U.S. Department of StateBureau of Overseas Buildings OperationsDriver Behavior Improvement through Monitoring and Incentives

Greg Wolfe, CIH, CSPAugust 19, 2013

ROAD SAFETY CHALLENGES

Death of American Diplomat, Sana’a, 2006

WHO ROAD TRAFFIC DEATH RATES

W. Europe* Africa*

France 6.4 Nigeria 33.7

Spain 5.4 Uganda 28.9

Germany 4.7 Tanzania 22.7

Denmark 4.7 Kenya 20.9

UK 3.7 Ethiopia 17.6* Global Status Report on Road Safety: 2013

VULNERABLE ROAD USERS

• Written Mission Policy• Driver Qualification, Evaluation & Orientation• Medical Certification• Safe Driver Training• Operational Safety (Local Laws, Alcohol Proscription)• Crash Protection (Seat Belts)• Duty Limits (Fatigue Control)• Distraction Controls• Vehicle Inspections• Mishap Reporting & Investigation

MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY MANAGEMENT

SAFE DRIVER TRAINING

• Aim High in Steering - look ahead to where you will be15 seconds from now.

• Get the Big Picture - maintain a safe distance from other vehicles for good visibility.

• Keep Your Eyes Moving - and check your mirrors every 5 to 8 seconds.

• Leave Yourself an Out - use space around your vehicle to your advantage.

• Make Sure They See You - seek eye contact and use warning devices properly.

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MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES

US Missions: FY2000-2011

HIGH RISK POSTS

5% of Posts are Responsible for About 40% of Fatal Mishaps

Port‐au‐Prince Sana’aBamako

Kabul

Addis Ababa

Dar es Salaam

Kampala Nairobi

Abuja

Ndjamena

VEHICLE EVENT RECORDERS

• Hard cornering• Hard braking• Rapid acceleration• Collision• Rough road

30-second video/audio loop always on

Indicator light alternates red and green while event is being saved; Steady red light indicates event saved on EDR

RISKY BEHAVIORS

HOW DRIVER RISK MANAGEMENT WORKS

Risk ReductionRisk Reduction

Risk IdentificationRisk Identification

Risk AssessmentRisk AssessmentBehavior ModificationBehavior Modification

Traffic violations• Speeding 5 points• Red light 5 points

Following too close• <1 second: 5 points• 1.00-1.75 seconds: 4 points• 2.00-2.75 seconds: 2 points• 3.00-3.75 seconds: 0 points, but coached

SAMPLE RISK SCORING SCHEME

EVENT DETAILS

IDENTIFYING RISKY DRIVERS

AttitudeAttitude

Subjective Norm

Subjective Norm

Perceived Behavioral Control

Perceived Behavioral Control

Most motor vehicle collisions arethe result of driver errors

Most Driving Behavior Errors are “intentional”

IntentionIntention BehaviorBehavior

Ajzen’s Theory of Planned BehaviorAjzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior

BEHAVIOR MODEL

• American Automobile Association reported in a 2009 survey that 95% of 2,501 drivers polled said that texting while driving was unacceptable behavior, yet:– 21% had recently texted or emailed while driving– 50% of the drivers age 16-24 had texted while driving

IS DRIVING AND TEXTING DANGEROUS?

OUTCOME PYRAMID

70Minor Collisions

1SeriousCollision

1000Near Collisions

5000Risky Behaviors

Address Risky Behaviors that lead to crashes and collisions

Reactive approachInvestigate/discipline as needed

DISCOUNT RISK EXAGGERATE RISKVoluntary CoercedFamiliar ExoticChronic CatastrophicDelayed ImmediateControlled by Me Controlled by Others

RISK PERCEPTION COMPONENTS*

Strategies for Effective Risk Communication, Peter M. Sandman, PhD

*5 of 20

ATTITUDE/BEHAVIOR CHANGES IMPACT CRASH RATES

University of Michigan‐Transportation Research Institute

US NHTSA Data for 2008• 3.6 % Reduction in VMT• 9.1% Reduction in Fatalities

• In 1982, alcohol impairment accounted for about 20,000 fatalities in US roads.

• By 2009, the number of alcohol-related fatalities was about 10,000

• From 1982-2009, the # of vehicle miles traveled in the US almost doubled.

ATTITUDE/BEHAVIOR CHANGES IMPACT CRASH RATES

Source: US NHTSA

EARLY PROGRAM RESULTS

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May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

2009 2010 2011

Scored

 Events P

er Veh

icle

Total Score Per Veh

icle

Total Score Per Vehicle

Scored Events per Vehicle

Awards (Cash)• 0 policy violations for seat

belts, cell phones, eating and traffic rules

• Lowest risk scores in group

Discipline• Policy violations: verbal warning

through separation• 20 pts/month: verbal warning• 30 pts/2 months: written warning• 50 pts/3 months: 5 days

suspension• 100 pts/12 months: separation

INCENTIVE POLICY

LATER PROGRAM RESULTS

FOLLOWING TOO CLOSE

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

2012 Goal

2012 Actual

2011 Actual

RISK REDUCTION FOR ALL POSTS

69% reduction in risk severity15 lives saved

QUESTIONS