EoS
Compressibility Factor
Van Der Waals EoS
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 27
Lec. 9: Advanced EoS and C7+ CharacterizationCubic EoS:
SRK EoS
PR EoS
Other Cubic EoS
Non Cubic EoS
EoS for Mixtures
Hydrocarbons Components
Mixtures
Heavy Oil
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 28
Lec. 10: Equilibrium
Cubic EoS:SRK EoS
PR EoS
Other Cubic EoS
Non Cubic EoS
EoS for Mixtures
Hydrocarbons Components
Mixtures
Heavy Oil
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 29
Lec. 11: Flash and Equilibrium Ratios
PT-Flash Process
Equilibrium Ratios
PT-Flash Calculations
Mixture Saturation Points
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 30
Lec. 12: Separators and Phase Envelope CalculationsMixture Saturation Points Calculation
Surface Separation
Phase Envelope
Phase Identification
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 31
Lec. 13: Thermodynamic Properties
The Estimation of Physical Properties
EoS Applications
Thermodynamic Properties
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 32
Lec. 14: Physical Properties
Viscosity
Surface and Interfacial Tension
Applications of the Natural Gas PVT Properties
Applications of the Crude Oil PVT Properties
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 33
Lec. 15: Solid Components and Formation WaterAsphaltene
Gas Hydrates
Hydrate Structures
Formation Water
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 34
Lec. 16: Relevant Software
PVT Simulation
CMG
IPM
PVTi
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 35
Petroleum Engineering
Definition Petroleum Engineering, by definition, is finding crude oil
and natural gas in the ground and devising a way to bring it out of the ground.
Petroleum Engineer RolePetroleum Engineers supply society with crude oil and
natural gas for energy. This energy fuels our cars and planes, heats our homes, powers our plants and generates electricity.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 38
What Is Petroleum?
Crude oil, or petroleum, is an organic substance derived from the remains of prehistoric plant and animal matter.
It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, i.e. molecules containing hydrogen and carbon, which exist sometimes in liquid form (crude oil) and sometimes as a vapor (natural gas).
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 39
Fish and Plant Fossil
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 40
Petroleum Formation
Millions of years ago, rains washed prehistoric plant and animal remains into the seas along with sand and silt, and layer upon layer piled up on the sea bottom.
These layers were compressed under the weight of these sediments, and the increasing pressure and temperature changed the mud, sand and silt into rock and the organic matter into petroleum. This rock is known as source rock.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 41
Oil Sources
Because oil and gas are lighter than water, they float on top of water.
Oil and gas that formed in the source rock deep within the earth floated up through tiny pore spaces in the rock. Some seeped out at the surface of the earth.
Some was trapped by dense, non-porous rock, called shale. These underground traps of oil and gas are called reservoirs.
Reservoirs contain porous rocks which allow fluids to flow through the pore spaces, i.e. which are permeable.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 42
An Example of Porous Rocks
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 43
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 44
Petroleum Extraction
Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011
Petroleum Extraction: Drilling
Once the geoscientists analyze a prospective oil field and the land is leased, a wildcat well is drilled to obtain more information about the reservoir. In late 1800's, oil wells were drilled by hammering steel
pipes into the rock.
Today, rotary drilling rigs are used, where a drill bit is turned around and around, deeper and deeper, cutting into the rock.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 45
Drilling: Top Drive
Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 2008 Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 20082013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 46
Rotary Drilling
Drilling fluid, or drilling mud, is used to lubricate the bit so it doesn't get stuck, and to flush the rock pieces to the surface. These cuttings are examined by a mud logger, who looks for signs of oil and gas.
Not all wells are straight and vertical. Horizontal drilling has become a very profitable way to increase production by having the wellbore contacting more of the formation.
When the drilling is completed, the rigs can be disassembled for assembly at another drill site. Some rigs are on ships and barges for drilling offshore.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 47
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 48
Drilling Mud System
Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011
Well Completion
After drilling, steel pipe called casing is set in the hole and is cemented into place.
A heavy-duty system of valves called a Christmas Tree is set into place at the wellhead to control the flow of the oil, gas and water and prevent a blowout.
Then the well casing is perforated at the right depths to make holes for the oil and gas to flow into the wellbore and up to the surface.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 49
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 50
Christmas Tree
Courtesy ICOFC, Khangiran, 2011
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 51
Casing & Cementing
Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011
Petroleum Extraction: Production
Because oil, gas and water underground are under a lot of pressure at first, these fluids flow up a wellbore all by themselves, much like a soft drink that has been shaken up. When oil and gas are produced this way, it is called primary recovery.
When the initial pressure is spent, sucker rod pumps are used to pull the oil out of the reservoir rock and up the well.
Sometimes gas is injected at the bottom of the well, and as it expands, it lifts the oil up to the surface. This is called gas lift.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 52
Producing the Well
Opening up new channels in the rock for the oil and gas to flow through is called stimulation.
Three stimulation treatments are commonly used: Explosives to break up the rock,
Injection of acid to partially dissolve the rock, and
Hydraulic fracturing to split the rock and prop it open with proppants.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 53
Secondary Recovery
After primary recovery, only a portion of the oil and gas has been produced, so secondary recovery, or waterflooding is done. Water and oil do not mix; oil is generally lighter than
water and floats on top of it in the reservoir.
During a waterflood, water is injected into the water zone of some of the wells to push the oil and gas up the other wells.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 54
Consumption of Oil: Fuels
Fuel from produced oil and gas is used variously as gasoline for cars, jet fuel, kerosene, propane gas for cooking, heating oils for home furnaces, diesel fuels for trucks and buses and trains, industrial fuels for boilers in factories and ships, and solid coke for burning.
Many electricity generating plants are also run on oil or natural gas.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 55
Consumption of Oil: Plastics, Rubber, Other Products and Fibers Plastics, Rubber, Other Products
Many plastics and polymers are made from petroleum feedstocks.These are used to manufacture things like food wrap, toys,
containers, and automobile tires.
Other products include lubricating oils for machinery, grease, wax for candles, asphalt for roads and roofs, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, and white oils and petrolatum for medicinal purposes.
Fibers Polyester and nylon are petrochemicals that are made
into thousands of consumer products like panty hose, nylon thread, and polyester.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 56
Careers in Oil Industry: Engineers and Scientists There are many careers in the oil industry. Nearly
every type of engineer can be found upstream or downstream, including Chemical, industrial, mechanical, civil, electrical,
bioengineers, and of course, petroleum engineers.
Natural and earth sciences are also prevalent in the oil business. Chemists, biologists, physicists, geologists, geophysicists,
and computer scientists work together on multi-disciplinary teams with engineers to research and optimize oil field and refinery operations.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 57
Careers in Oil Industry: Other ProfessionalThere are also other professional and support
careers, as in any business.These include business administration, accounting, law
and tax, advertising, sales and marketing, secretarial and library functions, trucking, public and employee relations, and a host of other positions to keep operation smooth.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 58
1. ONGC Videsh (2003). Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 59
1. Reservoir Fluids
2. Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbons
3. Phase Envelopes
4. HC Classifications
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 60