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Discusses possible roles and business models for libraries in the knowledge economy
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11
The Knowledge Economy:The Knowledge Economy:
Wherefore LibrariesWherefore Libraries
Presented to:
Eastern Canada ChapterSpecial Libraries Association
Nov. 22, 2007 Ottawa, Ontario
Albert Simard
22
Libraries have a long history…Libraries have a long history…
Librarians have been
managing knowledge
for about 2,500 years
Library at Alexandria
established in 283 BC
Capture and store the
worlds knowledge
But…Library of Alexandria – artist’s concept
33
Tradition is not enough…Tradition is not enough…
“While they all make varying use of corporate
libraries and information systems, few
knowledge workers feel that these groups can
be relied on for more than a modest amount
of their information needs.”
James McGee and Lawrence Prusak
Managing Information Strategically (1993)
44
Knowledge EconomyKnowledge Economy
Success based on what you
know, not what you own
Value of goods based on knowledge, not material
Creating and using
knowledge is the key
Organizations must evolve
or become irrelevant
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OutlineOutline
Knowledge AssetsKnowledge Assets
Preserving Preserving
KnowledgeKnowledge
Knowledge Knowledge
MarketsMarkets
Social NetworkingSocial Networking
66
The Evolution of Knowledge The Evolution of Knowledge
ManagementManagement
Network connectivity,
group collaboration & synergy
EmergentNetworks3rd
Individual behavior,
capturing & exchanging
knowledge
TacitIndividuals2nd
Infrastructure for
acquiring, organizing,
sharing & reusing
knowledge
ExplicitArtifacts1st
ImplicationsType of
Knowledge
Knowledge
Carrier
KM
Generation
(Patti Anklam, 2007)
77
Knowledge AttributesKnowledge Attributes
Knowledge is increasing; half-life is decreasing
Knowledge can be in many places at one time
Knowledge may be permanent or time sensitive
Knowledge is used without being consumed
Selling does not reduce supply nor ability to resell
Once disseminated, knowledge cannot be recalled
Thomas Stewart (1997)
88
Explicit KnowledgeExplicit Knowledge
� Books, publications, reports
� Photos, diagrams, illustrations
� Computer code, decision-support systems
� Presentations, speeches, lectures
� Stories, lessons learned, recordings
� Laws, regulations, procedures, policies
� Embedded into products
99
Tacit KnowledgeTacit Knowledge
Awareness
Skills
Mental models
Expertise
Judgement
Wisdom
Corporate memory
The Thinker - Rodin
1010
Transferring KnowledgeTransferring Knowledge
Conversations, discussions, dialogue
Questions & answers
Knowledge extraction
Advice, briefings, recommendations
Mentoring, teaching, examples
Presentations, lectures, stories
Documents, books, manuals
Education, training, demonstration
Meetings, workshops, conferences
1111
OutlineOutline
Knowledge AssetsKnowledge Assets
Preserving Preserving
KnowledgeKnowledge
Knowledge Knowledge
MarketsMarkets
Social NetworkingSocial Networking
1212
Knowledge Preservation Knowledge Preservation
Value ChainValue Chain
Capture MaintainOrganize RetrieveStore
accessinventory map capacity continuity
Custodian ManagerCodifier ProviderSpecialist
1313
Capturing Knowledge AssetsCapturing Knowledge Assets
•• ObjectivesObjectives
•• IdentificationIdentification
•• EvaluationEvaluation
•• DocumentDocument
•• CodifyCodify
•• Digitize Digitize
•• EnterEnter
1414
Briefing Note DatabaseBriefing Note Database
1515
Organizing KnowledgeOrganizing Knowledge
Epistemology
Cognitive approaches
Automated methods
Classification systems
Thesauri, taxonomies
Interdisciplinary issues
Linguistic issues
1616
Storing Knowledge AssetsStoring Knowledge Assets
•• Information technology infrastructureInformation technology infrastructure
•• Systems for archiving and managing knowledge Systems for archiving and managing knowledge
•• Interface for entry and administrationInterface for entry and administration
•• Data warehouse, distributed databasesData warehouse, distributed databases
•• Information repository, records managementInformation repository, records management
•• Knowledge repository, knowledge map Knowledge repository, knowledge map
•• Digital libraries, traditional librariesDigital libraries, traditional libraries
1717
Retrieving Knowledge AssetsRetrieving Knowledge Assets
Access to knowledge
Browser interface
Search engine
Extraction tools
Manipulation tools
Assembly tools
Retrieval system
Relativity - Escher
1818
Maintaining Knowledge AssetsMaintaining Knowledge Assets
•• Content integrity Content integrity
•• System and content security System and content security
•• Access to contentAccess to content
•• Service standardsService standards
•• Migrate technologyMigrate technology
•• Life cycle management Life cycle management
1919
Migrating Knowledge AssetsMigrating Knowledge Assets
PaperPaper
Punch cardsPunch cards
Paper tapePaper tape
Magnetic tapeMagnetic tape
Computer disksComputer disks
Floppy disksFloppy disks
Tape cassettesTape cassettes
DiskettesDiskettes
CDCD--ROMSROMS
Gone With the Wind
2020
OutlineOutline
Knowledge assetsKnowledge assets
Preserving Preserving KnowledgeKnowledge
Knowledge Knowledge MarketsMarkets
Social NetworkingSocial Networking
2121
A Transactional A Transactional
Knowledge MarketKnowledge Market
Supply (Providers)
Demand (Users)
Providers and users connect through a virtual marketplace facilitated by knowledge brokers
Government On-Line; Global Disaster Information Network
2222
Knowledge Market: AttributesKnowledge Market: Attributes
Price – reciprocity, repute, altruism
Trust – visible, ubiquitous, top-down
Signals – position, education, reputation
Inefficiencies – incomplete information, asymmetry, localness
Pathologies – monopolies, artificial scarcity, trade barriers
Adapted from Davenport (1998)
2323
Knowledge BrokersKnowledge Brokers
Assist with search and retrieval
Assist in adapting knowledge to user needs
Maintain information repositories
Provide digital infrastructure for exchange
Manage the market infrastructure
Assist with knowledge dissemination
Increase awareness of knowledge availability
2424
Knowledge Sharing: MechanismsKnowledge Sharing: Mechanisms
Talking (real, virtual)
E-mail (individuals, list servers, distribution lists)
Chat rooms, forums, discussion groups
Communities of interest, social networks
Groupware (teams, working groups)
Symposia, conferences, workshops
Data, information, & knowledge repositories
Libraries (repositories, access, search, retrieval)
2525
CAB InternationalCAB International
2626
National Library of CanadaNational Library of Canada
2727
Canadian Forest ServiceCanadian Forest Service
Libraries Libraries -- MetaForeMetaFore
2828
A Digital LibraryA Digital Library
2929
Digital Libraries: CharacteristicsDigital Libraries: Characteristics
Documents are assembled on the fly
Large collection of digital objects
All types of digital material
Stored in electronic repositories
May be centralized or distributed
Accessible through national networks
3030
Protecting Common EProtecting Common E--DocumentsDocuments
Organizations (provider & user under one organizational mandate)
Providers (generally not aligned with common good, societal needs and long-term preservation)
Users (preservation tends to be user-centric)
Community archives (most complex)
� Purpose (historical, cultural, scholarly record)
� Legal protection (from liability from open access)
� Access rights & restrictions (sustainable business model)
(Donald Waters, 2007)
3131
OutlineOutline
Knowledge assetsKnowledge assets
Preserving Preserving KnowledgeKnowledge
Knowledge Knowledge MarketsMarkets
Social NetworkingSocial Networking
3232
Network GovernanceNetwork Governance
Charter Charter –– Members agree to participate in Members agree to participate in
achieving common objectives, within a achieving common objectives, within a
networknetwork structure, with participant records structure, with participant records
and accountability and common rights and and accountability and common rights and
responsibilities to property.responsibilities to property.
Nature:Nature: Flexible, dynamic, opportunistic, Flexible, dynamic, opportunistic,
synergistic, unpredictable. synergistic, unpredictable. (unstructured, (unstructured,
selfself--organized, maximizes reward)organized, maximizes reward)
3333
Network scaleNetwork scale
Group: Group: few participants; elicit knowledge; few participants; elicit knowledge;
unstructured; aggregating knowledge unstructured; aggregating knowledge
(knowledge services task group)(knowledge services task group)
Communities: Communities: many participants; share many participants; share
knowledge; selfknowledge; self--directed; common interest directed; common interest
(organizational IM community)(organizational IM community)
Networks: Networks: massive participants; peer massive participants; peer
production; emergent processes; common production; emergent processes; common
ownership ownership (Linux developers)(Linux developers)
3434
Network StructureNetwork Structure
3535
Network PrinciplesNetwork Principles
OpennessOpenness –– collaboration based on candor, collaboration based on candor,
transparency, freedom, flexibility, and transparency, freedom, flexibility, and
accessibility.accessibility.
PeeringPeering –– horizontal voluntary meritocracy, horizontal voluntary meritocracy,
based on fun, altruism, or personal values.based on fun, altruism, or personal values.
SharingSharing –– increased value of common increased value of common
products benefits all participants.products benefits all participants.
Acting GloballyActing Globally –– value is created through value is created through
very large knowledge ecosystems.very large knowledge ecosystems.
3636
Network Network -- ExamplesExamples
BlogsBlogs –– Individuals can easily publish anything on Individuals can easily publish anything on the Web without specialized knowledge. the Web without specialized knowledge.
YouTubeYouTube –– enables easy publishing and viewing of enables easy publishing and viewing of video clips on the Web.video clips on the Web.
SlideShareSlideShare –– Enables easy publishing and sharing Enables easy publishing and sharing of PowerPoint presentations on the Web.of PowerPoint presentations on the Web.
InnocentiveInnocentive –– A global “A global “IdeagoraIdeagora” where those who ” where those who need solutions and those with solutions can meet.need solutions and those with solutions can meet.
WikisWikis –– Rapid collaborative development of Rapid collaborative development of products; anyone can revise anythingproducts; anyone can revise anything
3737
Network SuccessesNetwork Successes
WikipediaWikipedia ––2 Million English entries; 165 Languages; 2 Million English entries; 165 Languages;
10 times larger then Encyclopedia Britannica10 times larger then Encyclopedia Britannica
LinuxLinux –– openopen--source operating system developed by source operating system developed by
thousands of programmers around the worldthousands of programmers around the world
GoldCorpGoldCorp –– released geological data in an open released geological data in an open
contest to find gold; increased reserves by factor of 4.contest to find gold; increased reserves by factor of 4.
Procter & GambleProcter & Gamble –– uses network of 90,000 external uses network of 90,000 external
scientists to leverage internal research capacity.scientists to leverage internal research capacity.
LeggoLeggo –– uses imagination and creativity of worldwide uses imagination and creativity of worldwide
toy owners to create new products.toy owners to create new products.
3838
Natural Resources Canada Natural Resources Canada WikiWiki
3939
Capturing ValueCapturing Value
Bring it inside the organization
Stabilize it; make it work
4040
Knowledge As a CommonsKnowledge As a Commons
Prerequisites� Virtual (digitized, on an Internet server)
� Economic (no cost to user; who pays cost?)
� Legal (flexible copyright, license restrictions)
Primacy of authors� Facilitate (digitize, metadata, administration)
� Remove disincentives (prepublication, no reward)
� Create incentives (OA recognition, prestige)
Intellectual property� Constrictive (excludes imitation, restricts entry)
� Facilitating (protects disclosure, dissemination)
� Irrelevant (not air tight, grey areas)
(Hess and Ostrom, 2007)
4141
Knowledge Commons PrinciplesKnowledge Commons Principles
An open, collective, and selfAn open, collective, and self--governed knowledge governed knowledge
ecosystem is more sustainable than restricted ecosystem is more sustainable than restricted
knowledge held as a resource and property.knowledge held as a resource and property.
Imitation is important for transmitting social and cultural Imitation is important for transmitting social and cultural
knowledge.knowledge.
Markets are important for organizing a knowledge Markets are important for organizing a knowledge
commons, but need to be well regulated to maintain commons, but need to be well regulated to maintain
open access.open access.
Open systems of recording and preserving knowledge Open systems of recording and preserving knowledge
are important to democratic societies. are important to democratic societies.
Hess and Ostrom (2007)
4242
A final thought…A final thought…
“The Internet allows users to become their
own librarians, able to research, study,
and investigate anything with nothing
more than a mouse and a keyboard.”
Francis Cairncross
The Death of Distance (1997)
http://www.slideshare.net/Al.Simard