Light therapy research report

LIGHT THERAPYSIGNATURE PROJECT CONTEXT,RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORT

GEORGE CONNOLLYS12788558

INTERIOR PRODUCTS DESIGNL6/2 RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORT

BIRMINGHAM CITY UNIVERSITY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

George Connolly L6 Interior Product Design

I would like to acknowledge and express my gratitude firstly to Mr

Malcolm Hastings, Mr Dean Cain and Mr David Muston for their guidance, expertise and invaluable knowledge.

I would also like to thank Paul Bayliss from Lee

Longlands for his assitance and knowledge with

contemporary lighting in retail. His expertise and advice

helped progress my report.

Next I would like to thank Lumie and Dalibor Krsmanovic for their assistance, support and wealth of knowledge on light therapy

products.

CONTENTSExecutive Summary

Introduction

Research Methodology

SAD

Roots and causes

SAD and the world

The Numbers of SAD

Effects and Symptoms

Lighting, psychology and therapy

Existing products

Materials and technology

Factors against current products

Contemporary lighting

Conclusion

Initial Concepts

Glossary

References


#1 AT THE BEGINNING

#2 SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER

#3 SHEDDING LIGHT ON THERAPY

#4 DRAWING TO A CLOSE

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#1AT THE

BEGINNING

George Connolly L6 Interior Product Design 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


This report provides an overview of the reoccurring Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), how current

therapeutic light products treat this disorder and if contemporary design can advance the products

further to suit a modern interior space. The research will help gain a synoptic overview of the disorder and current light therapy treatments available,

leading into analysis of current light trends and contemporary lighting.

This will provide knowledge and develop the journey on how light therapy can be susceptible to interior lighting design and collaborate lighting technology and design. Thus concluding the report with design solution and concepts on how the product can be

more suited to a contemporary domestic space.

EXPLORE. EXPERIMENT. EVOLUTIONISE

4

INTRODUCTION


SAD affects a person during the shorter days within autumn and winter. It is a form of depression that can vary in severity and is a contributing factor in the growing mental health issues within the UK. As a means of treating SAD, therapeutic artificial lighting products can provide the missing light balance during the autumn and winter months to the user. Yet whilst there are ubiquitous and similar products on the market, most lack an aesthetic design suitable for a modern interior space.

It asks the questions

>The aim is to make light

therapy stereotypically less of a treatment and more of

an accepted piece of interior lighting design, taking away

the mental health stigma part from the product.

5

CAN THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS BE COLLABORATED WITH

DESIGN AND BECOME PART OF A CONTEMPORARY INTERIOR

SPACE?

IS THERE A WAY TO DEVELOP THE PRODUCT INTO A PIECE OF THERAPEUTIC LIGHTING DESIGN

RATHER THAN A PRESCRIBED THERAPEUTIC PRODUCT?


QUESTIONS BEING ASKED:

6

METHODOLOGY


on the health related issues of SAD and therapies. The use of the Internet is undeniably a modern-day resource, to observe the current market and trends in both health and design. Design magazines such as Dezeen, FX and Wallpaper are also crucial, as they give a frequent and refreshing look on modern trends. Finally the resources of books help to hear from a designers perspective on lighting projects to gain inspiration such as Process by Jessica Hudson and Light - reaching for the moon by Ingo Maurer.

Research is necessary to gain perspective on SAD, and the current treatment and lighting designs available. The main primary resources used is contacting somebody in regards to each topic, such as SADA (Seasonal Affective Disorder Association, Lumie, Lee Longlands and FX magazine, as this will provide an understanding and empathetic overview to the market and related issues with this report.

Secondary resources include the use of a wide selection of journals, articles and websites that provide current and relevant information

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#2SEASONALAFFECTIVE DISORDER



‘EVERY AUTUMN WHEN THE CLOCKS CHANGE,

I FEEL LIKE I’M BEING BURIED ALIVE. I WANT TO HIDE AWAY AND HIBERNATE UNTIL IT’S

ALL OVER.’ANON (2013)

9

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

March April May June July August

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER


SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER

The seasons changing are an inevitable, natural cause every year. The Northern Hemisphere, during the winter and autumn months, receives less daylight and colder temperatures. Psychologically, less light can affect the human body both emotionally and mentally. During these months, the darker days are a fate that cannot be avoided but still has dramatic effect on some people. This is called Seasonal Affective Disorder; a depression that changes a person all due to the changing levels of seasonal light. ‘The syndrome of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is defined as a history of major depressive episodes that recur regularly at a particular time of year, typically fall or winter’ Howland, R (2009)

It is not the symptoms of the disorder that is why it is a problem mainly, but more it’s a ‘type of mood disorder that follows an annual pattern consistent with the seasons’ Flaskerud, J (2012).

“Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is defined

as a history of major depressive episodes

that recur regulary at a particular time of year”

Fig 1 Overcast day

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DIAGNOSEDSAD

SUB-SYNDROMAL

SADWINTERBLUES


SAD, an overview term, can be subcategorised into the following forms:

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ROOTS AND CAUSES

Research into SAD has been undertaken worldwide since the start of the 1980’s yet it has never been conclusive on the true reason or cause for the disorder: ‘The exact cause of (SAD) is unknown’ stated by the NHS (2013) as it potentially could be a range of psychological and biological factors. It varies with different people and could be a singular to a multitude of factors.

Dr Norman E. Rosenthal M.D., a psychiatrist and researcher at the National Institute of Mental Health, was both the ‘first to identify SAD as a clinical entity and experience the effects of seasonal differences first hand and pioneered indoor bright light therapy for SAD’ in 1984.

Horowitz (2008) (see appendix A)

However these are researched theories, yet strong hypothetically, in terms of the effects on the body. In particular the effects on the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that ‘rules sleep, appetite, sex drive, temperature, mood and activity’ MIND (2013), is a certifiable theory as the symptoms linked to SAD are associated to the hypothalamus functions. >

‘The only distinction between these depressive disorders is

the timing of the episodes, which occur during the

short, dark days of winter in patients

with SAD.’ Rosenthal (2008)

Fig 2 Dr Norman Rosenthal

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> If a lack of sunlight and consequentially an imbalance of hormones are produced the hypothalamus cannot function appropriately and production levels of the following main hormones (see appendix A) are affected:

Melatonin (Hormone that affects sleep) Controlled and produced by the pineal gland. When it is dark the gland produces this hormone which makes us sleep, hence with SAD more is produced.

Circadian rhythm (Body's functional clock).

Serotonin (Hormone that affects mood, appetite and sleep) People with depression or SAD are found to have lower levels, especially in winter.

Studies also suggest genetics and a history of depression within the family can also trigger SAD. ‘Different countries have different rates of SAD even if their sunlight exposure is comparable, suggesting genetics predispose some populations to the condition.’ Wilkinson, E (2008)

However it is to be noted, like other forms of depression, SAD can also be caused by a traumatic event within one’s life such as bereavement or assault, or risks can be increased and influenced due to a family member having it. ‘One in seven first-degree relatives of people with SAD also suffer from the disorder’ Williams, M (2013)

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SAD AND THE WORLDIn areas such as Scandinavia, Europe, North America, North Asia and in southern areas of South America and Australia, SAD is more common as they experience drastic changes in their seasons as their latitude changes, yet in countries near the equator it is extremely rare to see cases of SAD due to extended hours of daylight. Anon (2013). Throughout the world, SAD increases with distance from the equator, (see appendix A) however except where ‘snow is on the ground, as it becomes less common.’ Anon (2015)

Countries, near/in the Arctic Circle, live in darkness for some months. A 2 year ethnographic study carried out by Stuhlmiller, Flaskerud (2012), detailed how Norwegians who live 386 miles above the Arctic Circle, live in 2 months of darkness and how they experience seasonal change. The population accept feeling ‘sad’ and changes in emotions was part of a natural cycle, and that being sad was not a disorder but rather a normal way of life. However they would adapt and practice new behaviours such as an increase in social events, dietary supplements or use of candles to combat the sadness and retain a ‘normal way of life’.

AREAS NOT AFFECTED BY SAD - EQUATOR

“SAD increases with distance from the

equator”

INTERESTING FACT:

Fig 3 Map of the world

Fig 4 Map of Norway

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THE NUMBERS OF SAD

10%(74, 250, 000) putting up with milder symptoms which

categorises under sub-syndromal SAD/winter

blues. Anon (2015)

of people in Northern Europe suffer badly from SAD. Anon (2015)

2%

20%(12, 820, 000) appear to have the mild symptoms,

equivalently sub-syndromal within the UK population.

Anon (2014)

2%have a more serious,

aggressive SAD in the UK. Anon (2014)

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10%of the population work in

natural outdoor light.Anon (2014)

ago 75% of the population worked outdoors, due to

resources needed from the earth and agriculture.

Anon (2014)

200YEARS

‘THESE FACTORS HAVE DIMINISHED THE BODY’S NATURAL ABILITY TO REGULATE…

RESULTED IN A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN LIGHTDEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS.’ ANON (2014).

27YEARSold is the approx mean age of SAD, BMJ (2010)

which is seen more in women than men.

Oren (2014)

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EFFECTS AND SYMPTOMS

Symptoms of SAD are varied and unique with each person. A fair indication to depict when one has SAD is when it’s a reoccurrence of symptoms after two – three years. Depression is psychological, triggered by numerous reasons, winter being one, but it can also cause physical factors. These factors however depend on the severity of the suffering, whether it is a mild case, to a strong case of SAD.

See the diagram for the range of symptoms associated with the

disorder.

Depression is a struggle of perception and deception, and can cause a state of emotional instability, vision, and the loss of interest in activities. It can also ignite physical setbacks that are more noticeable, such as agitation, fatigue, change of appetite and sleep, indecisiveness and actions of guilt or worthlessness >

Fig 5 Sleep problems

Fig 6 Depression

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SAD


80%patients are seen with these symptoms. being the mostfrequent.Oren (2014.

2-3yearsa full diagnosis of SAD

can be made after.

Anxiety

Loss of Libido

Over eating

Guilt & despair

Winter Illnesses

Lack of concentration

Irritable

Lethargy

Sleep problems

Lack ofactivity

Symptoms of

SAD

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> Particularly for the UK, depressive symptoms typically begin in September to November, during the change in season and do not resolve until the spring when change occurs again. Oren, D (2014). Yet certain symptoms, in particular the more serious, can affect a person at different times, the more severe being November – January (notably the shorter light months) Williams (2013). (See appendix A)

DIFFICULTY IN WAKING UP IN THE MORNING

DECREASED ENERGY LETHARGY

CRAVING FOR SWEET AND STARCHY FOODS (CARBOHYDRATES)

INCREASED APPETITE

INCREASED SLEEP

WEIGHT GAIN

DIFFICULTY CONCENTRATING

DECREASED INTEREST IN SEX (LEBIDO)

WITHDRAWAL FROM FAMILY AND FRIENDS

DEPRESSION/ANXIETY/IRRITABILITY

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER

JANUARY/FEBRUARY

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER

WILLIAMS (2013)

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Diagram of the timing of different symptoms:


‘SOME PEOPLE SEEM TO NEED A LOT MORE LIGHT THAN OTHERS FOR THEIR BODY TO FUNCTION

NORMALLY’... ANON (2014)

It is noted that the difference of sub-syndomal SAD with SAD, is that they don’t experience the full length, or have as many symptoms. Many people generally feel more tired, want more sleep, gain weight and feel a little low during the winter; a synopsis of hibernation if you will. Williams (2013). (See appendix A)

There is a lot of similarities with the symptoms that relate to SAD. It is suggested that the higher levels of melatonin being produced can be associated with sleepiness, low energy levels and lethargy.

The feelings of depression and lack of energy can be associated with the

lower levels of the ‘happy’ hormone serotonin and

that the disrupted circadian rhythm could suggest the

effect in tiredness and depression as your body clock slows down. MIND

(2014). Being that a lot of the symptoms are linked to what

the hypothalamus controls, there’s a strong relation to

SAD patient’s hypothalamus slowing down, when they

are not getting enough light levels.

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#3SHEDDING LIGHT ON THERAPY



‘THINK OF IT AS CHARGING UP

YOUR BATTERY, TO CARRY YOU RIGHT THROUGH THE DAY.’

BARKSFIELD (2011)

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LIGHTING, PSYCHOLOGY AND THERAPY

85%light therapy has been shown to be effective in diagnosed cases. Anon (2014)

> raise moods and improve performance. This is relevant to sufferers of SAD, but also conditions such as sleep inertia, jet lag, or other depressions. The idea behind the product is to assist in regulating the internal body clock, so that the symptoms mentioned before are minimised or cured. Light therapy has been reported to increase levels of alertness, raise moods and improve performance. >

There are currently treatments for SAD such as anti-depressants, travelling abroad during winter, and counselling. However light therapy is a leading treatment. The purpose of light therapy is a method of psychology that ‘imitates natural outdoor light’ Review and Herald publishing (2014). Theoretically it is used as a placebo effect, to access light through the retinohypothalamic (see diagram) pathway, (see appendix B) in order to decrease the production of melatonin, and increase level productions of serotonin. Moretolifemag (2011). The idea behind the product is to assist in regulating the internal body clock, so that the symptoms mentioned before are minimised or cured. Light therapy has been reported to increase levels of alertness, >

Fig 7 Light therapy

Fig 8 Diagram of the human eye

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> This is relevant to sufferers of SAD, but also conditions such as sleep inertia, jet lag, or other depressions. Findings from light therapy trials report ‘patients with SAD are most likely to benefit from morning light administered shortly after awakening’ Howland (2009) as this combats the shorter daylight hours within the morning but treats the user ready for the day also.

However it is ideal for the light to be used during the day or early evenings too, in order to synchronise the circadian rhythm with day time and consequentially sunset to level appropriate releases of hormones. However light therapy is not recommended four hours before sleep at night as within that time the levels of melatonin need to build up. Moretolifemag (2011). >

Products such as Lumie’s Bodyclocks range (see appendix B/C) imitate sunrise and sunset. Yet

dawn simulators cannot be classified as a

medically proven SAD light as they only treat part of the problem ‘Dawn Simulators will

promote good sleep and help you to wake naturally in the mornings…difficulty waking is just one of the symptoms of SAD’ SAD

(2015). Actual light therapy

products treat the root cause of SAD which is a

lack of sunlight.

>

>

Fig 10 Lumie Iris 500

Fig 9 Lumie Active 250

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> Therapy sessions are dependent on how long the user wants to use them for. The lux intensity of the light determines the length of the therapy session. During therapy the portable luminaire can be used on a desk, to sit in front of while reading, or first thing in the morning during breakfast for example. As long as the user has it in a 45 degree proximity left, right or in front of them and is exposing their eyes to the direct lighting, so that the retina obtains the dosage of light needed. Light therapy products mostly range between 2500-10,000 lux to specifically work for treatment. With white spectrum lighting ‘the higher the intensity, the less time you will need to use it.’ Review and Herald publishing (2014). (See appendix B).They also need to be positioned at a certain distance to access appropriately, for example 5000 lux positioned 30cm away from the user, because of the short wavelengths. However ‘the intensity can be reduced by increasing the distance to the light if glare makes the brighter light uncomfortable’ Oren (2014). Lower intensities however need to be used for longer with white spectrum light

>

such as 5,000 lux 60 minutes’ sessions, and 2, 500 for 2 hours at least. To put into perspective office lighting is designed to be only 300 – 500 lux. The lower intensities however may not be ideal for long-term daily use, Howland (2009), if there is nowhere to position for the duration. Light therapy has shown evidence to also assist other conditions, as reported by Eagles (2009), such as non-seasonal depression, bipolar depression, particularly in women, Bulimia and Antepartum depression.

SCALE OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF LUX IN EVERYDAY SITUATIONS

Fig 11 The Summer Shelter Retreats Darkly Among the Trees (see appendix B)

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SEE APPENDIX B


0.25–1.0 LUX : FULL MOON ON A CLEAR

NIGHT

50-200 LUX: FAMILY LIVING ROOM LIGHTS

300–500 LUX: OFFICE

LIGHTING

32000–100000LUX:

DIRECT SUNLIGHT

10000–25000 LUX: FULL

DAYLIGHT

1000 LUX: OVERCAST DAY

400 LUX: SUNRISE OR

SUNSET ON A CLEAR DAY.

LUX levels of differentsituations

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EXISTING PRODUCTS

When contacting SADA in regards to light therapy (see appendix C) they recommended who are the leading brands in the UK, for example Lumie. Upon my conversation with Lumie (see appendix C), with their vast history dating back to 1991, Lumie (2015), and their technical director, Dimitri Krsmanovic, I could use their existing products (see appendix B) to compare and understand their style of the designs (see appendix). But to understand the market I also looked at the range from the second recommended ‘SAD Light Hire company’ (see appendix B). >

Currently there are a range of light therapy products on the market, ranging in all sizes. Despite being available for sale or hire in the UK from companies and in stores such as Selfridges or John Lewis, ‘they aren’t currently on prescription in the NHS’, BMJ (2010), despite being recommended by GPs or councillors. The products themselves are made to a certain criteria such as being ‘Class I or Class II Medical Devices’ (see appendix C) or comply with the Medial Device Directive 93/42/EEC (see appendix C) for example to meet European safety standards.

Fig 12 Range of light therapy products

Fig 13 Lumie Arabica

Fig 14 Lumie Logo

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LUMIE BRIGHTSPARK- 10, 000 LUX AT 20CM

- 2X24W DAYLIGHT SPECTRUM BULBS- BRUSHED ALUMINIUM CASE

Not aesthetic, bright, glaring

white light, clinical material textures, spectrum bulb heats up. One light brightness

setting.

Compact, stand vertically or

lie horizontally, powerful.

£92

45-90min

LUMIE BRAZIL- 10, 000 LUX AT 35CM

- 3 X 36W BROAD SPECTRUM BULBS- POLYPROPYLENE

Very tall (50cm) one function

brightness setting. clinical material

texture, bulb heats up.

Very powerful, strongest Lumie

light, sleek, smooth shape, quick

therapy session.

£149

30min

Fig 15 Lumie Brightspark

Fig 16 Lumie Brazil

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LUMIE DESKLAMP- 10, 000 LUX AT 22CM- 96 BLUE ENRICHED WHITE LED BULBS- POLYPROPYLENE WITH FLEXIBLE NECK

Not aesthetic design, clinical colours/textures,

not contemporary look style.

Desk light, touch control lighting,

four different light level settings, efficient LEDS,

adjustable

£120

30min

(45 minute with diffuser)

PHILIPS goLITE BLU- 1000 LUX- 12W BLUE LED BULBS- POLYPROPYLENE

Very small for a desk light, clinical white

plastic aesthetic, rectangular, hard shapes, ‘cold’ LED

light.

Compact, state of the art

technology, efficient LED, portable/rechargable

batteries, 4 different light level intensities, touch screen/alarm,

very light weight.

£255

15-45min

Fig 17 Lumie Desklamp

Fig 18 Philip goLITE BLU

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INNOSOL SUNNY RONDO- 10, 000 LUX AT 21CM/5000-32CM

- 2X26W DAYLIGHT SPECTRUM BULBS- POLYCARBONATE/STEEL

Bright, glaring white light, bulb heats up. One light brightness setting, longest

therapy time. Size of light is huge

(40cm diameter).

Smooth, round design symbolise

the sun, thin shape, aesthetics

of geometric, minimalist form.

£138

60min

INNOSOL KUBO- 5000 LUX AT 30CM

- 2 X 36W W TC-L - ABS

Very tall (59cm), unattractive

design, limited for style, bulbs would

heat up, not energy efficient, very expensive, unappealing.

Contemporary design, two

intensities of bright light and table light - dimmer

function.

£299

40min

Fig 19 Innosol Sunny Rondo

Fig 20 Innosol Kubo

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WHICH PRODUCTRANKS THE BEST?

1. PHILIPS GOLITE BLU

2. LUMIE BRAZIL

3. INNOSOL SUNNY RONDO

4. INNOSOL KUBO

5. LUMIE BRIGHTSPARK

6. LUMIE DESKLAMP

*Positioning based on a mixture of function, features and aesthetics.

Due to the extensive features and technology, most modern therapy product on the market.

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Evaluating the existing products listed, there is a range of functions,

features and sizes. Some lights such as Lumie Desklamp and Philips GoLITE have different

levels of light intensity, from mood lighting to therapy lighting, adding

a sense of versatility and multi-functions. Desklamp (see appendix

C) has a touch sensitive base. Whereas the Rondo light is an

interesting round shape compared to the rest of the straight line

products available. Also all the existing products are either table/

desk luminaires too.


However where some have functions available and some do not, all are rather not aesthetic for contemporary design. They all possess the same style and quality. The functionality is there but the form depicts a medical product, not a lighting design for an interior space. Therefore it has an unappealing aesthetic quality that comes across as a prescription and chore, rather than an attractive luminaire that could suit a contemporary home. The products draw attention to themselves but for the wrong manner.Finding the balance between having different functions in a product and working successfully while having the aesthetic form is potentially a new area for light therapy.

Fig 21 goLITE BLU features

Fig 22 Lumie Desklamp light

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MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY

Lighting technology is further than ever today, contributing to the advancements of lighting within therapeutic products. Originally, and still today, full spectrum light boxes were always white fluorescent tubes, according to Dimitri (see appendix C) behind a translucent plastic screen to filter UV rays and glare from the user. Currently ‘there is no standard bulb, full spectrum bulb or daylight bulb that is powerful enough to treat SAD’ SAD (2015) commercially on the market for the average home, only exclusive through light therapy products.

However in recent years the development of light emitting diode (LEDs) bulbs have been used. LED bulbs have become one of the leading lighting technologies on the market (see appendix C). ‘The advantages of LEDs lie in their efficiency, extremely long life, sturdiness and compact size’ Maurer (2004). >

Fig 23 The Summer Shelter fluorescent light installation

Fig 24 LED Bulbs

Fig 25 LitePod

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> However in recent years the development of light emitting diode (LEDs) bulbs have been used. LED bulbs have become one of the leading lighting technologies on the market (see appendix C). ‘The advantages of LEDs lie in their efficiency, extremely long life, sturdiness and compact size’ Maurer (2004). LEDs allow the reduction in size of the product, allowing therapy products to be smaller, portable or thinner, as fluorescent lamps are bigger due to the gas discharge needed. Although LED’s are more expensive than Halogens, price is counteracted

by LED’s efficiency and life ‘the typical rated life of a halogen

is up to 2000 hours while LED boasts at least 50,000 hours (about 17 years high usage) even then the LED has only

diminished to 70% of its original brightness!’ Hall (2006). Both

blue enriched white and white LEDs have been compared

in treating SAD effectively. A study showed the use of light

treatment for 45 minutes for 3 weeks, upon awakening,

decreased depression numbers by 82% with both devices (see

appendix). >

50,000hours at least in a typical

rated life of an LED (equivalent to approx 17

years usage)

7000hours in a typical

rated halogen bulb.

brightness has only diminished after

then after.

70%

34


> However ‘blue light has specific effects that counteract a lack of lux to provide effective light therapy’ Meesters. Et al. (2011). The melanopsin, a light sensitive protein that detects light intensity, which ‘cells help regulate a healthy body clock’ Talk about Sleep (2013), is blue light sensitive and therefore could reduce treatment time (see appendix B). It is effective when a narrow wavelength in the blue bandwidth is used. Reports suggest depression improved when using a blue LED device (with a 468 nm wavelength) for 45 minute therapy. Glickman. Et al. (2006.Due to the compact size of

LEDs, the light itself can be smaller but as or more effective.

BMC psychiatry reported that a low intensity blue enriched

white LED (750 lux) and a standard bright light (10, 000

lux) were equally effective treating SAD. Meesters. Et al.

(2011) (see appendix B). This is because the narrow wavelength

of blue light is accordingly a better stimulus, rather than intense white light, for the

circadian rhythm (see appendix B). Blue enriched LED is on the

breakthrough and is a turning point with advances in light

therapy. It is reducing intensity power yet being as/more

effective than white spectrum lighting. >

‘BLUE LIGHT HAS SPECIFIC EFFECTS THAT COUNTERACT A LACK OF LUX TO PROVIDE EFFECTIVE LIGHT THERAPY’

Fig 26 Blue enriched white LED treatment

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> Relating to the existing products and

from my interview (see appendix C),

frequent materials and processes relating

to the casing of the lights tend to be

either polymers such as polycarbonate or polypropylene or a

metal casing such as aluminium. Popular processes used are injection moulding

in order to create the outer shell case,

however factors such as materials that

don’t conduct heat and stay cool, and

using methods, such as filler, to prevent

exposed lighting is vital. Additives

to the polymer mix in production are added for certain

qualites such as flame retardant. Apart from

meeting medical regulations, Lumie

expressed how they have a freedom to use

the materials they wish, in this case functional

and inexpensive batch materials as the design

to cost and function. (`see appendix C).

Fig 27 Materials

Fig 28 Aluminium

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FACTORS AGAINST CURRENT PRODUCTS


Sustainability is essential when it comes to lighting. Fluorescent tubes are debatable because not only are they slightly less energy efficient then LEDs, but also they are powered by ‘employing gas discharge’ Maurer (2004) which is ‘known to pose hazards from using mercury, a toxic element’ Irfan (2012), making disposal difficult. Lights vary from being electrical plugs to rechargeable batteries, in order for it to be portable. The more efficient the light is, such as LEDs, the less energy is needed, especially during long sessions.

UV protection and glare is essential and checked with light therapy. The use of a translucent plastic screen is used to protect the user from UV radiation with fluorescent tubes but ‘LED bulbs have no emission in UV range’ Irfan (2012). It is also reported that side effects from the glare can occur with some people which ‘include eye irritation, headaches and nausea’ Oren (2014), as well as ‘difficulty sleeping after an evening session of light therapy’ Williams (2013) hence why it is not recommended to conduct a therapy session at night time. >

Fig 29 Fluorescent tubes

Fig 30 White spectrum glare

37


reaching £299 for lights that are not aesthetic and rather

unattractive for the home. The economic value of these products is too great for the

functionality, considering these lights are meant to be used for a fraction of time and then not

used again and put away. In the interview with Dalibor he stated

Lumie have the ‘Desklamp light’, with touch control brightness or detaching the diffuser, changing

the brightness for different length therapy sessions such as 10, 000

lux at 22cm, or 2500 lux by 50 cm, or for general use. However the design of the product itself

is unappealing and perceives the generic, therapy prescription aesthetic. The price exceeds the functionality of these products. If

there was a way to access a means of economically designing for

the market or creating a bespoke product that allowed more features

and functions whilst making it more accessible for domestic use,

this could be a new direction for therapy lights.

However these symptoms are reported to possibly be related to white light treatment and rod and cone cells, rather than general light therapy and LEDs. ‘By increasing full spectrum enough to stimulate the melanopsin photoreceptors, we may also be over stimulating the rod and cone cells and eye muscles’ Talk about sleep (2013). Also light therapy is not suggested for people with conditions including retinal/eye problems, skin conditions that are sensitive to light (‘Lupus or SLE’), medication that increases sensitivity to light, or skin cancer. NHS (2013). (See appendix B)

Economically light therapy products are expensive for the function they give. Lumie products range from £59.95 - £149, an average price range for luminaires on the market. However on the SAD shop (see appendix B) the designer range light’s price are more expensive

Fig 31 Blue light therapy Fig 32 Lumie Desklamp design

38

CONTEMPORARY LIGHTING


Understanding contemporary lighting design provides inspiration and knowledge of what is expected with style and use of materials and lighting. However researching into lighting design trends of 2015 is a positive way to design a light that predictively should suit the market for the following year. This could lead to a potential collaboration with the lighting technology of light therapy such as LEDs. With my interview with Paul Bayliss (see appendix C) understanding a retail’s perspective of contemporary lighting is essential to understanding the market. A popular trend, quoted Paul, in retail is upright standing lights and the use of shiny, warm metals; chrome in particular or warm neutral colours. Having the ability to extend or angle the light to the user’s specification is also a popular feature. As Paul said ‘you want to expose more light and something where you can angle the light’.

Fig 33 Ligne Roset Parachute

39


LIGNE ROSETLigne Roset was suggested (see appendix D) from Paul, as a forefront for leading contemporary lighting design. As Paul mentioned during the interview, among the range are current trends such as the use of neutral colours, a lot of chrome and minimalist style. Below are some examples. The products are very elegant designs. They expose the materials quality; emphasised through the balance of rich lighting. There’s also an interaction quality, inviting the user to personalise the light’s direction.

Fig 34 Ligne Roset Desa Fig 35 Ligne Roset Draad Fig 36 Ligne Roset Solutre

Fig 37 Ligne Roset Somerset Fig 38 Ligne Roset Pharo Fig 39 Ligne Roset Container

Fig 40 Ligne Roset Magnet Lamp Fig 41 Ligne Roset Paranoid 2 Fig 42 Ligne Roset Very Thin

40


ONLINE RESOURCES

Fig 6

The use of Pinterest (see appendix D) is a great way to create a mood board of lighting designs. The products collected below meet the trends and styles stated by Paul, including neutral colours, use of metals and methods to reflect the lighting. Similar to Ligne Roset, they are simplistic shapes but are vast in elegant style and rich textured organic materials.

Fig 43 Luna lamp Fig 44 Modern Lantern Fig 45 Carry

Fig 46 Light installation

Fig 47 Sergio Rossi

Fig 48 Square

Fig 49 Totem Fig 50 Copper lamp

Fig 51 Boo Lamp

41


Fig 7

Fig 8

The contemporary lighting examples show minimalist designs with few materials and features. The function and organic materials used are the strong point behind contemporary design: a balance of function and form. They stand as an aesthetic sculpture not in use but double as a functioning purposeful light when in use.

“LIGHTING THAT MAKES A STATEMENT WHILE IT'S ON ... AND

EVEN WHEN IT'S OFF. “GREENE (2014)

Fig 56 Bell Lamp Fig 57 Rope Trick Fig 58 Tab Lamp

Fig 55 Strand Copper Lamp Fig 54 Round lightFig 53 Full Moon

Fig 52 Archer Floor Lamp

42


MULTI-FUNCTIONAL DESK /TABLE ORGANISER

ADJUSTABLE HEIGHT/ANGLE SPOTLIGHT.

DESK LIGHT ADJUSTABLE ANGLE

HEAD.

USE OF NEUTRAL COLOURED

MATERIALS/MINIMAL DESIGN.

Multi purpose therapy/desk light with desk organiser

features.

Ability to custom spotlight to height and angle for therapy or general use.

Desk light with an adjustable head to face

the user sitting at the desk.

Use of neutral materials in a minimalistic way. Reflects light to

maximise light intensity.

Following on from the

contemporary lighting pages,

these are particular features

that could connect therapy

lighting with contemporary interior lighting.

These were similar trends and features among the

existing products.

43


LIGHTING TRENDS

Lighting has become a statement, an art in its own right. It can make and be the integral part of an interior space. Lighting design can be influenced by current fashion or furniture trends.By observing and comparing contemporary light designs, regular features and styles become noticable. But also researching into lighting trends of this current year, such as design blogs or FX magazine, it becomes an advantage to use this to design a product suitable for the ‘modern’ home. (See appendix C/D)

KEY TREND WORDS

MINIMAL

BOLDNATURAL

Luxurious

Chrome

PENDANT

efficient

COPPER

L.E.D.

MATTE COLOURS

TextureMETALLIC

STATEMENT

Reflective

Nature

Current light trends appear to concentrate on the replacement of traditional bulbs for more efficient lighting such as LED, Anon (2014). Bold, minimal designs are also trending as it exposes the light’s form when not in use, showing the integral and natural appearance of the materials. The use of neutral or natural colours such as matte black or copper stresses the luxury of the material used and exposes the texture and qualities of the rich materials.

Fig 59, 60, 61 light trends

44


‘WHEN LIGHTING IS DONE WELL, IT WILL FURNISH A ROOM.’

VIDERIKSEN (2006)

45

#4DRAWING

TO A CLOSE


TO CONCLUDE...


To summarise, therapeutic lighting and technology has developed further than ever with the growing discoveries with efficient lighting, such as LEDs and the immediate effects of blue light treating SAD. Researching into existing products and contemporary lighting, there is area to collaborate and combine the two in order to make SAD light therapy aesthetic and suitable for a contemporary space, as currently the leading products are only touching the surface of appealing lighting design but being cost effective for mass production. There is a freedom to explore materials and styles with lighting technology, which is a good strongpoint to move into for the designing stage, exploring new possibilities for a contemporary therapeutic light such as combining white and blue LED for two effects. Concepts ideally should both accomodate contemporary lighting and style but primarily be a source of therapy too so that the user feels a connection to something they will be using for months on end and is a proud statement of style.

‘The designer also has to consider the needs and demands of a consumer who is not merely seeking an object that functions well but on that delivers an experience: ‘Design is about creating a product experience that meeys amd supersedes the consumer ’s expectations, and to be able to handle this increasing complexity the designer needs new approaches in the design process such as working in a multi-disciplinary way’.

ETHOS FOR DESIGNING

Anon (2007)

47

INITIAL CONCEPTS


The first concept explores the direction of lighting and whether a table light powerful enough can be spread out in a 360 degree area, an area around the user covered in therapeutic lighting rather than one direction. The light is placed within the middle of the cylindrical tower, whereas

the outer casing acts as a cover and diffuser. The idea is to create an indirect light that distributes in all directions,

creating an environment of therapeutic lighting.

A key area to focus is the blend of blue and white LED, providing the option of both or a blend. White providing a warm light, blue for therapy. This concept features a dimmer on the dome base or touch base on the cylindrical base. A range of different light level intensities would allow the concept to be more applicable for domestic use on a table for example.


The second concept looks at directional light and an adjustable spotlight. The idea behind the concepts is that the light can be adjusted, for therapy, to direct light at the user, positioned to shine in the eyes while sitting at a desk. However for general use, the intensity of the light can be changed via a dimmer and postioned to face in the chosen direction of the user, either directed at work or for ambience.

The features in both designs are relevant to existing contemporary lights. The concept on the left was to explore the use of materials for example copper, to enhance the lighting experience through materials. Whereas the right concept looks at the use of desk organisation and personalisation for the user as a multi-purpose light.

INITIAL CONCEPTS


These range of concepts all employ a curvature form, to emphasise a smooth, elegant style that is related to comtemporary design. The light source would be LEDs for the purpose of efficiency. The inspiration behind these concepts was the visual use of minimal parts, as it brings more attention to the style and exposure of the lighting.

INITIAL CONCEPTS

The range of concepts below explore the use of shapes and being elegant as a sculpture generally. The designs

are kept to a minimal form, but employ the use of different levels of light intensity built into the luminaires. A way

to collaborate both therapy and domestic lighting is the option of different light level intensities, from strong to dim. The designs on the right also encourages the adjustment of

light direction.

GLOSSARY

Lux - Lux is the intensity of visible light received by a subject, not the light emitted (Lumens).

White Light - the complete mixture of all the wavelengths on the visible spectrum. The combination of all the colours results in a beam of white light.

Blue enriched white LEDs – Enhanced blue coating over white LEDs.

Rod and cone cells – Two types of photoreceptors found in the retina.

Melanopsin – a light sensitive protein that is found in the periphery of the retina, and detects intensity.

Hypothalamus – Part of the brain that controls hormone production, thus controlling sleep, appetite, sex drive, temperature, mood and activity.

Serotonin – A hormone and neurotransmitter that affects mood, appetite and sleep. Known as the ‘happy’ hormone. When there is less sunlight, less serotonin is produced.

Melatonin – Hormone that affects sleep. It’s produced by the pineal gland when it responds to darkness. When it’s light, the gland produces less light.

Circadian rhythm – Known as the ‘body clock’. The body uses light sources to time various functions such as sleep, appetite, mood. Less sunlight can disrupt the rhythm of these functions.

Retinohypothalamic pathway – Runs parallel with the optic nerve and is involved with the circadian rhythm by sending the messages about the intensity of light, as it contains melanopsin.

Luminaires – Any device that includes a lamp holder and the means of electrification and support for that device.


REFERENCESWebsites:

Anon (2013) The Circadian Pathway. Available at: http://www.talkaboutsleep.com/the-circadian-pathway/. [Accessed 15th January 2015] WebsiteAnon (2013). Causes of Seasonal Affective Disorder. Available at: http://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/seasonal-affective-disorder/causes/#.VKhR3iusWws. [Accessed 3rd January 2015] WebsiteAnon (2013). Seasonal affective disorder - Causes. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Seasonal-affective-disorder/Pages/Causes.aspx. [Accessed 28th December 2014] WebsiteAnon (2013). Seasonal Affective Disorder. Available at: http://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/seasonal-affective-disorder/causes/#.VKHjsl4gCA. [Accessed 28th December 2014] WebsiteAnon (2014) Lighting Trends 2014. Available at: http://www.destinationliving.com.au/interior/lighting-trends-2014/ [Accessed 23nd January]Anon (2014) Lighting Trends 2015. Available at: http://decoratorswisdom.com/decor/interior-design-trends/lighting-trends-for-2015/. [Accessed 23rd January 2015]Anon (2014). SAD - Treatment Available at: http://www.sada.org.uk/treatment.php. [Accessed 9th January 2015] WebsiteAnon (2014). Seasonal Affective Disorder – Why do we suffer in the UK and Ireland. Available: http://www.sad.org.uk/. Last accessed 4th January 2015. WebsiteAnon (2014). What is SAD?. Available at: http://www.sada.org.uk/what_is_sad.php. [Accessed 4th January 2015] WebsiteAnon (2015) 7 Major Lighting Trends for 2015. Available at: http://decoratorswisdom.com/decor/interior-design-trends/lighting-trends-for-2015/. [Accessed 14th January 2015] Anon (2015) Buying a SAD light. Available at: http://www.sad.org.uk/buying-a-sad-light/. [Accessed 11th January 2015] WebsiteAnon (2015) SAD Light Boxes Designer Range. Available at: http://www.sad-lighthire.co.uk/category/designer-range/65. [Accessed 16th January] WebsiteAnon (2015). Light Therapy for SAD. Available at: http://www.lumie.com/collections/light-therapy-sad. [Accessed 16th January 2015) WebsiteAnon (2015). SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) and winter blues. Available at: http://www.lumie.com/blogs/quick-guides/6212116-sad-seasonal-affective-disorder-and-winter-blues. [Accessed 3rd January 2015] WebsiteBor (2015) Lighting Trends 2015. Available at: http://www.love4home.eu/inspirations/read/lighting-trends-2015. [Accessed 23rd January 2015]Hall, R (2006) Towpath Talk: LEDs – The light fantastic. 13 (33). Available at http://www.bedazzled.uk.com/Downloads/Page31TPTNov.pdf. [Accessed 16th January 2015]Howarth, D (2014) Clerkenwell Design Week. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/16/clerkenwell-design-week-2014-preview/ [Accessed 23nd January]Jeff (2014) Lighting Trends 2014. Available at: http://www.love4home.eu/inspirations/read/lighting-trends-2014. [Accessed 23rd January 2015]Lumie (2015) About Lumie. Available at: http://www.lumie.com/pages/about-lumie. [Accessed 9th January 2015] WebsitePhilips (2015) Philips goLite Blu energy light overview. Available at: http://www.philips.co.uk/c-p/HF3330_01/golite-blu-energy-light/overview. [Accessed 22nd January] WebsitePhilips (2015) Philips goLite Blu energy light specification. Available at: http://www.philips.co.uk/c-p/HF3330_01/golite-blu-energy-light/specifications. [Accessed 22nd January] WebsiteUmair Irfan and ClimateWire. (2012). Can Compact Fluorescent Lightbulbs Damage Skin?. Available at: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-compact-fluorescent-lightbulbs-damage-skin. [Accessed 14th January 2015] WebsiteWilliams, M. (2013). Seasonal Affective Disorder. Available at: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/seasonal-affective-disorder-leaflet. [Accessed 6th January 2015] Website

Journals/articles:

BMJ (2010) Management of Seasonal Affective Disorder. Available at: http://ezproxy.bcu.ac.uk:2081/content/340/bmj.c2135 [Accessed 17th December 2014] Jour-nalFlaskerud, J (2012) Seasonal Affective Disorder. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 33 (4) Availa-ble at: http://ezproxy.bcu.ac.uk:3409/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a46679d0-011a-4cab-91ec-b0b4d8408546%40sessionmgr112&vid=0&hid=102 [Accessed 17th December 2014] JournalGlickman, G. et al. Biol Psychiatry (2006) Seasonal affective disorder research: Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder with narrow-band light emitting diodes (LED). Available at: http://www.lumie.com/blogs/research-papers/6397484-seasonal-affective-disorder-research. [Accessed 17th January 2015) Blog/JournalHall, R (2006) Towpath Talk: LEDs – The light fantastic. 13 (33). Available at http://www.bedazzled.uk.com/Downloads/Page31TPTNov.pdf. [Accessed 16th January 2015]Horowitz Ph.D, S (2008) Shedding light on Seasonal Affective Disorder. 14 (6) Available at: http://ezproxy.bcu.ac.uk:3414/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=abeb35a1-d80a-40c6-a2c1-b0fa2736e2db%40sessionmgr4003&vid=0&hid=4204 [Accessed 17th December] JournalHowland, R (2009) Somatic therapies for Seasonal Affective Disorder. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing. 47 (1) Available at: http://ezproxy.bcu.ac.uk:3409/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=132fe4cb-c639-47b4-bf6e-82aa33c37813%40sessionmgr198&vid=0&hid=102 [Accessed 17th December 2014] JournalMeesters, Y. et al. BMC Psychiatry. (2011). Seasonal affective disorder research: Low-intensity blue-enriched white light (750 lux) and standard bright light (10, 000 lux) are equally effective in treating SAD. A randomised controlled study. Available at: http://www.lumie.com/blogs/research-papers/6397484-seasonal-affective-disorder-research. [Accessed 14th January 2015] Blog/JournalOren, D (2014) Update on seasonal affective disorders: clinical issues and treatment strategies. 31 (2) Available at: http://ezproxy.bcu.ac.uk:3409/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7d03ebf2-9626-4b2d-8eca-523ed2a323e4%40sessionmgr198&vid=0&hid=105 [Accessed 6th January 2015) JournalReview and Herald Publishing Association (2014) Vibrant Life, Light Therapy Faqs. 30 (6). Available at: http://ezproxy.bcu.ac.uk:3409/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=337f2533-ae1e-41cb-af2d-2988f240bf54%40sessionmgr113&vid=0&hid=105. {Accessed 8th January 2015] JournalWilkinson, E (2008) Pharmacy update: Seasonal Affective Disorder. Available at: http://ezproxy.bcu.ac.uk:2073/docview/274883815?pq-origsite=summon. [Accessed 6th January 2015) Journal

Books:

Maurer, Ingo (2004) Light – Reaching for the moon. 1st edn. Germany. Vitra Design Mus.

Videos:

Moretolifemag (2011) The SAD Lightbox Company – Barksfield, Carol. [video online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxcMlyJeW5Y. [Accessed 9th January 2015] Video


REFERENCESQuotes

Anon, Propellor (2007) Process - 50 Product Designs From Concept to Manufacture - Hudson, J (2008). London. Laurence King PublishingBarksfield, C (2011) Moretolifemag (2011) The SAD Lightbox Company – Barksfield, C. [video online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxcMlyJeW5Y. [Accessed 9th January 2015]Greene, G (2014) Top 10 Lighting Trends 2014. Available at: http://www.houzz.com/projects/368497/top-10-lighting-trends-for-2014. [Accessed 23rd January 2015]Rosenthal MD, N, E (2008). Seasonal Affective Disorder. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686645/. [Accessed 3rd January 2015]Unknown. (2013). About SAD. Available at: http://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/seasonal-affective-disorder/causes/#.VKhR3iusWws. [Accessed 3rd January 2015]Videriksen, A (2006) Complete Lighting Design - Zelinksky-Syarto, Marilyn. Gloucester. Quarry Books.

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