“Let this be a new town, symbolic of freedom of India unfettered by thetraditions of the past. An expression of the nations faith in the future”

- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

• A need for the capital

• Rehabilitating refugees

• A rich cultural legacy like Lahore

• A vision of the future

• A centre for governance

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Site selection

• Central location• Natural

drainage• Shivalik hills

• Mountainous region• Sufficient water

supply• Moderate climate•The site was the sub mountainous area of the Ambala district about 150 miles north of New Delhi.

•The area was a flat, gentle sloping plain of agriculture land dotted with grooves of mango trees , consisting of 59 villages

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The nameChandigarh derives its name from the deity ‘ Chandi‘

‘ garh‘‐ the goddess of power.‐ the fort .

gave the city its name "Chandigarh ‐ The City Beautiful".

•The gently sloping plains on which Chandigarh exist was in the past, when the Himalayas were young, a wide lake ringed by a marsh.

•The fossil remains found at the site testify to a large variety of aquatic and amphibian life.

•Some 8000 yrs ago Chandigarh was home to the Harappans. Their stone implements, ornaments, and copper arrow heads unearthed during the excavations in the 1950s and 1960s testify this

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•Located near the foothills of the shivalik range of the Himalayas.• Kandi (Bhabhar) region in the north-east.• Sirowal (Tarai) region and alluvial plain in remaining part.•The area is drained by 2 seasonal rivulets Sukhna Choe in east and Patiala- ki-rao in west.• Haryana in the east and Punjab in the north , west and south.

• The site covers 114 sqm area approximately• The general ground level range between 1000 to 1200 feet• 1 % grade giving a general adequate drainage.

• Extreme climates.• Cold dry winter.• Hot summer.• Sub-tropical monsoon.• 4 seasons – Summer Rainy Post monsoonWinter.• Winds are generally dry.

•Direct road connections with Patiala, Rajpura, Ludhiana and other towns.• Rail connections with Delhi.GEOGRAPH

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•Fan shaped master plan.

•Spreads gently to fill the site between the two river beds.

•A curving network of main roads surrounds the residential blocks

•It contains a central area of parkland

•The overall pattern avoids a geometric grid in favor of a loosely curving system.

•The plan does not read as a monumental capital

ALBERT MAYER

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MATHHEW NOWICKI

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• Planned with focus on urban design , architectural aesthetics, preservation of natural environment, conservation of buildings and open spaces , hierarchical road network.

• Divided the human functions into work, living and leisure with strict zoning.

• City planning was against the traditional Indian cities.

• Replaced the native Indian town plan into superblocks .

Le Corbusier planningstrategies

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• Post war ‘Garden city’

• Le modular system

• Analogous to human body

Head – capitol (place of power)

Heart – the city centre

Stomach – the commercial areaArms

– university and Industrial zone

Lungs

– leisure valley ,open spaces

Arteries

– network of roads

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Capitol

Railwayline

University area City

centre Industr

ial area

Sukhna choe

V2

Patiali-ki-rao

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•The primary module of a city's design is a sector, a neighborhood unit of size 800meters x 1200 meters.

•Each sector is a self sufficient unit having shops, school, health centers and places of recreations and worship.

•The population of a sector varies between 3000 and 20000 depending upon the sizes of plots and the topography of the area

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• Convenient walking distance forsocial services like schools and shopping centers.

• Street system• major roads should not pass

through residential neighborhood.• Internal road pattern should encourage

quite , safe , low volume traffic movement.

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• Facilities• Orderly arrangement of facilities which

would be shared common by the residents

• A unit having shops, school, health centers and places of recreations and worships.

• blocks are divided in sectors.• Each sector is self sufficient unit having

all facilities .• These sectors varies depending upon

the size and the topography of the area.

Principles of urban planning

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HOUSINGLower category residential buildings are governed by a mechanism known as “frame control” to control their facades.

This fixes the building line and height and the use of building materials.

Certain standard sizes of doors and windows are specified and all the gates and boundary walls must conform to standard design.

This particularly applies to houses built on small plots of 250 square metres or less.

Roads system

An integrated system of seven road types.

Pathways for cyclists

Roads intersected at right angles forming a grid.

Hierarchy of movement.

Residential areas segregated from the traffic.

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An integrated system of seven road types• V-1--

Fast roads connecting Chandigarh to other towns

• V-2 -- arterial roads

• V-3 -- Fast vehicular roads

• V-4 -- Meandering shopping streets

• V-5 -- Sector circulation roads

• V-6 --Access roads to houses

• V-7 -- footpaths and cycle tracks

• Buses will ply only on V-1, V-2, V-3 and V-4 roads.

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V1 – main road connecting other towns

V4 - shopping street(were in the shop keepers stay above the shops)

Pedestrian path

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• A green sprawling space extending north-east to south-west along a seasonal river let

gradient and was conceived by Le Corbusier as the “lungs” of the city.

• This valley houses the series of fitness trails, amphitheatre and spaces for open-air exhibition.

• Rock garden designed by NekChand in 1957 .

Leisure valley

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• The basic planning of the city is a sector

• to accommodate 3,000 to 25,000 persons.

• 30 sectors in Chandigarh

• 24 are residential.• The sectors

surrounded by high speed roads

• bus stops every 400m.

• The main principle of the sector is that never a door will open on the surrounding of fast vehicular road.

• The size of the sector is based on the concept of no pedestrian need to walk for more than 10min .

Sectors:

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• The basic typologyis extremely rectilinear with similar proportions.

• Residential units are arranged around central common green spaces with different shapes.

Buildingtypologies:

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Layer1 (sector layer)

• Divided in sectors

• Industrial

• Residential

• Public

Series of development

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Layer 2(road pattern)

• Transport interchange nodes

• Road connectivity

• Division of spaces

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Layer 3

• Railway station

• International airport

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Layer 4(peripheral layer)

• Land for industries

• Distributive trade

• Transport routes

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Layer5 (agricultural layer)• New development

nodes identified• 8km Agricultural

belt was created (to prevent unregulated development around the master plan )

• The belt was built for planned future extension of the city.

1952

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Layer6 (state layer)

• Other city nodes identified for development .

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12.2 REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF THE CITY

The city has good connectivity with the other surrounding region by road, rail and air.

Chandigarh is well connected with the national capital by NH-21 which passes through the city. The four laning of the highway and the construction of a number of flyovers and bypasses has made it a fast travel corridor reducing travel time considerably. The city is also well connected to the major towns in Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh by road.

Road connectivityRAILWAY station

KALKA

PINJORE

CHANDIGARHAIRPORT

Chandigarh Master Plan – 2031

The recent upgradation of the National Highway – leading to Shimla and the construction of a bypass around the towns of Pinjore and Kalka have removed the major traffic bottleneck in the road to Shimla .

MAP SHOWING REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY

BUS STAND, SECTOR-17

The Inter State Bus Terminus (ISBT) in Sector 17 was the main ISBT for a number of decades till the recent construction of the ISBT in Sector 43. The new ISBT provides Interstate bus connectivity on all routes except for a few long route buses plying from ISBT Sector-17. The ISBT in Sector 17 will eventually be used as a local bus terminus.

INTER STATE BUS TERMINUS, SECTOR-43

With the increase in the frequency and number of trains together with faster speed and greater comfort, rail has become an important mode of transport.

RAILWAY CONNECTIVITYThe rail connectivity to the city is through twin track railway lines from Delhi and Mumbai upto Ambala , a single track broad gauge thereafter upto Kalka and a narrow-gauge single track between Kalka and Shimla having heritage value. The recently built single track Chandigarh to Morinda railway line provides rail connectivity to Punjab.

Besides serving the city, Chandigarh‘s railway station located in the north-eastern periphery of the city near the Industrial Area also serves the goods and the passenger traffic of the neighbouring region including the towns of Panchkula and Mohali. Direct access to the railway station from the Panchkula side has been facilitated.

CHANDIGARH RAILWAY STATION

AIR CONNECTIVITYLocated on the south eastern corner of the city and built in the fifties, Chandigarh’s airport remains under the Ministry of Defence but also serves as a domestic airport. Over the years, direct flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Jammu, Srinagar, Jaipur, Leh and Bengaluru have been introduced with a daily footfall of around 2,000 passengers at the local airport. The proposal to start international flights has been under active consideration for some time.

A new, fully air-conditioned terminal building, equipped with modern facilities, has been built recently with a capacity to accommodate 500 passengers at a time. Chandigarh’s airport today is among the best airports in the country in the category of B class cities.

The airport is in the process of being further upgraded as an international airport as a joint venture of Punjab, Haryana and the Airport Authority of India on 300 acres of land in Punjab.

OLD TERMINAL OF CHANDIGARH AIRPORT

NEW TERMINAL OF CHANDIGARH AIRPORT

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PLAN P1 : ORIGINAL CIRCULATION NETWORK AND TRANSPORTATION NODES

RAILWAY STATIONTO MULLANPUR

BS SECTOR- 17

AIRPORT

TO AMBALA

TO M

ORI

NDA

ISBT, SECTOR 43

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THE PERIPHERY CONTROL ACT THE GREEN BELT The Periphery Control Act of 1952 created a

wide green belt around the entire union territory. It regulated all development within 16 kilometers of the city limit, prohibited the establishment of any other town or village and forbade commercial or industrial development. The idea was to guarantee that Chandigarh would always be surrounded by countryside.

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THE CAPITOL COMPLEX

THE AREA OF THE GREATEST SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE IN CHANDIGARH WAS THE CAPITOL COMPLEX , WHICH IN ITS FINAL FORM WAS BASED ON THE DESIGN OF A GRAET CROSS AXIS

THE MOST IMPORTANT GROUP OF THE BUILDINGS CONSTITUTING THE CAPITOL- RIGHT, THE PARLIAMENT, LEFT,IN THE BACKGROUND, THE SECRETARIATIN THE FOREGROUND, THE POOL OF THE PALACE OF JUSTICETHE ARTIFICIAL HILLS IN THE FRONT OF THE SECRETARIAT HAVE NOT BEEN CREATED AND LAID OUT IN ACCORDANCE WITH COEBUSIERS CONCEPTIONS

ALTHOUGH THE SCENE IS HARMONIUS IN EFFECT, THERE ARE STILL MISSING THE BUILDINGS THAT BELONG HERE, SUCH AS , FOR INSTANCE, THE TOWERS OF SHADOWS

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•First modern architecture of Indian city planning.•Each sector satisfies the necessities of human needs.•Separate roads for pedestrian, bicycle and heavy vehicles.• Visually powerful.•Open spaces in front of shopping centers.•Buildings designed as triple storied shop cum flats.• Shops on ground floor.• Residence on upper floor.•Continuous verandah in front of the shop.• Shop protected from rain and sun.•As a covered walkway for the customers.

Positive highlights

Negative highlights

•City not planned according to Indian tradition and culture.•Roads being similar to each other creates confusion.•Brutal concrete gives a rough look.•City not planned for lower income people.•Existence of slums around the city.•Large open spaces in front of the city center makes people lost in those places.

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CHANDIGARH : THE BEAUTIFUL CITY

PARSHWA SHAH// ANKIT CHAUDHARI //JAY PATEL//RAJ PANCHAL//RAJ MODI//PAL SALIA//PALLAV SAVALIYA//HARRY PATEL//MANAN CHAUHAN