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Thought Leadership Session:
Enterprise Semantics & Ontology
Prof. Simon PolovinaSheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom
Head of Enterprise Semantics research and development at the Global University Alliance
Co-Chairman of the Global University Alliance
Twitter ID: @SimonPolovina
The Power of Understanding the Enterprise
Prof. Wim Laurier Université Saint-Louis, Bruxelles and Ghent University
Head of Enterprise Ontology research and development at the Global University Alliance
Board Member at the Global University Alliance
Twitter ID: @LaurierWim
2
Agenda
Action Design Research (Too) many Tools, Frameworks,
Modelling LanguagesProductivity of Computers &
Creativity of HumansOntology, Semantics & SemioticsLet’s go to the lab…All models are wrong, some are
usefulMake it so…
3
Situation
4
Action Research Design
5
Action Research Design
Practice:Relevance at Instance Level
6
Action Research Design
Academia:Rigor at
Type Level
7
Action Research Design
Combination
Internalization
Socialization
Externalization
Practice:Relevance at Instance LevelAcademia:
Rigor at Type Level
Explicit Knowledge
Tacit Knowledge
8
Many NotationsMany ToolsMany FrameworksMany (Types) of Diagrams…PLUSComputers are Smart at Data ProcessingBUTDumb at CreativityWHILEHumans are Smart at CreativityBUTDumb at Data ProcessingANDEnterprises need Both … in Harmony !
Complication
9
Question
“How can we bring the productivity of computers to the creativity of humans in enterprise modelling, engineering and architecture?”
Aspects to consider in addressing the question: Limiting the amount of data to avoid information
overload (for humans)
Guaranteeing everyone involved understands the diagrams relevant to them
Guaranteeing that everyone involved has the same interpretation.
10
How to go about it (Answer to the Question)
In their (mental) models, Humans work with Concepts Computers work with Structures
For that we need shared set of concepts backed by a computable theory about the world.
In 1984, John Sowa published a book called “Conceptual Structures – Information Processing in Mind and Machine”, in which he shows how this can be achieved.
This work spawned the discipline of ontology in computer science.
11
How to apply it?Let’s take the Way of LEADing Practice:
And go into the Lab…
12
But first…
An introduction to: Semantics Ontology Semiotics
And how they relate to: Enterprise Modelling Enterprise Engineering Enterprise Architecture
13
Ontology as a foundation for modelling
Social World Pragmatics Ontology
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The Semiotic Ladder
PHYSICAL WORLD signals, traces, physical dimensions,hardware, component density, speed, economics
EMPIRICS patterns, variety, noise, entropy,channel capacity, redundancy, efficiency, codes, ...
SYNTACTICS formal structure, language, logic,data, records, deduction, software, files, ...
SEMANTICS meanings, propositions,validity, truth, signification, denotations, ...
PRAGMATICS intentions, communication,conversations, negotiations, ...
SOCIAL WORLD beliefs, expectations,commitments, contracts, law, culture, ...
Hum
an In
form
atio
n Fu
nctio
nsVA
LUE
PRO
DUC
ING
The
Tech
nolo
gy P
latfo
rmCO
ST IM
POSI
NG
The Semiotic Ladder Challenge(Organisational Semiotics, after Stamper 1997)
Eng
inee
ring
Ontology
Business
Science
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What is Ontology?
Context
Rule of 3
Object Objectrelation
Ontology is an ancient science that deals with the
structure of the world.
An ontology is an unambiguous semantic structure
defining a universe of discourse related to a context.
16
Avoiding ambiguity
Ideal Word
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Meta object elements and Ontology - example: Purpose & Goal
The study of their nature, behavior, description etc.
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Semantic relationships between meta objects
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Categorization
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Categorization
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Categorization
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Categorization
23
Categorization
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Categorization
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Categorization
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Categorization
27
Categorization
34
Semantic relationships between meta objects
35
Semantic relationships between meta objects
36
Semantic relationships between meta objects
38
some triples...
Laurier & Poels (2012)
Polovina (2007)
w3c.org
Performance Meta Model, leadingpractice.com
Three meta objects........
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Specific categories of meta object elements within the system
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Examples of meta objects that are used within an Enterprise Model (any kind)
46
Examples of meta objects that are used within an Enterprise Model (any kind)
Business Model
Cus
tom
er3.
0 C
om
mer
cial
Div
isio
n
3.1
Mar
keti
ng3.
2 &
3.3
Ch
arte
ring
& P
roje
ct3.
4 In
sura
nce
an
d C
on
tract
ing
3.5
Car
go
Alo
catio
n
Des
k3.
6 Pos
t Fi
xtur
e
Ope
rati
ons
7.0
Shi
p M
anag
emen
t an
d En
gine
erin
g D
ivis
ion
7.2 E
ngin
eerin
gVe
ssel
8.0
Pro
ject
M
anag
emen
t
Review Tender
docum ents
10
Prepare indication
8
Semiliner H eavy Lif t Shipping
Service
Perf orm Market
Campaign
1
Request Firm Quote
Award Cont ract
Receive Tender
Pre-Quote Request
Receive Pre-Quot e
Contractor Selection
Customer In for mation
Manage Prospects
2
Pre- quote Inqui ry
Retr e iv e customer
in for mation
3
Customer reg is tered in Databas e?
No
Yes
Indic ation
Send Indic ation
9
Stor e Ind ic ation in
Outlook
Selected for Tender ing?
Yes
No
Tender Inquiry
Prepare Quote
14
Is sue Quote
15
Quote
Negotia te Contr ac t
16
Prepare Contr ac t
17
Is sue Contr act
18
tor e quote in Pro ject Folder
Allocate Voyage
20
Port Call Loading
Coordinat ion
22
Nautical Operations
26
Loading
23
Discharge
25Port Call Discharge
Coordination
24
Review of inquiry
12Creat e
technical proposal
13
Request Bid Parts
11
Technica l Pr opos al
Contr ac t
Perform quick feasibilit y
check
6
Technic a l Feas ibi lity
Review Inquiry
4
Rev iew Feas ibility
7Request Feas ibility
Chec k
5
Feasib le?
Yes
NoDec line Inquir y
Yes
Perfor m Win-Loss Analysis
19No
End
Handov er to
Operations
21
Handov er Car go
36
Iss ue Inv oic e
34
Rec ieve Propject or
CargoVoyage
End
Cargo
Perfor m Los s Analy sis
End
Mobiliz ation
29
Ins ta lla tion
30
Kick -off Project
27Ex ec ution
Deta i l Planning
28Handover
Pro jec t
31
Demobi lization
32Ev aluatre
Projec t
33
Evaluate Voyage
37
End
End
No
YesRec eive Pay ment
35
Service Model
47
Examples of meta objects that are used within an Enterprise Model (any kind)
Business Model
Cus
tom
er3.
0 C
om
mer
cial
Div
isio
n
3.1
Mar
keti
ng3.
2 &
3.3
Ch
arte
ring
& P
roje
ct3.
4 In
sura
nce
an
d C
on
tract
ing
3.5
Car
go
Alo
catio
n
Des
k3.
6 Pos
t Fi
xtur
e
Ope
rati
ons
7.0
Shi
p M
anag
emen
t an
d En
gine
erin
g D
ivis
ion
7.2 E
ngin
eerin
gVe
ssel
8.0
Pro
ject
M
anag
emen
t
Review Tender
docum ents
10
Prepare indication
8
Semiliner H eavy Lif t Shipping
Service
Perf orm Market
Campaign
1
Request Firm Quote
Award Cont ract
Receive Tender
Pre-Quote Request
Receive Pre-Quot e
Contractor Selection
Customer In for mation
Manage Prospects
2
Pre- quote Inqui ry
Retr e iv e customer
in for mation
3
Customer reg is tered in Databas e?
No
Yes
Indic ation
Send Indic ation
9
Stor e Ind ic ation in
Outlook
Selected for Tender ing?
Yes
No
Tender Inquiry
Prepare Quote
14
Is sue Quote
15
Quote
Negotia te Contr ac t
16
Prepare Contr ac t
17
Is sue Contr act
18
tor e quote in Pro ject Folder
Allocate Voyage
20
Port Call Loading
Coordinat ion
22
Nautical Operations
26
Loading
23
Discharge
25Port Call Discharge
Coordination
24
Review of inquiry
12Creat e
technical proposal
13
Request Bid Parts
11
Technica l Pr opos al
Contr ac t
Perform quick feasibilit y
check
6
Technic a l Feas ibi lity
Review Inquiry
4
Rev iew Feas ibility
7Request Feas ibility
Chec k
5
Feasib le?
Yes
NoDec line Inquir y
Yes
Perfor m Win-Loss Analysis
19No
End
Handov er to
Operations
21
Handov er Car go
36
Iss ue Inv oic e
34
Rec ieve Propject or
CargoVoyage
End
Cargo
Perfor m Los s Analy sis
End
Mobiliz ation
29
Ins ta lla tion
30
Kick -off Project
27Ex ec ution
Deta i l Planning
28Handover
Pro jec t
31
Demobi lization
32Ev aluatre
Projec t
33
Evaluate Voyage
37
End
End
No
YesRec eive Pay ment
35
Service Model
The relationship between the 2 models
48
Example SAL Heavylift: Semi-Liner and Project Business Model
49
Example SAL Heavylift: Semi-Liner Business Model with the Project Service Flow
51
Semiotics: What is a Model?
A model is a symbol that stands for a reality, which is called the referent. It evokes concepts in the mind of the observer that stand for this reality.The Symbol-Concept-Referent triangle is called the semiotic triangle.
52
Semiotics: Notations as a basis for standard Models
53
Semiotic Triangle: Business WorldNotations used in Models (with clear defined semantic relations)
Source: http://www.leadingpractice.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/LEADing-Practice-XBPMN.pdf
54
Semiotic Triangle: Business World
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Let’s Go to the Lab …
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Lessons Learned
“The truth is rarely pure and never simple” (Oscar Wilde)
“Start by doing what's necessary; then do what's possible; and suddenly you are doing the impossible (Francis of Assisi)
“Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler than that” (att. Einstein)
“All Models are Wrong BUT Some are Useful” (George Box)
The LEADing Practice community is the ideal environment for developing and enhancing a complex enterprise ontology.
65
Conclusion (Take Away)
Semantics – Making meaning
Ontology – Formalizing meaning
Pragmatics – Sharing meaning
Conceptual Structures – harmonise the creativity of human and business endevour (“enterprise”) with the productivity of computers
Understanding the thought process behind Ontology and Semantics (from the ‘live lab session’)
All we need to do is:
71
Questions?
Prof Wim Laurier
Tel: +32 2 211 79 48
Saint-Louis UniversityBrusselsBelgium
Ontology research coordinatorGlobal University [email protected]
For more information:https://be.linkedin.com/pub/wim-laurier/1/b65/b62https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wim_Laurier/info
Prof Simon Polovina
Tel: +44 114 225 6825
Sheffield Hallam UniversityUnited Kingdom
Co-ChairmanGlobal University Alliance
For more information:www.globaluniversityalliance.net
www.polovina.me.uk
73
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