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Designing and optimising a

Glass curtain wall façade

• Façade • Building Maintenance & Cleaning • Building Physics • Acoustics • Lighting

• Adelaide • Beijing • Brisbane • Chengdu • Dubai • Hong Kong • Jakarta • London • Melbourne • Perth • Shanghai • Shenyang • Shenzen • Singapore • Sydney

Premier Tower Melbourne

Wanjing, Soho, Beijing

Qatar Rail Metro Stations

Pentermina tower Jakarta

Gilan Tower Baku

Nova Victoria London NAICM - Mexico

Omkar 1973 Mumbai

Ice Picture Musuem Harbin

Gilin Tower Baku

Stella Maris

Saadiyat Mall Abu Dhabi

Blue Water Retail

Boulevard Heights Entisar Tower Marina Gate

One Zabeel

Palm Mall Hotel

DIFC retail Spine

Boulevard Crescent

Contents

1. Design optimisation of glass on high rise buildings: Case study – Entisar Tower

2. Overview of performance requirements: Structural, thermal, acoustic, light transmission and meeting Dubai Municipality regulations

3. Assessing new technologies: 2nd generation cold bending, insert layers and coatings

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1. Design Optimisation Case study – Entisar Tower

Entisar Freedom Tower

• Super highrise 500m / 100 floors

• 2nd tallest in Dubai

• Currently in 10 highest designs in world

• Architect AE7

Design Parameters Strength • Wind • Seismic Serviceability • Visual • Thermal • Acoustic • Weather Statutory requirements

Joint design Stack joint

Transient loads Eg wind

Embed permanent loads

EG gravity

Stack joint

Stack joint height

Stack joint position

a

l

146.0245

21

=°

−=Sin

la

2)( alawM −

=

Optimum Stack Joint Position a/l = 0.21

Curtain wall design

Planning efficiency Amount of aluminium governed by: • Allowable mullion depth • Mullion Spacing • Wind load

Design Efficiency Amount of aluminum governed by: • Utilizing all elements to resist load • Efficient / accurate design

Ventiane Agri Bank

9% depth reduction 40% weight reduction

Stack joint options

Option 1 – 1.1 Option 2 - 0.75 Option 3 - 0.825 Option 4 – 1.575

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2. Overview of performance requirements

Statutory requirements Dubai Municipality Regulations 2014 edition has implemented several design constraints categorised as follows:

• Thermal performance and light transmission • Glazing orientation • Natural ventilation • Air tightness • Acoustics

The Dubai Civil Defense regulations have implemented constraints with respect to façade areas of works to improve building safety. These are:

• Passive Fire Protection Strategies • Balconies and Windows

Energy compliance

102.02 Energy Compliance Method

Elemental method (Prescriptive)

304.04 Façade Orientation

401.05 Natural Ventilation

405.02 Views

501.01 Thermal Performance

501.05 Air Leakage

Energy model

Glazing Orientation – 304.04

Requirements for glazing orientation

Reference document Requirement for Maximum

% Glazed surface North facing

Additional requirement if north faced glazed surface requirement is not met

Regulation 304.04 > 50% Shading devices or similar on south and west

facade

Practice guide > 60% Shading devices or similar on south and west

facade

Natural ventilation 401.05

Requirements for natural ventilation

Comply with DM article (13)

Area % operable area

Residential 10%of room area to be operable

Service 5% of service area

Thermal performance and light transmission 501.01

% of vision area compared to the building facade

Shading coefficient SC U-value Light Transmission

< 40% 0.40 (max) 2.1 W/m2K (max) 0.25 (min)

40% - 60% 0.32 (max) 2.1 W/m2K (max) 0.25 (min)

> 60% 0.25 (max) 1.9 W/m2K (max) 0.1 (min)

Thermal requirements for glazing - general areas

Thermal requirements for glazing – shop front Area Shading coefficient SC U-value Light Transmission

Other than ground floor 0.76 (max) 1.9 W/m2K (max) -

Thermal performance and light transmission 501.01

Thermal requirements for spandrel areas

Area Shading coefficient SC U-value Light Transmission

All areas including glazed spandrels

N / A 0.57 W/m2K (max) N / A

Thermal requirements for skylights % of vision area compared to

the roof area Shading coefficient SC U-value Light Transmission

< 10% 0.32 (max) 1.9 W/m2K (max) 0.4 (min) > 10% 0.25 (max) 1.9 W/m2K (max) 0.3 (min)

Air tightness

Requirements for air tightness

Reference Document Acceptable Air Leakage Limit

Regulation 501.05 10 m3/hr m2 at a pressure difference of 50 Pa

Acoustics 403.01

Internal Noise level Requirement

Leaq day Leaq night Lamax night NR Code

Habitable rooms 35 30 45 - UK Regs Doc E

Office (closed) - - - 35 BS 8233

Office (Open plan) - - - 38 BS 8233

Requirements for natural ventilation

Comply with UK regs doc E / BS 8233

Civil Defence - Passive fire protection strategies

Requirements for fire protection

Criteria Clause Requirement

Fire stop / smoke seal 3.2.4.6 To match floor rating. Typ 2Hrs

Opening separation 3.2.4.3 1hr of 915 mm of 1Hr separation required

Fire testing Curtain wall will require fire testing – fire consultant

to liaise with DCD with respect to details

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3. Assessing new technologies

50% LT SC < 0.3

Glass low iron Triple silver

multifunction low e Glass fritted

Building has light wells 30% LT SC < 0.3 Reflective glass Aluminium spandrels

Glazing – current / recent past

Cold bent – Glass – First generation

Strasbourg station

• Glass bent in the autoclave and SG retains the warp

Ocean heights First high rise cold bent in the world

ICA building NY

Cold bent - Glass

Cold bent – Glass – Second generation

Meydan Bike Station – AE7 Architects

• In Meydan Bike station warp limits are increased by warping before applying the IGU silicone and then retaining shape with template until installation

Glass tubes

Sage glass

Future – switchable glass

50% light transmission 38% SHGC

30% light transmission 24% SHGC

15% light transmission 12% SHGC

Thermo-chromatic glass - Suntuitive

• Multi colours now available

• Multi layers now available

Harlem Hospital New York HOK - PPG -J.E. Berkowitz

Frit printing - Digital – multi coloured

• Body tinted glass – more subtle / transparent colours now available Novartis forum Phase 3

Deiner Architects - Schott glass

Coloured glass

Pictoglas

• Fritting applied whilst glass is still hot

• Effect is a modern day stain glass solution

La Defence offices Paris – UN studio – chameleon lab

• Glass film changes colour when viewed from different angles

Dichoic Laminated Glass

Dichoic Laminated Glass

• Internally / externally ventilated • 300mm to 1.5m system depths • Costly material use • Cleaning considerations

Typical Existing Design

• Internally vented • Pressurised dry air • 100mm zone

inHaus2 Duisburg Germany

Double Skin Designs

Algae Façade – worlds first – Hamburg – bio fuel

New concepts

MIT – Transparent thin film photo voltaic cells

New concepts

Thank you

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