KOREASOUTH KOREA AND NORTH KOREA

REPORTERS: CHARLES MARIN AND AMADO MANAHANCCP ARHITECTURE 4TH YEAR

SOUTH KOREABACKGROUND

•AN INDIPENDENT KINGDOM FOR MUCH OF ITS LONG HISTORY, KOREA WAS OCCUPIED BY JAPAN BEGINNING IN 1905 FOLLOWING RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR IN 1910, TOKYO FORMALLY ANNEXED THE ENTIRE PENINSULA.

•KOREAN REGAINED ITS INDEPENDENCE FOLLOWING JAPAN'S SURRENDER TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1945.

•AFTER WORLD WAR II, A DEMOCRATIC-BASED GOVERNMENT (REPUBLIC OF KOREA (ROK) WAS SET UP IN THE SOUTHERN HALF OF KOREAN PENINSULA WHILE A COMMUNIST STYLE GOVERNMENT WAS INSTALLED IN THE NORTH (DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA, DPRK).

http://www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/south-korea.north-korea

LOCATION•EASTERN ASIA , SOUTHERN HALF OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA BORDERING THE SEA OF JAPAN AND THE YELLOW SEA

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES

•37 00 N, 127 30 E

AREA

total: 99,720 sq km land: 96,920 sq kmwater: 2,800 sq km

AREA COMPARATIVE

SLIGHTLY SMALLER THAN PENNSYLVANIA , SLIGHTLY LARGER THAN INDIANA

LAND BOUNDARIEStotal: 237 km 

border countries: North Korea 237 km

COASTLINE •2,413 km

MARITIME CLAIMSterritorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the Korea Strait 

contiguous zone: 24 nm 

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: not specified

CLIMATEtemperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter.

TERRAINmostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south

ELEVATION EXTREMESlowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m highest point: Halla-san 1,950m

NATURAL RESOURCEScoal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential

LAND USE

arable land: 14.93% permanent crops: 2.06% other: 83% (2011)

ENVIRONMENT CURRENT ISSUES

•air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing.

GEOGRAPHY NOTE

•strategic location on Korea Strait

POPULATION

•49,039,986 (July 2014 est.)

POPULATION GROWT H RATE•0.16% (2014 est.)

BIRTH RATE•8.26 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)

DEATH RATE•6.63 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)

NATIONALITY•KOREAN / KOREAN(S)

ETHNIC GROUP•homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

RELIGIONChristian 31.6% (Protestant 24%, Roman Catholic 7.6%), Buddhist 24.2%, other or unknown 0.9%, none 43.3% (2010 survey)

LANGUAGEKorean, English (widely taught in junior high and high school)

LITERACYdefinition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.9% male: 99.2% female: 96.6% (2002)

URBANIZATIONurban population: 83.2% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 0.71% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

DRINKING WATER SOURCESimproved: urban: 99.7% of population rural: 87.9% of population total: 97.8% of population unimproved: urban: 0.3% of population rural: 12.1% of population total: 2.2% of population (2012 est.)

MAJOR CITIESSEOUL (capital) 9.736 million;

Busan (Pusan) 3.372 million;

Incheon (Inch'on) 2.622 million;

Daegu (Taegu) 2.447 million;

Daejon (Taejon) 1.538 million; Gwangju (Kwangju) 1.503 million (2011)

COUNTRY NAMEconventional long form: Republic of Korea 

conventional short form: South Korea 

local long form: Taehan-min'guk 

local short form: Han'guk abbreviation: ROK

GOVERNMENT TYPEREPUBLIC

CAPITALname: Seoul 

geographic coordinates: 37 33 N, 126 59 E 

time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION

(9) provinces: Chungbuk (North Chungcheong), Chungnam (South Chungcheong), Gangwon, Gyeonggi, Gyeongbuk (North Gyeongsang), Gyeongnam (South Gyeongsang), Jeju, Jeonbuk (North Jeolla), Jeonnam (South Jeolla) 

(6) metropolitan cities: Busan (Pusan), Daegu (Taegu), Daejeon (Taejon), Gwangju (Kwangju), Incheon (Inch'on), Ulsan 

(1) special city: Seoul 

(1) special self-governing city: Sejong

INDEPENDENCE

15 August 1945 (from Japan)

GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVE BRANCH

chief of state: President PARK Geun-hye (since 25 February 2013)head of government: (vacant); note - Prime Minister CHUNG Hong-won resigned 27 April 2014; MOON Chang-keuk was nominated Prime Minister 10 June 2014 and awaits parliamentary confirmation; Deputy Prime Minister HYUN Oh-seok (since 26 June 2013) cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation elections: president elected by popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held on 19 December 2012 (next to be held in December 2017); prime minister appointed by president with consent of National Assembly election results: PARK Geun-Hye elected president; percent of vote - PARK Geun-Hye (NFP) 51.6%, MOON Jae-In (DUP) 48%, others 0.4%

FLAG DESCRIPTION

•white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center.

ECONOMY OVERVIEW

SOUTH KOREA OVER THE PAST FOUR DECADES HAS DEMONSTRATED INCREDIBLE GROWTH AND GLOBAL ITEGRATION TO BECOME A HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIALIZED ECONOMY.

IN THE 1960 GPA PER CAPITA WAS COMPARABLE WITH LEVELS IN THE POORER COUNTRIES OF AFRICA AND ASIA

IN 2004, SOUTH KOREA JOINED THE TRILLION DOLLAR CLUB OF WORLD ECONOMIES, AND IS CURRENTLY THE WORLDS 12TH LARGEST ECONOMY.

EXPORT COMMODITIES• semiconductors, wireless

telecommunications equipment, motor vehicles, auto parts, computers, display, home appliances, wire telecommunication equipment, steel, ships, petrochemicals.

EXPORT PARTNERS• China 24.5%, US 10.7%, Japan

7.1%, Hong Kong 6%, Singapore 4.2% (2012 est.)

IMPORT COMMODOTIES• machinery, electronics and

electronic equipment, oil, steel, optical instruments, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics

IMPORT PARTNERS• China 15.6%, Japan 12.4%, US

8.3%, Saudi Arabia 7.6%, Qatar 4.9%, Australia 4.4% (2011 est.)

________________________________•total: 3,381 km standard gauge: 3,381 km 1.435-m gauge (1,843 km electrified) (2008)

TRANSPORTATION

1 RAILWAYS

2 ROADWAYS

3 WATERWAYS

•total: 104,983 km paved: 83,199 km (includes 3,779 km of expressways) unpaved: 21,784 km (2009)

•total: 3,381 km standard gauge: 3,381 km 1.435-m gauge (1,843 km electrified) (2008)

________________________________•1,600 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2011)

TRANSPORTATION

4WATERWAYS

5PIPELINES

6PORT AND TERMINALS

•gas 2,216 km; oil 16 km; refined products 889 km (2013)

major seaport(s): Incheon, Pohang, Busan, Ulsan, Yeosu

container port(s) (TEUs): Busan (16,163,842), Kwangyang (2,061,958), Incheon (1,924,644) 

________________________________•111 (2013

TRANSPORTATION

7AIRPORTS

8AIRPORTS WITHPAVED RUNWAYS

9AIRPORTS WITH

UNPAVED RUNWAYS

•total: 71 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 19 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 23 (2013)

total: 40 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 38 (2013)

CULTURE OF KOREA•THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF KOREA REFERS TO THE SHARED CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA. SINCE THE MID 20TH CENTURY. •THE PENINSULA HAS BEEN SPLIT POLITICALLY BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA, RESULTING IN THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENCES. •BEFORE JOSEON DYNASTY, THE PRACTICE OF KOREAN SHAMANISM WAS DEEPLY ROOTED IN THE KOREAN CULTURE.

TRADITIONAL ARTS•DANCE•PAINTINGS•CRAFTS•CERAMICS•MUSIC LIFESTYLE•HOMES•GARDEN•CLOTHING•CUISINE•TEA BELIEFS•THE ORIGINAL RELIGION OF THE KOREAN PEOPLE WAS SHAMANISM, WHICH THOUGH NOT AS WIDESPREAD IN ANCIENT TIMES, STILL SURVIVES TO THIS DAY. •FEMALE SHAMANS OR MUDANG ARE OFTEN CALLED UPON TO ENLIST THE HELP OF VARIOUS SPIRITS TO ACHIEVED VARIOUS MEANS.

KOREAS (4) FOUR SEASONSKOREA IS A GEOGRAPHICALLY SITUATED IN A TEMPERATE CLIMATIC ZONE AT MEDIUM LATITUDE. AS A RESULT, IT HAS A DISTINCT SEASONS.

SPRING SEASON

• SPRING LASTS FROM LATE MARCH TO EARLY MAY. TEMPERATURES ARE MILD AND PLEASANT.

• IT IS THE IDEAL SEASON TO WITNESS CHERRY BLOSSOM, FORSYTHIA, AZALEAS, MAGNOLIAS AND LILACS BLOOMING DURING THE PEAK SEASON BETWEEN MARCH AND MAY.

https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Seoul,South-Korea

SUMMER SEASON

• SUMMER IS USUALLY BETWEEN JUNE AND AUGUST WITH THE HOTTEST MONTH BEING AUGUST WHEN THE MEAN TEMPERATURE IS BETWEEN 23 TO 26 DEGREE CELSIUS.

• THE DRYNESS CHARACTERIZING WINTER AND SPRING DISAPPEARS IN SUMMER, REPLACED BY HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HUMID AIR.

• DUE TO HIGH HUMIDITY, PEOPLE FEEL THAT IT IS THE HOTTER THAN IT ACTUALLY IS.

• THE WEATHER IS PARTICULARLY HOT BETWEEN THE END OF JULY AND END OF AUGUST.

AUTUMN SEASON

• THE AUTUMN SEASON IN KOREA IS BETWEEN SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. THE WEATHER IS COOL AND CRISP, AND THE SKY IS BLUE WITH FEW CLOUDS.

• THE HEAT OF SUMMER STILL SEEMS TO LINGER IN SEPTEMBER WITH THE DAYTIME BEING HOT, BUT THE WEATHER IS COOL IN THE MORNING AND EVENING.

• IN OCTOBER, THERE IS LESS PRECIPITATION AND THE HUMIDITY IN THE AIR DECREASES, RESULTING IN CRISP AND ENJOYABLE WEATHER.

WINTER SEASON• WINTER IN KOREA IS USUALLY

BETWEEN DECEMBER AND FEBRUARY, WITH THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN JANUARY, THE COLDEST MONTH RANGING BETWEEN MINUS SIX DEGREES AND THREE DEGREE CELSIUS.

• THE DAYS WITH LOWEST TEMPERATURES IN THE WINTER USUALLY OCCUR IN THE MIDDLE AND END OF JANUARY.

• IN THE WINTER, THE DAYS ARE SHORTER WITH THE SUNRISE OCCURING LATER AND THE SUNSET OCCURING EARLIER.

• USUALLY, A CYCLE OF THREE DAYS OF COLD WEATHER FOLLOWED BY FOUR DAYS WARMER WEATHER IS REPEATED.

SOUTH KOREA LONGITUDAL MAP

AVERAGE MONTHLY WEATHER IN SEOUL, SOUTH KOREATHE MONTHS MAY, JUNE, JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER HAVE NICE WEATHER WITH A GOOD AVERAGE TEMPERATURE.

ON AVERAGE, THE WARMEST MONTH(S) ARE JULY AND AUGUST.MOST RAINFALL (RAINY SEASON) IS SEEN IN JUNE, JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER.

SEOUL HAS DRY PERIODS IN JANUARY, FEBRUARY AND DECEMBER

ON AVERAGE THE WARMEST MONTH IS AUGUST

ON AVERAGE THE COOLEST MONTH IS JANUARY

JULY IS THE WETTEST MONTH.

DECEMBER IS THE DRIEST MONTH.

AVERAGE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OVER THE YEARTHE MONTHLY MEAN MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM DAILY TEMPERATURE

AVERAGE PERCENT OF SUNSHINE OVER THE YEARTHIS IS THE MONTHLY TOTAL SUNHOURS

AVERAGE MONTHLY HOURS OF SUNSHINE OVER THE YEARTHIS IS THE MONTHLY TOTAL OF SUNHOURS

AVERAGE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION OVER THE YEAR (RAINFALL, SNOW)

THIS IS THE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION, INCLUDING RAIN, SNOW, HAIL.

AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINY DAYS OVER THE YEARTHIS IS THE NUMBER OF DAYS EACH MONTH WITH RAIN, SNOW, HAIL ETC.

AVERAGE HUMIDITY OVER THE YEARTHIS IS THE MEAN MONTHLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY

NORTH KOREACapitaland largest city

Pyongyang

is a country in East Asia, in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name Korea is derived from the Kingdom of Goguryeo, also spelled as Koryŏ. Pyongyang is both the nation's capital as well as its largest city, with a population just over 2.5 million. To the north and northwest the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok (known as the Yalu in China) and Tumen rivers. The country is bordered to the south by South Korea(officially the Republic of Korea), with the heavily-fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone separating the two.

North Korea occupies the northern portion of the Korean Peninsula, lying between latitudes 37° and 43°N, and longitudes 124°and 131°E. It covers an area of 120,540 square kilometres (46,541 sq mi). North Korea shares land borders with China andRussia to the north, and borders South Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. To its west are the Yellow Sea and Korea Bay, and to its east lies Japan across the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea).

Geography

Architecturein KOREA•INTRODUCTION•HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURE•PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE•PROTO-THREE KINGDOMS PERIOD•UNIFIED SILLA DYNASTY•GORYO DYNASTY •JOSEON DYNASTY•COLONIAL PERIOD ARCHITECTURE•MODERN ARCHITECTURE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_architecture

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

From a technical point of view, buildings are structured vertically and horizontally. A construction

usually rises from a stone subfoundation to a curved roof

covered with tiles, held by a console structure and supported on posts; walls are made of earth (adobe) or are sometimes totally composed of movable wooden

doors. Architecture is built according to the k'a unit, the distance between two posts

(about 3.7 meters), and is designed so that there is always a transitional space between the

"inside" and the "outside."

HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURE

Pit house Reconstructed Neolithic-period huts in Amsa-dong, Gangdong-gu, Seoul

Gochang Dolmen, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In the Paleolithic the first inhabitants of the Korean peninsula used caves, rockshelters,

and portable shelters. The remains of a portable shelter dating to c. 30,000 BC were

excavated at the Seokjang-ri site in South Chungcheong Province. The earliest

examples of pit-house architecture are from the Jeulmun Pottery Period. Early pit-houses

contained basic features such as hearths, storage pits, and space for working and

sleeping.

Log houses were built by laying logs horizontally one on top of one another. The interstices between the logs were filled with clay to keep the wind out.

Similar houses are still found in mountainous areas as like Gangwon-

do province.Elevated houses, which probably

originated in the southern regions, are believed to have first been built as storage houses to store grains out of the reach of animals and to keep them cool. This style

still survives in the two-story pavilions and lookout stands erected in melon patches

and orchards around the countryside.In the Mumun period buildings were pit

dwellings with walls of wattle-and-daub and thatched roofs. Raised-floor

architecture first appeared in the Korean peninsula in the Middle Mumun, c. 850–

550 BC.

Wattle and daub is a composite building material used

for making walls, in which a woven

lattice of wooden strips called wattle

is daubed with a sticky material

usually made of some combination

of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and

straw.

Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, orheather, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof.

PROTO – THREE KINGDOM PERIOD

Archaeological evidence of ondol(온돌 ), the Korean floor panel heating system, was

found in the architectural remains of early Protohistoric period.

According to Chinese text Sanguo Zhi, it recorded the existence of three types of

prehistoric dwellings in Korea: pit houses, log houses and elevated houses. Only the

remains of pit houses have been identified, however. Pit houses consisted of a 20–

150 cm deep pit and a superstructure of grass and clay supported by a tripod-like

frame made of timber to provide protection from the wind and rain. Pit

houses of the Neolithic period had circular or oval pits about 5–6 meters in diameter

with a hearth at the center.

Three Kingdoms Period

Pottery shaped in the form of a house from Gaya.

Ruins of Hwando Mountain Fortress, a major Goguryeo fortification, Ji'an, China. A UNESCO

World Heritage Site dated to c. 5th century.

Hwando Mountain Fortress ruins

COMMON ARCHITECTURE

FORTRESS ARCHITECTURE

The western stone pagoda that was built during the Baekje Kingdom era in the Temple, Mireuksa

Reconstruction of the eastern stone pagoda of Mireuksa Temple

RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE

Miniature reconstruction of

Mireuk Temple, Iksan, South Korea. 7th

Century.

Miniature reconstruction of Hwangnyong Temple,

6th Century

Bunhwang Templepagaoda. It is thought this pagoda once stood seven or nine stories based on historical records.

Chongnim Temple Pagoda, one of the oldest surviving pagodas in Korea. Baekje period, Buyeo, South Korea

A reconstruction of the great pagoda atHwangyong Temple.

Faint outline of a hip-and-gabled building, perhaps a temple or hermitage in the foreground of a brick excavated from a Baekje temple.

ROYAL ARCHITECTURE

Cheomseongdae, royal observatory.

Poseokjeong (Pavilion of Stone Abalone) used to be a grand royal garden

TOMB ARCHITECTURE

Tomb of the General, presumed to be the tomb of a great Goguryeo king or military official. Located in Ji'an, China

Goguryeo tombs, 5th century, Jian, China.

Baekje royal tomb complex, Buyeo, South Korea.

Hwangnam Great Tomb, a double-mounded tomb for a king and

queen of Silla.

Royal tombs of Bihwa Gaya.

UNIFIED SILLA DYNASTYRELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE

Bulguk Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Bulguksa Temple, built on a stone platform at the foothill of Mt. Toham near Gyeongju, is the

oldest existing temple in Korea. The temple was first founded

early in the 6th century and was entirely rebuilt and enlarged in 752. The original platform and

foundations have remained intact to the present, but the existing

wooden buildings were reconstructed during the Joseon

dynasty.

Dabo Pagoda, a national treasure of South Korea.

Roof end tile shaped like an owl's tail, chimi in Korean.

Gameunsa granite pagoda in typical Sillan style. It is the largest example of its kind.

Foundation stones of Gameunsa.

Granite memorial stupa carved in the shape of an eight-sided roof,National Museum of Korea.

ROYAL ARCHITECTURE

Anapji pond in Gyeongju

Details of wooden construction reconstructed from archaeological remains recovered from a dredging of Anapji pond.Gyeongju National Museum.

GORYEO (Koryŏ) DYNASTY

A Goryeo painting depicting a royal palace.

Muryangsujeon, a national treasure of Korea.

Woljeong Temple pagoda.

Daeungjeon Hall of Sudeoksa Temple.

JOSEON DYNASTYJOSEON DYNASTY

Donggwoldo, a landscape of the once extensive grounds of Changdeokgung Palace, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and Changgyeonggung Palace. Painted c. 1830.

Joseon architecture is defined as from the 14th century to the beginning of 20th century. The founding of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392 brought to power like-minded men steeped in the doctrines of Neo-Confucianism, which had slowly percolated into Korea from China in the 14th century. This ushered in a new environment that was relatively hostile to Buddhism, causing the state to gradually shift its patronage from Buddhist temples to Confucian institutions. Throughout the early dynasty, the impetus to reform society along Neo-Confucian lines led to the construction of hyanggyo (local schools) in Seoul and numerous provincial cities. Here, sons of the aristocracy prepared for civil service careers in an atmosphere of Confucian learning.