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XXI TriennaleInternationalExhibition
LABOUR vs LABOURRethinking work in a digital society_
Fabbrica del vaporeVia Procaccini 4
Milano
201628 / 04
9.30 - 17.30
1T
Globalextremepovertyfellbelow10%(2012)Poverty=“extremepovertyat$1.25/day”(i.e.simplesurvival)
..butrelativelymorepoorpeopleinlessabsolutelypoorworld
Relativepoverty=definespovertyinrelationtotheeconomicstatusofothermembersofthesociety:peoplearepooriftheyfallbelowprevailingstandardsoflivinginagivensocietalcontext(inEuropenormallybelow40%-60%ofmedianincome)
Asabsolutepovertyhasfallensince2000,relativepovertyhasbecomemoreimportantandhasriseninnearlyallcountries.Relativepovertyislessresponsivetoeconomicgrowth– andmoreresponsivetoinequality(WorldBank,2012) 1,90
2,10
2,30
2,50
2,70
2,90
3,10
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Developing countries: mean relative poverty line
$/person/day at 2005 PPP
Globalextremepovertyfellbelow10%(2012)
Inequality:therealissueforsustainabledevelopment?“Growingeconomicinequalityisbadforusall– itunderminesgrowthandsocialcohesion.Yettheconsequencesfortheworld’spoorestpeopleareparticularlysevere.”
Source:Oxfam“Aneconomyforthe1%”,January2016
Global/UnitedNationsSustainable DevelopmentsGoals:2015-2030
SDGs:applyglobally,i.e.weallhavethesechallengesandneedtoworktogether
7
Headlines:• Growth• Jobs• Fairness• Democratic change
Also:• DigitalSingleMarket• Resilient EnergyUnion• Free TradeAgreementwithUSA• Newmigrationstrategy• Breaking outof’silos’• EuropeanFundforStrategic
Investment
TheJunckerAgenda,2015-2020
8
We need todothings differently,i.e.innovate innovationitself
totackletheglobalsocietal challenges
Innovating innovation(1)
9
TechnologyinnovationOpentechnology innovation,forexample:makers movement• Fromatomstobits• Frombitstoatoms• Nowboth are completely interchangeable
Openinnovation• Everybody can andshould be involved,
formally andinformally• Noone/group hasamonopoly oninnovation• Surowiecki ”Wisdom ofcrowds”(2004),
Anderson”Longtail”(2006),Shirkey ”Herecomes everybody”(2008)
Innovating innovation(2)
10
Socialinnovation• Socialinnovationismeetingasocial
need innewways which alsocollaborates with,andempowers,thebeneficiary,rather than justdoingsomething tothem
Inclusive/frugalinnovation• Doing alltheabove inclusively,i.e.reaching the
poorest andmostexcluded (Prahalad’s BoP)• Inclusive innovationdonefrugallymaximises the
performance-price ratio:affordable excellence• 5characterstics:affordability;sustainablity;quality;
access totheexcluded population;significantoutreach
• Arising fromtheGlobalSouth,especially IndiaandJugaad innovation:Gupta,Mashelkar,Prabhu,etal
• …butbeware thescarcity trap(Mullainathan &Shafir,2013)
FRUGALINNOVATIONinemerging marketsdoing more&better withless (&generallythinking theunthinkable)
Quality up§ Prioritising what theconsumer actually wants
Cost down§ Cutoutinessentials &theonly ’nice-to-have’
Startwithwhat people actually want§ Unvoiced problems§ ….butdon’t forget aspirations
Globalefficiencies +local advantages§ Bottom-upinnovation§ Bringproduction &consumption closer
together
Re-examine everything§ Product,process,businessmodel(incl.
marketing&delivery)§ Cannibalise existing components
FRUGALINNOVATIONinEurope?doing more&better withless (&generallythinking theunthinkable)
FRUGALECONOMY
MAKING
PRO-SUMER
SHARINGNosuchthing as’waste’
Innovating innovation– weaving atalltogether
13
UnderlyingalltheaboveCONTINUOUSASSETSQUEEZING/ASSETVALUATION
Supplysideassetsqueezing /valuation
• From20thCmassproduction/consumption to21stCenturymass customisation
• Fromshareholder value toshared value• Fromabundant toconstrainedinvestment capital andresources
Demand sideassetsqueezing /valuation• Fromtheownership andexclusive useeconomy tonewformsofshared andcollaborative consumption
• Accessismoreimportant than ownership,e.g.through leasing:using aserviceratherthan owning agood (mobility rather than car)
• Fromconsumers to’pro-sumers’andco-creators
• fromlineareconomy:take-make-consume-disposeofassets• tocirculareconomy:enhance-retake-remake-reconsumeassets
Circular economy
Circular economy
14
Un-squeezed andun-valued assets=wasted assets=voiding huge environmental,socialandeconomic benefits
Cyber-physical-biologicalsystems
Fourth IndustrialRevolution???
Fourth IndustrialRevolution:impacts onwork (1)Dystopia§ 47%ofUSjobsatrisk fromautomation
(Frey&Osborne2013)§ Robotsthreatening between 40mand
75mjobsworldwide (WEF2016)§ Fewer jobsforpeople todo(WEF2016):
o Detroit1990:3biggest firms marketvalue $36bn,revenues $250bn,1.2millionworkers
o Silicon Valley2014:market value$1.09tn,revenues $247bn),137,000workers
§ Replacing notjustno/low skilledworkers withmachines butnow alsomanagers&professionals
§ A‘racetothebottom’andagrowing‘precariat’asanemerging globalclasswithno financial security,jobstability orprospect ofcareer progression.
Fourth IndustrialRevolution:impacts onwork (2)Utopia§ Byabsorbing theroutine aspects of
work,machines can release peopleformorecreative activity
§ Improving thework ofmanagers&professionals,notreplacing them
§ E.g.project work – butindividualsmustbe responsible forown skillsdevelopment,pensions,etc.
§ Workinvolving personalinteraction,empathy,understanding,intuition,’commonsense’,etc.,will notbe replaced butinstead enhanced
§ Isalot ofwork insocietythatneeds doing,notalways inamarketcontext,sohow toorganisesocietytoenable this tohappen?
XXI TriennaleInternationalExhibition
LABOUR vs LABOURRethinking work in a digital society_
Fabbrica del vaporeVia Procaccini 4
Milano
201628 / 04
9.30 - 17.30
1T
19
20
Makermovementaccording toWikipedia8December2015
• Asocialmovementwithanartisanspiritinwhichthemethodsofdigitalfabrication—previouslytheexclusivedomainofinstitutions—havebecomeaccessibleatapersonalscale,followingalogicalandeconomicprogressionsimilartothetransitionfromminicomputerstopersonalcomputers inthemicrocomputerrevolutionofthe1970s
• Technology-basedextensionofDIYculture,intersectingwithhackerculture
• Interestsincludeelectronics,robotics,3-Dprinting,useofCNCtools,plusmoretraditionalactivitieslikemetal-,andwoodworking,calligraphy,filmmaking,computerprogrammingandtraditionalartsandcrafts,stressingcut-and-pasteapproachtostandardizedhobbyisttechnologies,re-useofdesignswithstrongfocusonusingandlearningpracticalskillsandapplyingthemtoreferencedesignsfromwebsitesandsocialmediatools
• Learning-through-doinginasocialenvironment:informal,networked,peer-led,andsharedlearningmotivatedbyfunandself-fulfilment,communityinteraction,knowledgesharingthroughnetworkedtechnologies
• Haspotentialtocontributetoamoreparticipatoryapproachandcreatenewpathwaysintotopicsthatwillmakethemmorealiveandrelevanttolearners.
• Manyproductsfocusonhealth(food),sustainabledevelopment,environmentalism,localculture,etc.,andmaybeareactionagainstdisposables,globalisedmassproduction,thepowerofchainstores,multinationalsandconsumerism.
Maker movement focus of MAKE-IT
Component 1: three analytical pillars
• Strategy&financing• Supplychaindisruption• Collaborationincomplexcommunities
• Knowledgeproduction&management
• Openinnovation• Institutionalenvironment
• HowMMshapesinstitutionalcontext
• EthicsofMM
• Processofsocialengagement
• Selfdetermination&participation
• Processesofsocialinfluenceforcollaboration&learning
• Communityforming&development
• Activities&ambitionforsocialinnovation&commercialisation
• Hybrid&sharedvaluecreation
• Economicimpact• Environmentalimpact• Socialimpact
Component 2: dimensions forsampling & comparison (1)
Scale & social innovation dimension
Component 2: dimensions forsampling & comparison (2)
Social innovation: cumulation nature of social change
Europeanresearchlooking forwardpossible componentsoftheH2020SC6WorkProgramme2018-20
Migration§ AremigrantstoEuropean(economic)
opportunity orachallenge?§ Willthey take work fromtheexisting
population?
Thehumancondition andthe4thIndustrialRevolution(Seeabove)
Governance forthefuture§ Howdowe ensure that the’goods’and
’bads’oftheneweconomy are better(equally?)distributed?
§ Theneed forglobaland/ornationalregulation;level playing-field?
§ Theroles &relationships ofallsocietalactors inthegovernance system:publicsector;privatesector;civilsociety,communities,academia…..
XXI TriennaleInternationalExhibition
LABOUR vs LABOURRethinking work in a digital society_
Fabbrica del vaporeVia Procaccini 4
Milano
201628 / 04
9.30 - 17.30
1TJeremy Millard
