Siti yaumilia salsa 13.036

architecture

Tropical architecture World climate

Climatic parameters which form climate

• Air / Ambient temperature (F/OC)

Temperature is the measure of how hot or cold the air is. • Solar radiation(kWh/m2 ) Solar radiation is the heat energy that is emitted from the Sun and radiated out to all parts

of the solar system. • Humidity (%) Humidity is the level of water in the air, the more water vapour in the air the higher the

humidity• Air movement/ Wind (m/s) Air pressure is simply the weight of the air above the Earth. • Precipation (rain, snow) (mm/year) Precipitation is the term given to moisture that falls from the air to the ground.

World climate

• Cold climate•Temperate (Sub trop) climate• Desert/ arid climate•Semi arid climate•Warm humid tropical climate

Cold ClimateA climate characterized by COLD TEMPERATURE for a majority of the time during the year.

Example:

Antartica

Antarctica is the coldest continent on earth, and has a climate of extremes. The continent is snow- and ice-covered, with freezing temperatures all year round. So-called "Catabian winds“ can cause violent snowstorms that can last for days, and sometimes even weeks, making it very dangerous to stay outside. Antarctica knows periods of continual daylight an darkness, called "polar summer" (end May - Sept) and "polar winter" (end Nov - March).

The polar summer with daytime temperatures between -20°C and -5°C is the only time to travel to Antarctica, because the conditions are too bad during the winter months, with extreme cold temperatures, violent storms, continous darkness and ice-bound seas.

Cold climate

Temperate climate The temperate climate occurs in a zone that

falls within the 40° and 60/70o latitudes. This area normally experiences windy weather but does not have excessive temperatures. In this

zone, the four seasons have clear demarcations.

TEMPERATE (SUB TROPICAL) CLIMATE● Low Air/ AmbientTemperature● Small to MediumSolar Radiation● Low RelativeHumidity● High AirMovement/ Wind● Small to MediumRains, Small toHeavy Snows

The desert / arid

● Medium to HighAir/ AmbientTemperatures● High SolarRadiation● Low RelativeHumidity/ Dry Air● High AirMovement/ Wind● Small to NoRains

Temperatures exhibit daily extremes because the atmosphere contains little humidity to block the

Sun's rays. Desert surfaces receive a little more than twice the solar radiation received by humid regions and lose almost twice as much heat at night. Many

mean annual temperatures range from 20-25° C. The extreme maximum ranges from 43.5-49° C. Minimum

temperatures sometimes drop to -18° C.

Semi arid climate

The summers are moderately long and dry, and like hot deserts, the winters normally bring low concentrations of rainfall. Summer temperatures usually average between 21-27° C. It normally does not go above 38° C and evening temperatures are cool, at around 10° C. Cool nights help both plants and animals by reducing moisture loss from transpiration, sweating and breathing. Furthermore, condensation of dew caused by night cooling may equal or exceed the rainfall received by some deserts. As in the hot desert, rainfall is often very low and/or concentrated. The average rainfall ranges from 2-4 cm annually.

From left: Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, southern Nevada; sagebrush near Bridger, Montana; Castle Valley, Utah, east of Arches National Park.

Humid tropical climate

• sThe humid tropical climate is characterised by season-long precipitation, which is

particularly intensive during the so called rain season in the spring and in the autumn (when the sun stands directly above the equator)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF WARM HUMID TROPIC● Medium to High Air/ Ambient Temperatures (22 to 35oC)● High Solar Radiation (3 to 6 kWh/m2day)● High Relative Humidity/ Humid Air (60 to 100%)● Low Air Movement/ Wind (<5m/s)● Medium to Heavy Rains (500mm to 5000mm/years)INDONESIAN CLIMATE● Coastal/ Lowland regions (Medium to high temperatures)● Highland regions (Medium to low temperatures)● Mountainous regions (Low temperature)● Savannah regions (Little rain)

Coastal and low land regionThe coast is where the land meets the sea. Thishighly variable region begins where salt spray reaches and affects land-based plant communities and extends seaward through the surf zone as far as wave action still disturbs the sea bottom, usually to depths of about 200 ft. Indeed, the coast environment has the greatest diversity of habitats and microhabitats on Earth.

Coastal life must be adapted to environmental factors that grade from one extreme to another, especially from wet to dry; wave action; and particle sizes of bottom materials.

Bali Bandung Ambon

High land region Highland climate is often also used to describe a particular mountain climate, fully termed the highland zone. The highland zone is of relatively low altitude and is distinguished by the growth of thick shrubs such as heater , tussock grasses, and docidous trees and bushes . The ground in the highland zone is generally well irrigated. This can be compared to the higher altitude alpine zone , which is generally drier and is noted for the sparseness of trees (which are generally coniferous there) and shrubs, and the growth of thinner grasses and small flowers

Puncak LembangSukabumi

Savannah regionSavannas exist in areas where there is a 6 to 8 month wet summer season and

a dry winter season. Annual rainfall in savannas varies depending on the geographic location. Some savannas get as little as 10 inches of rain annually while others can get as much as 50 inches. The dry season is marked by months of drought and fire which are essential to the maintenance of savannas. Without the period of drought and fire, some scientists believe that tropical savannas would eventually change into tropical forests.

Flores, east nusa tenggara Sumba, west nusa tenggara

Mountainius region

Most of the larger islands are mountainous, with peaks ranging between 3,000 and 3,800 metres (9,843 and 12,467 ft) meters above sea level in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi, and Seram. The country's tallest mountains are located in the Jayawijaya Mountains and the Sudirman Range in Papua. The highest peak, Puncak Jaya (4,884 metres (16,024 ft)), is located in the Sudirman Mountains.

Jaya wijaya Parahyangan Foja

• http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Geography/Climate/Climate_Elements

• http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20101209152142AAQ5t6s

• http://arcticwind.vtt.fi/ • http://www.definitions.net/definition/cold%20climate • http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-a-temperate-climate • http://www.study-in-china.org/university/shanxi/Yangquan.asp• http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia#Mountains_and_tectonics

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia