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A brief literature review for training process
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Learning, Training and DevelopmentLearning, Training and Development Benchmarking Best Practices in China
Literature ReviewBy Zhu Min
AgendaAgenda
Training Need AnalysisTraining Need Analysis
Training Design and DeliveryTraining Design and Delivery
Training EvaluationTraining Evaluation
Training TransferTraining Transfer
Training Need Analysis
A training needs analysis is primarily conducted to determine where training is needed, what needs to be taught, and who needs to be trained.
--- Goldstein 1993
--- McGehee & Thayer’s (1961)Three- fold approach to need analysisThree- fold approach to need analysisThree- fold approach to need analysisThree- fold approach to need analysis
Organizational Analysis
Organizational Analysis
Person AnalysisPerson
Analysis
Task/Job AnalysisTask/Job Analysis
Training courses & the strategic direction of the organization; training objectives & organizational goals.
Identify the nature of the tasks & the knowledge, skills and abilities need to perform these tasks.
Identify who should be trained and what training needed.
How to improve the efficiency of need analysis?How to improve the efficiency of need analysis?
1 2Subject Matter Expert Trainee’s Motivation
Training Design and Delivery
Organization Trainee
Influencing factors
when design?
•In-basket•Computerized business games•Leaderless group discussion
Training Design and Delivery
Two general themes in training design and delivery: •New approaches
•Specific training methods
Technology-delivered instruction (TDI)
Simulation-based training
Team training •Cross-training •Team coordination training •Team leadership training •…
New approache
s
Training Evaluation
An evaluation conducted to determine whether intended training goals and outcomes are achieved is called a summative evaluation.
Model 1: Kirkpatrick's for level evaluation model (1959)
An evaluation intended to provide information on improving program design and development is called formative evaluation.
Scriven, 1991
Evaluation Models
Tannenbaum et al. (1993) expanded on Kirkpatrick’s typology by adding posttraining attitudes and dividing behavior into two outcomes for evaluation: training performance and transfer performance.
Model 2: Tannenbaum et al (1993)
3. Holton's(1996) evaluation model
Model 5: IMTEE
Model 4: . Kraiger (2002)
Training Transfer
-- Baldwin and Ford, 1988
Influencing factors on training transfer
Trainee characteristics•Ability•Personality•Motivation
Training design•Transfer design•Appropriate content
Work environment•Support •Opportunity to use
…
Interventions to enhance transfer
•Learner readiness and self-efficacy•Motivation to transfer•Transfer effort to performance expectations
Based on needs analysis
•Performance coaching•Supervisor support, supervisor sanctions, peer support•Resistance-openness to change
…
Transfer of training may be defined as the degree to which trainees apply to their jobs the knowledge, skills, behaviors, and attitudes they gained in training.
-- Holton, 1998
Lisa A. Burke learning transfer model
That’s all! Thanks.