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This study explored applicability of pedestrianization as a tool to promote business and social interaction in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Based on the fact that pedestrianization has successfully promoted business and social interactions in some cities, the study investigated possibility of pedestrianization to be applied in the future as an appropriate tool to promote business and social interactions in Dar es Salaam
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MASTER DEGREE DISSERTATION
PEDESTRIANIZATION AS A TOOL TO PROMOTE BUSSINESS AND SOCIAL INTERACTION IN DAR ES SALAAM CITY, TANZANIA:
Case of India Street
1 Name of Candidate : Jimly Al Faraby
2 School : Urban and Regional Planning
3 Proposed Degree : M. Sc URPM
5 Supervisors : 1) Dr. M. Burra
2) Dr. J. Lupala
INTERNATIONAL JOINT MASTER PROGRAMTU DORTMUND, GERMANY-ARDHI UNIVERSITY, TANZANIA
JUNE 2014
7/15/2014
Walking in developed countries
Walking in developing countries
Background
• Walking has been believed as a prerequisite to create lively, safe, sustainable and healthy cities (Gehl, 2010);
• Urban development concepts such as Compact City, Smart Growth, New Urbanism, or Transit Oriented Development (TOD) encourage people to walk (Crane, 2000);
• Facts:
• Around 30-35% of trips in African cities are made on foot (UN-HABITAT, 2013).
• In Sub Saharan cities, the number of trips made on foot can reach more than 50% of the total trips (Montgomerry & Robert, 2008, adapted from Pendakur, 2005).
• Dar es Salaam: 46% of people are walking
• Pedestrians in African cities are marginalized and their needs are often ignored in the design of urban space
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a. Paradigm shift in transport policy: from infrastructure
expansion the ease of reaching destinations
b. Needs to establish a link between urban form and
urban transportation systems.
c. Poor infrastructures for NMT in developing countries
a. The importance of recognizing streets as public
spaces to make city more prosperous
b. Prosperous Streets concept, calling for stakeholders
to place streets as crucial part of city to achieve its
prosperity, by reclaiming streets as public spaces
through design and planning process.
Global Policy
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a. Walking and sojourning
contribute to livable, attractive,
prosperous and sustainable
cities;
b. Public Institution taking care issue
of pedestrians are still rare;
c. Walking is facilitated by a well-
connected network with
pedestrian-friendly infrastructure
and well-designed urban space
Global Policy
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Country Findings
Germany a. Nurenberg Business activities grew in the city center after pedestrianization
(Monheim, 2003)
b. Munich Neuhauserstraβe becomes a very popular tourist attraction with
commercial rental rates up to USD 497 per square feet (Bates, 2012)
Denmark a. Copenhagen in Strøget, the sales volume were increased by 30 percent, and
different kinds of social interactions took place, with commercial rental rate is up to
USD 303 per square feet (Kwok, 2002 from Robertson, 1994; Bates, 2012)
b. Pedestrianization in Strøget also increase the level of human activities
Singapore a. Not all pedestrian streets in Singapore are successful
b. Lack of variations of use is considered as one of factor contributing to the failure of
pedestrian street
Australia a. Melbourne In Bourke Street and Swanston Street, the number of pedestrians on
weekday grew by 70 percent and 25 percent in respective pedestrian streets.
United States a. Many pedestrian street in US (89%) were failed; (Judge, 2013)
b. Increase of suburbanization in United States and automobile culture of Americans are
the reason of failures
Experience from Other Countries
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Country Findings
Thailand a. Bangkok in Khao San Road, 47% of respondent experienced increase of sales
volume after pedestrianization (Kumar & Ross, 2006)
Colombia a. Bogota increase of property value in Zona Rosa T up to 22% after
pedestrianization project (Wright & Montezuma, 2004)
South Africa a. In Greenmarket Square, Cape Town, increase of turnover was experienced only by
food sellers and restaurants (majority experienced increase of turnover up to 25%),
b. Informal traders experienced the decrease in turnover (Moosaje, 2009)
Experience from Other Countries
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• in November 2011, Pedestrian Street Festival was conducted in Lumumba Street.
• Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP) 1992-2003 to promote non-motorized transport (NMT) in Tanzania prepared proposal to turn Congo Street in Kariakoo into pedestrian mall.
• Dar es Salaam Bus Rapid Transit (DART) propose to turn some streets into pedestrian streets
While in TANZANIA…
Literature Review (cont.)
• African cities are walking cities, many
of them are not walkable enough
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• Situation of walking is chaotic, inconvenient, insecure, and
unsafe
• Existing studies on pedestrianism in Africa mostly end up on
general recommendation for infrastructure provision for
walking as transport mode only.
• While in developed countries, pedestrianization has been
integral part of creating livability of a city.
Research Problem
Despite the existence of current debate about pedestrianization as a tool for livable city in developed countries,
“applicability of this tool in African cities has not been much studied yet, due to lack of information about the relation between walking as a travel mode, and promoting business & social interaction, under urban settings in Africa”
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11
Policy direction, trend and condition for NMT in developing countries
Availability
Pedestrians, built environment, and livability in African cities
Pedestrians, built environment, and livability in developed countries
Research Objectives• Main objective:
“to explore applicability of pedestrianization as a tool to promote business and social interaction in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania”
• Specific objectives:
a) To document the current pattern of physical settings and activities and extent of walking taking places in Dar esSalaam streets;
b) To identify stakeholders involved in business and social activities in the Dar es Salaam streets;
c) To analyze management and use of street space for promoting business and social interaction in Dar es Salaam;
d) To identify challenges and constraints in creating and utilizing street space for pedestrianization in Dar es Salaam;
e) To analyze policy implications related to pedestrianization.
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Research QuestionsCentral question:
“How can pedestrianization be applied as a tool to promote business and social interactions in Dar esSalaam City?”
a) What is the extent of physical settings and activities in terms of walking in Dar es Salaam streets?
b) Who are the actors involved in business and social activities on streets?
c) How is the street space managed/used by the actors?
d) What are the challenges and constraints in creating and utilizing street spaces for pedestrianization?
e) What are the policy implications related to pedestrianization?
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
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Theoretical Framework
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a) Theory of New Urbanism
b) Jan Gehl’s Theory of Types of Outdoor Activities
c) Concepts of Successful Placemaking
1. Theory of New Urbanism
• Devoting urban spaces for people;
• Restructuring public policy and development practice to
support: diversity, connectivity, mixed use, equity), and
public spaces
• Walkable and attractive streets key element for lively
city
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2. Gehl’s Theory
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7/15/2014Source: Carmona (2003; adapted from Montgomery, 1998)
3. Concepts of Placemaking
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3. Concepts of Placemaking
Source: Project for Public Space
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PUBLIC POLICIES:Planning Policies
Rules and Regulations
Activities (Socio-
economic):
Uses
Business activities
Outdoor activities
Street life
Pedestrian flow
Opening hours
Inclusiveness
Physical Settings:
Accessibility
Facilities
Street design
Street dimensions
Residential density
Image:
(Human Perception):
• Safety
• Security
• Convenience
• Attractiveness
Opportunity for Exchange for
Business and Social Interaction
LIVEABLE STREET
(Business and Social Interactions)
PEDESTRIAN
STREET
(PUBLIC PLACES)
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
METHODOLOGY
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Methodology• Literature Review:
policies and regulations, written reports (such as municipal
profile, statistical report), previous studies, books and
articles about the topic or study area
• Observation:
Mapping, photography, counting, measuring, sketching,
keeping diary, etc.
• Interview:
• Officials municipal planner, engineer
• Pedestrians 58 pedestrians (43 males, 15 females)
• Business actors 45 business actors (formal and informal)
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Study Area: India Street, Posta
Selected Area:
• high intensity of socio-economic activity;
• significant role in terms or socio economic activities
for the city;
• represent the image of the city;
• needs for intervention of pedestrianization scheme.
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Selected street:
• represents typical/common urban
streets in Dar es Salaam City Center,
surrounded by various urban
functions;
• has potential attractions for business
and social interactions;
• Street is used for pedestrian traffic;
• Street is prioritized to be transformed
into pedestrian street, either due to
existing problems or future plan;
• accessible for data collection in
limited time.
FINDINGS & DISCUSSION
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1. Relationship between the presence of pedestrians and business activities & social interactions in India Street
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20, 46%
15, 35%
8, 19% Walking
Walking andprivate cars
Private cars
Proportion of Customers’ Transport Modes Source: Business Actors Interview, May 2014
• Pedestrians are the biggest market for business activities in India Street
• the main reason of business actors to open business is the high movement of people in India Street.
Business activities can be associated with the presence of pedestrians in India Street
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• Tendency to occupy sidewalks which are used more intensely by pedestrians
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244260
236 239261 264
236 230
269
333
11582
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Pe
de
stri
an
s/1
0 m
inu
tes
5 9
25
52
66 6974 75
64
50
33
11 8 5 5 20
1020304050607080
Sc
ore
• Intensity of business transactions is also related to the volume of pedestrian traffic; especially between 10.00 and 16.00
• There are more business transactions taking place when there are more pedestrians passing
Pedestrian flow
Vitality score
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3941
43
53
10
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Knowingvisitors
Knowingfellow
businessactors
Making socialinteractions
Yes
No
Social Interaction among Street UsersSource: Business Actors Interview, May 2014
• several forms of active social
interactions involving
pedestrians were observed,
such as greeting, waving,
asking direction, talking to
acquaintances met on the
way, talking with the fellow
pedestrians around street
vendors, or bargaining with
street traders
• Frequent face-to-face
contacts have promoted
social relationships among
the usersPedestrians and social interactions
2. The importance of street traders for promoting social interaction on the street
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• Active social activities are mostly done among shop workers, parking men, and informal traders.
• Social activities which are done by pedestrians mostly take place around street traders.
“marketplace as social place” (Watson, 2009)
“triangulation” (Whyte, 1980)
3. Potentialities for applying pedestrianization as a tool to promote business and social interaction
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1. Enough captive users
244260
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236 230
269
333
11582
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350P
ed
est
ria
ns/
10
min
ute
s
• Stroget, Copenhagen: 80,000 pedestrians/day
• Neuhausserstarsse, Munich: 66,000 pedestrians/day
• Charlotsville, Virginia, USA: 15,000 pedestrians/day
• ± 16,600 pedestrians passing through India Street in a weekday
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24,50022,229 21,237
25,738
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1978 1988 1996 2012
Kisutu
Mchafukoge
Kivukoni
Total
Population Growth of Surrounding Areas of India StreetSource: Ilala Municipal Council (2013); Ministry of Land and Human
Settlement Development (2002)
• Stroget, Copenhagen: 6,800 residents + 14,000 students
• Neuhausserstarsse, Munich: 7,000 inhabitants
Residents
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2. Potential from existing outdoor activities
Sitting and talking Standing and talking
Standing, reading newspaper, enjoying fruit
Playing cricket
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3. Favorable street dimension
Six street sections were compared:
• Section 1: between Kisutu St. and
Jamhuri St
• Section 2: between Jamhuri St and
Makunganya St
• Section 3: between Makunganya St and
Zanaki St
• Section 4: between Zanaki St and
Morogoro Road
• Section 5: between Morogoro Road and
Mosque St
• Section 6: between Mosque St and
Aggrey St
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Section 1: • 15 meters street• 5 stories buildings in the
east side and 1 story buildings in the west side.
• The height to width ratio is around 1:3.
Section 2:• 10.5 meters street, • 3 to 5 stories buildings
in both sides of the street.
• The height to width ratio is about 1:1
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Section 3:• 10.5 meters street, • 3 to 4 stories buildings, • The height to width
ratio is about 1:1
Section 4:• 10.5 meters street, • 4 to 10 stories
buildings, • The height to width
ratio is about 2:1
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Section 5:• 10.5 meters street, • 5 to 12 stories
buildings, • The height to width
ratio is about 1:1
Section 6:• 10.5 meters street, • 7.5 meters setback, • 4 stories buildings in the
west side. • The height to width
ratio is about 1:2.5.
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• Many suggest that the ideal proportion for effective
pedestrian street is between 1:1 and 1:1.5, and 1:2.5 can still
be tolerated (Moughtin, 1992; Llewelyn-Davies, 2000).
• According to this figure, most of the street sections in India
Street meet this ideal condition.
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14
14
21
8
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Very attractive
Quite attractive
Fair
Unattractive
Very unattractive
7
16
19
0
0
0 5 10 15 20
Very attractive
Quite attractive
Fair
Unattractive
Very unattractive
16
8
25
4
3
0 10 20 30
Very safe
Quite safe
Fair
Unsafe
Very unsafe
Attractiveness
Safety
By pedestrians By business actors
By pedestrians
4. Positive image
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14
12
21
8
3
0 5 10 15 20 25
Very secure
Quite secure
Fair
Insecure
Very insecure
9
8
26
0
0
0 10 20 30
Very secure
Quite secure
Fair
Insecure
Very insecure
0
21
35
1
0
0 10 20 30 40
Very convenient
Quite convenient
Fair
Inconvenient
Very inconvenient
1
6
33
1
0
0 10 20 30 40
Very convenient
Quite convenient
Fair
Inconvenient
Very inconvenient
By pedestrians By business actors
Security
Convenience
By pedestrians By business actors
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5. Diversity in use
• Majority of buildings in India Street are mixed use, which is residential cum commercial (46 out of 58 buildings).
• The ground floor is normally used for various business activities, and also as offices in some buildings.
• The upper floors are used for residential.
4. Challenges & constraints for applying pedestrianization to promote business and social interactions
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1. Lack of attraction for optional activities;
244 260236 239
261 264236 230
269
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11582
0
50
100
150
200
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350
Pe
de
stri
an
s/1
0 m
inu
tes
121
211 217188
152173 169
102123
142
92
26
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Pe
de
stri
an
s/1
0 m
inu
tes
• 38% percent decline of pedestrian traffic on weekend (from 16,600 to
10, 300 pedestrians) indicates that the street is not a destination for
leisure activities
Weekday Saturday
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Weekday Saturday
Male
Female
76.8%
23.2%
76.3%
23.7%
2%
96%
2%
Children
Adult
Elderly
On weekday
3%
95%
2%
Children
Adult
Elderly
On Saturday
• types of pedestrian activities in India Street are more male-oriented,
• the street does not offer enough attraction for women.
• street does not offer much opportunities for optional activities for children and elderly
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2. Lack of facilities
Lack of public benches Damaged street pavement
This also explains why there are limited optional activities taking place in India Street
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3. Low accessibility from areas outside city center
Station / Stop
Walking
Distance
to India
Street
Time
required
Posta ± 350 m ± 5 minutes
Stesheni ± 270 m ± 3 minutes
Mnazi
Mmoja
± 550 m ± 7 minutes
Baridi ± 850 m ± 10 minutes
Akiba ± 750 m ± 10 minutes
Libya Street
DART
± 400 m ± 5 minutes
City Hall
DART
± 270 m ± 3 minutes
India Street is surrounded by public transport stations and stops within reasonable walking distance
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Evaluation on Current Bus Service
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Overall evaluation
Conductors' manner
Driver's driving behavior
On board security
On board comfort
Waiting time at bus stop
Access to bus stop
Fare level
Travel speed
Frequency
Operation hours
Routing
Never acceptable Not satisfied Fair Satisfied Very satisfied
Evaluation of Current Bus Service in Dar es Salaam
Source: JICA (2008)
However:
• almost 90% of passengers evaluating the quality of daladala service said that the routing and comfort level of daladala to be unacceptable or not satisfied at all
• 80% said that the current system as either unacceptable or at an unsatisfied level.
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4. Unguided design elements
No uniformity and discontinuity of sidewalks
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7/15/2014Traditional buildings under threat of demolition
THE EXTENT OF PUBLIC POLICIES, IN REGARD WITH THE FINDINGS
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Policies related to prioritizing pedestrians
• Directions for accommodating pedestrians in urban transportation
system are quite favorable, for instance:
security, safety, and comfortability of pedestrians and bicyclist
must be ensured in the design of residential areas (National
Transport Policy, 2003)
Puts attention on providing special spaces for pedestrians (Urban
Planning Act, 2007)
provide comfort and protection for pedestrians, and conversion of
streets into pedestrian streets (City Center Redevelopment Plan
2002, DART Master Plan, Dar es Salaam Master Plan 2012-2032
(draft)
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However:
• The reality on the ground does not show what is written on
the paper, indicating a problem of priority in implementation
of the plan
• Inconsistent to some extent because in other part of the
content, it promotes spaces provision for private vehicles
• The policies seem to be unfavorable, for instance:
• In 2003, legislation delegalized street traders by
cancelling nguvu kazi (trade license) for street traders,
• The issuance of The Finance Act 2004 ordering all
businesses to be registered and licensed,
• In 2006, the eviction of informal traders from the street
was ordered by the issuance of a letter from Prime
Minister’s Office
• The City Center Redevelopment Plan 2002 also proposed
the clearance of street space from street traders
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Policies related to street traders
• There is no any guideline for architectural expression for buildings;
• Control mechanism through permit is not effective;
• Change of architectural style cannot be controlled weak
protection;
• City Center Redevelopment Plan 2002 proposed massive change in
the area to be high-rise zoning:
Unideal height to width ratio
Unfavorable for giving visual experience for pedestrians
Change the identity of the area
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Policies related to physical structure of buildings and streetscape
• Need for Human Scale Development
• Reconsider planning ideology practiced in Dar es Salaam
• A city may look good when it is seen from above, but at eye level it
might be a catastrophe for the people
• Urban development life – space – buildings
• Urban spaces should be devoted for people
• Lack of Placemaking Policies
• To avoid loss of identity, especially in city center;
• To create attachment to the place for people;
• Only possible when urban space can attract people and provide
memorable experience
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Emerging Urban Planning and Policy Issues
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
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• Pedestrianization scheme is applicable to promote business and
social interactions in India Street;
• The presence of informal business actors, can stimulate active
social interactions among street users
• Supporting factors:
enough captive users of the street, ideal street dimension, presence
of outdoor activities, diversity of use in the area, positive image.
• Challenges and constraints need to be tackled:
low accessibility due to unreliable transport system, low attraction
for optional activities, lack of facilities, and unguided design
elements.
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Conclusions
a) Provision of more walking spaces and facilities for
pedestrians in human scale;
b) Accommodation of street traders in street spaces;
c) Improving quality of public transport services and
discouragement of the use of private cars;
d) Set policies and measures for preservation of historical area
and cultural identity
e) Engage local communities in the process of placemaking;
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Recommendations
THANK YOU
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