Studying Immigrant Entrepreneurship

STUDYING IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Francisco Diaz Bretones

Department of Social Psychology

University of Granada (Spain)

Graduate Colloquium Series. May 6, 2008Princeton University,

http://www.estadisticaparatodos.es/enlaces/portales/i/membrete.jpg

Bretones, F. (2008).

Graduate Colloquim Series. May 6, 2008Princeton University

Graduate Colloquium Series. May 6, 2008. Princeton University

Summary

• Introduction: a summary of studies of entrepreneurship to date

• Entrepreneurship and migration

• Our study: Immigrant entrepreneurship in Andalusia


Introduction: a summary of studies of entrepreneurship to

date

Attitude toward behavior

Subjetive norm

Perceived behavioral control

Behavioral intentions Behavior

Theory of Planned BehaviorB = BI = w1AB + w2SN + w3PB

(Ajzen, 1991)Graduate Colloquium Series. May 6, 2008. Princeton University

Hofstede’s model

• Individualism/collectivism

• Uncertainty avoidance

• Power distance

• Masculinity/femininity

(Hofstede, 1980)Graduate Colloquium Series. May 6, 2008. Princeton University

Total entrepreneurial activity (2003)

Venezuela, 27.3

India, 17.9Argentina, 17

Chile, 16.3Korea, 14.5

Brazil, 13.2Mexico, 12.4

China, 12US, 11.3

Australia, 9.9Ireland, 8.6Canada, 8.5

Spain, 6.3Denmark, 6.2GB, 6

Germany, 5.2Italy, 4.6

Belgium, 3.4France, 2.4Japan, 2.3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30


Entrepreneurship and migration

Percentage of all U.S. firms

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Hispanic Asian Black

2002

1997

Source: 2002 Survey of Business OwnersGraduate Colloquium Series.

May 6, 2008. Princeton University

U.S. percentage change 1997-2002

10.3

31.1

23.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

% firms 1997-2002

U.S. firms Hispanic Asian

Source: 2002 Survey of Business OwnersGraduate Colloquium Series.

May 6, 2008. Princeton University

Ethnic enclave

• Spatial concentration of business.

• Owned and operated by member of the same cultural/linguistic groups.

• Relations with each other (customers and/or suppliers).

• Selling ethnic goods.


Premigration characteristics

Migratory history

Postmigration characteristics


Our study: Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Andalusia

(Spain) - Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa de la Junta de Andalucía (P06-HUM-01758). - Dirección General de Coordinación de Políticas Migratorias de la Junta de Andalucía (2006/184).- Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (JC2007-00091).

Net immigration rate per 1000. EU-15 countries 2005

4.23.2

1.4 1.2

3.1

15

1.7

11.4

5.8

3.4

5

-1.2

3.9

1.72.7

3.3

EU

-15

(ave

rag

e)

Bel

giu

m

Den

mar

k

Ger

man

y

Gre

ece

Spa

in

Fra

nce

Irel

and

Ital

y

Lu

xem

bou

rg

Net

her

lan

ds

Aus

tria

Por

tug

al

Fin

lan

d

Sw

eden

U.K

.

Source: Eurostat, 2006Graduate Colloquium Series. May 6, 2008. Princeton University

Resident citizens in Spain with foreign nationality (1995-2006)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Source: Eurostat, 11.14.2007

Total (millions)


North African immigrants worldwide

163,658139,799

58,530 52,485

343,819

Spain Netherlands Belgium U.S Canada

Source: OECD, 2003

France: 2,296,979


Latin American immigrants worldwide

744,221

336,570

232,248 221,626

Spain Canada Japan Netherlands

Source: OECD, 2003

U.S.: 13,476,759


Objetives

1. To create and analyze behavioral profiles of non-EU immigrants entrepreneurs in Andalusia.

2. To analyze precursor and barrier variables in the social and psychological strategies developed by them.

3. To explore social and economic responses, proposing strategies to improve the social integration


Andalusia

Surface: 54,430 square miles

Population: 7,357,558

Labor force: service sector: 65.6% construction: 15.3% industry: 9.9% agricultural sector: 9.2%


Immigrant rates in Andalusia


Foreign-born residents in Andalusia (2005)

195,777

108,97994,519

14,314 6,109 4110

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

European Latin American African

Asian North American Oceania

Total amount: 420,199 (Dec 31, 2005)

(Source: National Statistical Institute)Graduate Colloquium Series. May 6, 2008. Princeton University

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Entrepreneurs

Foreign-born entrepreneurs in Andalusia (1995-2006)


Local/foreign entrepreneurs

LOCAL FOREIGN


Immigrant entrepreneurs in Andalusia by origin (1999-2003)

6337

75868406

10103

11351

1840 2194 2353 2514

1067 1112 12951640753 877 1121

436 549 683 891179 230 370 499 608

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

En

tre

pre

ne

urs

European African Asian Latin American Others


Immigrant entrepreneurs by origin (Granada, male)

Granada (Male)

225266

296

386364

419

535499

596

7194 104 101

120

3962

207

552723 221615

1110

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Ent

repr

eneu

rs

European Áfrican Asian Latin Américan Others


Immigrant entrepreneurs by origin (Granda, female)

Granada (Female)

94106

134

156

204

3344

58 5260

283639

48 5465

51

24 2924 352214

99

0

50

100

150

200

250

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Ent

repr

eneu

rs

Europa Comunitaria África Asia América del Sur Europa Resto


Immigrant entrepreneurs by origin (Almeria, male)

Almería (Male)

364

427

509

595

659

112 111

169 184

37 39 5658 67 71130

38 454336 382414154

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Ent

repr

eneu

rs

European Arican Asian Latin American Others


Immigrant entrepreneurs by origin (Almeria, female)

Almería (Female)

145

171

201

233

295

12 15 22 24 2615

3148

11 1419 27 3328227 9 16 26 28

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Ent

repr

eneu

rs

European Áfrican Asian Latin Américan Others


Methodology

2007-2009

1. Statistical databases

2. Qualitative methodology– In-depth interviews (immigrants): 60– Questionnaires (experts): 40– Focus groups: 15


Study variables

• Employment history

• Migratory history

• Social networking

• Motives, attributions and perceptions

• Sociodemographic variables

Comparative non-entrepreneurial group



…thank you so much

Francisco Diaz Bretones

[email protected]

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]