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2
• The most important part of a PC is the motherboard. It
holds:
– the processor chip
– memory chips
– chips that handle input/output (I/O)
– the expansion slots for connecting peripherals
• Some chips are soldered onto the
motherboard(permanent), and some are removable (so
they can be upgraded).
INTRODUCTION
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MOTHERBOARD
A Motherboard has major parts such as
1. Processor
2. Sockets
3. Slots
4. North bridge
5. South bridge
6. Peripheral ports
7. Primary memory
8. Secondary memory
9. CMOS memory
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1. PROCESSOR
• This is like the brain of computer, it receives input instructions and processes it to produce the required output.
• Each processor works with particular motherboard with unique processor socket/slot, that is an Intel motherboard will not work with an AMD motherboard.
• The processors will interface with its outside components via FSB, known as Front Side Bus.
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Processor cooling system involves
• Thermal compound, it is a white compound
applied between processor and heat sink
• Heat sink with cooling fins
• Fan
Typical heat sinks with a fan
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2. SOCKETS
• Computer motherboard has the first and its largest socket for
its processors.
• There has been many types of computer sockets such as the
old socket 7 which was the first and the last to work for three
types of processors. Intel, AMD and Cyrix Processors.
• There after each processors from a different maker has a
unique socket for their processors.
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• Typically there are two most commonly used processor sockets PGA (Pin Grid Array) and LGA (Land Grid Array).
• PGA socket has HOLES while Processor has PINS
PGA Socket PGA Processor
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• LGA socket has PINS and processor has grid array CONTACTS.
• For Slot processor mounting system slot has CONTACTS and Processor Mounting board has Dual In Line CONTACTS.
LGA Socket LGA Processor
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IDE or PATA Socket
• The socket mounts the PATA
HDD into the motherboard via
a flat cable.
• The pin number 1 in the flat
cable is denoted by red colour
and a guider such that the drive
connection may be
interchanged.
• The socket colour
distinguishes between primary
and secondary drives and one
socket and one cable may
connect up to two drive in
Master –Slave connections by
jumper settings on the rear of
drive, or cable select
IDE, PATA motherboard socket
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• SATA Sockets, for this type of
socket the cable is thinner and
contains fewer cables (7) than
that of PATA (40).
• The socket is also smaller than
that of PATA and can connect
a single drive.
SATA Sockets
Section of motherboard showing SATA sockets in yellow colour
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3. SLOTS
1.PCI
• Peripheral Component
Interconnect(PCI) is
a local computer bus for
attaching hardware
devices in a computer.
• PCI Slots, holds system
upgrade PCI Riser cards
Typical Section of
motherboard, PCI slots
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RAM Slot, holds system memory few examples are shown
bellow
Typical section of computer motherboard,
DDR3 RAM slots, there are few more types of
RAM slots
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AGP Slots, Holds VDU Riser card
Typical Computer motherboard section showing AGP
marked with Yellow colour
21
• A northbridge or host bridge is a microchip on
some PC motherboards and is connected directly to the CPU and
thus responsible for tasks that require the highest performance.
• Handles communications among the CPU, in some cases RAM,
and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge.
• Some northbridges also contain integrated video controllers, also
known as a Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH).
• Also known as external memory controller hub (MCH)
or integrated memory controller hub (IMCH).
4. NORTH BRIDGE CHIPSET
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• The southbridge is a chip in the core logic chipset on
a personal computer (PC) motherboard.
• Implements the slower capabilities of the motherboard in
a northbridge/southbridge chipset computer architecture.
• Handles all of a computer's I/O functions, such as USB,
audio, serial, the system BIOS, the ISA bus, the interrupt
controller and the IDE channels.
• Also known as I/O Controller Hub (ICH), or Fusion
Controller Hub (FCH).
5. SOUTH BRIDGE CHIPSET
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1. RAM
• Random Access Memory (RAM). RAM is used to hold
programs while they are being executed, and data while it
is being processed.
• RAM is volatile, meaning that information written to RAM
will disappear when the computer is turned off.
• RAM contents can be accessed in any (i.e. random) order.
• By contrast, a sequential memory device, such as magnetic
tape, forces the computer to access data in a fixed order
because of the mechanical movement of the tape.
7. PRIMARY MEMORY
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1. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
• SRAM holds data in a static form, as long as the memory has
power.
• Each bit is stored on four transistor that forms two cross
coupled inverters.
2. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
• DRAM is called dynamic because it must constantly be
refreshed and lose the data in very short time.
• DRAM stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within a
integrated circuit.
Types Of Ram:
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How much RAM is Enough?
• Computers typically have between 64 and 512 Mb (megabytes)
of RAM.
• RAM access speeds can be as fast as 8 nanoseconds (8
billionth of a second).
• The right amount of RAM depends on the software you are
using.
• You can install extra RAM.
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Read-Only Memory can be read but not changed.
It is non-volatile storage: it remembers its contents even when
the power is turned off.
ROM chips are used to store the instructions a computer needs
during start-up, called firmware.
Some kinds of ROM are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and CD-
ROM.
2. ROM
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1. Hard Disks
• Speed:
Very fast!
The speed of a hard disk is often quoted as "average
access time" speed, measured in milliseconds. The
smaller this number the faster the disk.
• Capacity:
Enormous! Often 40/80 Gigabytes. A Gigabyte is
equivalent to 1024 Megabytes.
• Cost:
Hard disks costs are falling rapidly and normally
represent the cheapest way of storing data.
8. SECONDARY MEMORY
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• Storage Devices -- "How it saves data and
programs“
- - Hard disk drives are an internal,
higher capacity drive which also stores the
operating system which runs when you power
on the computer.-
"Floppy" disk drives allow you to save
work on small disks and take the data with
you.
2. Floppy Drive
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3. CD-ROM Drive
• They are disc drives which read
Compact Discs (CDs). They are
transportable and can be used to
perform various tasks such as
reading data from the computer
and listening to audio.
• Data is written on a CD by
burning pits into the disc to
produce non-reflective areas.
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4. DVD Drives
• Computer DVD drives can be used to watch DVD video, play audio CDs and store information on DVDs and CDs. DVD drives are now being installed in new computers instead of CD drives.
• Computer DVD drives are able to read data stored on CD-ROMS and DVDs and can play both video and audio DVDs. CD-ROM drives cannot read DVDs.
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• A computer needs a semi-permanent way of keeping some start-up data
– e.g. the current time, the no. of hard disks
– the data may need to be updated/changed
• CMOS memory requires (very little) power to retain its contents.
– supplied by a battery on the motherboard
9. CMOS Memory
The battery