Unit 4

Unit 4: PersonalityUnit 4: Personality

By:By:

Md. Riyaj ShahMd. Riyaj Shah

April 12, 2023April 12, 2023 DSB : Workshop on Organizational Behaviour DSB : Workshop on Organizational Behaviour 22

IntroductionIntroduction

Personality traditionally refers to how people influence Personality traditionally refers to how people influence others through their external appearances and actions.others through their external appearances and actions.

Personality is an individual difference that lends Personality is an individual difference that lends consistency to a person’s behavior. Personality is defined consistency to a person’s behavior. Personality is defined as a relatively set of characteristics that influence an as a relatively set of characteristics that influence an individual’s behavior.individual’s behavior.

Basically it is the sum total of ways in which an individual Basically it is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.reacts and interacts with others.


DefinitionDefinition

Gordon Allport gave the most frequently used definition of Gordon Allport gave the most frequently used definition of personality nearly 70 years ago. He said personality is” personality nearly 70 years ago. He said personality is” the dynamic organization within the individual of those the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique psychological systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.”adjustments to his environment.”

According to Gluck, “ Personality is a pattern of stable According to Gluck, “ Personality is a pattern of stable states and characteristics of a person that influences his states and characteristics of a person that influences his or her behavior towards goal achievement. Each person or her behavior towards goal achievement. Each person has unique ways of protecting these states.has unique ways of protecting these states.


Major Determinants of Major Determinants of PersonalityPersonality BiologicalBiological CulturalCultural FamilyFamily SocialSocial SituationalSituational


Contd…Contd…

Biological is again subdivided as:Biological is again subdivided as:

1. Heredity1. Heredity

2. Brain2. Brain

3. Biofeedback3. Biofeedback

4. Physical features4. Physical features


Theories of PersonalityTheories of Personality

Intrapsychic TheoryIntrapsychic Theory Type TheoriesType Theories Trait TheoriesTrait Theories Self Theory, andSelf Theory, and Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory


Intrapsychic TheoryIntrapsychic Theory

Based on the work of Sigmund Freud, this theory Based on the work of Sigmund Freud, this theory emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behavior.emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behavior.

Freud saw personality as the interaction between three Freud saw personality as the interaction between three elements of personality: the id, ego, and superego.elements of personality: the id, ego, and superego.

The Components of PersonalityThe Components of Personality::

1. Id: The id is the only part of the personality that is 1. Id: The id is the only part of the personality that is present at birth. It is inherited, primitive, inaccessible and present at birth. It is inherited, primitive, inaccessible and completely unconscious.completely unconscious.

2. Ego: The ego is the logical, rational, realistic part of the 2. Ego: The ego is the logical, rational, realistic part of the personality. The ego evolves from the id and draws its personality. The ego evolves from the id and draws its energy from the id. energy from the id.

3. Superego: It has two parts- the conscience and the ego 3. Superego: It has two parts- the conscience and the ego ideal. When the child is age 5 or 6 the superego- the ideal. When the child is age 5 or 6 the superego- the moral component of the personality- is formed.moral component of the personality- is formed.


Type TheoriesType TheoriesEndomorphyEndomorphy Body TypeBody Type Softness and Softness and

spherical spherical appearance; highly appearance; highly developed abdominal developed abdominal area; area; underdevelopment of underdevelopment of bone, muscle, etc.bone, muscle, etc.

Behavioral Behavioral TemperamentTemperament

The endomorphic type The endomorphic type of individual usually of individual usually has a love for comfort, has a love for comfort, eats heavily, likes to eats heavily, likes to be around people and be around people and desires affection. He is desires affection. He is even tempered, shows even tempered, shows a relaxed posture, a relaxed posture, reads showily, and is reads showily, and is tolerant of others, and tolerant of others, and easy to get along with easy to get along with others. He prefers to others. He prefers to be led than to lead.be led than to lead.


MesomorphyMesomorphy

Hard and rectangular Hard and rectangular physique with a physique with a predominance of bone predominance of bone and muscle; strong, and muscle; strong, tough and injury-resistant tough and injury-resistant body; well equipped for body; well equipped for strenuous physical strenuous physical demands.demands.

The mesomorphic The mesomorphic individual likes physical individual likes physical adventure and risk taking. adventure and risk taking. He needs muscular and He needs muscular and vigorous physical activity. vigorous physical activity. He is aggressive and He is aggressive and insensitive towards insensitive towards others. He tends to be others. He tends to be noisy and courageous; he noisy and courageous; he desires action, power and desires action, power and domination. He is athletic domination. He is athletic and seeks outdoor and seeks outdoor activity.activity.


EctomorphyEctomorphy

Linear and fragile; flat Linear and fragile; flat chest and delicate body; chest and delicate body; usually thin and light usually thin and light muscledmuscled..

He displays restraint , He displays restraint , inhibition, and desire inhibition, and desire for concealment. He for concealment. He tends to be distrustful tends to be distrustful of people. He works of people. He works well in closed areas. well in closed areas. He reacts quickly, He reacts quickly, sleeps poorly, and sleeps poorly, and prefers solitude when prefers solitude when his mind is troubled. his mind is troubled. Also, he prefers not to Also, he prefers not to attract attention to attract attention to himself. Typically, he himself. Typically, he is anxious, ambitious is anxious, ambitious and dedicated.and dedicated.


Carl Jung’s Extrovert- introvert Carl Jung’s Extrovert- introvert theorytheory Carl Jung proposed his own two- part theory of Carl Jung proposed his own two- part theory of

personality. These two types are:personality. These two types are: 1. Extrovert: They are optimistic, outgoing, gregarious and 1. Extrovert: They are optimistic, outgoing, gregarious and

sociable.sociable. 2. Introverts: By contrast introverts are more inward 2. Introverts: By contrast introverts are more inward

directed people.directed people. Jung’s theory lies the explanation that the personality has Jung’s theory lies the explanation that the personality has

four dimensions:four dimensions: 1. Thinking: It includes logical reasoning ( rational, analytic)1. Thinking: It includes logical reasoning ( rational, analytic) 2. Feeling: It refers to the interpretation of a thing or event 2. Feeling: It refers to the interpretation of a thing or event

on a subjective scale (emotional, effect)on a subjective scale (emotional, effect) 3. Sensation: It deals with perception of things in a general 3. Sensation: It deals with perception of things in a general

sense ( factual and concrete)sense ( factual and concrete) 4. Intuition: It is based on unconscious inner perception of 4. Intuition: It is based on unconscious inner perception of

the potentialities of events or things ( associative)the potentialities of events or things ( associative)


Trait TheoriesTrait Theories Trait theories are attempts to explain personality and Trait theories are attempts to explain personality and

differences between people in terms of their personal differences between people in terms of their personal characteristics.characteristics.

Gordon Allport’s Personality Traits:Gordon Allport’s Personality Traits: 1. Common Traits: Common traits are those we share or 1. Common Traits: Common traits are those we share or

hold in common with most others in our culture.hold in common with most others in our culture.

2. Individual Traits: According to Allport there are three 2. Individual Traits: According to Allport there are three individual traits:individual traits:

1. Cardinal Traits: A cardinal trait is so pervasive and 1. Cardinal Traits: A cardinal trait is so pervasive and outstanding in a life that almost every act seems traceable outstanding in a life that almost every act seems traceable to its influence.to its influence.

2. Central Traits: These traits are those that we would 2. Central Traits: These traits are those that we would mention in writing a careful letter of recommendation.mention in writing a careful letter of recommendation.

3. Secondary Traits: These are less obvious, less 3. Secondary Traits: These are less obvious, less consistent and not as critical in defining our personality as consistent and not as critical in defining our personality as the cardinal and central traits. the cardinal and central traits.


Raymond Cattell’s 16 Raymond Cattell’s 16 Personality FactorsPersonality Factors Cattell identified two types of traits:Cattell identified two types of traits:

1. Surface Traits: Cattell called observable qualities of a 1. Surface Traits: Cattell called observable qualities of a person like honest, helpful, kind, genderous etc. as person like honest, helpful, kind, genderous etc. as surface traits.surface traits.

2.Source Traits: These traits make up the most basic 2.Source Traits: These traits make up the most basic personality structure and, according to Cattell, actually personality structure and, according to Cattell, actually cause behaviour.cause behaviour.

Cattell found 23 source traits in normal individuals, 16 of Cattell found 23 source traits in normal individuals, 16 of which he studied in great detail.which he studied in great detail.

The Cattell’s personality profile can be used to provide a The Cattell’s personality profile can be used to provide a better understanding of a single individual or to compare better understanding of a single individual or to compare an individual’s personality profile with that of others.an individual’s personality profile with that of others.


Self TheorySelf Theory

Carl Rogers is most closely associated with his approach Carl Rogers is most closely associated with his approach of self theory. of self theory.

Rogers and his associates have developed this Rogers and his associates have developed this personality theory that places emphasis on the individual personality theory that places emphasis on the individual as an initiating, creating, influential determinant of as an initiating, creating, influential determinant of behaviour within the environmental framework.behaviour within the environmental framework.

Conditions of Worth:Conditions of Worth: Conditions of worth force us to live Conditions of worth force us to live and act according to someone else’s value rather than our and act according to someone else’s value rather than our own.own.

Unconditional Positive RegardUnconditional Positive Regard: Unconditional positive : Unconditional positive regard is designed to reduce threat, eliminate conditions regard is designed to reduce threat, eliminate conditions of worth, and bring the person back in tune with his true of worth, and bring the person back in tune with his true self.self.


Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory

Personality Characteristics in Organizations: Managers Personality Characteristics in Organizations: Managers should learn as much as possible about personality in should learn as much as possible about personality in order to understand their employees. The most important order to understand their employees. The most important characteristics are explained as under:characteristics are explained as under:

1. Locus of Control1. Locus of Control

2. Machiavellianism2. Machiavellianism

3. Self-esteem3. Self-esteem

4. Self-efficacy4. Self-efficacy

5. Self-monitoring5. Self-monitoring

6. Positive/ Negative Affect6. Positive/ Negative Affect

7. Risk Taking7. Risk Taking

8. Type A personality8. Type A personality


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Unit 4