ARCHITECTURE IN COLD & DRY REGIONS

SUBMITTED BY:- SARTHAK GOYAL SAYAN MUNSHI SHARDUL GARG SHUBHAM KUMAR RADHIKA PURU SHARMA VANSHIKA TYAGI SWATI SHABNAM

SUBMITTED TO:- Ar.GAURAV RANA

CLIMATE IN INDIA India is home to an extraordinary variety

of climatic regions, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north, where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall. The

nation's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert.

Regions that lie in the cold climate zone are

situated at high altitudes. The temperatures

range between 20–30 ºC in summers; while in

winters, it can range from -3 ºC to 8 ºC, making

it quite chilly.

Humidity

Avg - 76%

Max - 0%

Min - 0%

Wind: 3

km/h ↑ from

Northwest Visibility: 4 km

Ladakh’s climate is a little

extreme – the summers can get a

little harsh with direct sunlight

falling at such a high altitude and

winters can be really cold, with

temperatures dropping below

freezing point.

Pressure: 1007 mb.

Cloud Cover: 57 %. Solar radiation- 5530 whr/sq m/ day at 35°south facing

Climate data for Leh (1951–1980)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high

°C (°F)

8.3

(46.9)

12.8

(55)

19.4

(66.9)

23.9

(75)

28.9

(84)

34.8

(94.6)

34.0

(93.2)

34.2

(93.6)

30.6

(87.1)

25.6

(78.1)

20.0

(68)

12.8

(55)

34.8

(94.6)

Average high

°C (°F)

−2.0

(28.4)

1.5

(34.7)

6.5

(43.7)

12.3

(54.1)

16.2

(61.2)

21.8

(71.2)

25.0

(77)

25.3

(77.5)

21.7

(71.1)

14.6

(58.3)

7.9

(46.2)

2.3

(36.1)

12.8

(55)

Average low

°C (°F)

−14.4

(6.1)

−11.0

(12.2)

−5.9

(21.4)

−1.1

(30)

3.2

(37.8)

7.4

(45.3)

10.5

(50.9)

10.0

(50)

5.8

(42.4)

−1.0

(30.2)

−6.7

(19.9)

−11.8

(10.8)

−1.3

(29.7)

Record low

°C (°F)

−28.3

(−18.9)

−26.4

(−15.5)

−19.4

(−2.9)

−12.8

(9)

−4.4

(24.1)

−1.1

(30)

0.6

(33.1)

1.5

(34.7)

−4.4

(24.1)

−8.5

(16.7)

−17.5

(0.5)

−25.6

(−14.1)

−28.3

(−18.9)

Average

rainfall mm

(inches)

9.5

(0.374)

8.1

(0.319)

11.0

(0.433)

9.1

(0.358)

9.0

(0.354)

3.5

(0.138)

15.2

(0.598)

15.4

(0.606)

9.0

(0.354)

7.5

(0.295)

3.6

(0.142)

4.6

(0.181)

105.5

(4.154)

Avg. rainy

days 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.4 2.1 1.9 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 13.0

January, February and December: One of the coldest

times of the season. The nights are chilling and

temperatures hover around -20°C. Days are still

bearable with 2°C as average temperature.

March and April: March is colder than April.

Temperatures hover between 6°C in the day and -5°C

in the night. April is still better and day temperatures

go up as much as 12°C. There is still the occasional

snowfall that further dips the mercury down.

May, June, July and August: Temperatures are a

pleasant 16°C during the day and a barely manageable

3°C in the night. The breeze still carries the winter

chill and one may feel the bite if sitting in shade for

too long. June is when the mercury really kicks up and

temperatures soar up to 21°C (day).

September, October and November: All through

September, the weather is somewhat similar to that in

May. The days are a lovely 20-22°C and all of Ladakh is

rinsed by ample sunshine. The nights are back to being

bitterly cold the months of October and November that

Ladakh goes back to its gloomy self.

ESSENTIAL FEATURE IN THE DESIGNING OF HOUSE

BUILDING WILL HAVE SLOPING ROOF.

WINDOWS WILL HAVE WOODEN PANNEL.

TIMBER PANNELED WALL WILL BE USED INSTEED OF BRICK OR STONE MASONRY.

THICK WALL WILL BE USED WITH SOUND INSULATION.

BEDROOM WILL BE ON SOUTH WEST OF THE BUILDING.

KITCHEN WILL BE ON SOUTH EAST OF THE HOUSE.

DINNING WILL BE ON THE SOUTH.

BATHROOM WILL BE ON THE NORTH WEST OF THE HOUSE.

ESSENTIAL FEATURE IN THE DESIGNING OF HOUSE

Natural light is important in the house.

Flooring of the house must be of timber .

Noisy place is avoided for building.

Living area should be in the north of the building.

Utility rooms [washing and domestic works] should be in the south.

Cross ventilation is very important for healthy living.

Trees can be planted near windows to block cold air.

The sun’s movement through the day and

through the year is one of the most crucial

environmental factors to understand when

designing high performance buildings.

Altitude is the vertical angle the sun makes with the ground plane (0° < alt < 90°).

Azimuth is the horizontal angle between the sun and true north (–180° < azi < 180°, positive in a

clockwise direction from north)

Resist heat loss

Decrease exposed surface area

Increase thermal resistance

Increase thermal capacity

Increase buffer spaces

Decrease air exchange rate

Increase absorptivity.

Gable roofs are used in hilly areas, as

these roof types are able to shed snow in

hilly areas.

The main used material for roofing in hilly

areas is timber, as it is locally available

from trees.

Trees which are used for this purpose are:

cedar.

Vegetation regions are natural

environments that provide the stage

for human activities such as farming,

raising livestock, and producing

timber. Soil, temperature, and

moisture influence the type of

vegetation that thrives naturally in a

region. Vegetation patterns are

identified on the basis of the

ecosystems they support. An

ecosystem is an interdependent

community of plants and animals.

The ecosystem of a region is referred

to as a biome. Biomes are further

divided into forest, grassland,

desert, and tundra.

*Soil is a thin layer of weathered rock, humus, air, and water. It shapes human existence in many ways. The world’s food supply depends greatly on the top six inches of soil (sometimes called topsoil). Such factors as depth, texture, and humus content of the soil determine the type of vegetation that can be supported in a region. That, in turn, helps to influence which human activities may take place there. As you study the chart below, notice the relationship of climate to the characteristics of the soil. Soil characteristics and climate are major influences in vegetation regions.