BRITISH INDIA INFLUENCE TO FMS(FADERATED MALAY STATES) RAILWAY STATIONS

HCM 721 HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTUREAP777 MASTER IN HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENTFACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYINGUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PREPARED BY : NUR ULFAH AWATIF UMAIRAH BT ALIAS (2014562439)COURSE COORDINATOR:DR MASTURA BT ADAM

JUNE 2015

TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background study1.2 Industrial Revolution Era: Establishment of1.3 Malaysian Architecture timeline1.4 Railway development phases in Malaya

2.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH RAILWAY STATION 2.1 Evolution of railways lines In Federated Malay States2.2 Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh first railway station: simple train shed structure2.3 Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh first brick railway station: First colossal railway

3.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH COLOSSAL RAILWAY STATION 3.1 Location in British Administration Setting3.2 Ipoh Railway Station Construction Issue: World War 13.3 Architectural Style3.3.1 British public building Elements3.3.2Moghul Neo-saracen Architecture3.3.3 Global architecture era : Industrial revolution

4.0 CONCLUSION

5.0 REFFERENCES

NUR ULFAH AWATIF UMAIRAH BT ALIAS +6(012) 6923121 [email protected]

HCM 721 HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTUREAP777 MASTER IN HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

British-India influence to FMS Railway station in Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh

This paper intend to identify and evaluate the influence of British India in Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh Railway Station as the first two railway stations that have been built by brick in FMS.

The political influence of British as an administrative body of Malaya and Malayan geological environment of that era will be examined to identify the influence to the railway station’s architectural elements. The rivalry between the European powers for control of the tin deposits in Malaya as an economical force has further developed the train system in Malaya, which has urged to further development along the lines.

Therefore, this study will further evaluate the relationship of the Ipoh Railway Station in comparison to the Kuala Lumpur Railway Station’s architectural style from the influence of global industrial revolution era, as well as local political and historical influence.

1.1 INTRODUCTION : BACKGROUND STUDY

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.htmlIpoh Railway Station and Station Hotel c. 1945

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: INVENSION OF RAILWAYThe Industrial Revolution covers the century of extraordinary inventiveness and unprecedented industrial and economic growth in Western world. Railway was invented during this period of time and was also the driving force behind Industrial Revolution (McNeese, 2010).

The blossoming Industrial Revolution thirsted for raw material namely tin in Malaya (Eveland, 2011).

THE INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN MALAYSIA1.2 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ERA:

ESTABLISHMENT OF RAILWAY IN MALAYA

Geological environment and historical background of Malaya displayed an important role in the development of railway.

Railway was brought into Malaya 60 years after its invention in Europe by the British. It was a solution to their problem; the need to transport the tin from the mines to the port in a shorter period of time.

In 19th century, rivalry takes part between the European powers for control of the tin deposits in Malaya. Tin became a significant raw material contributing to the industrial revolution.

Large tin deposits were discovered in Sungei Ujong of Negeri Sembilan, in the valleys of Klang River and at Larut, Perak (Kaur, 1985). In 1874, British came in to control the unrest in the tin-producing areas and later, residential system was established in Perak, Selangor and Sungei Ujong (Visvanathan, 2013).

The first railway system in Malaya was in 1885 from Taiping to Port Weld and later from Kuala Lumpur to Klang. Many new cities begin to develop along the way later.Both of this railway lines were later connected during the establishment of the Federated Malay States. Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur later became the capital city and has later constructed the first brick railway station for each states.

RAILWAY ESTABLISHMENT IN MALAYA“ The great difficulty that the tin could be got from the mines to the shipping place” ( Hugh Low)

“ Railways were clearly the answer since they provide the means of richening up the territory with all its rich commercial possibility” ( Hugh Low)

SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:1870-1914

1.3 MALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE

TIMELINE

MALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE TMELINE

1910 KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

1917 IPOH RAILWAY STATION

Source: University of Malaya, 2015

BEFORE 1910: Heavily influenced with Moghul style from British India

AFTER 1920: Moghul style of British India became less fashioned in this era. Architecture elements has been simplified with mixture of art deco elements.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAY SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA

STAGE 1: KERETAPI NEGERI-NEGERI (1885 TO 1900)British government in India do not agree to develop the railways in Malaya. The Train system was financed by the British state government at that time in Perak and Selangor.

STAGE 2: FEDERATION MALAY STATES RAILWAYS A.K.A FMSR (1901 TO 1948)

State government of Perak and Selangor realize the sharing interest and needs of railways, and begin to collaborate to improved co-ordination of development in the new founded federation.The outbreak of World War II was marked with the Japanese Empire's invasion of Malaya in 1942.

STAGE 3: MALAYAN RAILWAY/ KERETAPI TANAH MELAYU@KTM (1948 TO 1992)

British government in India accept the establishment of FMSR and agree to develop new tracks to connect other states in Malaya. Malayan Railway was established.

STAGE 4: KTM BERHAD (1992 ONWARDS)Malayan Union dissolved and was replaced with Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. The Malayan Railway was renamed as Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad(KTM) in 1992

1.4 RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT PHASES IN MALAYA

RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT PHASES :

1885 TO 1900

1901 TO 1948

1948 TO 1992

INDIVIDUAL STATE (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)

IN FMS PROVINCE UNTIL WORLDWAR

REBRANDING AFTER WORLDWAR: MALAYAN UNION

Source :Hassan, 1994

2.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH RAILWAY

STATION

TIN DEPOSITS DISCOVERED IN FEDERATED MALAY STATES:2.1 EVOLUTION OF RAILWAYS LINES IN

FEDERATED MALAY STATES1896

(Left) Port Weld Station , 1886 and (right) Taiping Station, 1885Source: malayarailway. (2009, June 2). malayarailway. Retrieved from F.M.S.R - Taiping - Port Weld Railway Line: http://www.malayarailway.com/2009/01/fmrs-taiping-port-weld-line.html#axzz3dNuRr1bH

Port Swettenham, 1907Source: http://www.rsmurthi.com/PortSwettenhamPhotos.html

IN PERAK : LINE FROM TAIPING TO PORT WELD (1885)

IN SELANGOR: LINE FROM KL TO KLANG (1886)

Earlier established railway lines are within state government initiatives which was built for economical purpose; from the mines to the port.

After the establishment of FMS, British has linked all the railway lines for both, economical and administrative purpose (Chan, 1967).Ipoh Station begun to play a significant role in Perak during FMS due to its shorter distance to Kuala Lumpur station in comparison to other tin deposits around Perak. Ipoh later became the capital of Perak.

1901

Internationalsteam. (2014). Retrieved from Steam in West Malaysia 1996: http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/malay02.htm

LINE FROM IPOH TO PORT WELD (1896)

LINE FROM KL TO PORT SWETTENHAM (1899)

IN SUNGEI UJONG: LINE FROM SEREMBAN TO PORT DICKSON (1891)

2.1 EVOLUTION OF RAILWAYS LINES IN

FEDERATED MALAY STATES

In 1896, Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang was merged under the Federated Malay States (FMS) a.k.a Negeri-negeri melayu bersekutu.

Rail was the main medium to network link to the 4 states for the purpose of administration and economy (Chan, 1967).

2.2 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH FIRST RAILWAY STATION

IPOH RAILWAY STATION

YEAR

ARCH

ITEC

TURE

ST

YLE

Year:1886Location: (known as Resident Station) along, earlier called Victory AvenueBy: the State government

Year:1893Location: Along Jalan Fryer @ opposite track of current building with simple shed structure

Kuala Lumpur – Old Railway Station in 1894http://abckualalumpur.com/info_guide/kl_railwaystn.html

Ipoh– Old Railway Station in 1894https://aibob.wordpress.com/2012/01/31/kuala-lumpur-once-upon-a-time/

A traveler from Medan, Sumatra, who visited Ipoh in the 1920s called the Ipoh Railway Station "number two" after the Kuala Lumpur Railway Station.

IPOH RAILWAY STATION AS SISTER BUILDING TO KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

RAILWAY SHED

• Simple railway shed structure with large overhangs.

• The first station was a temporary building made of wood and corrugated iron

• The building consist of 2 compartments; a platform and a ticket counter

• The building was constructed by the Indians brought in by the British as labor forces of that time

KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

2.3 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH FIRST BRICK RAILWAY

STATION

KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION IPOH RAILWAY STATION

LOCA

TIO

N &

BACK

GRO

UN

D

Second Ipoh Railway Station (1917) : along Jalan Kelab• This building was under the administration of FMSR leaded by a

‘district superintendent’• There are 2 roads to enter the new site, Jalan Hugh Low and Jalan

Stesen• This new railway station was designed together with a hotel as in

Kuala Lumpur, Johor and Singapore.

BUIL

DIN

G CO

MPO

NEN

TS The main building is constructed with 2 main section:• Terminal area (Waiting area, offices and restaurant ) and hotel

(The hotel have been added in reference to most previously added hotel in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore Railway Station)

• Train shed

The function of the building is divided into 3 main section:• Main building function (Main hall, ticket counters and

offices) • Platform and rail• 1915, Extension of the Station of a 30-room Hotel (3

levels)

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.htmlIpoh Railway Station and Station Hotel c. 1945

• SecondKuala Lumpur Railway Station (1910) : along Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin

• previously known as Victory Avenue, which in turn was part of Damansara Road.

• The station is located closely to the similarly designed Railway Administration Building, as well as the National Mosque

http://www.keretapi.com/website/photos-from-ebay-old-kuala-lumpur-station/Kuala Lumpur Railway Station c. 1930

3.0 KUALA LUMPUR AND IPOH COLOSSAL

RAILWAY STATION

RAILWAY BUILDING IN BRITISH ADMINISTRATION SETTING3.1 LOCATION IN BRITISH

ADMINISTRATION SETTING

RAILWAY STATIONPARADE GROUND

POST OFFICE

GOVERNMENT OFFICE

HIGH COURT

CLUBHOUSE

BANK

http://fac.arch.hku.hk/asian-cities-research/kuala-lumpur-historical-map-and-photos-2/

British administrative setting in Ipoh

Kuala Lumpur plan in 1930 British administrative setting in Kuala Lumpur

British administrative center has developed a standard module which have been applied to most of its town around Malaya. The administrative setting shall consist of a government office, post office, high court, bank, club house and a parade ground.

In comparison to both city setting in Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh has displayed the strong relationship of railway station to its administration center. Ipoh was a major location for mining deposit and has been established as a city due to mining activity. Railway was an important mean of transportation to the town.

On the other hand, Kuala Lumpur reflected that the British administration center is located closer to the river mouth. This was because it’s early local settlements have mostly settled along the river with water transportation as a means of transportation for communication and trades. Railway was added later for the rising need of higher capacity and faster means of transportation.


DELA

Y O

F CO

NST

RUCT

ION

The station was designed by AB Hubbock (MSPWD)- the same architect whom has designed Kuala Lumpur Railway Station.

claimed to be the first brick building built by the state government at that time.

The construction began in 1914 but was interrupted due to a shortage of materials and high costs of labor during World War I.

This station was constructed by phases from the North

After the completion of the main building, a temporary wooden platform was constructed to connect the main building. Platform 1,2,3,4 and 5 was built after that

Completed in 1917, the station has three platforms, commodious offices for railway staff, and a restaurant and hotel. The hotel rooms open out to the deep upper verandah. It was upgraded from 17 to 21 rooms by 1936.

3.2 IPOH RAILWAY STATION CONSTRUCTION ISSUE

3.3 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE:

ARCHITECTURE STYLES

Architecture style and elements reflected on both Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh Railway Stations have been on the influence of the factors below:

1. The function of the building – to reflect the masculine and massive figure of a British public building.

2. Brtish-India :Moghul neo-saracen architecture- carried in by the British officers whom have served in India before coming to Malaya. The elements are carried in to demonstrate Malaya as an Islamic country.

3. Influence of architecture era in global context – Starting from Industrial revolution up to art deco era

3.3.1 BRITISH PUBLIC BUILDING ELEMENTS

As a British public building, both of this stations share a common elements to display a massive masculine figure to look dominant.

In Britain, the Neoclassical style was employed in the design of a wide variety of public buildings from banks to museums to post offices.

It is identified with common architecture principles as follow:• Symmetrical• Visual frame & break front• Proportion & verticality (visually looks taller)• Repetition and rhyme


SYMETRICALbBlance to the exis in both façade and layout. This is essentially important

to display stability and power through a massive image.

DOMINANT It is a important character derived from the classical architecture to

‘highlight’ certain façade elements such as main entrance. Big dome highlighting the centre and a medium-size dome on the marking the other 2 ends. These domes is harmonized with the

1

1

1

2

Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

3 dome sizeSmall-edges of the buildingMiideum’north south tower

Big centre of building

Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station

Front elevation of Kuala Lumpur Railway Station

VISUAL FRAMEThe building form is very linear, the edges is highlighted with decorative

projected elements.The visual frame created a solid and stable image for the building.

1 2 3

1 2 3


BREAK FRONT




The façade elements on the lower body is enlarged and exaggerated to make the body visually looks taller.

REPETITION AND RHYTHM This is reflected in the design of column, balustrade, pediments on the

façade, domes and others.


URN-LIKE






EDGES:It is commonly known as the ‘ battlements’ in

classical architecture. It often is designed similar to the balustrade along the corridor to

look harmonious with the overall facade.Similar to classical Corinthian balustrade



MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN ARCHITECTURE

This style has been displayed at both Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh railway station. It is commonly known as MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN ARCHITECTURE or Moghul revival.

Moghul Neo-saracen Architecture is marriage elements from Native Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture (to create notable impression of Islamic architecture) with western Gothic revival and Neo-classical styles.

The term Saracenic was used by the ancient Romans to refer to province of Arabia features gently curving domes and arches.

It was a popularity style in late-19th century and early 20th century in colonial India and was carried into Malaya by British architects in British India (A.B. Hubback has worked in India before coming to Malaya in 1901)

ARCH

ITEC

TURE

ST

YLE

3.3.2MOGHUL NEO-SARACEN ARCHITECTURE

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/neoclassical-architecture.htm



PALLADIAN WINDOW

WINDOW WITH PEDIMENT

SILL


Portion of Front facade of Ipoh Railway Station, 2015


Portion of Front elevation of Ipoh Railway Station (left) Displaying the proportion of window sizes at every floor (Right) elements of Neo-classical



PEDIMENTS


Pediments are used to decorate the building.

Two types of pediments are used in the façade:

a. Triangular pediment after L’Eveille

b. Segmental Pediment after Vignola

BRACKET

• It is a supporting structure often seen in Indian temples.

• Seen used to support the dome and front windows


Pediments of Neo-classical Windows and doors along Ipoh Railway Station verandah way is decorated with Neo-

classical broken pediment, 2015

‘egga and dart’ motif found to decorate around the building on its architrave and Ionic column as a common motif found in Neo-classical building


‘EGGA AND DART’ MOTIF

Windows, pediments and architraves on Ipoh Railway façade is well decorated with the egg and dart motif from Neo-classical element, 2015

Column in the veranda way of Ipoh Railway Station is well decorated with the egg and dart motif from Neo-classical element, 2015 Source :Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.



CLASSICAL COLUMNIt is devided to capital, entablature, shaft, base,and pedestal (from timber known as wood casing)

In proportion base on the classical order: • Base: Similar to the Corinthian • Capital and entablature: similar to classical Tuscan

column• Some column is a rusticated column which has few block

like partition.

Type of column:• Steel column• Square drum column• Circular drum*not all column function to transfer load

Rusticated column (block like partition) in Ipoh Railway Station, 2015

Square and circular drum column in Ipoh Railway Station, 2015



MINERATEThe minarets are designed in hexagon which was adaprted by British as an Islamic elemental pattern. Hexagon is also used to design the main first class ticket counter.

Ipoh Railway Station Minerets , June 2015


Comparative Minarets design from other building in India



ARCHESOften used in Indian tample and mosque. Used type was:Semi-circular type (Ground floor)Segmented (Bath level)

Uses chamber’s guidelines for setting out arches in classical measure but it does not apply to all.Uses 10ft diameter(for small corridor on north and south) and (16ft diameterarch in the centre) for


Arch in Ipoh Station applies the Classical arch principle



MINERATEOften projected up at the corner edges, higher than the main building to create an attractive skyline.

Kuala Lumpur station reflects a strong character of mosque from layout with courtyard , surrounded by slim columns and edges marked with minaret -like towers

MOORISH TURRETS -CHATRIS(commonly found in Hindu as well as Mughal architecture)

6 CHATRIS originally, with 2 added later at the corners of the building accompanying smaller variations at the front.

chhatris which hold the domes

is a small tower that projects vertically from the wall

turret as decorative structure to the building. In the other ways, it might contain a staircase if it projects higher than the building.

Pinnacles


Comparative Minarets design from other building in India

KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION

Chhatris of Kuala Lumpur Railway Station


KUALA LUMPUR RAILWAY STATION BUILDING ELEMENTS:

ARCHES

Elliptical arch

Equilateral Arch Horseshoe Arch

Keyhole Arch

@ also called the Moorish arch and the Keyhole arch, is the emblematic arch of Islamic architecture.

Ogee Cyma Reversa Arch

ARCHES

FORMATION OF RAILWAY STATION STANDARDS IN EUROPE: Adapted in the concept of kuala lumpur and ipoh railway station• Exposed steel structure in the platform area parallel to technical

and engineering character.

• Variety of platform structure depending on the width

• Concourse area (to gather)

• Combination of hotel and train Satation . Firstly used in 1837 in England by Lord Crewe

• Picturesque eclecticism used from late 18th century to early 20th century to form an attractive skyline

Even though the raw material of tins have not been spent in Malaya, these stations was still affected by the change of building material. This is obviously presented in its platform area which have been of a wide span steel structure especially Kuala Lumpur Train Station.

Ipoh have had steel as a structure for the whole building, which is however, being covered by concrete in the main building

3.3.3 GLOBAL ARCHITECTURE ERA : INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION

Megalomania(1890-1914) era has developed railway system widely in the west.

This has carry influence in Malaya only later , which reflects the changes of elements in Ipoh Station compared to the earlier style of Kuala Lumpur Station.• From romantic era to aesthetic • Towers became less frequent • Domes begin to replace spires• Proportion: grand• Use of glass cages and domes

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.html

Steam train at Kuala Lumpur railway station c. 1950

Kuala Lumpur railway station platform c.1920http://www.keretapi.com/website/photos-from-ebay-old-kuala-lumpur-station/


REVOLUTION

Steam train at Kuala Lumpur railway station c. 1915

rsmurthi. (2013, January 1). rsmurthi. Retrieved from http://www.rsmurthi.com/IpohStation.htmlIpoh railway station platform c. 1950


REVOLUTION

Steel I beam and column covered with concrete finish in most area except platform area to harmonize the design as a whole and to differentiate the platform area from the building.

Ipoh railway station platform section

4.0 CONCLUSION

This study has identified and recognized the similarity and differences in both, Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh Railway Station architecture through its historical background and influence. Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh became the capital for Selangor and Perak, function as the main center of administration for British. Therefore, both stations shows a strong masculine identity as a public building under British administration in Malaya.

However, even though both of this buildings were the first brick FMS railway station in each state, Kuala Lumpur Railway Station was build 7 years earlier than Ipoh Railway station. Only in the late 19th century Ipoh was found to contain large tin deposits and British came in to control the unrest in the tin-producing areas and later.

Kuala Lumpur Station(1910) has displayed a strong Moghul and Raj architecture and detailing that was later becoming less and simplified in Ipoh Station. Kuala Lumpur station architecture style was similar to most British public buildings in Kuala Lumpur in its era. The architects in that time were closely influenced by British style in India.

Ipoh Station, which was later built in 1917 after the world war, have been in the simpler complexity. Limitation of material was a challenge, and the style is experimental. It demonstrated a stronger simplified classical image and proportion.

The influence of Megalomania in Europe was found to influence the design of Ipoh station which has exhibit fewer towers and minarets but more domes.

On top of all, in the overall form of the building, both station has displayed a common architectural elements of a British public building with a massive image and principle.

REFERENCES

Hassan, Z. (1994). Stesen Keretapi Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur: UTM.

Chan, C. H. (1967). The development of British Malaya 1896-1909. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eveland, J. (2011). Frommer's Singapore and Malaysia. United States of America: Wiley Publishing.

Kaur, A. (1985). Bridge and barrier: transport and communications in Colonial Malaya, 1870-1957. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

McNeese, T. (2010). The Industrial Revolution. Missouri: Milliken.

Visvanathan, R. (2013, December 28). Development of Malaya Transport. Retrieved from Malayan History: https://rvisva.wordpress.com/tag/malayan-history/

Internationalsteam. (2014). Retrieved from Steam in West Malaysia 1996: http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/malay02.htmmalayarailway. (2009, June 2). malayarailway. Retrieved from F.M.S.R - Taiping - Port Weld Railway Line: http://www.malayarailway.com/2009/01/fmrs-taiping-port-weld-line.html#axzz3dNuRr1bH Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. (1997, 15 Feb). Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, pp. 50–65. Arkib Negara Malaysia. Mohd Bakri Jaffar & Dr. Azmy Morsid. (2007). Untukmu Malaysia Sempena 50 Tahun Merdeka Menjejaki Warisan Kita. Shah Alam, Malaysia: Ultimate Print Sdn. Bhd. Kuala Lumpur Train Station Very For Cheap And Easy Travel. Retrieved March 9, 2013, from Malaysia Travel Guide official website: http://www.malaysia-travel-guide.com/kuala-lumpur-train-station.html Voyage 99. (N.D.) Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. Retrieved April 28, 2013 from http://www.voyage99.com/tourist-attraction/kuala-lumpur/attractions/kl-railway-station.html The Old Railway Station: Places to Visit in Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved March 9, 2013 , from abckualalumpur official website : http://abckualalumpur.com/info_guide/kl_railwaystn.htm

5.0 REFERENCES

Data & Analytics

BRITISH INDIA INFLUENCE TO FMS(FADERATED MALAY STATES) RAILWAY STATIONS