AN INTRODUCTION

OF BUILDING CONTRUCTION

BY—MANISHA AGARWAL

WHAT IS BUILDING? A building consists

of walls, floors, roofs, provides covered spaces for different uses such as residence, worship , entertainment, education business, storage hospitalization etc.

TYPES OF BUILDING Residential building- It includes one or two private dwellings,

apartments , hotels ,etc. Educational building- It includes buildings for school, college or day to

day purposes . Industrial building- Refineries, gas plant, dairies, mills, industries, etc. Business building-Libraries, town hall, court houses etc. It is used for

keeping of accounts and records for many purposes. Institutional building – Hospitals, nursing homes, orphanage , jails,

sanatoria, etc Assembly building- Theaters, places of worship, assembly halls,

museums, restaurants, passengers station, club rooms ,etc. Mercantile building- Shops, stores, market place for whole sale or

retail etc. Storage building- Ware houses, cold stores, garages, stables, etc. Hazardous building- Any building or part of building is used for

storage, handling, manufacturing or processing products which are liable to burn and which may produce poisonous fumes or explosions.

COMPONENTS OF BUILDING Foundation Footing Plinth Walls Columns and beams Floors Doors ,windows and ventilators Stairs Roof Building finishes Building services

FOUNDATION Foundation is the

lowest part of a structure below the ground level which is in direct contact with the ground and transmits all the dead , live and other loads to the soil on which the structure rests.

FOOTING Footing is a

foundation unit constructed brick work , masonry or concrete under the base of wall or column for the purpose of distributing the load over a large area.

PLINTH Plinth – The portion of

the building between the ground surrounding the building and top of the floor immediately above the ground is known as plinth. The level of the surrounding ground is known as formation level or simply ground level and level of the ground floor of the building is plinth level.

COLUMN ANB BEAM Columns and beams- A column

is an isolated vertical load bearing member the width of which is neither less than its thickness nor four than more four times its thickness. Pier is similar to a column except that it is bonded into load bearing wall at the sides to form an integral a d extends to full height of the wall. Beam is the horizontal member of a structure carrying transverse loads. Beam is rectangular in cross section. It carry floor slab or roof slab. Beam transfer all load including self weight to the column or wall.

WALL Wall is provided to divide

the floor space in designed pattern. It provide mainly privacy , security and protection. There are mainly two types of walls . A load bearing wall supports its own weight as well as super imposed loads transferred to it through floor or roof. A non load bearing wall carries its own weight and not any super imposed load from the structure. They are called partition walls.

FLOOR Floors are flat supporting

elements that divide a building into different levels thereby creating more accommodation on a given plot in land. A floor consists of two part– Subfloor and Flooring. Sub-floor supports all the loads like dead and super imposed while flooring is covering layer of desired specification provided over the subfloor like cement concrete, terrazzo etc.

STAIRS Stair is a

structure comprising of a number of steps connecting one floor to another .It may be made of timber, stone , brick, steel , etc

DOORSDoors is a barrier

secured in an opening loft in a wall to provide means of access to a building, room or passage. A door consists mainly two components– door frame and door shutter.

WINDOW Window is an

opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing day light , vision and ventilation. A window has a frame and one or more shutter.

ROOF Roof is the

uppermost component of a building and its main function is to cover surface below and protect it from rain, wind , heat etc. Roof has two component– roof decking and roof covering . A roof may be flat or curved or pitched in shape.

BUILDING FINISHINES It give appropriate

treatment to a building like plastering, pointing, white washing, painting varnishing etc. It protects the surface from adverse effect of weather and also provide decorative effect.

BUILDING SERVICES Building services

include water supply, drainage and sanitation, lighting, electricity, air conditioning, fire detection and fire control , etc. A building is useless without these services.

SOME TECHNICAL COMPONENTS OF A BUIDING Balcony is a horizontal cantilevered projection including a

hand rail or balustrade or serve as passage or sitting out place.

Bar sati is a habitable room on roof of the building with or without toilet/ kitchen.

Basement or cellar is the lower storey of a building below or partly below ground level.

Cabin is a room constructed with non load bearing partition with adequate provision of light and ventilation.

Chajja or sunshade is a sloping or horizontal structural overhang actually provided over openings on external wall for protection from sun, rain etc.

Courtyard is an open area enclosed fully or partly by building and may be ground level or any other level.

Drainage is a system , constructed for removal and drain any liquid like sewage , waste water, etc.

Fire lift is specially designed lift for use by fire service.

SOME TECHNICAL COMPONENTS OF A BUIDING Gallery is an intermediate floor projecting from a wall of an

auditorium or a hall providing extra floor area , additional seating accommodation etc.

Garage is a portion of a building there of used for shelter , storage or parking of a vehicle.

Mezzanine floor is an intermediate floor between two floor levels above ground floor and at least one side of it should form an integral part of space floor/ below.

Parapet is a low wall or railing build along the edge of roof or a floor. Mumti is a structure with a covering roof over a staircase for

providing protection from weather and not used for human habitation.

Partition is a non load bearing wall , one storey part storey in height.

Porch is a covered area supported on pillars or otherwise for the purpose of pedestrian or vehicular approach to a building.

Site or plot is a piece of land enclosed by definite boundaries. Covered area is ground area covered by the building immediately

above the plinth level.

THANYOU---MANISHA AGARWAL