Presented by:

Eugenia F. Serrano

◦ STRESS is defined as a person’s adaptiveresponse to a stimulus that places excessivepsychological or physical demands on that person.

◦ The component of the stress;◦ 1. Notion of adaptation.◦ 2. The role of the stimulus.

This stimulus, generally called a stressor, is anything thatinduces stress,

◦ 3. Stressors can be either psychological or physical.◦ 4. Finally, the demands the stressor places on the

individual must be excessive for stress to actuallyresult.

Dr. Hans Selye most important contributions

were his identification of the general adaptationsyndrome and the concepts of eustress and distress.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) identifies three stages of response to a stressor.

◦ The initial stage is alarm.

◦ Next comes actual resistance to the stressor, usually leading to an increase above the person’s normal level of resistance.

Finally in stage 3, exhaustion may set in, and theperson’s resistance declines sharply below normallevels.

RESPONSE TO STRESSFUL EVENT

Normal Level of Resistance

HIGH

LOW

Stage 1Alarm

Stage 2Resistance

Stage 3ExhaustionIn

div

iduals

Resis

tance t

o S

tress

Distress – is the unpleasant stress that

accompanies negative events.

Negative stress like bad news, unreasonabledemands on our time and excessive pressure

Eustress – that can lead to a positiveoutcomes for the individual, Like, getting married,getting promotion, graduation speech.

Type A and B Personality Profiles

The extreme Type A individual is extremely

competitive, very devoted to work, and has a strongsense of time urgency.

The extreme Type B person, in contrast is lesscompetitive, is less devoted to work, and has a weakersense of time urgency.

Are You Type A or Type B?

a. Almost always true, b. usually true, c. seldom, d. never

1. I do not like to wait for other people to completetheir work before I can proceed with mine.

2. People tell me that I tend to get irritated tooeasily.

3. I tend to lose my temper when I am under a lot ofpressure at work.

4. When I make mistake, it is usually because I haverushed into the job before completely planning a through.

1. An intense sense of time urgency to race againstthe clock, even when there is little reason to. Theperson feels a need to hurry for hurry’s sake alone,and this tendency has appropriately been calledhurry sickness. No. 1 and 3

2. Inappropriate aggression and hostility revealthemselves in a person who is excessively competitiveand who cannot do anything for fun. No. 2

3. Goal directedness without proper planning refersto the tendency of an individual to rush into workwithout really knowing how to accomplish the desiredresult. No. 4

Two other related important related to stressare hardiness and optimism.

Hardiness is a person’s ability to cope withstress.

Optimism is the extent to which a person seeslife in relatively positive or negative terms.

1. ORGANIZATIONAL STRESSORSOrganizational stressors are various factors in

the workplace that can cause stress. Four generalsets of organizational stressors are task demands,physical demands, and role demands

1. TASK DEMANDS. Are stressors associated withthe specific job a person performs.

Top Most Stressful Jobs Top Least Stressful Jobs

1. Surgeon 1. Actuary

2. Commercial Airline Pilot 2. Dietitian

3. Photojournalist 3. Computer Systems Analyst

4. Advertising Account Executive5. Real State Agent

4. Statistician5. Astronomer

6. Reporter 6. Mathematician

2. PHYSICAL DEMANDS. are stressors with thejobs physical setting, such as the adequacy oftemperature and lighting and the physicalrequirements the job makes on the employee.

3. ROLE DEMANDS. Are stressors associatedwith the role a person is expected to play.

ROLE. Is a expected behaviors associated with aparticular position in a group of organization.

* Role Ambiguity. Arises when a role isunclear.

Role Conflict – occurs when the messages and cues constituting a role are clear but contradictory or mutually exclusive.

◦ E.g. if the person’s boss says that to get ahead one must work overtime and also on weekends, and the same person’s spouse says that more time is needed at home with the family, conflict may result.

Role overload – occurs when expectations for the role exceed the individual’s capabilities.

4. LIFE STRESSORS – life stressorscan be categorized by life change and lifetrauma.

* Life Change – is any meaningful change in aperson’s personal or work situation; too many lifechanges over a short period of time can lead to healthproblems.

* Life Trauma – is any upheaval in an individualslife at alters his or her attitudes, emotions orbehaviors.

Individual Consequences – The individualconsequences of stress, are the outcomes thatmainly affect the individual. The individualwho pays the real price.

Behavioral Consequences – Thebehavioral consequences of stress may harmthe person under stress or others.

One such behavior is smoking or taking alcohol or drugs. Other behavioral consequences are aggression and violence and appetite disorders.

Psychological Consequences of stress relate to a person’s

mental health and well-being.

Medical Consequences of stress affect a person’s physical well-being. Heart disease and stroke, among other illnesses, have been linkedto stress.

Performance – one clear organizationalconsequence of too much stress is a decline inperformance. Poor-quality of work for operatingworkers.

Withdrawal – the two most significant forms ofwithdrawal behavior are absenteeism and quitting.

Attitudes – People may be more prone tocomplain about unimportant things. Short-tempered.

Burnout – is a general feeling of exhaustion thatdevelops when an individual simultaneouslyexperiences too much pressure and has too fewsatisfaction.

Individual Coping Strategies

1. Exercise. is one method of managing stress. People who exercise regularly are less likely to have heart attacks than inactive people.

2. Relaxation. A related method of managing stress is relaxation.

3. TIME MANAGEMENT. Time management is oftenrecommended for managing stress. The idea is that manydaily pressures can be eased or eliminated if a person does abetter job of managing time.

4. ROLE MANAGEMENT. Role management is in which theindividual actively works to avoid overload, ambiguity andconflict.

5. SUPPORT GROUPS. A final method for managing stress is todevelop and maintain support groups. A support group issimply a group of family members or friends with whom aperson can spend time

***Thank You!!!***