CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

Cold War is the term for a period in which there is a conflict, tension and competition

between the United States (and its allies called the West Block) and the Soviet Union (and its

allies called the Eastern Bloc) that occurred between the years 1947 to 1991. Competition

occurs both in various fields, namely: military coalitions; ideology, psychology, and look a

password; military, industrial, and technological development; defense; race and nuclear

weapons, and much more. It is feared that this war will end in a nuclear war, although that

ultimately did not happen. The term "Cold War" itself was introduced in 1947 by Bernard

Baruch and Walter Lippman from the United States to describe the relations between the two

superpowers.

After the U.S. and the Soviet Union allied and managed to destroy Nazi Germany during

World War II, the two sides have different opinions about how the right way to build a post-

war Europe. Over the next few decades, the competition between them to spread beyond

Europe and extended to the rest of the world when the U.S. building a "defense" against

communism by forming alliances with other countries, especially the countries of Western

Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.

Although the two superpowers never fought directly, but the conflict between them indirectly

has led to a variety of local wars such as the Korean War, the Soviet invasion of Hungary and

Czechoslovakia and the Vietnam War. The results of the Cold War, including (from several

perspectives) dictatorship in Greece and South America. Cuban Missile Crisis is also a result

of the Cold War and the Middle East crisis has also become more complex due to the Cold

War. Another effect is the division of Germany into two parts, namely West Germany and

East Germany were separated by the Berlin Wall. Thus the problem of the cold war have

broad impact for the countries in the world in various fields of life.

B. Formulation PROBLEM

The issues to be discussed in this paper are:

1. What is behind the cold war?

2. What about the ongoing process of the cold war?

3. Is the impact of the cold war to the world and Indonesia?

4. What caused the cold war ended, and what effect it would change the world?

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C. OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this paper, namely:

With this paper we as a history student is expected to know and understand what is meant by

the cold war. Moreover, it can also find out why it happened the cold war, the countries

involved in the war, and what the impact to the world. Thus we can know and understand the

impact of both positive and negative impact of the cold war that still continues to this day.

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CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. The main factors that led to the Cold War:

1. Spread of Ideology

United States and the Soviet Union as the winner of World War II have understood / ideology

yangberbeda USA-liberal ideology of the Soviet Union kapitalissedangkan komunis.Paham

Liberal-Capitalist ideology (AS) that exalts individual freedom that allows

kapitalismeberkembang with lush contrary to understand the Socialist-Communist ( U.S.)

which berkeyakinanbahwa understand it can further accelerate the welfare of the workers and

people for the countries that control the company will utilize its advantages to the people.

2. Desire to Rule

The U.S. and the U.S. has the desire to become ruler of the world in new ways. ASsebagai

major creditor countries to help countries emerging form of pinjamanmodal for development

in the hope that the people are prosperous life can menjaditempat marketing of industrial and

socialist influences can keep the poor komunis.Masyarakat a fertile ground for communist

socialist. The Soviet Union began kuatekonominya also not to be outdone in the form of

assistance to help national struggle or tenagaahli weapons. This is done to influence these

countries.

3. Founding Treaty

In order to overcome the differences that exist and to be able to power the interests of the

countries of Western Europe and the United States established a defense pact known as the

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or the Organization of the North Atlantic. While

untukmengimbangi NATO force in 1955 the Soviet Union established a defense pact that

PAKTAWARSAWA. Warsaw Pact members, namely the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria,

Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and the pact Rumania.Berdirinya second

cause arises mutual distrust, mistrust, both dankesalahpahaman between the two blocks west

block and east block. American accused of imperialist menjalankanpolitik to influence the

world while the Soviet Union is considered a top perluasanhegemoni democracies through

the ideology of communism.

B. Ongoing Cold War

1. Period 1945-1969

End of World War II has changed the world's political development. United States and the

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Soviet Union emerged victorious as the country became a giant force. The two countries have

differences in ideology, the United States has a liberal-capitalist ideology, while the Soviet

Union socialist-communist ideology. In a short time it ever happened friendship between

them, but then came the antagonism between them. There are two characters in this period,

First, there is concern that rival ambitions will lead to pessimism. Second, the United States

and the Soviet Union is a military force that is very strong and has the ability to destroy his

enemies with atomic weapons.

Thus, in this period appeared the following matters:

A). The doctrine of containment Month February 1946, Stalin gave a speech that talked about

"not avoiding conflict with the capitalist powers. He urged people not to be deceived by the

Soviet end of the war, which means the state can be relaxed. Conversely need to intensify

efforts to strengthen and defend the homeland. Not long after the advent of writing George F

Kennan, a diplomat at the U.S. Embassy in the Soviet Union, which elaborated on the bigotry

of the Soviet Union, President Harry S Truman declared what was then called the Truman

Doctrine. This underlines the strategy of containment doctrine of U.S. foreign policy as a way

to inhibit the expansionist ambitions of the Soviet Union. The U.S. also recruit allies to

realize that goal. Because according to the domino theory, if one country falls it will

berjatuhanlah other neighboring countries.

b). Environmental Effect and Formation of Block inability superpower maintains a "sphere of

influence" is interpreted as a result of the global program the other superpower. For example,

when the Soviet Union entered the Eastern European, U.S. leaders vote as part of the Soviet

effort to conquer the world. Similarly, when the U.S. established in 1951 ANZUS Pact, the

Soviet leadership vote as part of a U.S. effort to dominate the world.

Scramble two spheres of influence between the superpowers spawned a bipolar pattern. The

U.S. and its allies is the polar, whereas in polar (polar) is another emerging Soviet Union with

its allies. United States and its allies to form the Organization of the North Atlantic (North

Atlantic Treaty Organization / NATO) was established on April 4, 1949 in Washington,

USA. When one NATO member is attacked, the attack considered an attack against NATO.

On the other hand, the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact and its allies (the Warsaw Pact)

on the date of May 14, 1955 in Prague-Cekoslowakia.sebagai defense of the communist bloc.

The tension between the capitalist bloc and the communist bloc in Europe is not only limited,

but also widespread in many areas, as evidence emerged in various regions blocks favoring

one superpower, in South East Asia South East Asia formed Treaty Organization (SEATO)

on 8 September 1954 in Manila, Philippines. SEATO intended to restrain the influence of

communism in Southeast Asia, particularly in Vietnam. As one organization that stands in

Southeast Asia, the major countries in Southeast Asia are not even included in SEATO, the

main members are actually Western Bloc countries led by the U.S.. In the Middle East region

also formed Middle East Defence Organisation (Middle Eastern Treaty Organization /

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METO). While the Soviet Union also formed a partnership with the PRC in 1950 to face the

possibility of Japanese aggression as a country under U.S. control. And the establishment of

the Cominform (the Communist Information Bureau) in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1947. On

the other hand, espionage also foreshadowed the Cold War. KGB (Komitet Gusudarstvennoy

Bezopasnosti), the Soviet Union's secret service and the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency),

the U.S. secret service is always trying to obtain confidential information on all matters

relating to the countries that were under the influence of both sides as well as sensitive

information on his own.

In addition to vying for ally with other countries, the United States and the Soviet Union also

compete in the field of weaponry. This is evident from the attitude of the Soviet Union who

want to always surpass the United States as well as vice versa. For example, in 1945 in the

United States created and used the atomic bomb against Japan and the Soviet Union was

determined to create his own. Both the Soviet Union and the United States each construct

large arsenal Countinental Inter-Ballistic Missile. Americans make hydrogen bombs as well

as the Soviet Union. Arms race developed into a space race is an opportunity for them to

demonstrate their technological superiority.

2. Period 1969-1979

Relations United States-Soviet Union underwent a drastic change with the election of Richard

Nixon as President of the United States. Accompanied by his security adviser, Henry A.

Kissinger, Richard Nixon taking a new approach to the Soviet Union in 1969. Not

unexpectedly, it was the Soviet Union also are taking a similar approach to the U.S.. This

approach is commonly known as détente (easing tension). As a foreign policy strategy,

détente is an effort to create a "particular interest in cooperation and border, an environment

where competitors can inhibit the difference between them and finally stepped out of the

competition towards cooperation".

As a further step, on May 26, 1972 President Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev sign the

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I) in Moscow. SALT I contains an agreement to

limit nuclear weapons stockpile strategic / Defensive Antiballistic Missile System. SALT I

also includes an agreement to limit the number of nuclear missiles possessed by both sides, so

that the Soviet Union is only allowed to have a maximum of 1600 missile missiles, and the

United States are only allowed to have 1054 missiles.

3. Period 1979-1985

After a 10 year run, the Soviet Union seems no longer to undergo strong détente. Finally in

1979 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan was the actual invite Soviet troops in there to

help them. This arbitrary action of inviting a strong reaction from the U.S. side, U.S.

President Jimmy Carter stated, Soviet aggression in Afghanistan to confront the world with

the most serious strategic challenge since the Cold War began. Then finally came the Carter

Doctrine which states that the U.S. wants to use its military power in the Persian Gulf. After

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Reagan took over the presidency, he also launched the Reagan Doctrine of supporting anti-

communist insurgency in Afghanistan, Angola, and Nicaragua. The rebels are even given the

euphemism "freedom fighters" (freedom fighters). Even the U.S. also talk about its nuclear

capabilities, including the threat of first strike. But even in this period of mounting tensions

between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, it still could happen treaty SALT II (Strategic Arms

Limitation Treaty II) in mid-1979 in Vienna. At the time Carter and Brezhnev agreed to limit

the possession of nuclear weapons launcher maximum of 2400 units, 1320 units and a

maximum of Multiple Independently Targeted Reentry Vehicle (MIRV). And also Reduction

Treaty Strategic Weapons in 1982 which includes an agreement to abolish nuclear weapons

powerful medium range. Although it has been done covenants restrictions and / or reduction

of nuclear weapons, but based on the data on the Soviet Union in 1983 has turned out to be a

pretty big advantage compared to the U.S..

4. Period 1985-1991

In March 1985, Gorbachev began to lead the Soviet Union. Massive changes began to appear

during this period. Since coming to power, Gorbachev sought:

1. Improve the lives of the country's economy is far below the standard of living of developed

countries.

2. Realizing that a bad life greatly affect military life and can weaken its position in the

international political arena.

3. Gorbachev did not want to overthrow socialism, but socialism seeks to strengthen joints

through Glasnot and Perestroika.

4. The Soviet Union must act according to the principles of socialism.

5. Everyone should donate his mind according to his ability and he will receive from the state

on par with what it needs.

6. Relations with the outside world is required to achieve the level of progress and welfare of

the people.

7. Proclaimed in 1987 political democracy, reform, and openness known as Political Glasnot

and Perestroika.

Gorbachev is different from the rulers of the Soviet Union before, in 1987 he traveled to the

U.S. to bring the two into a dialogue forum. Even in 1988, the Geneva Agreement reached on

February 15, 1989 and the entire army of the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan.

Gorbachev's commitment more visible when the Soviet Union was not washed away and take

a more neutral stance in the 1990-1991 Gulf War. Even aid to Cuba that had been given for

30 years was suspended in 1991 by Gorbachev. But the freedom and openness initiated by

Gorbachev caused a strong reaction from communist leaders in the country. The peak

occurred on August 19, 1991 coup was masterminded by Marshal Dimitri Yazow (Secretary

of Defense), General Vladamir Kruchkov (Head of the KGB), and Boris Pugo (Minister of

Interior). But it turns out the coup failed because it gets resistance and rejection of the people

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of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin and Soviet Military Units. As a

result of the coup; Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Georgia, Maldova broke away from the Soviet

Union. Latvia, and Estonia's own Listhuania managed to gain independence from the Soviet

Union on September 6, 1991. Finally, Gorbachev admitted that the communist system has

failed in the Soviet Union.

At the end of 1991, the Soviet Union that have been aged 74 years and even then collapsed

and fragmented into several states that are now included in the commonwealth Soviet Union

(Commonwealth of Independent State / CIS). The collapse of Soviet communism prompted

many countries became independent parts. Among these countries are Muslim nationalism

movement is Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhistan, Tajikhistan, Chechnya and Uzbekistan. The

dissolution of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War with a victory in the U.S..

 

C. The Impact of the Cold War

1. The impact of the cold war for the world

Positive impact:

  Economics

In the economic field turns cold war also had a positive impact on the world economy.

Whether it is intentional or unintentional. It is characterized by the emergence of super

powers. With the super power countries, the world economy is controlled by the owners of

capital. They competed with each other to get as much profit by investing their capital into

developing countries are still relatively low wage labor. So that their profits soar too high.

But who would have thought that the above also be good for the country to open a business

that is occupied by the owners of capital. Economic growth in the country will also grow

rapidly. So in an effort to benefit both the economy. At that time the state capital owners are

vying for control of the world economy, indirectly also bring political element in it. So the

owners of large capital gain huge profits, while the country whose capital is limited to a small

profit as well. Hence comes the term economic globalization on society. To overcome this we

perform some action, such as currency unite. Highly visible examples are the countries in the

euro zone that unites their currencies into the euro.

Military Sector

Due to jealousy among rival states, each state began to increase its arsenal. They do this in

order not to lose the great country. With so competitive weapon and growing rapidly. It was

all spur each country to continue to develop the country's defense respectively.

Social and Culture.

The spread of human rights issues began gradually globalized. Directly the existence of

human rights laws began to be recognized, because the people approved the inauguration of

human rights itself. With the human rights, the more people believe in the existence of

democracy and there is no more oppression of the vulnerable.

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Space

The cold war was also a great influence on the development keruangangkasaan we have.

Perhaps if there is no cold war, we would not know how to form our solar system. At the time

that the dispute between the two countries vying with each other to show the world that they

are the best country to spread the doctrines they have. Due to increase the prestige of their

country then they are both racing to launch a rocket into space. As a result, we all learned that

we actually exist on what the solar system, and how its shape. Regardless of who first broke

the news, but with the cold war also indirectly impact on the development of science

education keruangangkasaan us.

Technology

During the cold war science and technology are connected with military activity under the

spotlight more than the government. The government is willing to expend substantial funds

for the advancement of science and technology in their countries. In this period grew

disciplines that study the impact of science on society.

In developed countries, the technology in the modern era is no longer a matter of individual

or small community. Modern technology has national objectives in the area of ideology,

military, or economic and shape national consciousness to explore the natural resources that

exist. It also aims to realize the production of goods with a large scale.

Negative Impact

The Cold War also brought a negative impact as well, as long as the Cold War lasted people

experience fear of nuclear war is more powerful than the second world war. Another effect is

the division of Germany into two parts, namely West Germany and East Germany were

separated by the Berlin Wall.

The negative impact in each area:

Military Sector

With the existence of nuclear weapons developed rapidly by both countries, the people of the

world to experience tremendous fear for the possibility of an actual nuclear war by the two

countries in dispute. At that time it was rumored that the Soviet Union had placed nuclear-

nuclear and directed Cuba to America. Got an American nuclear threat as it did not stay

silent. America then entered into the formation of NATO. It is a defense organization which

roughly agreed on the agreement that if one country is attacked it is considered an attack

against NATO. After knowing this, the government of the Soviet Union withdraw its nuclear

missiles from Cuba.

 Political

Impact in the field of politics we can see from the construction of the Berlin Wall in Germany

as the boundary between West Germany and East Germany. In the second world war the

country had been divided into two, namely West Germany which had its capital in Bonn and

East Germany which had its capital in Berlin. The country is experiencing a split because

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there are 2 different ideologies that prevail in this country, which adopted the German liberal

western and eastern German Communist adopted.

In the course of his reign, western Germany has developed much more rapidly than Germany

east. Therefore, many East Germans decided to move to West Germany. But because it was a

cold war between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union was offended by the

presence of the people moved to West Germany. Because of the Soviet Union is funding and

support to build a wall in the city of Berlin which led to the parting of the city. Also on this

wall, the Soviet Union also alerted that the army opened fire on those who still dare to cross.

Then the wall is very well known as a symbol for the cold war.

2. Impact of the Cold War for Indonesia

 Indonesian political-economic system has brought on stream communism-socialism in the

Old Order. While the New Order period, growing liberalism-capitalism.

 At the end of two leadership at the top, Indonesia took the economic downturn.

D. The end of the cold war

Cold War finally ended, because:

1. As of 1980, 11% of GNP spent on the Soviet Union for military purposes. The Soviet

Union has allocated massive for the state who are under his control so that the country can

not be separated from its control.

2. In 1980, oil prices fell to the Soviet Union's economic situation is not stabilized completely

stopped. Though serbelumnya Soviet Union depends on its oil exports since 1980 while the

oil is not able to finance the Cold War.

3. Appears crisis of credibility / confidence in the system of communism.

The impact of thought arises from the view of western scholars who understand the desire to

encourage the emergence of such citizens in non-communist countries. In poor condition

Mikhail Gorbachev (March 11, 1985) should lead the Soviet Union with his job which is to

improve the Soviet economy is getting worse. Steps to be taken is to undertake reforms of

Perestroika and Glasnost famous.

This policy gives unexpected impact that social contradictions in society emerged. Parties to

the dispute are as follows.

Moderate group, ie the group that approves reform communism enhanced but run.

Conservative groups, ie groups that oppose reform and want to preserve communism.

Radical Group, a group that supports reform but wanted to leave communism.

4. On August 19, 1991, Gennadi Yanayev (conservative group leaders) launched a coup

against Gorbachev but these efforts can be thwarted by Boris Yeltsin (the leader of the

Radical group) that can be saved Gorbachev and Yeltsin's name began to soar in the political

arena of the Soviet Union. Yeltsin was unable to stem the surge of Perestroika and Glasnost

spirit evidenced by the many states of the Soviet Union that break away and become an

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independent state so that the Fall of the Soviet Union.

5. The Soviet Union began to reduce the power of such weapons in Eastern Europe in 1989,

the Soviet Union withdrew its troops from Afghanistan. Finally communist rule began to

crumble in the Eastern European countries where the re-united Germany.

  6. The Soviet Union was officially dissolved on December 8, 1991 was marked by the

decline of the Soviet Union flag and hoisted the flag of Russia. Russia and countries of the

former Soviet Union else began to emerge as an independent country. The collapse strength

of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe ended the Cold War. The Soviet Union is an example

of the success of the Marxist-Leninist ideology which were carried into the country.

The end of the cold war gave a devastating impact on the world changes, among other things:

a) The occurrence of a change in Eastern Europe, Russia and Germany in an effort to put an

end to communist rule and Soviet domination in the area.

b) Emerging world political and economic changes that lead to the creation of the relationship

as a whole (global) or area (region), which looks at:

• The rise of Japan.

After Japan's economy crippled by World War II and the allied attack against Japanese cities

began to rise then the people of Japan to rebuild the devastated country tersebut.Dalam

economic development, Japan is able to take advantage of all the support and help of the

United States and even Japan finally able to take over the functions of the global economy

that carried the United States and is able to provide economic assistance to countries in the

Asia Pacific region. Until finally the Japanese were able to dominate position in the Asia-

Pacific region as a market import, provider of foreign aid, and foreign investment sources that

he maintained until now.

Establishment of Group of Seven, (France, West Germany, Japan, UK, USA, Canada and

Italy are joined to solve the problems of the world economy). Establishment of the European

Union (forms of economic cooperation between the countries of Western Europe).

Establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Establishment of ASEAN (regional political stability and economic development of each

country member).

Establishment of APEC, and

The establishment of the OIC.

c) Emerging interdependence resulting in the transformation of power in turns.

d) Formed order and the new value in the world that is more peaceful, secure and prosperous.

e) formed cooperative relations between the two blocks is a block north and a block south

f) The end of the Cold War were able to end the spirit of the bipolar system of international

relations (involving two blocks, namely blocks west and east) and transformed into a

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multipolar system

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. CONCLUSION

From the above discussion papers can be concluded that:

1. The cold war is a war of ideology (without a weapon) that occurred between the United

States (western block) with the Soviet Union (eastern block) as a result of the end of World

War II. Infighting and competition occurs in a variety of fields.

2. The main factors that led to the cold war, among others; presence disagreement / ideology

between the United States (Liberal-capitalist) and the USSR (Communist), the desire for

power, and the establishment of a defense pact that gives rise to suspicion, mistrust, and

misunderstanding between The second block of the block both western and eastern blocks.

3. The cold war lasted for about 46 years ie from 1945 to 1991. During this period the United

States and the Soviet Union competed spreading influence / ideology that they profess to

various countries in Europe and Asia. In the conduct of the war the United States and the

Soviet Union has always been at the back of the warring countries.

4. Cold war impact the world and Indonesia, both positive and negative impacts have

occurred in the various fields.

5. The end of the Cold War marked by the collapse of the Soviet Union on December 8, 1991

which is caused by several things, including the amount of funds needed for military

purposes of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union's economic situation is not stable, emerging

crisis of credibility / confidence in the system of communism, and the Union Soviet reduce its

armed forces in Eastern Europe that communist rule began to crumble.

6. The end of the cold war brought a broad impact for the world, including: emerging

political and economic changes in the world that lead to the creation of the relationship as a

whole (global) or area (regional), etc..

B. ADVICE

As we shall know and understand the real issues that occur in the cold war, how the course of

the cold war and the impact arising from the Cold War is universally good for the world and

for Indonesia. Thus we can take the meaning of the events of the war and hoped we could

avoid any kind of conflicts that may occur around us, because although there is always the

aggrieved party in case of dispute.

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REFERENCES

Adisusilo, taufik. , 2009. Know the European continent. London: Ar-Ruzz media.

http://ben-ni.blogspot.com/2008/11/dampak-perang-dingin.html.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dingin.

http://rinahistory.blog.friendster.com/2009/03/perang-dingin/

Setya, W. 2008. Cold War. Semarang: PT Begawan science.

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INTRODUCTION

Thank God we pray to Allah, blessings and grace Because of his constituent to complete the preparation of this paper. With paper we would expect that we arrange to be useful to the readers or others who need the information in the paper "COLD WAR"

We realize that we collated paper is far from perfect, for that we are heartened to accept all criticisms and suggestions from various parties. We also do not forget to express gratitude to those who have been willing to help us in completing this paper. Finally, we apologize for the shortcomings and irregularities in both the content and preparation techniques.

Raha, March 2014

Compiler

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Word Pengantar...................................................................................................... i List Isi....................................................................................................................... ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background........................................................................................................... 1B. Formulation masalah............................................................................................. 1 C. Tujuan.................................................................................................................. 2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION A. Factors causes of the cold war .......................................... ................................. 3 B. Berlansungnya cold war ............................................. ........................................ 3C. The impact of war dingin.................................................................................... 7 D. the end of the cold war ............................................. .......................................... 9

CHAPTER III CLOSING 3.1 KESIMPULAN................................................................................................ 113.2 SARAN............................................................................................................. 11 Sign up PUSTAKA.................................................................................................. 12

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PAPERS

FACTOR FACTOR

CAUSE MAY BE COLD WAR

 

PREPARED BY :

NAME : SALMIN

CLASS : XII IPA 3

SMA NEGERI 1 KONTUNAGA

2014

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