LITERATURE REVIEW,DATA COLLECTION, bibliography &CITATION

GROUP MEMBERS

GC HASSAN RABBANI

GC HAROON UR RASHID

GC JABRAN NAVEED CHEEMA

GC RAO TALAT SAEED

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Literature review

A literature review is a text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current

knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and

methodological contributions to a particular topic.

It uses data from secondary sources, and does not report new or original

experimental work

It is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited

scholars and researchers

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As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g.,

your research objective, the problem you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis).

In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge

and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses

are.

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A literature review must do these things:

Be organized around and related directly to the research question you are developing

Synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known

Identify areas of controversy in the literature

Formulate questions that need further research

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Ask yourself questions like these:

What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature review helps to

define?

What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I looking at issues of theory?

methodology? policy? quantitative research (e.g. on the effectiveness of a new

procedure)? qualitative research (e.g., studies )?

What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publications am I using (e.g.,

journals, books, government documents, popular media)?

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How good was my information seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensure I've

found all the relevant material? Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is

the number of sources I've used appropriate for the length of my paper?

Have I critically analyzed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts? Instead

of just listing and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses?

Have I cited and discussed studies contrary to my perspective?

Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful?

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DATA COLLECTION

• INTRODUCTION

• IMPORTANCE OF DATA AND DATA COLLECTION

• DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

• PRIMARY DATA

• SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATA

• ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA

• DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA

• SECONDARY DATA

• SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA

• ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA

• DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA

• CONCLUSION

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INTRODUCTION

Data can be defined as the quantitative or qualitative values of a variable.

Data is plural of datum which literally means to give or something given.

Data is the lowest unit of information from which other measurements and analysis can be

done.

Data can be numbers, images, words, figures, facts or ideas.

Data in itself cannot be understood.

Data must be interpret into meaningful information.

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IMPORTANCE OF DATA AND DATA

COLLECTION

Data is one of the most important aspect of any research studies.

Researches in every field of study based on data which is analyzed and

interpreted to get information.

Data is the basic unit in statistical studies.

Statistical information like census, population variables, health statistics,

and road accidents records are all developed from data.

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DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

There are two main types of data collection techniques.

1. Primary data collection techniques

2. Secondary data collection techniques

Primary data collection uses surveys, experiments or direct observations.

Secondary data collection may be conducted by collecting information from adiverse source of documents or electronically stored information, census and

market studies, reports, books, journals, documents, magazines, the web and more.

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PRIMARY DATA

Primary data means original data

It has been collected specially for the purpose in mind.

It is collected from the original source first hand.

Primary data has not been published yet.

It is more reliable, authentic and objective.

Primary data has not been changed or altered by human beings; therefore its validity is

greater than secondary data.

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SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATA

Survey

Survey is most commonly used method in social sciences, management, marketing and

psychology to some extent

Questionnaire

Questionnaires are a list of questions either an open-ended or close -ended for which the

respondent give answers. Questionnaire can be conducted via telephone, mail, live in a

public area, or in an institute, through electronic mail or through fax and other methods.

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Interview

Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the respondent. It is slow, but they

allows in-depth questioning and follow-up questions.

Observations

Observations can be done while letting the observing person know that he is being

observed or without letting him know. Observations can also be made in natural settings

as well as in artificially created environment.

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ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA

Data interpretation is better.

Targeted Issues are addressed.

Efficient Spending for Information.

Decency of Data.

Addresses Specific Research Issues.

Greater Control.

Proprietary Issues.

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DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA

High Cost

Time Consuming

Inaccurate Feed-backs

More number of resources is required

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SECONDARY DATA

Data collected by someone other than the user

Data that has been already collected and is readily availableI is more quickly

obtainable than the primary data.

Secondary data may be obtained from literature, industry surveys, compilations

from computerized databases and information systems, and computerized or

mathematical models of environmental processes.

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SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA

Published Printed Sources

There are varieties of published printed sources. Their credibility depends on

many factors. For example, on the writer, publishing company and time and date

when published.

Books

Books are available today on any topic that you want to research. Books are

secondary source but most authentic one in secondary sources.

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Journals/periodicals

Journals and periodicals are becoming more important as far as data collection is

concerned. The reason is that journals provide up-to-date information which at times

books cannot and secondly, journals can give information on the very specific topic on

which you are researching rather talking about more general topics.

Magazines/Newspapers

Magazines are also effective but not very reliable. Newspaper on the other hand is

more reliable and in some cases the information can only be obtained

from newspapers as in the case of some political studies.

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ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA

Inexpensive

Easily accessible

Immediately available

Will provide essential background and help to clarify or refine research problem – essential

for literature review

Secondary data sources will provide research method alternatives.

Will also alert the researcher to any potential difficulties.

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DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA

Takes time to define problem, sampling frame, method and analysis.

Not as readily accessible

Incomplete Information

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CONCLUSION

Primary research entails the use of immediate data in determining the survival of the

market. The popular ways to collect primary data consist of surveys, interviews and

focus groups, which shows that direct relationship between potential customers and

the companies. Whereas secondary research is a means to reprocess and reuse

collected information as an indication for betterments of the service or product.

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Bibliography

A Bibliography is a list of the sources you used to get information for your

report. It is included at the end of your report, on the last page (or last few

pages)

It is easier to prepare a bibliography if you keep track of each book,

encyclopedia, or article you use as you are reading and taking notes.

The main purpose of a bibliography entry is to give credit to other authors

whose work you've consulted in your research.

Another purpose of a bibliography is to make it easy for a curious reader

to find the source you've used.

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Examples

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For a book:

Author (last name first). Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of publication.

EXAMPLE: Dahl, Roald. The BFG. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982.

For a magazine:

Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of magazine. Volume number, (Date): page numbers.

EXAMPLE: Jordan, Jennifer, "Filming at the Top of the World." Museum of Science Magazine. Volume 47, No. 1,

(Winter 1998): p. 11.

For a newspaper:

Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of newspaper, city, state of publication. (date): edition if available,

section, page number(s).

EXAMPLE: Powers, Ann, "New Tune for the Material Girl." The New York Times, New York, NY. (3/1/98): Atlantic

Region, Section 2, p. 34.

Citation

A Citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source.

It is is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of

an intellectual work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of

the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation

appears.

In higher education when ever you include a fact or piece of information

in an assignment or essay you must also include where and how you found

that piece of information. Even if you 'just know it' - it has to of come from

somewhere

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Types Of Citations

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•APA. APA (American Psychological Association) is an author/date based style. This means

emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it.

•MLA. MLA (Modern Language Association) is most often applied by the arts and humanities,

particularly in the USA. It is arguably the most well used of all of the citation styles.

•Harvard. which is very similar to APA. Where APA is primarily used in the USA, Harvard

referencing is the most well used referencing style in the UK and Australia, and is encouraged for

use with the humanities.

MLA Citation Style

Author(s)Title of Book,

Website or

Article

Place of

Publication

Publisher or

DatabaseDate Pages

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Journal Article

Devine, Patricia G., and Steven J. Sherman. "Intuitive Versus Rational

Judgment and the Role of Stereotyping in the Human Condition:

Kirk or Spock?“ England Literature Resource Center (1992): 153-59.

Format

APA Citation Style

Format

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved fromhttp://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Example

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

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Harvard Citation Style

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Bibliography vs Citation

Bibliography and Citation both are used in research methodology.

Bibliography refers to the list of books and journals in an alphabetical order, referred to by the

researcher in writing his or her thesis.

Citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source. It is included within the body of a

work to acknowledge the relevance of the work of the other writer to the topic of discussion at

the particular location where the citation appears.

Bibliography is done to let the reader know the books and journals you have referred to as a

researcher in writing your thesis. Whereas, purpose of citation is intellectual honesty. You want to

give due credit to a particular author for the quotation you have picked from his work in support

of your work.

Both bibliography and citation jointly contribute to the formation of a thesis. Bibliography usually

appears towards the end of the thesis. On the other hand citation occurs at various places

wherever there are relevant quotations.

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