ADVANCE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The word hypothesis is derived form the Greekwords“hypotithenai” means to put under orsuppose Plural is Hypothesis

A researcher calls these assumptions, assertions, orstatements they become the basis of an inquiry.

In most cases, the hypothesis will be based uponeither previous studies or the researcher’s own orsomeone else’s observations

Defining the word

A tentative statement about something, the validity of

which is usually unknown (Black, James A & Dean JChampion, Method and Issues in Social Research, NewYork: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1976

Hypothesis is proposition that is stated in a testable formand that predicts a particular relationship between two ormore variable (Baily, Kenneth D, Methods of SocialResearch, 3rd edition, New York: The Free Press, 1978)

A hypothesis is written in such a way that it can beproven or disproven by valid and reliable data (Grinnell,Richard, Jr. Social Work Research and Evaluation, 3rd

edition, Itasca, Illinois, F.E. Peacock Publishers, 988)

Definition of Hypothesis

A problem is formulated in the form of aquestion;

A hypothesis is a suggested solution to aproblem.

A problem (question) cannot be directly tested,whereas a hypothesis can be tested and verified.

The Difference betweenHypothesis & Problem

Unknown validity

Specifies relation between two or more variables

Simple, specific, and contextually clear

Capable of verification

Related to the existing body of knowledge

Operation able

Characteristics of hypothesis

Provides a study with focus

Signifies what specific aspects of a research problem is to investigate

What data to be collected and what not to be collected

Enhancement of objectivity of the study

Formulate the theory

Enable to conclude with what is true or what is false

Functions of hypothesis

Step 1: State the hypotheses.

(Formulation of hypothesis)

Step 2: Set the criteria for a decision.

(Set the level of significance)

Step 3: Compute the test statistic.

(Data analysis )

Step 4: Make a decision

(on basis of P . Value)

4 Steps to Hypothesis Testing

Working hypothesis

Null hypothesis

Research hypothesis

Type of hypothesis

The working or trail hypothesis is provisionally

adopted to explain the relationship between someobserved facts for guiding line

Examples:

Population influence the numbers of bank branch

Education effect the social norm

Science university influence the invention of thecountry

Working hypothesis

A null hypothesis is formulated against the working

hypothesis; opposes the statement of the working hypothesis

Examples:

Population have no influence on the numbers of bank branches

Education does not affect social norm

Science university have no influence / impact on invention of the country.

Null hypothesis

An alternate hypothesis is formulated when a

researcher totally rejects null hypothesis

Examples

population has significant effect on the number ofbank branches

education has significant effect social norm

science universities have significant influence / impacton invention of the country

Alternate hypothesis

Interval estimation

t-state

chi-square

Hypothesis TestingTypes of Tests

If the Ho value lies in the range of interval we have

to accept Ho Ho = 0.3

If the Ho value lies outside form range of interval wehave to reject Ho H1 # 0.3

Hypothesis TestingInterval Method

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%

Intercept 24.45454545 6.413817299 3.812791091 0.005142172 9.664256253 39.24483466

X Variable 1 0.509090909 0.035742806 14.24317115 5.75275E-07 0.42666785 0.591513968

If the calculated value is more than table value

rejects Ho

If the calculated value is less than table value acceptHo : Table value 2.62

Hypothesis Testingt - state Method

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%

Intercept 24.45454545 6.413817299 3.812791091 0.005142172 9.664256253 39.24483466

X Variable 1 0.509090909 0.035742806 14.24317115 5.75275E-07 0.42666785 0.591513968

Type 1 error

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true iscalled a Type I error.

Type 11 error

Not rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it is false

Hypothesis TestingTypes of Errors

If the calculated value lies in the range of table

values we have to accept Ho HO = 0

If the calculated value lies in the range of tablevalues we have to accept Ho HO # 0

2.18 and 17.53 not lies in the range so reject Ho

Hypothesis TestingChi-Square Method

The smaller the p-value, the more statistical evidence

exists to support the alternative hypothesis.

If the p-value is less than 1%, there is overwhelmingevidence that supports the alternative hypothesis.

If the p-value is between 1% and 5%, there is a strongevidence that supports the alternative hypothesis.

If the p-value is between 5% and 10% there is a weakevidence that supports the alternative hypothesis.

If the p-value exceeds 10%, there is no evidence thatsupports the alternative hypothesis.

Interpreting the p-value