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Presentation to NYC IxDA on July 12, 2012 covering the role of designers and information architects in emergency response planning, tools and
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The Information Architecture of
Emergency Response
(for Designers)
Noreen Y. Whysel
NYC IxDA
July 12, 2012
NYC GeoSymposium
2001-2011-2021
Ground Zero, September 11, 2001Source: U.S. Navy photo by Chief Photographer's Mate Eric J. Tilford (Wikipedia)
Firefighters, September 11, 2001Source: CNN
Man covered with ashes assisting a woman walking and holding a particle mask to her face, following the
September 11th terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, New York CitySource: Don Halesy, Library of Congress (Wikipedia)
Agenda:
• Keynote: Mapping Evidence, Edward Tufte
• 2001: Geospatial tools and techniques in 9/11 response and recovery
• 2001-2011: Pervasive GIS, citywide geospatial implementations and developments
• 2011-2021: Opportunities and challenges for future integration across NYC government
Full Agenda: http://www.convergemag.com/cdg-events/NYCGeoSymposium.html
Office of Emergency Management
Services:
• Plans and prepares for emergencies
• Coordinates emergency response and recovery
• Collects and disseminates emergency information
• Educates the public about preparedness
Personnel:
• Responders
• Planners
• Watch commanders
• Administrative and support staff
Citywide Incident Management System (CIMS)
7 WTC: Emergency Operations Center
• Located close to City Hall and agencies
• GIS software and facilities data
• Evacuation and collapse – Redundant systems were lost or unavailable
Generators
Backup generators
Water supply
Ventilation system
Computer hardware
Telephones
Radios
Uninterruptible power supplies
Schools
Hospitals
Nursing homes
Flood zones
Evacuation routes
Emergency transp. routes
Shelter locations
9/11/01: A Turning Point
• A turning point in the way the City approaches data
access and interoperability of systems
• Catalyst for cooperation and public engagement
• The imperative to improve data flow at least
between agencies was clear
New York City’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC) set up at Pier 92 on the Hudson River
following the 9/11 attacks.Source: ArcNews
What is an Emergency
Response Sytem?
Common Elements of an
Emergency Response System
• People
• Measurement tools/devices
• Data/Information Systems
• Communication
• Response
Emergency Response System
• Ladder Companies, Engine
Companies, Fire Marshalls,
Special Operations
• In-Car Radio, information
systems, scanners, cameras,
maps
• Temperature, presence of
smoke or other toxic fumes
• 911 call, dispatch, additional
services, reporting
• Fire suppression, rescue,
investigation, EMS
Emergency Response System
National Incident Management System, December 2008Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Emergency Response System
• Mother and baby
• Thermometer
• Temperature reading
• Call to Doctor or 911
• Home treatment, doctor visit
or ambulance
People (and organizations)
Emergency Management
Information Systems
First RespondersPerson in Need
Emergency Response System
Mental Model for an
Emergency Response System
Something
BAD
happens
Someone
calls for help
Emergency
responder
arrives
Aid is given Forms,
Forms,
Forms
(Based loosely on Mental Models by Indi Young, Rosenfeld Media)
Emergency Response Incident Model D
eve
lop
Po
licie
s
Dri
lls a
nd
sim
ula
tio
ns
Mo
nit
or
con
dit
ion
s
Inci
de
nt
occ
urs
Dis
pa
tch
re
spo
nse
un
its
Est
ab
lish
co
mm
an
d
Cre
ate
re
stri
cte
d z
on
es
De
term
ine
ha
zard
s
Loca
te v
icti
m/s
urv
ivo
rs
Mit
iga
te h
aza
rds
Ass
ista
nce
Forms Forms Forms Forms Forms Forms
Maps Maps Maps Maps Maps Maps
Comm CommCommCommCommComm
Ap
pre
he
nsi
on
Inve
stig
ati
on
Planning Event Dispatch Assessment Rescue/
Recovery
Post-Event
De
bri
efi
ng
Issu
e W
arn
ing
Ale
rts
CIMS: Citywide Incident
Management System (2005)
• Response Framework– Roles and responsibilities
– Chain of command by core competency
– Common processes
– Common vocabularies
– Common organizational structure
• Allows for Continuity of Operations
• Complies with National Incident Management System
• Compatible with other states and federal agency systems
Emergency Response
Technologies
OEM Technologies
• Command Facilities
• Maps and Imaging
• Sensors and Devices
• Communications
• Apps and Information Systems
Command FacilitiesEmergency Operations Center (2006)
Source: NYC Office of Emergency Management, NYC.gov
Command FacilitiesEmergency Operations Center Plan
Podium
GIS
Wa
tch
Co
mm
an
d2
4x7
op
era
tio
n
Situ
ati
on
Ro
om
Transportation
Public Safety
Health and Medical
Human Services and
External Affairs
Utilities
Infrastructure
Private Sector
National/Regional
DoITT, OEM, Verizon,
ConEdison, LIPA, ISO,
NYS Power Association
OEM, DEP, HPD, DDC, DCAS,
US ACE, Parks, DSNY, DOB
gla
ss w
all
gla
ss w
all
OEM, BOMA, Universities,
Consumer Affairs, HANYC,
SIFMA, REBNY, SBS, NYS INS,
NYS Bank, NYSE
FEMA, NYS OEM, WEST, NAS,
SUF, PA OEM, NJSP, OMB,
LAW, NWS, OEM Logistics
DOE, SHA, MOIA, HRA, ARC,
OEM, CUNY, DFTA, CERT,
311, CAU
GNYHA, OCME, HHC, NYS
DOH, VA, REMSCO, EMS,
FDNY
Courts, MTA PD, Sheriff, NYPD,
USCG, NG, FBI, DHS, PAPD,
OEM
TLC, TRANSCOM, PATH, NYS DOT,
OEM, Amtrak, NJT, MNRR, LIRR,
MTA
EO
C M
an
ag
er
Admin
Logistics
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x = OEM staff
OE
M S
taff
x x
Command FacilitiesWatch Command Center (2006)
Command FacilitiesFDNY Emergency Operations Center
Command FacilitiesEnhanced 911 Call Center
Source: New York City Police Department press release, January 5, 2012.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/pr/pr_2012_01_05_psac_911.shtml
Command FacilitiesOEM Mobile Command Centers
Mobile CIMS Center
Mobile Data CenterInteragency Command Center
Interagency Communications Vehicle
Command FacilitiesMobile Data Center (2003)
Maps and Imaging
• NYCMAP: Basemap of NYC
including streets, building
footprint, some infrastructure
• Infrastructure maps: Department
of Buildings, Con Ed (power
company), Department of
Environmental Protection,
Department of Transportation
• LIDAR imaging
• Thermal imaging
• Aerial and satellite imagery
Maps and ImagingNYCityMap (2006)
http://gis.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/
Maps and ImagingLIDAR
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) Images of WTCSource: NOAA/U.S. Army JPSD
For more images see Charting Ground Zero: Ten Years After
http://www.woodwardgallery.net/exhibitions/9_11.html
Maps and ImagingThermal Imaging
WTC – Thermal Imagery, September 16, 2001Source: New York State, Office for Technology (c2001) and EarthData International.
Maps and ImagingOblique Angle Aerial Photography
Sensors and Devices
• Handheld GPS devices
• Field input devices, tablets, digital pens
• Seismographic, thermal sensors
• Biometric (portable fingerprint scanner, etc.)
• Chemical, biological, radioactive and nuclear (CBRN)
• Motion sensors for traffic, structural integrity
• Cameras
• Dogs (chemical traces, human survivors)
• Eyes and ears
Sensors and Devices
Source (clockwise): History Channel, Gizmag.com and Lamont Dougherty, AP, HGVI (via bioprepwatch.com),
Adapx.com, Oceanscan-mst.com, LinksPoint.com
Communications
• Telephony, 911, 311, 511 (MTA Info)
• NYCWiN: Wireless network
• Mobile phones/devices
• Radio
• Websites, SMS, Twitter, Facebook
• Ready NY Guides
• Emergency Communications Transformation Program (E911)
With land lines down and mobile
systems overloaded, the BlackBerry
phone was one of the few unimpeded
methods of communication that worked
in the aftermath of 9/11.
CommunicationsEnhanced 911
• Emergency Communications Transformation program introduced in 2004 after the 2003 blackout
• Streamlines emergency call taking, communication and response times via:– Single operator
– Improved texting capabilities
– Geolocation for VoIP/mobile services
– System interoperability
• Public Safety Answering Center– I: Brooklyn (January 2012)
– II: Bronx (estimated 2015)
• Issue: Completed at $1 Billion over budget
CommunicationsEnhanced 911 Call Center
Source: Nashville.gov, Motorola VESTA e911 system.
http://www.nashville.gov/ecc/operations.asp
CommunicationsNext Generation 911
• Standardized interfaces
• Call processing (voice, text, data, multimedia)
• Data integration for routing and handling
• Delivers calls, messages and data to answering points and first responders
• Supports data and video communications
• Provides broadband services to public safety answering points and first responders
CommunicationsNYC Wireless Network
• NYCWiN network allows all the pieces to fit together
• Access to city, state and federal databases and GIS
• Warrant and license checks
• Mobile ID (fingerprint, mugshots and biometrics)
• Stream on-scene, live video to command centers and
Mayor’s office , telemedicine videoconferencing
CommunicationsPublic Initiatives
• 311 call center
• Ready NY Guides
• Notify NYC/Social Media
• Community Emergency
Response Team (CERT)
CommunicationsNotify NYC
• Staffed by OEM Watch Commanders
• Twitter and RSS
• Localized messages via phone, email, SMS
• Taxi notification and electronic road signs operated by Dept of Transportation.
• Emergency Alert System broadcasts severe emergency information via TV and radio.
CommunicationsSocial Media
Information Systems
• E911 Call Center Systems
• Situational Awareness for Field Response System
• Citywide Asset and Logistics Management System
• Unified Victim Identification System
Source:
Information SystemsSituational Awareness for Field
Response System (2010)
Active Incident Dashboard
Emergency Response Data Packet Generatorhttp://www.urisa.org/files/NYC_OEM_ESIG_2010.pdf
Case Study:
Hudson River Parkway
Wall Collapse
Hudson River Parkway Wall Collapse
Henry Hudson Parkway Wall Collapses, May 12, 2005Source: The Gothamist
Elements of Response to a Wall
Collapse Incident• People – victims, OEM, NYPD, FDNY, DOT, DOS, DOB, CAU,
CERT, Tri-Borough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, Columbia University, Salvation Army, Red Cross, private hauling
• Measurement tool/devices – seismographic sensors, thermal and satellite imaging, search dogs
• Data/Information Systems – seismographic data, GIS, infrastructure maps, pictometry
• Communication – radio communications, 911, ICC-1 mayoral briefings, agency planning meetings
• Response – rescue, recovery, Citywide Incident Management System (CIMS), safety zone, evacuation, debris removal, stability tests, community assistance/temporary housing
Open Government
Road Map for the Digital City (2011)
• Rachel Sterne, NYC Chief
Digital Officer
• Outlines City’s plans for
– Access
– Open Government
– Public Engagement
– Industry
• Open Data Mandate, signed
April 2012
Open Data Initiatives
Open Data Initiatives
NYC BigApps 3.0 Winner - NYC Facets: Smart Open Data Exchange
http://nyc.pediacities.com/facets
App Contests and Hackathons
Opportunities for Designers
in Emergency Response
Thinking in Systems
• Elements of an Emergency Response System
– People
– Measurement tools/devices
– Data/Information Systems
– Communication
– Response
• Emergency Response Frameworks
– Command Structure (NIMS, CIMS)
– Common Operating Procedures
Role of Information Architecture
• Do not employ “Information Architects”
• Employ people who do IA tasks
“We don't have staff with that title,
but many in engineering and IT that do
attempt to influence [IA], with a lot of
chaos as a result.”
--MTA Design Manager
“Yes, we employ IAs... broadly
speaking, we have back-end systems
GIS folks who clean up and produce
the RSDA tool, and front-line GIS
folks who report the data, and
produce maps for first-responders.”
--NY State DOT Employee
Q. Please comment on the role of Information Architecture in your practice.
Digital Tools and First Responders
• Ease-of-use
• Accuracy of Data
• Interoperability
• Compatibility with legacy systems
“Getting away from the ‘technical
user’ mentality and providing
information through tools/interfaces
that first responders are already
familiar with, i.e. Google Maps, Google
Earth, simple apps, etc.”
--Google Earth consultant
“Metadata isn't as key as immediacy
in emergency situations, and accuracy
is important in as much as it helps
make decisions, but in emergencies,
situations are fluid.”
--NY State DOT Employee
Q. What issues are most pressing in providing digital tools to first responders?
Requirements vs Delivery Gaps
• Simplicity/Ease of use (again)
• Coverage
• Redundancy
“The digital designers frequently come
from a complicated technical mindset
that overloads on the options. Users
want simplicity and familiarity.”
--Google Earth Consultant
“If power and communications
are out, remote sensing may not
work, so road conditions are
brought in via first-responders
and then rebuilt using the NYS
RSDA (Road Status and Damage
Assessment) tool.”
--NY State DOT Employee
Q. Please comment on any gaps between the requirements of digital
applications for first responders and what is delivered by digital designers?
Enhancing Geospatial Applications
• Infrastructure Layer Integration: visualizing water, sewer, electric steam, gas, telecommunications, transit, etc.
• Building Information Management: visualizing building infrastructure and security
• Crowd Sourced Data: engaging the public to provide data to support emergency operations
• Field Data Collection and Communications: On-the-scene data collection by first responders across many agencies
• Common Operating Picture/Situational Awareness: Ability to access and share data in real time across wide geographic areas
Source: NYC Office of Emergency Management
Managing Expectations
• Data format - Does it work with your system? Is the data in a standard format or will it need to be converted for interoperablity?
• Definitions - Make sure the vocabulary used by the data source matches up with your understanding and use. Acronyms and codes can be confusing.
• Licensing - Are there restrictions on how the data can be used or whether it can be shared?
• Cost – Are you prepared for cost of data security and maintenance? Can you economize?
• Users – Do users understand appropriate uses? Do you take into account all uses?
What’s Happening Now?
• NYC and Nationally– Open Data Mandate
– Fully Integrated, Next Generation 911
– The Future of NYCWiN locally, broadband nationally
– NYC as a Tech Center
• Worldwide– Crowdsourcing
– Integrated Handheld Devices
– Open Source Toolkits
– Mashup Applications
– Simulation
– 3D Visualization
CrowdsourcingOpen Street Map – Haiti Project
Open Source ToolkitGoogle Crisis Response
http://www.google.org/crisisresponse/
Open Source ToolkitUshahidi Platform
http://www.ushahidi.com
Integrated Handheld DevicesFiRST Bomb Response
• IED/HAZMAT information
• Current and forecasted
weather information
• Road network data
• Email, phone, Google Maps
and Search
• iPhone/iPad, Android, and
Window PC
• $12 mobile, $100 PC
• Restricted to .gov, .mil
and .us users
• Released June 26, 2012
Source: Department of Homeland Security, Science & Technology Directorate
http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/st-smartphone-app-bomb-threats.shtm
Mashup Applications
• Integrating social media with maps and sensors– USGS Earthquake TED system
uses Twitter
– Machine readable Twitter hashtags
• Organizing response via social media– Times Picayune’s Katrina
bulletin board
– Red Cross Joplin Tornado project on Facebook
– OEM Facebook updates
• Handheld applications– Inventory, geolocation
– Language translation
Tweak the Tweet: proposed by
Karen Starbird, PhD student at
University of Colorado, 2009
“Random Hacks of Kindness”
conference was put to use in Haiti.
White Paper, “The Case for Integrating Crisis
Response with Social Media, ” Red Cross
Virtual VolunteeringHumanity Road Hashboard
Simulation ExercisesQuickNets Situational Awareness Tool
Partners: Humanity Road, Rogue Genius, GeoIQ, Sahana Software Foundation
3D VisualizationGeoweb3D Geographic Data
Source: Geoweb3D, GIS Services
3D VisualizationGeoweb3D Live Video Integration
Source: Geoweb3D, GIS Services
ResourcesOrganizations and Meetups
• ESRI Dev Meetup Group – Northeast:http://www.meetup.com/DevMeetUpNortheast/
• GISMOhttp://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/gismo/
• NY Data Visualization and Infographicshttp://www.meetup.com/New-York-Datavisualization-and-Infographics/
• NY Location Based Apps Meetuphttp://www.meetup.com/LocationApps/
• New York City GIS & Cartographyhttp://www.meetup.com/nycgis/
• NYC Office of Emergency Managementhttp://www.nyc.gov/oem/
ResourcesPublications
• Digital Communities: www.digitalcommunities.com
• Emergency Management: www.emergencymgmt.com
• Federal Computer Week: fcw.com
• Government Technology: www.govtech.com
• O’Reilly Radar Gov 2.0: radar.oreilly.com/gov2
ResourcesFeatured Tools - Government
• Data.gov: www.data.gov
• FEMA NIMS Framework: www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/
• Notify NYC: http://www.nyc.gov/notifynyc
• NYC CIMS Framework:
www.nyc.gov/html/oem/html/about/about_cims.shtml
• NYCityMap: http://www.nyc.gov/citymap/
• NYC Digital Roadmap:
www.nyc.gov/html/digital/html/roadmap/roadmap.shtml
• Socrata (govt open data platform): www.socrata.com
ResourcesFeatured Tools – Commercial
• ArcGIS Explorer: explorer.arcgis.com
• Adaptx Digital Pen: www.adaptx.com
• Geoweb3D: www.geoweb3D.com
• Linkspoint GPS: www.linkspoint.com
• Motorola E9-1-1 Systems: www.motorola.com
• OceanScan: http://www.oceanscan-mst.com/
• Smiths Detection: www.smithsdetection.com/HGVI.php
ResourcesFeatured Tools – Nonprofit
• Google Crisis Response: www.google.org/crisisresponse
• Humanity Road: www.humanityroad.org
• Open Street Map: www.openstreetmap.org
• QuickNets: www.quick-nets.org
• Ushahidi: www.ushahidi.org
ResourcesHackathons and Application Contests
• Big Apps 3.0 Contest: http://www.nycbigapps.com/
• Challenge.gov: http://www.challenge.gov
• Change by Us: http://nyc.changeby.us/
• Code for America: http://www.codeforamerica.org/
• Hack for Change: http://www.change.org/
• Reinvent Green: http://www.nyc.gov/reinventgreen/