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Presentation showing the further development and application of Yryo Engestrom's activity system model to understanding and/or analysing 'primitive' socio-technical systems.
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AN APROACH TO SOCIO-TECHNICAL SYSTEMS EVOLUTION BASED ON CULTURAL HISTORICAL
ACTIVITY THEORY (CHAT)
Peter Bond
Activity System is a goal directed system
Activity theory is a theoretical framework for studying different forms of human praxis.
Activity is not merely an external behavior; it is also inextricably linked with internal mental activity and consciousness of abstractions from a concrete situation that allow an individual to anticipate the sequences of other situations and provides insight into mental processes that guide conscious and volitional behavior (Rubinshtein, 1957).
Cultural Historical Activity Theory
Life process is a material and practical process
The CHAT Development Trajectory
Lev VygotskyRussian
Psychologist(1896-1934)
Alexei Leont’ev Russian Psychologist
(1903-1979)
instruments
subject object outcome
division of labourcommunityrules
Collective Activity System
Yryo EngestromFinnish Psychologist
Russia
1970s
West
Humans use tools, including symbols
and language, that develop from a
culture, to mediate their material and
social environments.
Individual Activity System
mediating artefact
subject objectactivity
instruments(tools cultural
artefacts)
object/problem situation outcome
division of labourcommunit
yrules
Engestrom’s Collective Activity System Model or Framework of Analysis
Arrowed lines represent tension.
Intervention is based on reducing it.
subject/agent
All instruments aresocial in nature
activity
Instruments mediate the relation between subject and object
Rules (and division of labour) mediate the relation between subject and community
Community also mediates between subject and object
Engestrom’s Collective Activity System Model or Framework of Analysis
Activity: Examining a Patient
(social) instrumentsstethoscope,
questions
object/problem situationpatient
outcomediagnosis, strategy
division of labourhierarchy, nurse assists
communityother doctors,
nurses
ruleshippocratic oath,
professional etiquette, ethics,
communication guidelines
subject/agentphysician/doctor
activity
Question: Can this system be improved?
Adapting Engestrom’s system model to describe and analyse the evolution of a material culture
Priority was to understand the process of material engagement—crafting, toolusing.Needed to introduce something that drew attention to materials—the STUFF of technical systems (stone, metal, wood, composites).
activity
tools mediumtools medium
human mediumhuman
medium
Werner RammertA relational mediational
view of technology
Andrew FeenbergMetatheory of
technology
deworlded captured deworlded captured property of a (natural) property of a (natural)
objectobject
MIND or SELFMIND or SELF Object-of-actionObject-of-action result-of-actionresult-of-action
Process whereby tools became symbolic, took on additional (social) meaning (jadeite axes).
role emerged from role emerged from activity/practiceactivity/practice
tools becoming symbolictools becoming symbolic(secondary (secondary
instrumentalisation)instrumentalisation) (secondary instrumentalisation in (secondary instrumentalisation in relation to the tool user)relation to the tool user)
OTHERSOTHERS(human and nonhuman)(human and nonhuman)
Andrew Pickeringmangle of practice
creative tension in the sociotechnical system
Language???Language???
human mediumhuman
medium
MIND or SELFMIND or SELF Object-of-action........Object-of-
action........ result-of-actionresult-of-actionactivity
orprocess
habitushabitus(Pierre Bourdieu)(Pierre Bourdieu)
Reference Framework emerging from Reference Framework emerging from conversations about practices and the conversations about practices and the
result of practicesresult of practices(`Maturana and Varela)(`Maturana and Varela)
result-of-actionresult-of-action
tools mediumtools medium
human mediumhuman
medium
deworlded captured deworlded captured functional property of a functional property of a
(natural) object(natural) object
MIND or SELFMIND or SELF Object-of-actionObject-of-action
role/identity role/identity of the selfof the self
OTHERSOTHERS(human and (human and nonhuman)nonhuman)
activity or
process
tools mediumtools medium
human mediumhuman
medium
deworlded property of a deworlded property of a (natural) object(natural) object
MIND or SELFMIND or SELF
CUTTINGCUTTING
SHARPNESSSHARPNESS
OPPOSABLE THUMB
OPPOSABLE THUMB
result-of-action is a result-of-action is a motivation for the activitymotivation for the activityultimate objective is eating ultimate objective is eating
fleshflesh
FLINT, OBSIDIAN,
COPPER
FLINT, OBSIDIAN,
COPPER
CUT FLESHCUT FLESH
A Cutting ToolA Cutting Tool
A Cutting Tool and A Cutting Tool and Emerging SymbolEmerging Symbol
tools mediumtools medium
human mediumhuman
medium
deworlded property of a deworlded property of a (natural) object(natural) object
MIND or SELFMIND or SELF Object-of-actionObject-of-action
role/identity role/identity of the selfof the self
human human OTHERSOTHERS
activity or
process
weight, sharpness, lengthweight, sharpness, length
expert, competent, expert, competent, knowing, axe wielderknowing, axe wielder
stone, root, woodstone, root, wood
habitushabitus
strong, strong, coordinatedcoordinated
LEADER, an ELDERLEADER, an ELDER
tools mediumtools medium
human mediumhuman
medium
deworlded property of a deworlded property of a (natural) object(natural) object
MIND or SELFMIND or SELF Object-of-actionObject-of-action
role/identity role/identity of the selfof the self
nonhuman nonhuman OTHERSOTHERS
activity or
process
CONTAINMENT, CONTAINMENT, BUOYANCYBUOYANCY
BENEFICIARY, VICTIM?BENEFICIARY, VICTIM?
RITUALRITUAL
SKIN, GUT, BONESKIN, GUT, BONE
An Inuit Hunting An Inuit Hunting BoatBoat