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Ethical Concerns in Netnography and by extension other types of online data collec7on and cultural research Robert Kozinets York University Toronto, Canada Some thoughts for the ACR Doctoral Symposium, 2015, Bal7more MD

Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

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Netnography and Research Ethics: A Presentation from the Association for Consumer Research 2015 Doctoral Symposium

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Page 1: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

Ethical  Concerns  in    Netnography  

 and  by  extension  other  types  of  online  data    collec7on  and  cultural  

research      

Robert  Kozinets  York  University  Toronto,  Canada  

Some  thoughts  for  the  ACR  Doctoral  Symposium,  2015,  Bal7more  MD  

Page 2: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium
Page 3: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

An  Already  Poisoned  Well  •  LeBesco  (2004)  reported  that,  in  a  

single  month,  eight  researchers  tried  to  gain  access  to  a  par7cular  online  community  site  and  all  but  one  were  rejected  by  the  group.    

•  Hudson  and  Bruckman  (2004)  relate  that  people  in  chat-­‐rooms  reacted  with  hos7lity  when  they  were  aware  of  being  studied  by  researchers  

•  When  766  people  online  were  given  the  opportunity  to  become  part  of  the  research,  how  many  volunteered?  

•  ‘Many  list  owners  and  newsgroup  members  deeply  resent  the  presence  of  researchers  and  journalists  in  their  groups’  (Johns,  Chen,  and  Hall  2003,  p.  159)  

Page 4: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

Complica7ng  ma_ers….  

•  “At  least  for  the  foreseeable  near  future,  researchers  must  operate  flexibly  to  adapt  to  con7nual  shics  in  percep7ons,  unstable  terms  of  service,  radically  dis7nc7ve  na7onal  and  cultural  expecta7ons  for  privacy,  and  s7ll  steady  growth  of  Internet  use.”  

•  “To  complicate  ma_ers  further,  as  a  lived  concept,  privacy  is  inextricable  from  its  sister  concepts:  harm  and  vulnerability.  To  understand  how  poten7al  research  par7cipants  conceptualize  one  requires  considera7on  of  all  three,  separately  and  together,  in  context’    –  Anne_e  Markham  2012,  p.  

337).    

Page 5: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

A  Balancing  Act  •  Ethical  concerns  of  privacy,  confiden7ality,  appropria7on,  and  consent  (Kozinets  2002a,  2006a)  

•  Add  to  this  ‘fundamental  human  rights  of  human  dignity,  autonomy,  protec7on,  safety,  maximiza7on  of  benefits  and  minimiza7ons  of  harms,  or,  in  the  most  recent  accepted  phrasing,  respect  for  persons,  jus7ce,  and  beneficence’  (Associa7on  of  Internet  Researchers  Ethics  Working  Group  2012,  p.  4).    

Page 6: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

When  Is  Online  Research    Human  Subjects  Research?  

•  According  to  Title  45,  Part  46  (2009),  which  governs  IRBs  in  the  US,  human  subjects  research  is  research  in  which  there  is  an  interven7on  or  interac7on  with  another  person  for  the  purpose  of  gathering  informa7on,  or  in  which  informa7on  is  recorded  by  a  researcher  in  such  a  way  that  a  person  can  be  iden7fied  through  it  directly  or  indirectly  

•  Par7cipa7ve  netnography  fits  •  However,  if  you  argue  the  Internet  

is  more  a  text  than  a  social  space,  it  does  not  fit  (Basse_  and  O’Riordan  2002)  Observa7onal  netnography  doesn’t  fit?  Or  does  it?  

Page 7: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

Risk  According  to  US  Federal  Code  

Title  45    

Regula7ons  define  minimal  risk  as  meaning  that  ‘the  probability  and  magnitude  of  harm  or  discomfort  an7cipated  in  the  research  are  not  greater  in  and  of  themselves  than  those  ordinarily  encountered  in  daily  life  or  during  the  performance  of  rou7ne  physical  or  psychological  examina7ons  or  tests’  (Protec7on  of  Human  Subjects,  2009).    

Page 8: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

•  This  defini7on  is  obviously  tailored  to  a  world  of  physical  medical  experimenta7on,  not  ethnographic  or  other  online  data  explora7on  

•  It  does  not  par7cularly  help  us  to  assess  the  impact  of  publica7on  and  exposure.  

•  However,  might  we  compare  social  media  exposure  to  being  highlighted  and  featured  in  tradi7onal  media?  –  Does  this  protect  netnography  (and  other  data  collec7on)  through  Freedom  of  Speech/The  Press,  and  Fair  Use  types  of  laws  

–  Does  this  open  netnography  to  global  libel  and  slander  laws?  

•  Title  45  makes  it  clear  we  are  to  consequen7ally  weight  probable  risks  against  likely  benefits  –  Ethics  are  not  about  avoiding  risks  

Page 9: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

The  Digital  Double  •  Is  the  text  or  data  truly  separate  

from  the  person?  •  ‘An  essen7al  element  of  

informa7onal  self-­‐determina7on  is  the  control  the  individual  has  over  the  informa7on  that  is  available  about  her  in  the  Internet  environment,  also  known  as  her  digital  double’  (Buitelaar  2014,  p.  266)  

•  Models  of  individuals  built  out  of  data  

•  Used  as  proxies  for  individuals  •  An  ‘extension’  of  the  offline  

iden7ty  and  personality  •  Digital  doubles  are  iden77es  

Page 10: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

P(seudonym)-­‐Cracking    

•  Decloaking  anonymized/pseudonymized  online  research  has  been  a  popular  pas7me  for  almost  two  decades  –  Julian  Dibbell’s  Rape  in  

Cyberspace  (Village  Voice  1993)\  •  Within  days  of  its  public  release,  

a  large  and  anonymized  research  dataset  of  a  par7cular  Facebook  cohort  was  ‘cracked’  and  iden7fied,  without  ever  looking  at  the  data  itself  (Zimmer  2010)  

•  Computer  science  students  and  other  technomages  enjoy  decoding  and  decryp7ng  

•  Scholars  in  computer  science  even  published  papers  on  the  robust  de-­‐anonymiza7on  of  large  social  network  datasets  (Narayanan  and  Shma7kov  2009).    

Page 11: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

Conclusion:  Recognizing  Con7ngencies  and  Complexity  and  Requiring  Adapta7on  •  The  Internet  is  not  a  place  or  a  

text  •  Not  either  public  or  private  •  Does  not  contain  simply  data  

but  digital  doubles  of  our  iden77es  and  selves  

•  It  is  not  one  but  many  types  of  social  interac7on  

•  It  harbours  many  dynamic  expecta7ons  and  norms  regarding  privacy  and  its  viola7on  

•  This  is  an  area  needing  much  more  empirical  study  

Page 12: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

Fabrica7on  •  All  scien7fic  knowledge  portrayal  is  

constructed  •  We  have  become  inured  to  

processing  par7cular  conven7onal  forms  of  research  representa7on  –  Thus  they  look  correct  and  thus  

legi7mate  •  However,  they  are  all  equally  

fabrica7ons  •  Ci7ng  Jane  Goodall,  Markham  

reminds  us  that  ethnographers  are  interpre7ve  authori7es,  but  that  all  of  our  representa7ons  are  par7al  and  problema7c  

•  Markham,  Anne,e  N.  (2012),  “Fabrica9on  as  Ethical  Prac9ce,”  Informa(on,  Communica(on,  and  Society,  15:3,  334-­‐353.  

Page 13: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

Fabrica7on  •  Suggests  that  opening  and  

experimen7ng  with  our  online  ethnographic  representa7ons  is  a  prac7cal  way  to  protect  privacy  

•  Crea7ve  and  bricolage-­‐style  altera7on  of  “data”  

•  Various  kinds  of  composite  accounts  (personas)  and/or  representa7onal  interac7ons    

•  Fic7onal  narra7ves  •  Layered  accounts  •  Some  techniques  associated  with  

remix  culture  •  Also  experimenta7ons,  

collabora7ons  

Page 14: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

Netnographic  Research  Ethics  Redefined  

Five  general  principles  and  procedures  1.  Being  There:  not  merely  accurate  

iden7fica7on,  but  ac7ve  personal  branding  

2.  Being  Honest:  full  disclosure  and  informa7on  through  social  media  and/or  research  web-­‐page  (e.g.,  profile  hat?)  

3.  Being  Considerate:  asking  appropriate  permissions,  consent  forms  for  interviews/interac7onal  data  collec7ons,  cloaking  data/iden77es  as  required  

4.  Giving  Credit:  ci7ng  where  appropriate,  credi7ng  where  appropriate  

5.  Being  Innova7ve:  where  appropriate,  considering  remix,  experimenta7on  

Page 15: Netnography and Research Ethics: From ACR 2015 Doctoral Symposium

Helpful  Guidelines    and  Other  Resources  

•  White  paper/reports  –  American  Associa7on  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  (Frankel  and  

Siang  1999)  –  Associa7on  of  Internet  Researchers  Ethics  Working  Group  2002,  2012)  –  American  Psychological  Associa7on  (see  Kraut  et  al.  2004)  

•  Two  journals  largely  dedicated  to  these  issues:    –  Ethics  and  Informa7on  Technology,    –  Interna7onal  Journal  of  Internet  Research  Ethics  (online)  

•  Edited  and  co-­‐authored  volumes    –  Boellstorff  et  al.  2012;  Buchanan  2004;  Ess  2009;  Johns  et  al.  2003;  

Krotoski  2010;  McKee  and  Porter  2009;  Thorseth  2003).    •  However,  as  the  authors  of  the  AoIR  Ethics  Working  Commi_ee  

Report  (2012)  state,  “no  official  guidance  or  ‘answers’  regarding  internet  research  ethics  have  been  adopted  at  any  na7onal  or  interna7onal  level’