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Advanced Modelling
i-viewsUniversityPart05:AdvancedModelling
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Today‘s Speaker
AnnekathrinLösche
KnowledgeEngineer
intelligentviews gmbh
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Ifyouhaveproblemswiththesound:- Checktheaudiosettingsinmenuitem „Communicate“- Joinalternativelybytelephoneorbydial-innumber
from landline phone (for free):• 000-800-100-8171 for India• 0800-894627for Switzerland
from mobilephone• +41434569564 only for Switzerland
Event-Number::844317586Event-Password:hello
Advanced Modelling
InheritanceinSemanticNetworks
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Recap:Object-TypeHierarchies- Inheritance
• Propertiesaredefinedfortypes• Propertiescanbeinheritedbyconnectingsupertypes with subtypes
has sub-type
Alsoknownas:Top/subset
Top/subtype
"Isa"-relation
Theattributesandrelationsshouldbepositionedasfarupinthehierarchyasitisnecessary.
location time
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Recap:Object-TypeHierarchies - Inheritance
• Propertiesaredefinedfortypes• Propertiescanbeinheritedbyconnectingsupertypes with subtypes
has sub-type
has sub-type
Alsoknownas:Top/subset
Top/subtype
"Isa"-relation
Theattributesandrelationsshouldbepositionedasfarupinthehierarchyasitisnecessary.
location time
location time
location time location time
location time
location timelocation time
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Recap:Object-TypeHierarchies - Inheritance
• ObjectTypesmayhavemultipleparent-types
• Objectsmustonlybelongtooneobjecttype
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Recap:Object-TypeHierarchies - Inheritance
Ifanemployeeofanorganizationisincludedinaproject,thisorganizationisalsoinvolvedintheproject.
Thesameappliestoemployeesofapartofanorganization.
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Formalvs.InformalSemanticNetworks
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Informalvs.FormalSemantic Networks
• Noisydata
• Extendedqueries
• Thematicallyrelevantinformation
• Personalisedworkenvironment
• DeductionsandRecommendations
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Informalvs.FormalSemantic Networks
• Noisydata
• Extendedqueries
• Thematicallyrelevantinformation
• Personalisedworkenvironment
• DeductionsandRecommendations
InformalmodelFew Types and Relationtypes
SimpleInferencing
Rigid,formalmodelMany Types and Relationtypes
ExtensiveInferecing
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InformalSemantic Networks
Combinationofdifferenttypes:Jazzmusic=StyleofMusic
Concert=EventRecordlabels=Organisation
Musicradio=Medium
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InformalSemantic Networks
Combinationofdifferenttypes:Jazzmusic=StyleofMusic
Concert=EventRecordlabels=Organisation
Musicradio=Medium
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InformalSemantic Networks
Combinationofdifferenttypes:Jazzmusic=StyleofMusic
Concert=EventRecordlabels=Organisation
Musicradio=Medium
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InformalSemantic Networks
Combinationofdifferenttypes:Jazzmusic=StyleofMusic
Concert=EventRecordlabels=Organisation
Musicradio=Medium
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FormalSemantic Networks• Object-typehierarchy is well orderd
and categorised
• Object-typehierarchy levels are ofthe samegranularity
• Objectsbelongtothematchingobject-type
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Fromal vs.InformalSemantic Networks
informalsemantic network
„melting pot“
formalsemantic network
„well categorised“
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HierarchicalRelations
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Part-Of or Super-/Subtype-Of Hierachy
Shouldgeographicalobjectsbepresentedthroughapart-
ofhierarchyoratypehierarchy?
Generalrule:objecttypesshouldnotbemodelledassubtypesiftheirindividualobjectsarealreadypartof
otherobjecttype‘sindividualobjects.
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Part-Of or Super-/Subtype-Of Hierachy
Ifwecanassumearealisticmodelofgeographicstructures,i.e.acontinentconsistsofcountries,whichinturnincludesitscities,thisstructurewouldbetranslatedintoapart-ofhierarchywithcitiesthatarepartofcountries
thatarepartofcontinents.
Anothergeneralrule:Ifthesentence„Anycityisacountryisacontinent“istrue,youshoulduseatypehierarchy.Inthiscase,„Anycityispartofacountryispartofacontinent“ismoreappropriate
though,thereforeweuseapart-ofhierarchy.
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Part-Of or Super-/Subtype Hierarchy
Inthiscase,attributesarethemainreasonforchoosingatypehierarchybetweentheseobjects.
PossibleReasonsforanotherlayer:
• Numberofsubtypes
• “perceiveddistance/togetherness”betweenthesiblingnodes
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Part-Of or Super-/Subtype Hierarchy
Advantagesofanewlayer:
• Objectswithacertainrelatednessareclosertoeachother(likeHpyertension andArteriosclerosis)
Disadvantageofanewlayer:
• Complicated,artificialinsertedObjects(likeDiseaseoftherespiratorysystem)
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ArtificialObjectsforBuildingHierarchies
• Usedforbundlingobjectsinobject-hierarchies
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ArtificialObjectsforBuildingHierarchies
Notrecommendedbecause„otherstringedinstruments“isalreadyrepresentedviaobject-type
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ModellingProcess
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Bottom-UporTop-Down
Startwitheither
• Amodel(objectandrelationtypes)
• Specificobjects
• Queriesandrulesforassemblinginformation
Mostofthetimeitwillbeacombination
• Iterativeapproach
• Quickconstructionofaprototype
• Ontheflychangesofthemodel
• Explorationofthesemanticnetworkwilljointhesetupfromthebeginning
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KeepinMindwhileModelling/DesigningyourNetwork
• Thesemanticmodelissupposedtosupportthesearchprocessandautomaticcombinationofinformation
• Thesemanticmodelshouldhelpyoutoavoidredundancies
• Thesemanticmodelistopresentfactsaspreciseaspossible
• Thesemanticmodelshouldbeeasytounderstandbyexternals
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Objectsvs.Attributs
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Relationsvs.Attributes- RecommendationsonUsage
UseAttributeswhen:
• Greatvarietyofinformationandbarelyanyrepetitioninvalues
UseObjectswhen:
• Manyobjectssharethesame„property“/information
• Theinformationisitselfacomplexinformationwithitsownproperties
TermxTermx
Synonym
Termy
Termz Synonym
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InferredRelations
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DifferentTypesofRelations
• UserRelation• Relationdefinedbytheuser
• Representanyrelationshipbetweenobjects
• InferredRelation• Linkingseveralrelationstogethertoformarelationalpathway
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Inferred Relation
• Atleasttwoconnectedrelationscancreateanewinferredrelation
• Itbuiltsashortcutbetweenobjects,wellusedpathsdon’thavetobedefinedneweverytime
• Example:thesongBacktoBlackfromthealbumBacktoBlackisconnectedtothreemoods.Thesemoodscouldalsobeconnectedtothealbumitself.Aninferredrelationdefinesthisconnection.
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OrderingRelationsandAttributes
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Relations-/AttributeHierarchy• Liketypes,relationscanbedefinedinahierarchy• Thedomainandtargetdomainwon‘tbeinheritedbythesubtypes• Itispossibletocreateabstractrelations• Thishierarchycanbeusedfor• Abetteroverview• Whichrelationsarepossiblebetweencertaintypes?
• Implications• Whichcanbeusedinstructuredqueries• Insteadofusingthreedifferentrelations(withdifferentdomainsandtargetdomains),agroupingrelationcancombineallthreeofthem(e.g.RoleIsPresentonSong)
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ExtensionsandRoles
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Recap:ExtensionsandRoles
• Objectscanonlybeofonetype.
• Youhavetouseextensionswiththeirownrelationsandattributesifyouwanttoexpressadditionalfeatures.
• Examplaryusecases:• Representationoftemporaryproperties(positioninacompany;statusofaproject)• Rolebasedpermissionsystem
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Recap:ExtensionsandRoles
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Recap:Extensions
• Objectscanhaveonlyonedefiningtype(asopposedtotype!).• Additionalcategorisationsofenhancementswithownrelationsandattributes.
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Recap:Extensions
• Extensionsfortime-limitedroles(positioninacompany;Projectstatus)• Example:Objectsoftypepersonwillbeextendedthrough:• Rollbassist• Rollproducer• Rollcomposer• ...
• Changesfortheroleofthepersonmustbemadeonlyontheroleobject,notonallpeopleassociated.
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Recap:Extensions
• Apersoncanreceivemorethanoneroleatthesametime• Thankstotheextension,newrelationsandattributesareavailablefortheextendedobjectthatwerenotpreviouslyapprovedbytheschema(forexample:JennyConlee"participatesin"Allright asaccordionist)• Thisconnectioncannotbeillustratedthrough"normal",separaterelations
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DefininganExtension
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Defining anExtension
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Defining anExtension
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Defining anExtension
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Defining anExtension
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UsinganExtension
Allpossiblerelationsforanobjectoftype
person
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Using anExtension
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Using anExtension
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Using anExtension
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Using anExtension
Allpossiblerelationsforanobjectoftype
personandtheextensionMusician
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Meta-Properties
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Recap:Metaproperties
Metapropertiesofrelationsandattributescanbemappedbyattributes• Ex.:“changedat“,ifyouwanttorememberwhensomebodychangedane-mailorthemembershipofaproject
changed at
changed at
is member of
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Recap:Metaproperties
Metapropertiesofrelationsandattributescanbemappedbyrelations• Ex.:“changedby”,ifyouwanttorememberwhochangedthee-mailorthemembershipofaprojectchanged by
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Defining aMetattribute
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Defining aMetaattribute
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Defining aMetaattribute
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Defining aMetaattribute
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Using aMetaattribute
Clickrightonthepropertyyouwant
toaddaMetaattributeto
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Using aMetaattribute
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Using aMetaattribute
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Using aMetaattribute
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Defining aMetarelation
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Defining aMetarelation
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Using aMetarelation
Clickrightonthepropertyyouwant
toaddaMetarelationto
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Using aMetarelation
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Using aMetarelation
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Remodelling
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Changing the Object Typeof Objects
Movealldirectobjectsofanobject-typetoanotertype:
Rightclickonthetypethatcontainstheobjects
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ChangingtheObjectTypeofObjects
Enterthetypeyouwishtomovetheobjectto
Makesurethetypeyou‘rechoosingisnotabstract
Thesamewayyoucan„morph“relationsofarelationtypeintoanotherrelationtype
andattributes
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CreateaNewSub-Network
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CreateaNewSub-Network
• Forabetteroverviewitcanbeusefull tocreateanewsub-network
• Thesample-networkhascurrently4sub-networks
• Onlyadministratorscancreatenewsub-networks
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CreateaNewSub-Network
• Toseeallthesub-networksclickonthecog-symbolandselect„TopTypes“
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CreateaNewSub-Network
• Nameyournew-sub-networkandyouwillseeitaddedtotheothersub-networks
• Sub-networkscanstillusetherelationsoftheothersub-networks
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Exercises
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Exercises
1. RevisityourSemanticModelfromthelesson1exerciseandthinkaboutwaystoimprovethesemanticnetwork.Explainthechangesyouconductedandwhy.
2. Manyorganisationshavemorethanonesite,whichcanbeidentifiedbytheirstreetnames,streetnumbers,zipcodes,citiesandcountries.Additionally,thereisquiteahighnumberoforganisationsthataresupposedtoberepresentedbythemodeloveralongtimeframe.Chooseafittingwaytomodelthissituation.
3. Anorganizationemploys2employees:TimasammanagerandTomasanassembly-lineworker.TwoyearsagoTimusedtobeanassembly-lineworker,too(beforehegotpromotedtothemanager-position).Pleasemodelthescenario.
Advanced Modelling
Sendyour questions to:[email protected]
Consultationhours:EveryWednesday
Thank you for visitingi-viewsUniversity
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