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Grappling With Complexity: Gender and Equity Aware Participatory Processes in
Evaluation
Ranjani.K.Murthy, ConsultantSupported by Indian Social Studies Trust to be present at AEA
Objectives
• Complexity of gender relations in India
• Opportunities & challenges-globalisation
• Gender and equity aware participatory processes/methods.
• Factors to be kept in mind.
Inequities that affect Indian Women
Gender
Caste and
Class
Ethnicity
Religion
Age
Reproduction related
Relation position
Abilities/
illness
Sexual orientation
Which inequity is more stark depends on what one is
talking about
Changes in gender and social relations
Household 11
Community
Markets
State
RulesPracticesResources People and power
1 4
Globali-sation
Life cycle
Why gender-aware participatory evaluation processes?
• To capture changes in social norms, practices, issues of power
• To capture contributions/unintended impact of projects/programs in complex environments.
Gender and equity aware participatory evaluation
MethodsMethods that are gender and social relations sensitive and participatory
Processes……also that marginalised women participate in defining the contours of the evaluation, process of evaluation, validating findings, and recommending changes (Gaventa and Cornwall, 2006, Harding, 1997, Tupuola, 2006).
Poverty (Sen, 1980, Murthy and Kappen, 2005)
Dimensions
Food
Clothing
Shelter
Water
Health
Education
Sleep/Sex
Causes:
Ownership
Consumption
Exchange
Production
Women’s Empowerment (Rowland, 1998, Kabeer, 2005)
Power to
Power with
Power
within
Increase in choices
and agency of women
Gender and equity aware participatory methods
Engendering existing
participatory methods
Evolving new gender and equity aware participatory
methods
Example 1: Engendering social mapping and resource mapping
Women’s empowerment and natural resources management project with dalit women (TN)
Example 2: Engendering participatory ranking
Making government services accountable to women
School teachers
come, sexual harassment
reduced
Health Services :Doctors
spend more timeLess
corruption
Gender and equity-specific participatory methods
Methods Methods
Gender division of labour mapping Gender aware road map of changes
Gender based access and resources profile Happiness mapping
Body mapping Caste and gender discrimination mapping
Control over body mapping Story telling on discrimination
Power walk Conflict mapping
Attitude mapping Incidence of violence against women mapping
Gender analysis matrix Empowerment mapping
Poverty reduction and women’s empowerment projects
• Mobilization of women • Women and livelihoods • Women and governance
• Gender-aware participatory evaluation process ??
• Semi structured intra-household interviews (Control) • Focus group discussion- semi structured• Validation through discussion with service providers • Discussion with implementing agencies
• Gender-aware participatory methods at individual and group level
How did we choose women?
Representation of progress
Choose women who have progressed, remained same, and deteriorated during the project period
Inter-section of marginalisedidentities
Selection of women who are dalits, Adivasis, Muslims, single, differently abled, living with HIV, and sexual minorities
Gender based control over resources (Overholt et al 1985)
Control of women over small animals and cattle had improved as a result of the projects. Control over land and housing still rested with men
Body mapping:
• Pleasure-womb- giving birth to her children
• Pain- heart-when husband died, also relief
• Shame- vagina/breast –desires, skin dark
• Pride- in her heart as leader/member of her group, she has income in her hand, as manager of common property resources.
Attitudinal change mapping
Inter caste marriage
Sons as security
Right to say no to
sex
Women
Contraception
Property
Rights
HW by men
Lineage through sons
Menstrual
taboos
Only sons can light funeral
pyre
What is present
attitude? If
positive, has it
changed,why?
Power walk
10
0
Husband
Sarpanch
Police
Mother in law
Upper caste employer
IncomeGroup
backingEthnicit
yAge
Caste and gender discrimination mapping
Little impact on interaction, and work and resource division
Manual scavenging reduced
Dalit women beginning to attend Gram Sabha
Overall findings using gender aware participatory evaluation process
Poverty reduction• Agricultural land and water bodies declining • Women’s access to immovable assets difficult to change• Impact on productivity of assets mixed; labour increasing but.. • Equity in consumption still an issue, but improving • Women continue to slip into poverty in gender specific waysEmpowerment:• Attitudes on gender and caste slow to change• Marginalized women beginning to exercise collective power. Not
SGIs. • Women’s mobility and access to productive work is
expanding, accompanied by a little help in care work.• Women’s control their bodies still an issue.
Things to be kept in mind while using gender-aware participatory evaluation methods
• Participant-non participant comparison difficult
• Difficult in conflict zones
• Difficult if linked to funding
• Quantification possible!
Things to be kept in mind while using gender aware participatory processes/methods
Hamlets of
marginalised
Safe space
Expertise
Knowledge.
Keeping men away
Democratic
Drawing a means
Have a male facilitator s to engage men/upper caste
Songs, proverbs, story
telling
Things to be kept in mind while using gender aware participatory processes/methods
Choose methods
EthicalSame sex facilitator
Reflexivity
Subjectivity
Timing
Time
Power withCounseling
TOR
Planning
Interpreting
Recommendations
To sum up
• It would be good that we use gender-aware participatory methods to evaluate if social norms and institutions are changing and contributions of policies, programmes and projects to rather than if “sectoral goals” are being achieved. Resistance to evaluations would also be less.