အခန်း (၁) နိုင်ငံရေး ဆိုသည် ... - Mote Oo

rmwdumtydkif; (1) t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)

tcef; (1) EdkifiHa&; qdkonfrSm (Politics)

1.1 EkdifiHa&; - t"dyÜm,f 6

1.2 EdkifiHa&;qkdif&m t"duusaom t,ltqrsm; 13

1.3 jzpf&yfavhvmcsuf 25

tcef; (2) tmPm? vkyfydkifcGifhESifh w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI

(Power, Authority & Legitimacy)

2.1 tmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGifh 28

2.2 w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI 38

tcef; (3) 0g'trsdK;rsdK; (Ideologies)

3.1 tajccH 0g'rsm; 50

3.2 0g'rsm;tm; qef;ppf tuJjzwfjcif; 60

tydkif; (2) EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHk,EÅ&m;rsm; (Institutions)

tcef; (4) EdkifiHrsm;ESihf vlrsdK;rsm; (States and Nations) 4.1 EkdifiHrsm; 74

4.2 vlrsdK;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;0g' 80

4.3 jzpf&yfavhvmcsufrsm; 92

tcef; (5) tpdk;& (Government)

5.1 tpdk;& 94

5.2 wpfjynfaxmiftpdk;&ESifh jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rsm; 111

tcef; (6) zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm; (Constitutions)

6.1 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;udk em;vnf oabmaygufjcif; 118

6.2 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;u tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh ta&;yg&oenf; 129

6.3 jzpf&yfavhvmcsuf 139

tydkif; (3) vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm; (Actors)

tcef; (7) owif;rD'D,m (The Media)

7.1 owif;rD'D,mESihf EkdifiHa&; 146

7.2 rD'D,mESifh tpdk;& 155

tcef; (8) t&yfbufvlUtzGJUtpnf; (Civil Society)

8.1 t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh vlrIa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 162

8.2 t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf; (CSO) wdkY\ vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; 173

tcef; (9) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; (Political Parties) 9.1 EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; 184

9.2 ygwDtrsdK;tpm;rsm; 193

jzpfpOfjyZ,m; 202

vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;pm&if; 206

½kyfyHkrsm;twGuf todtrSwfjyKvTm 214

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]EdkifiHa&;} pmtkyf toHk;jyKenf;

tcef;wdkif;ESifh tcef;cGJwdkif;wGif ]tBudKoifcef;pm} rsm;

yg0ifonf/ xdk ]tBudKoifcef;pm} yg ar;cGef;rsm;rSwpfqifh

taMumif;t&mwpf&yfudk roifMum;rD pOf;pm; a0zefapNyD;

wifjycsufrsm;? aqG;aEG; tajz&Smjcif; wdkYudkvnf;

vkyfaqmifaprnf/

pmtkyftoHk;rjyKrDwGif atmufazmfjyyg enf;pepfrsm;udk avhvmjcif;jzifh pmtkyftoHk;jyK&mwGif taxmuftul

jyKEdkifrnf jzpfNyD; avhvmoifMum;rIqdkif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh enf;AsK[mwdkYudkvnf; od&dSaprnf jzpfonf/

þpmtkyf\ &nfrSef;csufrSm EdkifiHa&;wGif wuf<upGm yg0ifa&;twGuf vkdtyfonfh A[kokwrsm;? uRrf;usifrIrsm;

ESifh wefzdk;rsm;udk jr§ifYwifay;Edkif&ef &nf&G,fonf/ xdkt&nftaoG;rsm;tm; avhusifh ysdK;axmifay;&ef atmufygwdkY

yg0ifMuayonf/

avhusifhcef;rsm; - t,ltqrsm;? EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHk,EÅ&m;rsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifolrsm;tp&dSaom A[kokwrsm;

ponfwkdYudk jr§ihfwifay;&ef?

vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; - ta&;ygonfh uRrf;usifrIrsm; jzpfonfh qef;ppfrI? tcsuftvufrsm;udk ppfaq;wdkif;wm rIESifh

aumufcsufcsrI tp&dSonfudk zGHUNzdK;ap&efESifh avhusifhay;&ef?

jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsufrsm; - rdrdwdkY\ udk,fykdifwefzdk;rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfppfaq;NyD; rdrdwdkYwdkif;jynf&dS EdkifiHa&;ESifh

qufET,f&ef ponfwdkY yg0ifMuayonf/

pmtkyfzGJYpnf;yHk

þpmtkyfudk tydkif; (3) ydkif; ydkif;jcm;xm;NyD; tydkif; (1) wGif ]tdkif'D,m - t,ltqrsm;}? tydkif; (2) wGif ]tifpwDusL;&Sif; -

EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHk,EÅ&m;rsm;} ESifh tydkif; (3) wGif ]tufwm - vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;} wdkY yg0ifMuonf/ tykdif; (1) ydkif;

pDwGif oufqdkif&m taMumif;t&mrsm; twGuf tcef; (3) cef;pD yg&dSonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tydkif; (1)? t,ltqrsm;wGif

]EkdifiHa&;qkdonfrSm}? ]tmPm? vkyfydkifcGifhESifh w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI} ESifh ]0g'rsm;} tp&dSaom tcef;rsm; yg&dSayonf/

]avhusifhcef;rsm;} pmtkyfyg

tcsuftvufrsm; rSwpfqifh

oif,lEdkifpGrf;udk wdk;jr§ifhay;rnf

jzpfonf/ pmydk'fyg taMumif;t&m

rsm;tm; em;vnf rvnfudk

ar;cGef;rsm;rS wpfqifh ppfaq;ay;

Edkifrnf/

]aqG;aEG;csuf} rsm;wGif

rdrdwd k Ytodkif;t0d ki f;ud k

oufa&mufvsuf&dSonfh

ta&;ygNyD; tjiif;yGm;zG,f

ta&;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;

aprnf jzpfonf/

]jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf} rsm;u

rdrdwdkY\ t,ltq? cH,lcsuf

rsm;udk jyefvnf oHk;oyfapNyD;

rnfonhf tawG;tac: t,ltq

rsm;u om,mvSyaom avmu

vlYabmif wnfaqmufa&;wGif

ta&;ygonfudk jyefvnf qef;ppf

aprnf/

]vkyfief;rsm;} onf EkdifiHa&;wGif

vIy f& Sm;vky faqmif&mwGi f

vdktyfaom t&nftaoG;rsm;udk

jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdif&ef &nf&G,f

onf/ þtydkif;wGif tzGJUvdkuf

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;? jyóemtajz&Sm

jcif;rsm;? aqG;aEG; tajz&Smjcif;

rsm; ponfwdkY yg0ifonf/

]jrefrmha&;&m} wGif jzpf&yfavhvmcsufwdkY azmfjyyg &dSrnf jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYwGif t,ltqrsm;?

EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHk,EÅ&m;rsm;ESifh vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;qdkif&m jrefrmjynfwGif;rS

twdwfESifh vwfwavm Oyrmrsm; yg0ifayonf/

xdkvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tjyif pmtkyfygtaMumif;t&mwdkYESifh oufqdkifonfh vufawGUusus jzpf&yfavhvmcsufrsm;vnf;

yg0ifayonf/

þpmtkyfyg oifcef;pmtcsdKUwGif ]jzpfpOfjyZ,m;} ESifh ]vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;} pm&if;udk toHk;NyKajzqdk&onfh

avhusifhcef;rsm;? vkyfief;rsm; yg&dSonf/ pmrsufESm (202) yg jzpfpOfjyZ,m;wGif (1885) ckESpfrS (2013) ckESpf tMum;

jrefrmhordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;udk azmfjyay;xm;onf/ ]vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;} pm&if; (pmrsufESm 206) wGifrl jrefrmhordkif;rS

ta&;ygonfh vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;? EkdifiHa&;vkyfaqmifolrsm; yg&dSayonf/

xdkZ,m; (2) &yfudk avhvmjcif;jzifh rdrdwdkY\ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;qdkif&m A[kokwrsm; wdk;yGm;vmNyD; xdkA[kokwrsm;ESifh

pmtkyfyg taMumif;t&mwdkYudk ,SOfwGJ avhvmEdkifaprnf jzpfonf/

]oifMum;rIqdkif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;} wGif

yg&dSonfh ]A[kokwrsm;}? ]uRrf;usifrI rsm;} ESifh

]wefzdk;rsm;} udkvnf; avhvm oHk;oyfay;yg/

4if;wkdYu oifMum;rIESifh oufqdkifaom

ta&;ay; avhvmtyfonfwdkYudk odjrifapNyD;

rdrdzwf½Iem;vnfxm;onfwkdYESifh pmtkyfyg

taMumif;t&mwdkYukd csdefxdk; wdkif;wmaprnf

jzpfonf/

]jyefvnfavhusifhcef;rsm;} u tcef;wpfcef;vHk;wGif

oif,lcJhonf wdkYudk tajccHNyD; jyefvnf avhusifhEdkif&ef

&nf&G,fonf/ xdkokdY avYusifh&mwGif rdrdwdkY zwf½IcJhonf

wdkYudk jyefrMunfhbJ rdrdrSwfrdorQ ajzqdkEkdif&ef MudK;pm;oifh

onf/

a&S;OD;pGm tydkif;wpfckpD\ ]taMumif;t&m} wGif yg&dSonfwdkYudk avhvmNyD;

oifcef;pmqkdif&m t"dut,ltqrsm;udk rSwfom; Munfh½Iay;yg/

em;vnfrIppfaq;onfh ar;cGef;rsm;u pmzwfol\

oifcef;pmyg oabmw&m;rsm;udk em;vnf^rvnf

qef;ppfay;onf/ xdkar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdk&mwGif

rdrdbmom OD;pGm ajzqdkyg/ NyD;rS pmtkyfyg oifcef;pmrsm;ESifh

jyefvnf wdkufqdkifppfaq;yg/

tydkif; (1) ydkif;pD\ rprDESifh tqHk;wGif

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)

EdkifiHa7; - ausmif;om;vufpGJ4

tydkif; (1)

tcef; (1) t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)

taMumif;t&mtydkif; (1) wGif EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m ta&;ygqHk;aom t,ltqrsm;udk rdwfquf azmfjy

ay;xm;onf/ xdkt,ltqrsm;udk avhvmjcif;jzifh pmtkyfyg taMumif;t&mrsm;

zwf½I&mwGif em;vnfoabmaygufaprnf jzpfonf/ xdkt,ltqrsm;wGif EkdifiHa&;tay:

em;vnfodjrifyHktrsdK;rsdK;? tmPm? vkyfydkifcGifh? w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIESifh

EkdifiHa&;0g'rsm;qdkif&m t"duusvSonfh t,ltqrsm; azmfjy yg&dSayonf/ þtydkif;wGif

EkdifiHa&;taqmufttHk,EÅ&m;rsm; zefwD;&mwGifESifh EkdifiHa&;vkyfaqmifol rsm;tm;

vHIUaqmf&mwGif 0g'wdkY\tcef;u@udkvnf; em;vnfoabmaygufaprnf jzpfonf/

EdkifiHa7; - ausmif;om;vufpGJ 5

A[kokwrsm;(avhusifhcef;rsm;)

þtcef;tNyD;wGif atmufyg A[kokw

rsm; wkd;yGm;vmrnf jzpfonf/

• EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifonfh y#dyu©rsm;? yl;aygif;rI ESifh w&m;rQwrI wdkY\ tcef;u@?

• EkdifiHa&;wGif yg0ifonfh tcGifhta&;? nDrQrIESifh vGwfvyfrIwdkY\ tcef;u@?

• tmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGifh?

• w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI?

• 'Drdkua&pDESifh tmPm&Sifpepf?

• vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f 0g'? a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf 0g'ESifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'?

• pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;?

• EkdifiHa&; oabmxm;/

uRrf;usifrIrsm;(vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;)

þtcef;tNyD;wGif atmufyg pGrf;&nf rsm; wdk;yGm;vmrnf jzpfonf/

• puf0dkif;Z,m; toHk;NyKNyD; EkdifiHa&;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm wwf&ef?

• tmPmyd&rpf toHk;jyKNyD; EkdifiHa&;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&ef?

• udef;*Pef; tcsuftvufrsm; toHk;jyKNyD; EkdifiHa&;udk cGJjcrf; pdwfjzm&ef?

• 'Drdkua&pD - tmPm&Sif a&mifpOfrsOf;udk toHk;jyKNyD; EkdifiHa&; vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Guf olrsm;udk qef;ppf&ef?

• EkdifiHa&; umwGef;rsm;ESifh tqdktrdefYwdkYudk zGifhqdk&ef?

• Z,m;toHk;jyKNyD; udk,fydkif0g' wpfck wnfaqmuf&ef/

wefzdk;rsm;(jyefvnf oHk;oyfjcif;rsm;)

þtcef;tNyD;wGif atmufygwdkYtm;

jyefvnfoHk;oyfaprnf jzpfonf/

• w&m;rQwrItay: rdrdwdkY\tjrif?

• tcGihfta&;wdkYtay: rdrdwdkY\ tjrif?

• nDrQrItay: rdrdwdkY\tjrif?

• vlYtzGJUtpnf; &ifqdkifae& onfh tBuD;rm;qHk;aom jyóem&yfrsm;?

• ]pH} vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh xdkodkY jzpfay:&eftwGuf vkyfaqmif &rnfh tcsufrsm;?

• rdrdwdkY\ 0g'a&;&m t,ltq rsm;ESifh 4if;wdkYudk yHhydk;ay;onfh wefzdk;rsm;?

• tajymif;tvJtay: oabmxm;/

oifMum;rIqdkif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;

Cooperation

for

Development

Cooperation

for

Security

Cooperation

for

Peace

tcef; (1) EdkifiHa&; qdkonfrSm (Politics)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

tBudKoifcef;pm

1/ ]EkdifiHa&;}[lonfh a0g[m&udk rnfodkY

em;vnfxm;oenf;/

2/ wpfzufyg yHkwdkYudk avhvm Munfh½Iay;yg/

rnfonfh yHkrsm;u ]EkdifiHa&;} [lonfh

a0g[m&udk xif[yfvsuf &dSMuoenf;/

tb,faMumifhenf;/

3/ ]EdkifiHa&;} onf uREkfyfwdkY\

trltusifhrsm;tay: rnfodkY

oufa&mufaeMuoenf;/

1.1 EkdifiHa&; - t"dyÜm,fEkdifiHa&;udk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk owfrSwfMu&mü t,ltqtrsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;jcm;em;vsuf

&dSonf/ tajccHtm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;[lonf vlom;wdkYtaejzihf oufqdkif&m

vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf azmfaqmifonfh vkyfief;jzpfpOfESihf

qufpyf oufqdkifygonf/ EdkifiHa&;odyÜHynm&Sif [m½dk; vuf(pf)0Jvf (Harold

Lasswell) u ]EdkifiHa&;[lonf rnfolwdkYu rnfonfht&mukd? rnfonfhtcsdefwGif?

rnfodkY rnfyHk ydkifqkdifoifhonf} (who gets what, when and how) [laom

oabmw&m;ukd tajccHonfh jzpfpOf[k qdkxm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif vlYtzGJUtpnf;

twGif; tzGJU0ifrsm;\ qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfyHk enf;pepfrsm;ESifh xdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;\

aemufuG,f taMumif;&if;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; oabmxm;tjrifrsm; uGJjym;vsuf

&dSMuonf/

1/ ]y#dyu©} rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;wGif rnfonfh

tcef;u@rS yg0ifvsuf &dSoenf;/

2/ ]y#dyu©} wdkif;onf tqdk;w&m;

wdkYudkom zefwD;ay;EkdifMuygovm;/

tBudKoifcef;pm1.1.1 EdkifiHa&;onf y#dyu© wpf&yfavmþt,ltqt&qddkvQif ]rnfolu rnfonfht&mukd? rnfonfhtcsdefwGif? rnfodkY rnfyHk

&&dS ydkifqkdifoifhonf} qdkonfESihf ywfoufí vlom;wdkY qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfonfh

tcgwdkif; y#dyu©rsm; ay:aygufvm&pNrJ jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifonf/ xdk ]y#dyu©} rsm;onf

jyóemrsm;udkcsnf; zefwD;ay;aeMuonf r[kwf? wpfcgwpf&HwGif xda&muftoHk;0ifNyD;

tjyKoabmaqmifonfh &v'frsm;vnf; &&dSEdkifonf/ Oyrmqdk&aomf y#dyu©rsm;onf

tjyKoabmaqmifonfh vlrItajymif;tvJrsm; ay:xGef;vmaponf/ xdkYtwl

,SOfNydKifrIrsm;uvnf; &nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfhrDvmapa&;twGuf 0D&d, ydkpdkufvmaponf/

us,fjyefYaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufcsrIwdkif;ü vlrsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifEkdifap&efrSm

vufawGU rjzpfEkdif/ xdkYtwGufaMumifh vlrItzGJU0if tm;vHk;tay: oufa&mufEdkifrnfh

Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csrSwfxm;&onf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm; a&;qGJ jy|mef;jcif;? csdK;azmufjcif;?

jyifqif ajymif;vJjcif; ponfh jzpfpOfrsm;ESihf qufET,fí us,fjyefYaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü

EdkifiHa&;y#dyu©rsm; ay:aygufvm&onf/

vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpfckwGif y#dyu© tjzpfEdkifqHk; e,fy,frsm;xJrS tcsdKUudk atmufwGif

azmfjyxm;ygonf/


jrefrmha&;&m

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w�kwfydki f 0rfayg i fu krÜP DESi fh jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;OD;ykdi fv Drdw u fwdkY o a b mwln Dx m; o n fh v u fyHawm i f;a' o &dS aM u ;eD pDrHu def; t w G u f v , fajr { u ayg i f; 7800 a u smfcefY t o drf;cHc Jh& o n f/ x dkjzpf&yfaM u m i fh a' o cH&Gm o m;rsm;rS x kwfazmf q Ejyc JhM u a o mfv n f; &JwyfzGJUu t M u rf;z u f NzdKc G i f;c Jho n f/

2/ tcGifhtvrf;aMumifh y#dyu©jzpfyGm;&jcif;

a ' :a t m i fq ef;pkM u n f OD;a q m i fo n fh t r sdK; o m;'Drdku a&pDt z GJUcsKyfo n f 1990 ckESpf a&G;a u m u fyGJw G i f r Jayg i f; 60 &mcdki fEIef;cefYjz i fh t Edki f&&dSc Jho n f/ o kdY&mw G i fv n f; Edki fi HawmfN i drf0yfydjym;a&;ESi fh w&m;Oya 'pdk;rdk;a&;a u m i fpD (SLORC) u a&G;a u m u fyGJ & v ' fu dk

zs u fo drf;NyD;? a&G;cs , fw i fajrÀm u f cH& o n fh u dk, fpm; v S, fa v m i f;r sm; u dkv n f; t pkd;& t w G i f; yg0 i f&ef c G i fhr jyKc Jhacs/ x dkjzpf&yfw G i f t r sdK; o m; 'Drdku a&pDt z GJUcsKyft aejz i fh a x m u fcHo l jy n fo lr sm; u dk u dk, fpm;jyKc G i fh? v lrIt z GJUt p n f; t u sdK; t w G u f q Hk;jzwfcs u fcs

yg0 i fc G i fhwdkY v u fv Twfc Jh& o n f/

3/ t,ltqaMumifh y#dyu©jzpfyGm;&jcif;

1961 ckESpfw G i f OD;Ek\ Ak' ¨b m o m u dk Edki fi Hawmfb m o m t jzpf o wfrSwf&ef z GJUp n f;yHkw G i f jz n fhpG u f jy| mef;cs u fu c&pf, mefESi fh t pöv mrfb m o m0 i fr sm; t M u m; * , u f�dku fapc Jho n f/ 1961 ckESpfw G i f c&pf, meft r sm;pk yg0 i fo n fh u cs i fv Gwfajrm u fa&; t z GJU

(a u t dki ft dk) rS ykefu efrIu dk t pjyKc Jho n f/

OD;Ek (1961)/

• t&if;tjrpfaMumifh y#dyu©jzpfyGm;&jcif; - vdktyfcsuf uGJjym;rIESifh t&if;tjrpf

rvHkavmufrIwdkYtay: rlwnfí rwljcm;em;aom vlrItkyfpkrsm;Mum; a0pk ydkrdk &&Sd&ef

,SOfNydKifMujcif;jzifhvnf; y#dyu©rsm; ay:aygufvmwwfygonf/ xdkt&if;tjrpfrsm;wGif

aiGaMu;Opöm? ajr,m? ukefypönf; tp&dSonfh ½kyf0w¬K ypönf;rsm; yg0ifouJhodkY?

*kPfodu©m? vGwfvyfrI? vHkNcHKrI ponfh ½kyf0w¬Kr[kwfonhf owfrSwfcsufrsm;vnf;

jzpfEdkifMuonf/

• tcGifhtvrf;aMumifh y#dyu©jzpfyGm;&jcif; - ynmoifMum;EdkifcGifh? tvkyftudkif

&&dScGifh? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif yg0ifEkdifcGifh tp&dSonfh tcGifhtvrf;wdkYaMumifhvnf;

y#dyu©wdkY jzpfyGm;ay:aygufEdkifonf/ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m y#dyu©rsm;onf tpktzGJU

wpf&yf&yfu EkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;

uJhodkY r&&dSonfh tcgrsdK;wGif awGU&wwfayonf/

• t,ltqaMumifh y#dyu©jzpfyGm;&jcif; - ]igrSefonf? olrsm;onf} [laom

t,ltq uGJjym;jcif;rsm;tay: rlwnfívnf; vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpfcktwGif;

y#dyu©rsm; ay:aygufvmapwwfygonf/ EdkifiHa&;tjrif uGJjym;rI? bmoma&;

,HkMunfcsuf uGJjym;rIESifh pHwefzdk; uGJjym;rIrsm;onf y#dyu© jzpfapEdkifonfh

taMumif;t&if;cHrsm;yif jzpfonf/

oifcef;pm (1)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

avhusifhcef;1/ rdrdwdkYEkdifiHtwGif; awGU&dS&onfh tjyKoabmaqmifonfh y#dyu©rsm;udk azmfjyay;yg/

xdky#dyu©rsm;aMumifh rnfodkYaom tusdK;w&m;rsm; &&dSapcJhoenf;/

2/ rdrdwdkYEkdifiHtwGif; awGU&dS&onfh tysufoabmaqmifonfh y#dyu©rsm;udk azmfjyay;yg/

rnfodkYaom jyóemrsm; jzpfyGm; ay:aygufapcJhoenf;/

t&if;tjrpfaMumifh y#dyu©

jzpfyGm;&jcif;

tcGifhtvrf;aMumifh y#dyu©

jzpfyGm;&jcif;

t,ltqaMumifh y#dyu©

jzpfyGm;&jcif;

1/ rnfodkYaom taMumif;&if;wdkYaMumifh

wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; vufwGJyl;aygif;

vkyfaqmifMuoenf;/

2/ ]yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;} onf EkdifiHa&;wGif

rnfonfh u@rS yg0ifvsuf &dSoenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm1.1.2 EkdifiHa&;onf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;avm]yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;onf tajccHtusqHk;aom EkdifiHa&; vu©Pm&yfjzpfonf}

[kvnf; zGifhqdkxm;Muonf/ vlYtodkif;t0dkif;twGif;&dS Oya' pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ajymif;vJ

jyifqif&ef? jyXmef;vkdufemap&efrSm trsm;ESifh vufwGJaqmif&GufrSom azmfaqmifEdkifMurnf

jzpfaMumif; em;vnfxm;Muonf/

okdY&mwGif rwluGJjym;onfh tjrifrsm;? tusdK;pD;yGm; rwdkufqkdifrIrsm;? NydKifqdkifrIrsm;uvnf;

oabmxm;uGJvGJrIrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/ tjyeftvSef ndÀEdIif;oabmwlrIwdkY rjyKEdkifygu

]yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI} rsm;onf atmifjrifEkdifawmhrnf r[kwfacs/ xdktaMumif;

wdkYaMumifhvnf; EdkifiHa&;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;onf r&Sdrjzpf ta&;ygonf

rSefaomfvnf; vufawGUazmfaqmif&ef cufcJvSonfudk awGUjrifEkdifayonf/

vlrItodkif;t0dkif;twGif; ]yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef} vdktyf&onfh t"du taMumif;&if;

(3) &yf rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfMuonf/

1/ jzpfpOfjy Z,m;udk avhvm oHk;oyfyg/

xdkZ,m;rS y#dyu© 6 ck udk

puf0dkif;Z,m;\ oifhavsmfaom

ae&mwGif jznfhpGufay;yg/

2/ rdrdwdkY EdkifiHtwGif; awGU jrifMum;odzl;

onfh y#dyu©rsm;udk pOf;pm; azmfxkwfNyD;

puf0dkif;Z,m;\ oifhavsmfaom ae&m wGif

jznfhpGufay;yg/

3/ xdkjyKpkxm;onfh puf0dkif;Z,m;rS

rnfonfwdkYudk owdjyKrdoenf;/

vkyfief;rsm;

1/ jzpf&yfyg y#dyu©rsm;onf rnfodkYaom tusdK;qufrsm;udk jzpfxGef; ay:aygufapcJhoenf;/

2/ xdky#dyu©rsm;onf tjyKoabm aqmifonf[k qdkEdkifygovm;? odkYr[kwf tysufoabm

aqmifaeygovm;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

aqG;aEG;csuf


• Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh wnfNidrfa&; - vlYtodkif;t0dkif;wpf&yftwGif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&efrSm

xkdvlrItzGJU0ifrsm;taejzifh y#dyu©rsm;udk &ifqdkifajz&Sif;EdkifpGrf; &Sd&efvdkygonf/

odkYr[kwfygu oabmxm; rnDnGwfrIrsm;rSwpfqifh wif;rmrIrsm;? &efyGJrsm;txd

jzpfyGm; ay:aygufvmapEdkifNyD; xdkvlYtzGJUtpnf;\ om,m0ajyma&;udk xdyg;

vmEdkifonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf a&S;½Ií yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;onf tMurf;zuf

y#dyu©rsm;udk a&SmifvTJEdkifonfh enf;vrf;wpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/ xdkodkY a&SmifvTJEdkifrSom

vlrIywf0ef;usifwpf&yfonf ydkrdk wnfNidrf at;csrf;vmrnf jzpfonf/

• zGHUNzdK;a&;ESihf om,m0ajyma&; - wpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf;tm;jzihf razmfaqmifEkdifaom

&nf;rSef;csufrsm;? rajz&Sif;Edkifaom jyóemrsm;ukd trsm;ESihf vufwGJ yl;aygif;jcif;tm;jzihf

ajz&Sif;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufjcif;onf vlom;wdkYtwGuf

r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfygonf/ jrifomonfh Oyrm&yfrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmftqifh pDrHudef;rsm;

jzpfonfh vrf;wHwm;rsm; azmufvkyfjcif;? ckdifrmaom aiGaMu;pepf xm;&dSjcif;wdkY

yg0ifMuonf/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh vlrItodkif;t0dkif;udk csrf;om

<u,f0vmaprnf jzpfNyD; qif;&JrIudk avQmhcsay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/

• vHkNcHKa&;ESihf umuG,fa&; - pepfwus pkpnf; wnfaqmufxm;aom jynfolY

vHkNcHKa&;tpDtrHrsm;om r&SdvQif wpfOD;taejzihfvnf;aumif;? tkyfpkvdkuf

taejzihfvnf;aumif; vHkNcHKrI&SdMuvdrfhrnf r[kwfay/ Oyrm - jyify usL;ausmf

wdkufcdkufrI &efrsm;rS umuG,fxm;onfh tpDtrHrsdK; jzpfonf/ tjcm;Oyrmwpf&yfrSm

rormolrsm;\ &efvdkrI? acgif;yHkjzwfrIwdkYudk jynfolY&J0efxrf; vkyfom;rsm;ESifh

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufíom umuG,fEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

1/ rdrdwdkYywf0ef;usifwGif ]yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI} aMumifh aumif;usdK;cHpm;cJh&onfh Oyrmjzpf&yfrsm;

udk azmfjyyg/ rnfonfh taMumif;aMumifh atmifjrifcJhMuoenf;/

2/ rdrdwdkYywf0ef;usifwGif atmifjrifrI? xda&mufrIrsm; raqmifMuOf;ay;EkdifcJhonfh ]yl;aygif;

aqmif&GufrI} qdkif&m Oyrmjzpf&yfrsm;udk azmfjyay;yg/ ratmifjrif&onfh taMumif;&if;udkyg

azmfjyyg/

3/ xdkjzpf&yfrsm;wGif ]yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI} \ ta&;ygyHkudk oHk;oyfay;yg/

4/ xdkOyrm jzpf&yfrsm;wGif awGU&dS&onfh ]yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf} &mwGif BuHKawGU&aom

tcuftcJrsm;udk oHk;oyfay;yg/

aqG;aEG;csuf

oifcef;pm (1)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

1/ jzpfpOfjyZ,m;udk avhvm oHk;oyfyg/

xdkZ,m;rS yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIygaom

jzpfpOf (6) &yfudk puf0dkif;Z,m;\

oifhavsmfaom ae&mwGif jznfhpGuf

ay;yg/

2/ rdrdwdkYEdkifiHtwGif; awGU jrifMum;odzl;onfh

yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk pOf;pm;

azmfxkwfNyD; puf0dkif;Z,m;\

oifhavsmfaom ae&mwGif jznfhpGuf ay;yg/

3/ xdkjyKpkxm;onfh puf0dkif;Z,m;rS

rnfonfwdkY owdrlrdoenf;/

vkyfief;rsm;

Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;

zG H Y NzdK;a&;twGuf


vHkNcHKa&;twGuf


avhusifhcef;a&SUwGif azmfjycJhonfh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI&Sd&ef vdktyfonfh taMumif;&if; (3) &yf teufrS

rnfonfwdkYudk yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif awGU&SdEdkifoenf;/

jrefrmha&;&m

jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;wGif awGU&dS&onfh ]yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI} rsm;]y i fv HkpmcsKyf} u dk 1947 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv w G i f csKyfq dk v u frSwfa&; x dk;Ekdi fc Jho n f/ &Srf;? u cs i f? cs i f; wkdi f;& i f; o m;acg i f;a q m i fr sm; ESi fh Adkv fcsKyfa t m i fq ef; \ , m , Dt pdk;& t z GJUwdkY aw GUq Hkc JhNyD; jrefrmjy n f t * F v dyfv u fa t m u frS v Gwfajrm u fa&; t w G u f a q G;aEG;c Jh M u o n f/ x dka q G;aEG;yGJw G i f a t m u fyg t cs u fr sm; u dk o a b mwln Dc JhM u o n f/

• v u fw G Jp n f; v Hk; B u dK;yrf;M u jc i f;jz i fh NAdwdo Q u dkv kdeDv u fa t m u frS v Gwfv yfa&;&&ef? • awm i fwef;a ' o r sm; t aejz i fh a ' o q dki f&m u dk, fydki ft kyfcsKyfc G i fhr sm; cHpm;Edki fa&;? • awm i fwef;a ' o &dS jy n fo lr sm; t aejz i fh 'Drdku a&pD t c G i fht a&;r sm; &&dS

cHpm;Ekdi fa&;? • b @ma i G t a x m u ft yHhESi fh u dk, fydki ft kyfcsKyfa&; t m P mwdkYu dk v kdt yfcs u f

t & &&dSEkdi fa&;/y i fv HkpmcsKyfo n f 1948 ckESpf? jrefrmjy n fv Gwfv yfa&; t w G u f t "du u s o n fh rSwfwkdi fwpfck jzpfc Jhay o n f/


1.1.3 EdkifiHa&;onf w&m;rQwrI wnfaqmufjcif;avmEkdifiHa&;onf ra&SmifvTJEkdifonfh ,SOfNydKifrIrsm; r[kwf? r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonfh

yl;aygifaqmif&Gufjcif;vnf; r[kwf? ]w&m;rQwaom vlYabmiftzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf

wnfaxmifjcif;} yif jzpfonf[kvnf; tcsdKUu cH,lxm;Muonf/ þtqdkt&qdkvQif

EdkifiHa&;[lonf vlom;wdkif;tm; xdkufwefonfh *kPftqifhtwef;ESihftnD jyKrl

qufqH&rnf [laom ]w&m;rQwrI} oabmxm;ESihf qufET,faeonf[k em;vnfxm;

Muonf/

xkdt,ltqtay: tajccHvsuf vlYtodkif;t0dkif;twGif; yg0ifywfoufolwdkif;udk

rQrQww? w&m;enf;vrf;wus qufqHapa&;twGuf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;

xm;&dSMuonf/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh w&m;rQwrIwdkYtMum; qufET,fywfoufaeonfh

ta&;BuD;onfh u@tcsdKUwdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfMuonf/

• rnfonfwdkYudk &&dSydkifqdkifEdkifonf (t&if;tjrpfESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; cGJa0csxm;yHk)?

• rnfodkYaom aqmif&ef? a&Smif&eftcsufrsm; xm;&dSonf (tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh

wm0efrsm;)?

• todkif;t0dkif;wpf&yftay: xdyg;aESmifh,Sufolrsm; (odkYr[kwf) tzsuform;rsm;udk

rnfodkY ta&;,laqmif&Gufrnf (pnf;rsOf;ESifh Oya'rsm;)/

1/ ]w&m;rQwrI}[laom a0g[m&udk

rnfodkY em;vnfxm;oenf;/

2/ rdrdwkdY yg0if ywfoufvsuf&dSonfh

vlrItodkif;t0dkif;udk w&m;aom

vlUabmiftzGJUtpnf; jzpfonf[k

trnf wyfEkdifygovm;/

tBudKoifcef;pm

yD½l;EkdifiH? uwfpfudk&dS "Justice" (w&m;rQwrI) trnf& eH&Haq;a&; yef;csD/

oifcef;pm (1)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

]w&m;rQwrI} [laom oabmw&m;onf ½IyfaxG;í tjiif;yGm;zG,frsm;aom

oabmw&m;wpfck jzpfonf/ ]w&m;rQwrI} tay:wGif vltrsm;taejzifh

oabmxm;tjrif trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;vsuf&dSonf/ 4if;wdkY\ tjrifrsm;onf oufqdkif&m

vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ ,Ofaus;rI? oabmw&m;? vlrIa&;? usm;^r uGJjym;rI? ynma&;ESihf

tjcm;aom taMumif;t&if;cHrsm;u vTrf;rdk;jy|mef;xm;aom tjrifrsm; jzpfonf/

]w&m;rQwrI} udk azmfaqmif&mwGif tav;xm;pOf;pm;oifhonfh ar;cGef;tcsdKUwdkYrSm

atmufygtwkdif; jzpfMuonf/

• ]w&m;rQwrI} udk t"dyÜm,fzGihfqkd&mü vlom;wdkif;tay: wpfajy;nD wef;wlqufqHjcif;

[k zGifhqdk&efoifh? roifh/

• rw&m;aom vkyf&yfrsm;jzifh w&m;aom tajctaewpf&yfqDodkY OD;wnf vkyfukdif

aomtcg xdkrw&m;aom vkyf&yfrsdK;ukd vufcHoifh? roifh/

• trsm;aumif;pm;a&;twGuf vlenf;pkudk xdcdkufepfemaponfh vkyf&yfrsm;udk

cGifhjyK&efoifh? roifh/

1/ txufazmfjyyg ar;jref;csuf wpfckpDtwGuf vufawGU Oyrmrsm;udk azmfxkwf wifjyyg/

2/ tzGJUrsm;zGJU NyD; xdkar;cGef; (3) &yf tay: wpfOD;csif; tjrifrsm;udk rQa0 aqG;aEG;ay;yg/

3/ xdkaqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk tjcm;tzGJUrsm;ESifh rQa0NyD; wpfwef;vHk; taejzifh oabmwlnDcsuf

wpf&yf&&dSonftxd aqG;aEG; aqmif&Gufyg/

4/ xdkodkY vkyfaqmif&mwGif rnfodkYaom tcuftcJrsm; &ifqdkif BuHKawGU cJh&oenf;/

jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf

1/ txufyg ar;cGef;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYywf0ef;usifwGif awGU&dS&onfh EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m jzpf&yfrsm;ESifh

rnfodkY qufET,faeMuoenf;/

2/ ]w&m;rQwrI} [lonfh t,ltqudk uGJjym;onfh vlrItodkif;t0dkif;wpf&yftwGif;

wpfom;wnf; oabmwlEkdifrnf[k xifygovm;/ rnfodkYaom jyóemrsm; jzpfyGm;vmEkdif

rnfenf;/ vufawGU Oyrm jzpf&yfrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfí aqG;aEG; ajzqdkyg/

3/ EkdifiHa&;tay: vufcH em;vnfxm;onfh t,ltq (3) &yf (y#dyu©? yl;aygif; vkyfaqmifjcif;ESifh

w&m;rQwrI wnfaqmufjcif;) wdkY teufrS rnfonfu rdrdwdkY todkif;t0dkif;twGif;&dS EdkifiHa&;

tajctaersm;udk txif[yfqHk; jzpfoenf;/

aqG;aEG;csuf


1.2 EdkifiHa&;qkdif&m t"duusaom t,ltqrsm;EkdifiHa&;wGif 0g'ESifh t,ltq tcsdKUwdkYukd wefzdk;ydkif;jzwf&mü vlyk*¾dKvfudk vdkufí

wefzdk;owfrSwfcsufrsm;? ydkif;jzwfrIyHkpHrsm; uGJjym;Edkifonf/ xdkEkdifiHa&;qdkif&m

t,ltqrsm;teufrS ta&;ygonfh t,ltq (3) &yf wdkYrSm tcGifhta&; (rights)?

wef;wlnDrQrI (equality) ESifh vGwfvyfcGifh (liberty) wdkY jzpfMuonff/

1/ ]tcGihfta&;} rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;wGif

tb,fhaMumifh ta&;yg&oenf;/

2/ rnfonfh tcGihfta&;rsm;u EkdifiHa&;wGif

ta&;ygqHk; jzpfoenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm

1.2.1 EdkifiHa&;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm; (Rights)]tcGihfta&;} onf pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh toGifwlMuonf/ xdkYtjyif

]tcGihfta&;} rsm;onf atmufygwdkYudk aqmifMuOf;ay;EkdifMuonf/

• vkyfydkifcGifh? &ydkifcGifh (odkYr[kwf)

• wpfpHkwpfOD; (odkYr[kwf) wpfpHkwpf&m\ xdyg;aESmifh,SufrIrS tumtuG,f &&SdcGifh

(odkYr[kwf)

• wpfpHkwpf&mudk w&m;0if &&dSEdkifcGifh? vkyfaqmifEkdifcGifh ponfwkdY jzpfMuonf/

þtydkif;wGif ]EkdifiHom;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;} ESifh ]vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rIESifh

pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;} [laom tcGifhta&; (2) &yf wdkYudk wifjyay;xm;onf/

1963? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&dS EdkifiHom; tcGifhta&;vIyf&Sm;olrsm; jzpfonf/ tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;? vGwfvyfcGifhESifh tjzLtrnf; cGJjcm;rI wdkufzsufa&;wdkYtwGuf

qE xkwfazmfaeMujcif; jzpfonf/ vIyf&Sm;rI\ a&SUrsufESmpmwGif vlrnf;EkdifiHom;tcGihfta&; vIyf&Sm;rIacgif;aqmif ]rmwifvlomuif;} \ ½kyfyHkudk awGUjrifEdkifonf/

oifcef;pm (1)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

(u) EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; (First Generation Rights - yxrrsdK;quf tcGifhta&;rsm;)

EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;ESihf EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;[lonf wpfOD;csif;

vGwfvyfcGifhESifh obm0t& &&Sd ydkifqdkiftyfonfh &ydkifcGifh [laom t,ltqrsm;tay:

tajccHxm;onf/ xdkYtjyif tkyfcsKyfolrsm;taejzifh vkyfcGifhr&Sdaom udpö&yfrsm;

&dSaMumif;? jynfolrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkYtay: oufa&mufaeonfh EdkifiHa&;&m qHk;jzwfrI

rsm;ü yg0ifMu&rnf jzpfaMumif; axmufjyxm;Muonf/

EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;oabmt& vlwdkif;onf oufqdkif&m

vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfwGif wef;wl yg0if aqmif&GufcGifh &Sd&rnf/ vlwdkif;

onf EdkifiHa&; &mxl;ae&mrsm;twGuf rJay;a&G;cs,fcGifh &Sdovdk? rdrdukd,fwdkifvnf;

a&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifh &Sd&rnf/ vlwdkif;onf EdkifiHa&; cGJjcm; qufqHcH&jcif;rsdK;rS

uif;vGwf&rnf jzpfonf/ EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;[kqdk&mwGif

tpdk;& ,EÅ&m;wGif yg0if aqmif&GufcGifh? EdkifiHa&;tzJGUtpnf;rsm; zGJUpnf;xlaxmifcGifh?

yg0ifcGifhESihf vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmf ajymqdkcGifhwdkY tusHK;0ifygonf/

]EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;} wGif vlyk*¾dKvf? tpktzGJUwpfpk

(trsm;tm;jzifh tpdk;&wpf&yf) u vlwpfOD;csif;pDtay: Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;? zrf;qD;

axmifcsjcif;? cGJjcm;zdEdSyfjcif; tp&dSaom vkyf&yfrsm; rjyKrlEkdifaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/

xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfaqmifay;&mwGif rnfonfh t&if;tESD; taxmuftyHhrS

rvdktyfaMumif;udk awGU&dS&onf/ wpfckwnf;aom vdktyfcsufrSm wpfOD; wpfa,muf\

yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m tcGihfta&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGihfrsm;udk wpfyg;olwpfOD;u rxdyg;

raESmifh,Suf&efom vdktyfonf/

(c) vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rIESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; (Second Generation Rights - 'kwd,rsdK;quf tcGifhta&;rsm;)

þtcGifhta&;wdkYonf EdkifiHom;wpfOD;\ vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; rnfodkY &yfwnf

aexkdifonf? vkyfudkif pm;aomufonf? tajccH vdktyfcsufrsm;udk rnfodkY jznfhqnf;

&SmazGonf tp&dSonfwdkYESifh qufET,faeMuonf/ xdktcGifhta&;rsm; pwif a&yef;pm;

vmcJhonfrSm 19 &mpk ESpf&dS pufrIacwfajymif;umvESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;wdkY

ay:aygufvmcsdefwGif jzpfonf/ xdkolwdkY\ tqdkt& vlom;wdkY *kPfodu©mudk

azmfnTef;&mwGif EdkifiHom;ESihf EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;avmufESifh rvHkavmuf/

vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tajccH vdktyfcsufrsm;jzpfonfh tdrf,m? ynma&;?

tvkyftudkif tp&dSonfwdkYudkyg &&dScHpm;EdkifcGifh &dS&rnf jzpfaMumif; axmufjyxm;

Muonf/

]vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rIESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&; qdkonfrSm} onf EkdifiHom;wdkif;

wlrQonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;? 0efaqmifrIrsm;? tcGihftvrf;rsm; &&dSydkifqdkifEkdifa&;twGuf

tmrcHcsufyif jzpfonf/ xdktcGifhta&;rsm;\ &nf&G,f&if;rSm vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;t&

wef;wlnDrQrIrsm; azmfaqmifay;Ekdif&efyif jzpfonf/ xdktcGifhta&;rsm;wGif ynma&;?

usef;rma&;qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;? oifhwifhrQwonfh ae&mtaqmufttHk ykdifqkdifcGifh

tp&dSonfwdkY yg0ifNyD; tvkyfvkyfcGihf? tdkrif;olrsm;ESifh roefpGrf;olwdkYtwGuf

axmufyHhay;rIrsm; yg0ifMuonf/


]EdkifiHom;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;} ESifh rwlnDonfhtcsufrSm ]vlrIa&;?

,Ofaus;rIESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;} onf vlyk*¾dKvf? tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf&yfu

azmfaqmifay;&ef vdkonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ynma&;? usef;rma&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;

rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;wdkY\ axmufyHhay;rIrsm;

(ausmif;^aq;½HkwdkY aqmufvkyfay;jcif;)? 0efaqmifrIrsm; (ausmif;q&mrsm;^q&m0efrsm;

xm;&dS cefYtyfjcif;) tp&dSonfwdkYudk vdktyfayonf/

xdktcGifhta&; (2) &yf wdkYwGif rnfonfh tcGifhta&;wdkYu ydkrdk ta&;ygonf[k oHk;oyfrdoenf;/

tb,faMumifhenf;/ jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf

puFmylEdkifiHtygt0if EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkEkdifcGifhESifh tjcm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd ay;Edkif&ef BudK;pm;vsuf &SdMuonf/

oifcef;pm (1)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

jrefrmha&;&m

2008 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'yg tcGifhta&;rsm;Edki fiHo m; q kdi f&m t c G i fht a&;rsm;ESi fh ywfo u fí 2008 ckESpf? jy n fa x m i fpko r®wjrefrmEdki fiHawmf? zGJUp n f;yHkt ajccHOya'w G i f a t m u fyg t cs u frsm; azmfjyyg&dSo n fu dk aw GU&dS& o n f/

1/ v lr sdK;? Zmwd? u dk; u G , f&m b m o m? &m x l;XmeEÅ&? t q i fht wef;? , Ofa u s;rI? t r sdK; o m;? t r sdK; o rD;? q i f;&Jcsrf; o mwkdYu dk t aM u m i f;jyK í c GJjcm;rI r&dSap&/

2/ jy n fo lY0efx rf; wm0ef x rf;a q m i frI? t v kyf v kyfu dki frI? u kefo G , fa&m i f;0 , fazm u fu m;rIESi fh pD;yGm;a&; t p&dSo n fh v kyfi ef;r sm; u dk v kyfu dki f a q m i f&G u f&mw G i f wln Da o m t c G i hft v rf;r sm; &&dSap&r n f/

3/ r n fo lYu dkr q dk Oya ' t &mw G i f wef;wln Dr Q t c G i hft a&; &&dSap&r n f/

4/ rdc i fr sm;? u a v ; o li , fr sm;ESi fh u dk, f0efa q m i f t r sdK; o rD;r sm; t aejz i fh o u fq dki f&m t c G i hft a&;r sm; u dk t n Dt r Q cHpm;c G i hf &dSap&r n f/

5/ t v kyft u dki fcefYx m;jc i f;ESi hf Edki fi Hh0efx rf; a&G;cs , f wm0efay;&mw G i f r n fo n fh t aM u m i f;aM u m i fhr Q c GJjcm;rIr sm; r&dSap&? ( o dkY&mw G i f t r sdK; o m;r sm;ESi hfo m a v smfu efo i fhjrwfo n fh &m x l;wm0efr sm; t w G u f t r sdK; o m;r sm; t m; a&G;cs , fcefYx m;jc i f; u dk � yk' fr t & t [ efYt wm; r jzpfap&/)

6/ r n fo lYu dkr Q w n fq JOya 'ESi hft n DrSwpfyg; t o u fu dkjzpfap? yk*d⇥K v fq dki f&m v Gwfv yfrIu dkjzpfap epfem q Hk;�HI;rI r&dSap&/

7/ Edki fi Hawmfv HkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya 'pdk;rdk;a&;? &yf&Gma t ;csrf; o m , ma&; ( o dkYr [ kwf) jy n fo lwdkY\ u dk, fu s i fhw&m; t u sdK; i Sm jy| mef; x m; o n fh Oya ' r sm;ESi fh r q efYu s i fv Q i f v Gwfv yfpGm x kwfazmf ajym q dkc G i fh? pDwef; v Sn fhv n fc G i fh? t p n f; t �Hk;? t o i f; t z GJU z GJUp n f;c G i fhr sm; a q m i f&G u fc G i fh&dSo n f/

8/ Edki fi Ho m;r sm; \ w&m;0 i f ypön f;Opömydki fq dki fc G i fhu kd u m u G , fay;&r n f/

9/ t ajccHOya 'yg jy| mef;cs u fr sm;ESi fh r q efYu s i fv Q i f Ekdi fi Ho m;r sm; \ ae t drfOypm v HkNcHKrI? ypön f; v HkNcHKrI? pmay;pm , lESi fh t jcm; q u fo G , fa&; q dki f&m v HkNcHKrIr sm; t w G u f Oya ' t & u m u G , fay;&r n f/

10/ a u s; u RefjyKrIESi fh v lu kefu l;rIwdkYu dk wm;jrpfo n f/

avhusifhcef;1/ txufyg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfjyyg Z,m;\ oifhavsmfaom ae&mwGif jznhfpGufay;yg/

2/ rnfonfh EkdifiHom;qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;u ydkrdk tawGU& rsm;oenf;/ xdktcGihfta&;rsm;u

zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk rnfodkY xif[yfvsuf &dSoenf;/


EdkifiHom;ESif h Ek difiHa&;qkdif&m tcGif hta&;rsm; vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rIESif h pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tcGif hta&;rsm;

11/ Oya ' u sL; v Gefí jypf' P fay;jc i f; u dkcH& o jz i fh t v kyf' P f x rf;a q m i fcdki f;jc i f;ESi fh t r sm;jy n fo lt u sdK; t w G u f a q m i f&G u f&ef Ekdi fi Hawmfu Oya 'ESi fht n D wm0efcs x m;jc i f;rSwpfyg; t " r®apcdki f;jc i f; u dk wm;jrpfo n f/

12/ N idrf0yfydjym;a&;ESi fha o mfv n f;a u m i f;? jy n fo lYu dk, fu s i fhw&m;ESi fha o mfv n f;a u m i f;? jy n fo lYu sef;rma&;ESi fha o mfv n f;a u m i f; r q efYu s i fv Q i f b m o m o m o ema&;w G i f v Gwfv yfpGm , lq Edki fa o m t c G i fht a&;? v Gwfv yfpGm u dk; u G , fa q m u fw n fEdki fa o m t c G i fht a&;wkdYu dk t n Dt rQ &&dSap&r n f/ Ekdi fiHa&; u dpöt v dkYiSm b m o m o m o em u dk t v GJ o Hk;pm;rjyK&/

13/ y n m o i fM u m;ydki fc G i fhESi fh r o i frae& t ajccHy n mr sm; u dk o i fM u m;a&;/

14/ Edki fi Hawmfu csrSwfx m;a o m u sef;rma&; q dki f&m rl0g ' r sm;ESi fht n D u sef;rma&; apm i fha&Sm u frIu dk cH, lc G i fh&dSo n f/

15/ o u fq dki f&mOya ' r sm;ESi fht n D v Twfawmft o D; o D;w G i f a&G;a u m u fw i fajr§m u fc G i fhESi hf a&G;a u m u fw i fajr§m u fcH ydki fc G i fh/

16/ pD;yGm;a&; v kyfi ef;rsm; u dk Oya'ESi fht n D v Gwfv yfpGm v kyfu dki f a q m i f&G u fc G i fh&dSo n f/ u dk, fydki f wDx G i fc G i fh? rlydki fc G ihfwdkYu dk Edki fiHawmfu t mrcHo n f/

17/ jypfrIu sL; v GefaM u m i f; pGyfpGJcH& o l wpfOD;OD; o n f Oya 'ESi hft n D ckcHacsyc G i hf &dSap&r n f/

18/ Edki fi Hawmfv HkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya 'pdk;rdk;a&;? t r sm;jy n fo l a t ;csrf; o m , ma&;ESi fh t r sm;jy n fo lt u sdK; i Sm Oya 'ESi fht n D B u dKw i f u m u G , fx m;&dS&ef v dkt yfa o m u dpö ( o dkY) w n fq JOya ' wpf&yf&yft & c G i fhjyK o n fhu dpörSwpfyg; pD& i fydki fc G i fh r&dSa o m w&m; o lB u D; csKyfrdefY r&&dSb J r n fo lYu dkr Q 24 em&D x u fydkí csKyfaESm i fjc i f; r jyK&/

19/ Ekdi fiHjcm;wdki f;wpfyg;ESi fh q u fq Ha o m Edki fiHo m;wdki f; o n f jy n fw G i f;üjzpfap? jy n fyüjzpfap Ekdi fiHawmf\ u m u G , f apm i fha&Sm u frI u dk awm i f;cHc G i fh&dSo n f/

20/ Ekdi fi Ho m;r sm; t aejz i fh r Qwa o m w&m;pD& i frIr sm; u dk cHpm;ydki fc G i fh &dSo n f/ (wdki f;wyg;rS u sL;a u smf0 i fa&m u f wdku fcdku fcsdef? q lyla o m i f; u sef;rIrsm; jzpfay:aecsdef? t a&;ay: t ajc t ae jzpfay:aecsdefrsm;w G i frl o u fq kdi f&m v kyfx Hk; v kyfe n f;rsm; u dk v dku fem &r n f/)

21/ t r sdK; o rD;r sm; o n f wln Da o m t v kyft w G u f t r sdK; o m;r sm; cHpm;c G i hf&dSa o m t c G i fht a&;ESi fh v pmwdkYu dk cHpm;c G i hf &dSo n f/

oifcef;pm (1)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

EkdkifiHom; tcGihfta&;rsm;jy yd&rpf1/ twef;azmfwpfOD;ESifY wGJzufyg/ pmrsufESm (16? 17) wGif yg&Sdonfh EkdifiHom;qdkif&m tcGihfta&;

(6) ck \ ta&;ygrI tpDtpOftvdkuf atmufyg yd&rpfyHkwGif 2 OD;wGJ jznfhpGufay;yg/

2/ tjcm; wpfwGJESifh qufvuf yl;aygif;í tzGJU0if (4) OD; pvHk; oabmwlonfh EdkifiHom;qdkif&m

tcGihfta&;rsm;jy yd&rpfwpfck xyfrH a&;qGJay;yg/

3/ xdkenf;twdkif; tzGJUrsm; tqifhqifh yl;wGJ vkyfaqmifMuNyD; tqHk;wGif wpfwef;vHk; oabmwl

vufcHonfh EkdifiHom;qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;jy yd&rpfwpf&yf jyKpkay;yg/

4/ xdkyd&rpfu pmoifcef;wGif;&dS ausmif;om;wkdif;\ wefzdk;xm;rIrsm;udk rnfodkY xif[yfaeoenf;/

5/ txufyg vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif rnfonfh tcuftcJrsm; BuHKawGU cJh&oenf;/

xdktcuftcJrsm;wGif ]y#dyu©rsm;} ESifh ]vufwGJvkyfaqmifrIrsm;} u rnfodkY yg0ifywfouf ae

oenf;/

6/ xdktcuftcJrsm;udk rnfodkY &ifqdkif ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhoenf;/

7/ xdktcuftcJrsdK; qufvuf rBuHKawGUatmif rnfonfh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsdK; xm;&dS usifhoHk;

rnfenf;/

jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf


1/ ]nDrQrI}udk rnfodkY em;vnf

vufcHxm;oenf;/

2/ rdrdwdkY oufqdkif yg0ifvsuf&dSonfh

todkif;t0dkif;onf wef;wlnDrQrI

&dSonfh todkif;t0dkif; jzpfygovm;/

tBudKoifcef;pm1.2.2 wef;wlnDrQrI (Equality)

]wef;wlnDrQrI} qdkonfrSm wpfenf;enf;t& wlnDrI&dSjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m

nDrQrIrsm;rSm vlwdkif;taejzifh wefzdk;? vGwfvyfrIrsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;wdkYt& wef;wl

ydkifqkdifEkdifjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ xdkoabmw&m;udk 'Drdkua&pDpepf\ tajccHoabm

jzpfonfh EdkifiHom;wpfOD;vQif rJwpfrJ ay;cGifh&dSjcif;uJhodkY vufawGUtoHk;csrI yHkpHrsm;

wGif awGU&dSEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif ]wef;wlnDrQrI} udk wduspGm t"dyÜm,f zGifhqdkonfhtcgESifh

rnfodkYaom wef;wlnDrQrIu ta&;ygqHk; jzpfonfudk qHk;jzwf&mrsdK;ü tjrifoabmxm;

uGJvGJEkdifMuonf/ xdkuJGvGJrIrsm;onf tcGifhta&; wlnDpGm&&dSrI (0g) cGifhwlnDrQrI

(equality of opportunity) ESifh tusdK;wlnDpGm cHpm;&&dSrI (0g) omwlnDrQrI

(equality of outcome) [lonfh t,ltq (2) &yf tay: tajccHNyD; ay:aygufvmjcif;

jzpfonf/

(u) cGifhwlnDrQrI (Equality of Opportunity)

]cGifhwlnDrQrI} oabmt& EkdifiHom;wdkif;tay: pnf;rsOf;rsm;? Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD

wef;wlqufqH&ef vdktyfonf/ rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrQ cGJjcm;zdESdyfjcif;rsdK;?

txl; tav;ay;jcif;rsdK; rxm;&dS&acs/

]cGifhwlnDrQrI} onf EdkifiHom;wdkif; EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhtvrf;rsm; wef;wl ydkifqdkif

&&dSjcif;[kvnf; zGifhqdkEkdifonf/ EkdifiHom;wdkif;taejzifh wef;wltcGifhtvrf;rsm;

jzpfonfh vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmf a0zefcGifh? rJay;cGifh? a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if ,SOfNydKif

EkdifcGifhwdkYudk &&dSMu&rnf jzpfonf/

odkY&mwGifvnf; qif;&Jcsrf;om uGm[rIrsm;? ynmt&nftcsif; rwlnDrIrsm;u

nDrQrIudk azmfaqmifay;&mwGif t[efYtwm; jzpfapEdkifayonf/ Oyrmqdk&aomf

qif;&JNyD; ynmrJholwpfOD;ESifh csrf;omí ynmaemufcHaumif;rGefolESpfOD;wdkY

rJay;cGifh&&dSyHkjcif; wlnDrnf jzpfaomfvnf; xkdyk*d¾KvfESpfOD;wdkY a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf

0ifa&muf ta&G;cHrnf qdkygu csrf;omaom yk*¾dKvfomvQif taxmuftyHhaumif;rI?

aemufcHtodkif;t0dkif; awmifhwif;rIwdkYaMumifh tEdkif&&dSEdkifayrnf/

(c) omwlnDrQrI (Equality of Outcome)

]omwlnDrQrI} qdkonfrSm EkdifiHom;wdkif;onf y"me vdktyfcsufrsm; jzpfonfh

pm;0wfaea&;? tvkyftudkif? ynma&; tp&dSonfwdkYtwGuf wef;wl&ykdifcGifh &dSonf udk

qdkvdkayonf/

]omwlnDrQrI} udk axmufcHMuolwdkYu w&m;Oya'onf vlwdkif;tay: wef;wl

oufa&mufrI &½HkrQjzifh EdkifiHa&;t& nDrQrI &SdEkdifrnf[laom tqdkudk uefYuGufxm;

Muonf/ ]EdkifiHa&;ESifh EdkifiHom;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;} owfrSwf usifhoHk;umrQjzifh

EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m nDrQrIrsm;udk azmfaqmifay;Edkifrnf r[kwfaMumif; a0zef axmuffjy

xm;onf/ xdktcGihfta&;rsm;tjyif EdkifiHom;wdkY\ vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m

tajctaersm;udk avhvm tuJcwfoifhaMumif;vnf; qdkxm;onf/ Oyrmqdk&aomf

t&G,fa&mufNyD;olwdkif; rJay;cGihf&dSaMumif; owfrSwfxm;onfrSm rSefaomfvnf;

rJpm&GufwGif a&;om;xm;onfwdkYudk zwf½I em;vnfEdkifjcif; r&dSonfholrsm; yg0if

aeygu xdkjzpf&yfudk ]nDrQrI} &dSonf[k ac:qdkEdkifrnf r[kwfacs/

oifcef;pm (1)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

EdkifiHa&;ü ]omwlnDrQrI} qdkonfrSm vlwdkif;onf EdkifiHa&;wGif wef;wl yg0if

aqmif&GufcGifh&SdNyD; xdkodkY yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef vdktyfonfh tajccHt&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd

&&Sd cHpm;EdkifcGifh &Sd&rnf[k qdkvdkygonf/ ]omwlnDrQa&;} ukd axmufcHolrsm;u

jynfolwdkYtaeESifh EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0if aqmif&GufEdkif&ef ydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdonfh

ae&mxdkifcif;? Opöm"e? ynma&;? tvkyftudkif ponfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &ydkifcGifhrsm;ukd

tpdk;&u pDrHzefwD;ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkMuonf/

]omwlnDrQrI} udk vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftwGif; azmfaqmifay;&mwGif t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk

(tpdk;&rS) jyefvnf csxm;owfrSwfay;&ef vdktyfonf/ þonfu tjiif;yGm;zG,f

tajctaersdK; ay:aygufvmapEkdifonf/ omwlnDrQrI &&dSydkifqdkifEkdifa&; qdk&mü

qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;udk t&if;tjrpfrsm; ydkrdk ay;tyf&ef[k zGifhqdkEkdifNyD; xdkt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk

csrf;om<u,f0olwdkYxHrS &,l&ef[lívnf; teuf&ayonf/

avhusifhcef;1/ ]EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qkdif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;} owfrSwf usifhoHk;jcif;jzifh rnfodkYaom wef;wlnDrQrIrsm;

aqmifMuOf; ay;Ekdifrnfenf;/

2/ ]vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rIESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;} owfrSwf usifhoHk;jcif;jzifh rnfodkYaom

wef;wlnDrQrIrsm; aqmifMuOf; ay;Ekdifrnfenf;/

oifcef;pm (1.2.2) udk avhvm zwfÒNyD;ygu

1/ rdrdwdkY\ vlrIywf0ef;usifwGif awGU&dS&onfh nDrQrI r&dSonfh tajctaersm; (Oyrm- usm;^r

uGJjym;rI? qif;&Jcsrf;om uGm[rIwdkYtay: tajccH jzpfyGm;onfh rnDrQrIrsm;) udk azmfxkwfay;yg/

2/ ]cGifhwlnDrQrI} wdkYudk azmfaqmifay;jcif;jzifh vlom;tcsif;csif;Mum; nDrQrIrsm;udk azmfaqmif

ay;Ekdifrnf[k xiffygovm;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

aqG;aEG;csuf

1/ ]omwlnDrQrI} rsm; azmfaqmifay;jcif;\ tusdK;? tjypfwdkYudk azmfjyay;yg/

2/ tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh ]omwlnDrQrI} rsm;udk azmfaqmif ay;oifhonf[k xifygovm;/

tb,faMumifhenf;/

aqG;aEG;csuf


vufawGU toHk;cs t,ltqrsm;

c GJjcm; q u fq HrIESi fh t ESdrfcHb 0 v Gwfajrm u fa&; yHhykd;rI (Discrimination and Affirmative Action)cGJjcm;qufqHrI qdkonfrSm wlnDaom tajctaewpfckwnf;atmufwGif wpfOD;wpfa,muf? vlrItpktzGJUwpfckonf

tjcm;aom vlrItpktzGJUrsm;ESihf uGJjym;pGm qufqHcH&jcif;ukd qdkvkdygonf/ vlwdkYonf rdrddwdkY\touft&G,f? vdif?

ukd,ft*FgcsdKUwJhrI? vlrsdK;? Zmwf? EdkifiHa&;,HkMunfcsuf? bmomw&m;? bmompum;? vdifpdwfxl;jcm;rI? ,Ofaus;rIESihf

tjcm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;pGmwdkYukd taMumif;jyKí cGJjcm;qufqHrI cH&Edkifygonf/ w&m;rJh cGJjcm;qufqHrI

qdkonfrSm vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpfckonf tjcm;aom vlrsm;xufydkí qdk;&Gm;pGm jyKrlqufqHcH&jcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/

twdwfumvu tpktzGJUwpf&yf&yftay: cGJjcm;rIrsm; usifhoHk;cJhonfh wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif tpdk;&taejzifh ]tESdrfcHb0

vGwfajrmufa&; yHhydk;rI} (affirmative action) rsm; azmfaqmifay;wwfMuonf/ xdkjzpfpOfudk ]aumif;usdK;OD;wnf

cGJjcm;rI} (positive discrimination) [kvnf; oHk;EIef;wwfMuonf/ xdkcGJjcm;rIwGif cGJjcm; qufqHcHcJh&onfh

tpktzGJUwpf&yfvHk; tusdK;cHpm;Ekdifaprnfh rl0g'rsm;? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; csrSwfusifhoHk;ay;jcif;wdkY yg0ifMuonf/

txl;ojzifh ynma&;? tvkyftudkifESihf EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;cGifh&&dSEkdifap&ef azmfaqmif ay;wwfMu

ayonf/

twdwfumvtwGif;u cGJjcm;zdEdSyfrIaMumifh jzpfay:cJhonfh tusdK;qufrsm;udk oifykef;acsEkdif&eftwGuf xdkulnD

axmufyHhay;rIrsm;rSm vdktyfvSaMumif; axmufcHolwdkYu qdkxm;onf/ odkYrSvnf; wef;wlnDrQrIrsm;udk touf0if

aprnf jzpfonf/ xdkvkyfief;pOfrsm;onf umvMumjrifhpGm zdEdSyfcHxm;&olrsm; tm;BuD;oltzGJUrsm;ESifh &ifabmifwef;

vmEkdifMuNyD; nDnGwfrQwrI ay:xGef;apa&;wGif tc&musvSaMumif; axmufcH ajymqdkxm;Muonf/

]tESdrfcHb0 vGwfajrmufa&; yHhydk;rI} (affirmative action) udk uefYuGufolwdkYu xdkvkyfief;pOfrsm;onf cGJjcm;rIwpfrsdK;om

jzpfNyD; vlwpfOD;csif;pD\ vGwfvyfrIudk xdyg;&ma&mufaMumif; a0zefMuonf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; tcGihfta&;rsm;

owfrSwf usifhoHk;Mu&mwGif tom;ta&mif? bmompum;? usm;^r? udk;uG,frI tp&dSonfwkdYudk tajccH tcsufrsm;tjzifh

xnfhoGif; rpOf;pm;oifhaMumif; a0zefxm;onf/ xdkvlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif wef;wltcGifhta&;rsm; &&dS ydkifqdkifaeMuygu

]tESdrfcHb0 vGwfajrmufa&; yHhydk;rI} rsm;yif rvdktyfaMumif; uefYuGuf a0zefxm;ayonf/

azmfjyyg umwGef;½kyfyHkudk Munfh½I okH;oyfyg/

oifcef;pm (1.2.2) wGif avhvmcJhonfwdkYESifh

rnfodkY qufET,faeMuoenf;/

avhusifhcef;yHk (1) yHk (2)

vkyfief;cGiftoD;oD;wGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifol usm;^r tcsdK;tpm; wlnDNyD;? wdkif;&if;om;

vlenf;pk 10 &mcdkifEIef;cefY yg0ifzGJUpnf;&rnf[k owfrSwfrnf qdkygu xdkowfrSwfcsuftay:

rnfodkY cHpm;rdrnfenf;/

jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf

oifcef;pm (1)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

wleD;&Sm;trsdK;orD;rsm; tpdk;&\ 0ifa&mufpGufzufrIrsm;twGuf xkwfazmf qE´jyaepOf/

]rD;&SL;wefaqmif} udk vGwfvyfcGifh\

trSwfoauFwtjzpf toHk;jyKavh&Sd onf/

1.2.3 vGwfvyfcGifh (Liberty)

]vGwfvyfcGifh} qdkonfrSm vlom;wpfOD;taejzifh rdrdwkdY pdwfqE´&dSonfhtwkdif;

vkyfief;wpf&yf&yfudk taESmifht,Sufuif;uif;? tcsKyftjc,fuif;uif;jzifh

azmfaqmifcGihf&jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ xdk,lqcsufwGif vGwfvyfpGm a0zefajymqdkcGifh?

vGwfvyfpGm pnf;½Hk;cGifh? vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGihfESifh tjcm;EdkifiHom;qdkif&m

vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; yg0ifonf/

]cGifhwlnDrQa&;} udk axmufcHMuolrsm;u EkdifiHom;wdkY\ yk*¾vdu vGwfvyfcGifhudk

umuG,fay;&efrSm tpdk;&\ t"du wm0efjzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf/ tpdk;&taejzifh

oufqdkif&m ]vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;} &&SdcHpm;Edkif&ef

azmfaqmifay;EdkifvQif tpdk;&tcef;u@ jynfhpHkNyD;ajrmufonf[k qdkonf/ xdkYtjyif

tcGefaqmifapjcif;? tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGifom wufa&muf oifMum;&rnf[k

owfrSwfjcif;? twif;tMuyf ppfrIxrf;apjcif; tp&dSaom vkyf&yfwdkYukd tpdk;&bufu

vkyfaqmifjcif;onf EdkifiHom;wdkY\ tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf vGwfvyfcGihfrsm;udk

uefYowf&ma&mufaMumif;vnf; axmufjyxm;onf/

EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfcGifhudk tqHk;pGef axmufcHonfh trmcHyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk ]vGwfvyfcGifh

A[dkjyK0g'D} (libertarians) [kvnf; ac:a0: owfrSwfMuonf/ xdkolwdkY\ tqdkt&

vlom;wdkif; udk,fhb0udk,f pDrHydkifcGifh&dS&rnf jzpfaMumif;? wpfyg;ol\ vGwfvyfrIudk

rxdyg;ygu udk,fykdifvGwfvyfcGifhudk tjynfht0 cHpm;EkdifaMumif; qdkxm;Muonf/

xdkYtwl tpdk;&\ xdef;rwfrI rvdktyfaMumif;ESifh xdkxdef;rwfrIonf tEÅ&m,fyif

jzpfapEdkifonf[kvnf; qdkxm;ayonf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,frI

rsm; jyKvkyfEdkif&rnf jzpfNyD; xdka&G;cs,frIaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh tusdK;qufrsm;

udkvnf; wm0ef,l&J&rnf[k ,HkMunfxm;Muonf/

]vGwfvyfcGifh}[laom a0g[m&udk rnfodkY

em;vnfxm;oenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm


azmfjyyg Z,m;udk Munfh½I oHk;oyfNyD; atmufyg ar;cGef;wdkYudk ajzqdkay;yg/

1/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif ]wef;wlnDrQrI} ESifh ]vGwfvyfcGifh}wdkYteuf rnfonfu ydkrdk

vlBudKufrsm; oenf;/

2/ pydefEkdifiHwGif ]wef;wlnDrQrI}ESifh ]vGwfvyfcGifh}wdkYteuf rnfonfu ydkrdk vlBudKufrsm;oenf;/

3/ rdrdwkdY\ EkdifiHwGif;&dS jynfolrsm;taejzifh tqdkyg ar;cGef;wdkYudk rnfodkY wHkYjyef ajzqdkrnf[k

xifjrifrdoenf;/

avhusihfcef;

]omwlnDrQrI} 0g'Dorm;rsm;url tqdkyg vGwfvyfcGifhqdkif&m t,ltqrsm;udk a0zef

uefYuGufxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ EkdifiHom;rsm;taejzifh tvkyftudkif? Opöm"e?

ynma&; tp&dSonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd r&&dSEdkifygu vGwfvyfcGifh qdkonfrSmvnf;

t"dyÜm,f uif;rJhvSaMumif; axmufjyxm;onf/ qif;&Jcsrf;om uGm[rIrsm;

&dSaeao;ygu xdkvlrItodkif;t0dkif;onf nDnGwfrQwrI&Sdonhf vGwfvyfcGihfrsm;ukd

&&SdEdkifrnf r[kwfaMumif; qdkxm;onf/ tpdk;&tzGJUtaejzifhvnf; ty,fcH

tpktzGJUwdkY\ tusdK;twGuf ydkrdk tm;pdkuf vkyfaqmifay;&rnf jzpfaMumif;? okdYrSvnf;

xdkolwdkYtwGuf wef;wlvGwfvyfcGifhESifh a&G;cs,fcGifhrsm; zefwD;ay;Edkifrnf

jzpfaMumif; wdkufwGef;xm;ayonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh awmifhwif;onfh tpktzGJUrsm;?

yk*¾dKvfrsm;xHrS t&if;tjrpfESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk a0rQay;&ef vdktyfonf[k t"dyÜm,f

aumufEdkifayonf/

Source : http://www.pewglobal.org/2011/11/17/the-american-western-euro-pean-values-gap/?src=prc-number

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

The state should make sure that nobody is in need above all else

It is most important for people be free to pursue their life’s goals without interference

from the state

Americans

Spanish

tpdk;&taejzifh wdkif;oljynfom;wdkY\

vdktyfcsufrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;&ef

ta&;BuD;qHk; jzpfonf/

EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh tpdk;&\

pGufzufrI ryg&dSbJ vGwfvyfpGm b0udk

pDrHzefwD;EkdifcGihf&dS&ef ta&;tygqHk;

jzpfonf/

1/ rdrdwdkY\ vlrItodkif;t0dkif;twGif;wGif ]vGwfvyfcGifh}udk wef;wl ydkifqkdifxm;EkdifMuygovm;/

tb,fhaMumifhenf;//

2/ ]vGwfvyfcGifh} ESifh ]wef;wlnDrQa&;}wdkYtMum; y#dyu©jzpfonfh tajctaersdK; &dSEdkifonf[k

xifygovm;/

3/ ]vGwfvyfcGifh} ESifh ]nDrQrI} teuf rnfonfu ydkrdk ta&;ygonf[k vufcHxm;oenf;/

aqG;aEG;csuf

oifcef;pm (1)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

avhusifhcef;atmufyg ar;cGef;wdkYudk ajzqdkyg/

1/ txufyg pmydk'f (2) &yfwGif ]nDrQrI} ESifh ywfoufí rnfodkY azmfjyyg&dSoenf;/ xdkpmwrf; (2) &yf

onf ]nDrQrI} udk zGihfqdkyHk rnfodkY uGJjym;vsuf&dSoenf;/

2/ rnfonfh pmwrf;u ]vGwfvyfcGifh}taMumif; ydkrdk azmfjyxm;oenf;/ rnfodkYaom tcGifhta&;

rsm;udk &nfnTef;xm;oenf;/

3/ rnfonfh pmwrf;udk ydkrdk oabmus axmufcHoenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

jrefrmha&;&m

jrefrmhordkif;wGif awGU&dS&onfh ]w&m;rQwjcif;? wef;wlnDrQjcif;? vGwfvyfjcif;} qdkif&m azmfjyyg&dScsufrsm;

pmwr f; (1) - 1947 z G JUp n f;yHk t a jccHOya 'Oya ' ed' gef;

e , fpyfa ' o r sm;ESi fh u & i feDe , fr sm; t yg t 0 i f ArmEdki fi H\ Edki fi Ho m;r sm; jzpfM u a o m u REkfyfwdkYo n f t csKyft jcm t m P mydki f v Gwfv yfa o m ArmEkdi fi Hu dk t cdki ft cHh t n Dt n Gwfw n fa x m i f&ef o EdXmefcs í v n f;a u m i f;?

w&m;r Qwjc i f;? v Gwfv yfjc i f;? n Dr Qjc i f;w n f; [ la o m a v m u yg v w&m;wdkYu dk t ajcjyK u m v lo wå0gcyfo drf; wdkY\ N i drf;csrf; o m , ma&; u dk cdki fNr Jw n fwhHa t m i f x def; o drf;&ef o EdéXmefcs í v n f;a u m i f;? v lrIq u fq Ha&; w&m;rQwrI? pD;yGm;a&; w&m;r QwrI? Ekdi fi Ha&; w&m;r QwrI? v Gwfv yfpGm aw G;B u HEdki frI? v Gwfv yfpGm z G i fh[ a&; o m; azmfjyEdki frI? v Gwfv yfpGm , HkM u n fEdki frI? v Gwfv yfpGm u dk; u G , fEkdi frI? v Gwfv yfpGm b k&m;a u sm i f; u efwdkYu dk o Gm; v m 0wfjyKEkdi frI? v Gwfv yfpGm y&da , o e &SmrSD;Edki frI? v Gwfv yfpGm p n f;�Hk;Edki frI? v Gwfv yfpGm jyKrl a q m i f&G u fEdki frI? t q i fht wef; n Dr QrI? t c G i hft v rf; n Dr QrI? w&m;Oya ' t &mw G i f n Dr QrIwdkYu dk Ekdi fi Ho m; t m; v Hk; &&dS cHpm;Ekdi f apjc i f; i Sm t cdki ft rm o EdéXmefcs í v n f;a u m i f;? Arm o u ú&mZf 1309 ckESpf? o Dw i f; u Rwfv q ef; 10 & u faeY (c&pfo u ú&mZf 1947 ckESpf? p u fw i fb m ESpfq , fha v ;& u faeY) w G i f � z G JUp n f;yHk t ajccHOya ' u dk u REkfyfwdkY\ wdki f;jy n fv Twfawmfü u REkfyfwdkYo n f v u fcHí Oya ' t jzpf t w n fjyKNyD; v Q i f? u REkfyfwdkYt m; ESi f; t yf v dku fo n f/

pmwr f; (2) - jy n fa x m i fpk ArmEdki fi Hawmf awmfv Sefa&;a u m i fpDD? ] u REfkyfwdkY\ , HkM u n fc s u f}� a v m u ü v lv lcs i f; acg i f;yHkjzwfí rw&m; t jrwf&Smpm;a o m pD;yGm;a&; pepfq dk;r sm; w n f&Sdae o a&GU u m v ywfv Hk; v lt ayg i f; u dk v lrI'ku ©r sm;rS v Gwfajrm u fap v drfhr n f[ k r , HkM u n f/

� jyn fa x mi fpk ArmEdki fiHwG i f v lv lcs i f; acg i f;yHkjzwfjc i f; u i f; í w&m;rQwrI&Sda o m qdk&S, fv pfpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk w n fa q m u fEdki frS o m v Q i f v lrsdK;ra&G;? b m o mra&G; jy n fo lv lx kt ayg i f; o n f t pm; q i f;&Jjc i f; 'ku ©? t 0wfq i f;&Jjc i f; 'ku ©? t ae q i f;&Jjc i f; 'ku ©? t lr rawm i fho jz i fh o Dv rapm i fhEdki fa o m 'ku © t p&Sdo n fh v lrI'ku ©t ayg i f;rS v Gwfajrm u fM u v s u f u dk, fpdwfESpfjzm u sef;rm csrf; o mM u r n fh o m , m0ajyma o m a v m u o pfB u D; q Do dkY a&m u f&SdEdki fr n f[ k , HkM u n fo n f/


1.3 tcef; (1) jzpf&yfavhvmcsuf

t dEd, Zmwdykn ? t v kyft u dki ft q i fht wef;? v lrIwm0eft p&dSo n fwdkYu dk t ajccHo n fh Zmwfc GJjcm;rIpepfo n f t dEd, v lUt z GJUt p n f;w G i f ESpfayg i f;a x m i fcsD t jrpfw G , fv s u f &dSo n f/ x dkpepfw G i f v lUt zGJUt p n f;wpf&yfu dk (4) r sdK; (4) pm; c GJjcm; x m;NyD; jA [ ®P (c) o lawmfp i fr sm; (Brahmans)? r i f;pdk;&mZmr sm; (Kshatriyas)? u kefo n f o la | ; o l< u , fr sm; (Vaishyas) ESi fh t &yfo m;r sm; (Sudras) [ lí yg0 i fo n f/ Zmwfpepf\ a t m u fajcw G i frl o mreft &yfo m; t y , fcH e i f;jym;rsm; jzpfM u ay o n f/

t dEd, Edki fi H\ v Gwfv yfa&; B u dK;yrf;rIacg i f;a q m i f ]*ED} t aejz i fh t q dkyg Zmwfpepf\ r r Qwa o m t ajc t aer sm; u dk p u fq kyfc Jho n f/ Zmwfpepf t w G i f;&dS a t m u fajc v lwef;pm;wdkY\ t c G i hft a&;r sm; t w G u fv n f; rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfw n f ay;c Jho n f/ x dkB u dK;yrf;rI\ t u sdK; q u ft aejz i fh 1950 z G JUp n f;yHkt ajccHOya ' w G i f t y , fcH[ la o m o wfrSwfcs u fwdkYt m; y , fzs u fay;c Jho n f/ x dkYt jy i f Zmwfedrfhv lwef;pm;

wdkY\ b 0wdk;w u fa u m i f;r Gefv mapa&; t w G u f ] t ESdrfcHb 0 v Gwfajrm u fa&; yHhydk;rI} t pDt pOfwkdYu dkv n f; x n fho G i f; yg0 i fapc Jho n f/ x dkt pDt rHwdkYu dk ]ae&mcsefv Syfx m;

ay;rI} (reservations) t pDt pOf[ lí v n f; ac:a0: o wfrSwfM u o n f/

x dkt pDt pOfwdkY\ t OD; t pw G i f t dEd, Ekdi fi Ho m;wdkY\ wHkYjyefrIt r sdK;r sdK;ESi fh B u HKaw GUc Jh& o n f/ r sdK;EG , fZmwfwdkYt ay: t ajccHo n fh c G Jjcm;rIr sm;rSm v n f; q u fv u f w n f&dSae M u NyD; o u frSwfjy | mef; x m; o n fh Oya ' r sm;rSm v n f; t j i i f;y Gm;z G , f t ae t x m;w G i f &dSae q J jzpfo n f/

o dkY&mw G i fv n f; ae&mcsefv Syfx m;ay;rI pepfaM u m i fh ZmwfedrfhZmwfjr i fh u Gm [ rIu dk a v Qmhcsay;Ekdi fcJho n f/ x dko dkY a t m i fjr i frI &&SdcJhjc i f;rSm a t m u fajc v lwef;pm;rsm; \ t v kyft u dki f? y n ma&;? t pdk;& v kyfi ef;ydki f; q dki f&m t c G i fht v rf;ae&mwdkYt w G u f o D; o efY

zefwD;ay;Edki fc Jhjc i f;aM u m i fh jzpfay o n f/

avhusifhcef;

1/ tdEd´,EkdifiHwGif ae&mcsefvSyfxm;ay;rI

(reservations) tpDtpOf zefwD;

ay;cJhMu&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;wkdYudk

azmfjyay;yg/ rnfodkYaom vlrIjyóem

rsm;udk tajz&Sm aqmif&Guf&ef

&nf&G,fcJh oenf;/

2/ Zmwfedrfhvlwef;pm;rsm;twGuf

tdE¼d, tpdk;&rS xdkodkYaom

tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;ay;jcif;onf

w&m;rQwonf[k xifygovm;/

jzpf&yfa v hv mcs u f

oifcef;pm (1)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

avhusifhcef;

oD&dvuFmtpdk;&tzGJU\ jzpf&yfyg rl0g'

azmfaqmifrIonf w&m;rQwrI &Sdonf[k

xifygovm;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

o D&dv u Fm 1948 ckESpf? o D&dv u FmEdki fi H v Gwfv yfa&; &&dSo n fht csdefw G i f Edki fi Hv lOD;a& \ 70 &mcdki fEIef;cefYrSm q i f[ m v D (Sinhalese) v lrsdK;rsm; jzpfM u NyD; u sef 23 &mcdki fEIef;cefYrSm wrD; v f (Tamils) v lr sdK;r sm; jzpfM u o n f/ v lr sm;pkjzpfo n fh q i f[ m v Dv lr sdK; 92 &mcdki fEIef;cefYrSm Ak' ¨b m o m0 i fr sm; jzpfNyD; q i f[ m v Db m o mp u m; u kd t "du o Hk;EIef; ajym q dkM u o n f/ wrD; v fv lr sdK;r sm; \ 86 &mcdki fEIef;cefYrSm [ dEL b m o m0 i fr sm; jzpfM u NyD; wrD; v fb m o mp u m; u kd t r sm; q Hk; ajym q dkM u o n f/ v Gwfv yfa&; r&c i f ESpfayg i f; &mcsDí x dkv lr sdK;pk ESpfpkt M u m; r n fo dkYa o m ykefu efrI? v lr sdK;a&; q dki f&m t M u rf;z u frIr sm;rS ray: x Gef;c Jhacs/

x dkN i drf;csrf; o n fh u m v t w G i f; o D&dv u FmEkdi fi H\ p n f;pdrf? t m P mESi fh &m x l;wdkYu dk y n mwwf? t * F v dyfpmwwf (c&pf, mefb m o m0 i fr sm; jzpfo n fh) wrD; v fESi fh q i f[ m v Dv lu Hkx H t o dki f; t 0dki f;wdkYu jc , fv S, f B u D;pdk; x m;M u o n f/

1956 ckESpf? 0efB u D;csKyf a q mfv r Gef b ef' &mEdku f (Solomon

Bandaranaike) v u fx u fa&m u fo n fh t cgw G i f 0efB u D;csKyfrS t q dkyg t *F v dyfpmwwf v lu Hkx Hr sm; \ v u fx Jw G i fo m t m P m x m;&dSjc i f; u r QwrI r&dSaM u m i f; a0zef ajym q dkv m o n f/ x dkt ajc t ae u dk ajym i f; v Jypf&eft w G u f q i f[ m v Db m o mp u m; u kd jy n fo lr sm; t M u m; ydkrdk t o Hk;jyKapr n fh Oya ' &yfr sm; u dk azmfa q m i fc Jho n f/ x dkazmfa q m i frIw G i f q i f[ m v D r sdK;EG , fpkr sm; t w G u f t v kyft u dki fESi fh y n ma&; q dki f&m t c G i fht v rf;r sm; ydkrdk &&dSaprIwdkYyg yg0 i fc Jhay o n f/

o dkY&mw G i fv n f; x kdu Jho dkYa o m v kyfa q m i frIr sm; u wrD; v fr sdK;EG , fpkwdkYt ay: q dk; u sdK;r sm; o u fa&m u fapc Jho n f/ 1955 ckESpft w G i f; t pdk;& t z GJU\ 26 &mcdki fEIef;cefYu dk wm0ef, lc Jho n fh wrD; v fv lr sdK;r sm; o n f 1979 ckESpfw G i f x dk&mcdki fEIef; \ wpf0 u fcefYo m u dk, fpm;jyK yg0 i fEkdi fawmho n f/ x dku Jho dkYa o m y n ma&;ESi fh t v kyft u dki f t c G i fht v rf; q dki f&m u efYo wfrIr sm;aM u m i fh wrD; v fwdkY\ q EjyrI? v lr sdK;a&; q dki f&m t M u rf;z u frIr sm; t x d ay: x Gef;apc JhNyD; aem u fq Hk;w G i f jy n fw G i f;ppft x dy i f jzpfyGm; ay:ayg u fv mc Jh&

ay o n f/

atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;udk Munfh½I oHk;oyf

ay;yg/ vlrsdK;pk 2 pk tMum; wef;wl

nDrQrIrsm;ESihf ywfoufí rnfonfwdkYudk

avhvm tuJcwfrdoenf;/

atmufygtqdkudk qefYusifuefYuGufonfh tcsdK;tpm;yrmP qif[mvD wrD;vf

]Ed kifiHom;wdkif; wef;wltcGih fta&;rsm; &&dS yd kifqdkifvsuf &d Sonf/} 9 % 32 %

]EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzihf owdå&dS&dS? vGwfvGwfvyfvyf xkwfazmf ajymqdkcGifh

&&dSMuonf/}

6 % 25 %

oD&dvuFmEdkifiH jynfolrsm;\ cGJjcm;qufqHcH&rItay: tjrifrsm; (2005)avhusifhcef;



jzpf&yfavhvmcsufawm i ft mz&du 1994 rwdki fc i fESpfr sm; t x d awm i ft mz&du Edki fi H\ t yfygwdku ft pdk;& ( o dkY) v lr sdK;a&; c GJjcm;a o m t pdk;& (apartheid government) o n f v ljzLr [ kwfo n fh

jy n fo lwdkYt ay: c GJjcm; q u fq Ho n fh Oya ' r sm; jy| mef; csrSwfc Jho n f/ x dkOya ' wdkYaM u m i fh awm i ft mz&du v lr n f;jy n fo lr sm;rSm t v kyft u dki f t c G i hft v rf;ESi fh ajr , m? Opöm " e ydki fq dki fa&;wdkYw G i f t wm; t q D; t [ efUt wm;r sm; & i fq dki f B u HKaw GU c JhM u & o n f/

v lrsdK;a&;c GJjcm;a o m t yfygwdku ft pdk;& jyKwfNyD; t mz&du ef t rsdK; o m; u Gef*& u f (African National Congress) t m P m &&dSv mcsdefw G i f ] t ESdrfcHb0 v Gwfajrm u fa&; yHhydk;rI} (affimative action) t pDt pOfr sm; a q m i fM u Of;ay;Ekdi fr n fh Oya ' r sm; u dk jy | mef; ay;Edki fc Jho n f/ x dkOya ' wdkYt & t y , fcH t pkt z G JUr sm; jzpfo n fh v lr n f;r sm;? t dEd, v lr sdK;r sm;? t jcm;a o m t o m; t a&m i fu GJ jy n fo lr sm; t w G u f t v kyfcefYt yf&ef t v kyf&Si fr sm; u kd w Gef; t m;ay;c Jho n f/ x dku Jho dkY c GJjcm;zdEdSyfrI' P fu dk cg; q D;cHc JhM u & o n fh t o dki f; t 0dki f;r sm; t w G u f t c G i fht v r f;r sm; ay; t yfjc i f;jz i fh t v kyfc G i fq dki f&m

wef;wln Dr QrIr sm; a q m i fM u Of;ay;Ekdi f&ef & n f&G , fo n f/

v lrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;rI ( t yfygwdku f) pepfw G i f v lr n f;jy n fo lwdkY\ ajr , mydki fq kdi fcG i fhrSm v lr n f; t o dki f; t 0dki f;r sm; t w G u f[ k t pdk;& u o wfrSwfay; x m; o n fh Edki fi Hajr \ 13 &mcdki fEIef; cefYo m ydki fq dki fc G i fh &&dSM u o n f/ 1960 ESi fh 1980 ESpf rsm; t w G i f; v lr n f;jy n fo l 3 o ef;c GJcefY u dk u syfw n f;EHkcsmNyD;? t EÅ&m , f x lajym v So n fh zkef; q dk;ajrrsm; o dkY t pdk;& u t w i f; t " r® a�TUajym i f;apc Jho n f/ v lr n f;jy n fo lr sm; x HrS o drf; , l&&dSo n fh ajrr sm; u dk v ljzLawm i f t mz&du Edki fiHo m;rsm; x H t yfESi f;c Jho n f/

v lrsdK;a&;c GJjcm;rI ( t yfygwdku f) t pdk;&pepf u kefq Hk;NyD;aem u f v lr n f;jy n fo lrsm; t aejz i fh q Hk;�HI;c Jh& o n fh ajr , mr sm; &&dSa&; t w G u f awm i f; q dkv mc JhNyD; v ljzLajrydki f&Si f o pfr sm; u v n f; t q dkyg ajrr sm; u dk v u fv Twfv dkpdwf r&dSM u acs/ x dky#dy u ©u dk ajz&Si f;ay;&eft w G u f t mz&du ef t r sdK; o m; u Gef*& u frS Oya ' r sm;? pDrHu def;r sm;jz i fh t ajz&Sm a q m i f& G u fc Jh& o n f/ rlv ajrydki f&Si fr sm; x H ajr , mr sm; jyefv n f t yfESH&ef?

ajr , m rydki fq dki fa o ; o lr sm; t w G u fv n f; ydki fq dki fc G i fhr sm; &&dSEdki f&ef u wdu 0wf jyKc Jho n f/ wpfc sdefw n f;rSmy i f v ljzLa jrydki f&Si fwdkY\ t c G i fht a&;r sm; t w G u f t u m t u G , fjyKEdki fr n fh Oya ' r sm; u dkv n f; csrSwfc Jho n f/ z GJUp n f;yHk t ajccHOya'w G i f

yg&dSo n fh Edki fiHo m; q dki f&m t ajccH t cG ihft a&;rsm; t & wpfo D;yk*⇥v ajr , mydki fq dki fc G i fhu dk t u m t u G , f jyKay; x m;NyD;? rl& i f;ajrydki f&Si fx H jyefv n f t yfESH&mw G i f ]a v smfu ef r Qw o n fh ay;a v smfrI} r sm; t a u m i ft x n f azmfEdki fa&; t w G u fv n f; t mrcHcs u f ay; x m; o n f/

1/ tmz&dueftrsdK;om;uGef*&uf (ANC)

taejzifh ajr,m jyefvnfcsxm;a&;ESifh

wpfoD;yk*¾v ydkifqdkifcGifhtm; todtrSwf

jyKay;onfh Oya'wdkYtMum; xdef;nd§

aqmif&Guf&mwGif rnfodkYaom y#dyu©

rsdK;wdkYESifh BuHKawGU cJh&oenf;/

2/ jzpf&yfyg rl0g'rsm;onf rQwonf[k

xifygovm;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

3/ xdkpDrHudef;rsm;onf ]w&m;rQwrI} udk

azmfaqmifay;&mwGif taxmuftul

jyK ay;Edkifygovm;? (odkYr[kwf)

t[efUtwm; jzpfapEdkifygovm;/

&Sif;vif; ajzqdkay;yg/

avhusifhcef;

1/ txufyg jzpf&yfrsm;wGif rnfonfwdkYu ]cGJjcm;zdEdSyfrIrsm;ESifh tESdrfcHb0 vGwfajrmufa&; yHhydk;rI} wdkYudk

azmfjyaeoenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

2/ txufyg jzpf&yfrsm;ESihf oifcef;pmyg t,ltqoabmw&m;wdkY rnfodkY qufET,faeMuonf[k

oHk;oyfrdoenf;/

3/ jzpf&yfyg t,ltqrsm;? tjzpftysufrsm;? vkyfaqmifolrsm;ukd avhvm tuJjzwfNyD; rdrdwdkY\

EdkifiHwGif; jzpf&yfrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOf oHk;oyfay;yg/ rnfodkYaom wlnDrIrsm;udk owdxm;rdoenf;/

aqG;aEG;csuf


oifcef;pm (1)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

tBudKoifcef;pm

]tmPm}[laom a0g[m&udk Mum;&onfh

tcgwGif rnfonfudk yHkazmf awG;jrifrdoenf;/

tb,faMumifhenf;/

2.1 tmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGifh (Power and Authority)

2.1.1 ]tmPm} qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;tmPm[lonf ]rdrdwdkYtvdk&dSaom t&mudk &,lEdkifpGrf;} [lí zGifhqdkEkdifonf/

xdkzGifhqdkcsufwGif 0w¬Kypönf;wpfpHkw&m (ajr,m? Opöm ponf) udk &,ljcif;?

wpfpHkwpf&mudk jyKvkyfEdkifjcif; (rnfonfht&yfwGif &Sifoef &yfwnfrnf? rnfonfh

vkyfief;aqmif&Gufrnf ponfwdkYtwGuf qHk;jzwfcsuf csEdkifjcif;)? wpfyg;olwdkYtm;

rdrdwdkYtvdk&dSonfh t&mtwGuf aqmif&Gufapjcif; (rdrdtusdK;twGuf wpfyg;oludk

vkyfaqmifapjcif;? ajymqdkapcdkif;jcif;) tp&dSonfjzifh teuf zGifhqdkEkdifonf/

]tmPm&dSjcif;onf rdrdwdkY tvdk&dSaomt&mudk &,lEdkifjcif;} [k t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;csuf

t& wpfyg;olwdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm; xdyg;aomfjim; 4if;wdkYtm; rdrdtvdkus aqmif&Guf

apjcif;[k xnfhoGif; zGifhqdkEkdifao;onf/ qdkvdkonfrSm tmPm ydkrdk ydkifqdkifxm;ol

tpktzGJUwdkYu tmPmenf;yg;olrsm;tay: zdEdSyfEkdifjcif;? acgif;yHkjzwfEdkifjcif;

[lívnf; t"dyÜm,f&onf/

2.1.2 ]txufrS atmuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh tmPm (Top – down

Power) ESifh ]atmufrS txuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh tmPm (Bottom – up Power)

vlYtodkif;t0dkif;twGif; tmPm cGJa0yHkrsm;onf acwfumvwdkYESifhtwl a&GUvsm;

ajymif;vJvsuf &dSonf/ MoZmtmPm BuD;rm;onfh tpktzGJUrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkY

&&dSxm;aom tmPmudk vufvGwf qHk;½IH;EkdifouJhokdY? tmPmenf;yg;aom tpktzGJUrsm;

onfvnf; tmPm ydkrdk &&dSvmEkdifMuonf/ okdYjzpfívnf; ]tmPm} udk (2) rsdK; (2) pm;

cGJjcm;í ajymqdk aqG;aEG;Ekdifonf/

]tmPm} [lí ajymqdkoHk;EIef;Muonfhtcg vltrsm;pk yHkazmfawG;jrifrdonfrSm

]txufrS atmuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh tmPm (power over) yif jzpfonf/ xdktcg

rsdK;wGif tiftm;oHk; apcdkif;jcif;? twif;t"r® jyKrljcif;? cGJjcm; qufqHjcif;? jcpm;rI?

rw&m;jyKrI tp&dSonfh tEIwfoabmaqmifonfh t,ltqrsm;ESifhom wGJzuf

½IjrifwwfMuonf/ ]txufrS atmuf} pD;qif;onfh tmPmudk zGifhqdk&mwGif

atmufyg tcsuf (2) &yfwdkY yg&dSonf/

1/ ]tmPm} &&dSydkifqdkifEkdif&eftwGuf xkdtmPmudk wpfpHkwpfOD;xHrS odrf;ydkuf

&,l&rnf/

2/ wpfyg;olwdkY\ tmPmBuD;xGm;rIrS &yfwefYoGm;atmif xdktmPm rsdK;udk

toHk;cs&onf/

EkdifiHa&;onf tmPmydkifqdkifxm;olwdkY

ESifh tmPm vdkvm;olwdkYtMum;&dS tmPm

vGefqGJyGJ[k tcsdKUu ½Ijrifxm;Muonf/

tcef; (2) tmPm? vkyfydkifcGifhESifh w&m;0if todtrSwfjyKrI Power, Authority

& Legitimacy)

1/ ]txufrS atmuf} odkY pD;qif;aom

tmPmqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/

2/ ]atmufrS txuf} odkY pD;qif;aom

tmPmqkdonfrSm tb,fenf;/

3/ xdktmPm (2) &yfwdkYY rnfodkY jcm;em;Mu

oenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm


Oyrmqdk&aomf puf½Hkydkif&SifwpfOD;taejzifh ol\tvkyform;rsm; vkyfief;cGif

tajctaewpf&yf&yftay: a0zef txGefYwufygu xdkolwdkYudk tvkyfrS xkwfy,f

Ekdifonf/ þtajctaeudk puf½Hkydkif&SifrS tvkyform;rsm;tay: BoZmtmPm

oufa&mufonf[k ac:qdkEkdifNyD; ]txufrS atmuf} pD;qif;onfh tmPmudk

xif[yfaeonfh Oyrmwpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/ puf½Hkydkif&Sif\tjrifwGif xdka0zef

qefYusifolrsm;onf xdkuJhodkYaom twkduftcHvkyf&yfrsm; zefwD;jcif;jzifh tmPmudk

cdk;,l&ef BuHpnfaeMuonf[k awG;xifEkdifonf/ xdktaMumif;aMumifhyifvQif a0zef

qefYusifol wdkY\ tmPm BuD;xGm;vmrIrS &yfwefYoGm;apa&;twGuf xdkolwdkYudk

tvkyfrS xkwfy,fjcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;&onf/

]atmufrS txuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh tmPm (power to) onf rdrdwdkY &&dStyfonfh

tusdK;w&m;wdkYudk apmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf pnf;vHk;Mu&mrS aygufzGm;vm&onf/

xdkolwdkYwGif wpfOD;csif;taejzifh tmPm tuefYtowf &dSaeEkdifNyD;? twlwuG vufwGJ

vkyfaqmifMujcif;jzifh omvQif tmPm wdk;yGm;vmEdkifonf/ ]atmufrS txuf} pD;qif;

onfh tmPmudk vlxktmPm[k cdkif;EdIif;MuNyD; vlxktaejzifh tpdk;& (odkYr[kwf)

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;uJhokdY txuf - atmuf pD;qif;onfh tmPmrsdK;ESifh y#dyu©

jzpfyGm;onfhtcgwGif oHk;avhoHk;x&dSonf/

]atmufrS txuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh tmPmonf tuefYtowfrJh oabm&SdNyD;

&SifoefBuD;xGm;EdkifrItm;vnf; BuD;rm;ygonf/ ]ynma&;} onf tqdkyg tmPmrsdK;\

taumif;qHk; Oyrmwpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/ Oyrmqdk&aomf wpfOD;wpfa,mufu

aus;&Gmwpf&Gm&dS vltrsm;tm; 4if;wdkYcHpm;tyfonfh tcGihfta&;rsm; umuG,f&ef

oifMum;odjrifapEdkifrnf/ xdkuJhodkY vltrsm;udk todynmrsm;ay;jcif; (pGrf;aqmif&nf

jr§ifhwifay;jcif;) enf;vrf;jzifh xdkolwGif&dSonfh tmPmonfvnf; vufvGwfqHk;½HI;p&m

taMumif; r&dSawmhacs/

]atmufrS txuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh tmPmqdkif&m Oyrmwpf&yfrSm puf½Hkwpf½Hk&dS

tvkyform;rsm;u todynm jr§ifhwif&eftwGuf udk,fxludk,fx tm;xkwfMujcif;

jzpfonf/ xdkodkY tm;xkwfMujcif;jzifh &oifh&xkdufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;? rdrdwdkY

BuHKawGUaeonfh tajctaewdkYudk ajymif;vJEkdifonfh enf;vrf;rsm; ponfwkdYukd od&dS

vkyfaqmifEdkifMurnf jzpfonf/ (Oyrm - vkyfcvpm ydkrdk &&dSa&; awmif;qdk&eftwGuf

tvkyfcGif &yfwefYjcif;)

]txufrS atmuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh tmPmESifh ]atmufrS txuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh

tmPm (2) &yfwdkYudk yHkazmfEkdif&eftwGuf ]tmPm yd&rpf} udk toHk;jyK avhvmEkdifonf/

atmufazmfjyyg yd&rpfwGif vlYtzGJUtpnf; wpf&yftwGif; tmPm rnfodkY ysHUESHYaeyHkudk

awGU&dSEkdifayonf/ (tmPmtrsm;qHk; ydkifqdkifxm;onfh tpktzGJUwkdYrSm yd&rpf\

xdyfqHk;wGif&dSNyD;? tenf;qHk; &&dSolwdkYrSm yd&rpfyHk\ atmufajcwGif &dSonf/)

tpktzGJUwpfzGJUu 4if;\atmufwGif& dSonfh tjcm;aomtpktzGJU wpf&yf&yfudk

tmPmtoHk;cs xdyg;onfhtcgwdkif; xdkjzpf&yfwdkYudk ]txufrS atmuf} odkY

pD;qif;onfh tmPm\ Oyrmwpf&yftjzpf owfrSwfEkdifonf/ tpktzGJU wpfzGJUzGJUu

4if;\txufwGif&dSonfh tjcm;aom tpktzGJUtm; tmPmtoHk;cs qefYusifrIrsdK;udkrl

]atmufrS txuf} pD;qif;onfh tmPm\ Oyrmwpf&yf[lí ac:qdkEkdifayrnf/

oifcef;pm (2.1.2) udk avhvm zwf½INyD;ygu

1/ rdrdwdkYtodkif;t0kdif;wGif awGU&dS&onfh

]txufrS atmuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh

tmPmESifh ywfoufaeonfh Oyrm

wpf&yfudk pOf;pm; azmfxkwfay;yg/

2/ rdrdwdkY todkif;t0kdif;wGif awGU&dS &onfh

]atmufrS txuf} pD;qif;onfh

tmPmESifh ywfouf aeonfh Oyrm

wpf&yfudk pOf;pm; azmfxkwfay;yg/

avhusifhcef;

oifcef;pm (2)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

1/ atmufyg pm&if;&dS tkyfpktoD;oD;\

trnfrsm;udk ]tmPmyd&rpf}\

oifhawmfaom ae&mwGif jznfhpGuf

ay;yg/

- puf½Hktvkyform;rsm;?

- a'oEã& tpdk;&tzGJU?

- ppfwyf?

- roefpGrf;olrsm;?

- tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;&Sifrsm;?

- v,form;rsm;?

- bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;?

- jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&tzGJU?

- jynfolY&J?

- EkdifiHrJhrsm;/

2/ tjcm;aom vlrItkyfpkrsm; udkvnf;

pOf;pm; azmfxkwfay;NyD; ]tmPm

yd&rpf} wGif jznfhpGufay;yg/

vkyfief;rsm;

1/ rdrdwdkYtodkif;t0dkif;twGif; ]txufrS atmuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh tmPmudk rnfonfh

enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh toHk;cswwfMuoenf;/

2/ rdrdwdkY todkif;t0dkif;twGif; ]atmufrS txuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh tmPmudk rnfonfh

enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh toHk;cswwfMuoenf;/

3/ rdrdwdkYtodkif;t0dkif;&dS EdkifiHa&;qkdif&m udpö&yfwdkYwGif ]txufrS atmuf} pD;qif;onfh

tmPmESihf ]atmufrS txuf} pD;qif;onfh tmPmwdkYteuf rnfonfu ydkrdk

tm;aumif;onhf tiftm;wpf&yftjzpf wnf&dSaeoenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

aqG;aEG;csuf

a'oEã& tpdk;&tzGJ U?


2.1.3 jrifomonfh tmPmESifh zHk;uG,fudef;atmif;aeonfh tmPm (Visible Power vs Hidden Power)

(u) jrifomonfh tmPm

MoZmtmPmBuD;rm;onfh vlyk*¾dKvf (odkYr[kwf) tpktzGJUwpf&yf&yfonf tmPm

enf;yg;olwdkYtay: rdrdtvdkus jyKrlapa&;twGuf jrifomonfh vkyf&yfrsm;jzifh

tqdkyg tmPmrsdK;udk toHk;csMuonf/ xdkjrifomonfh tmPmwdkYteufrS tawGU&

trsm;qHk;jzpfonfh trsdK;tpm;tcsdKUrSm -

• twif;tMuyf cdkif;apjcif; (coercion) - wpfpHkwpfOD;tm; rdrdwkdYtvdk&dSonfh

t&mudk aqmif&Gufapa&;twGuf tMurf;zufjcif;? tusOf;csjcif;uJhokdYaom

vkyf&yfrsm;jzifh tiftm;oHk; apcdkif;jcif;/

• Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif; (intimidation) - wpfpHkwpfOD;tm; rdrdwkdY tvdk&dSonfht&mudk

vkyfaqmifapa&;twGuf tusyfudkif xdyg;aESmifh,SufrIrsdK;wdkYjzifh aqmif&Guf

apjcif;/

• qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;jcif; (persuasion) - rdrdwdkYqE´udk vufcHvmonftxd

nd§EdIif; aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh wpfpHkwpfOD;tm; rdrdwkdYtvdk&dSonfht&mudk aqmif&Guf

apjcif;/

• rufvHk;ay;jcif; (creating incentives) - wpfpHkwpfOD;tm; rdrdwkdYtvdk&dSonfh t&mudk

aqmif&Gufapa&;twGuf qkvmbfrsm; csD;jr§ifhay;urf;jcif; (Oyrm - aiGaMu;?

tvkyftudkif (odkYr[kwf) tjcm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;)/ xdkuJhodkY ay;tyf&mwGif

rrSefruef? w&m;Oya'ESifh rnDonfudk vkyfaqmifapygu xdktjzpfudk vmbfxdk;rI[k

trnfwyfEdkifonf/ ]rufvHk;ay;jcif;} onf tajctae taMumif;t&yf&yfudk vdkufí

jrifomonfh tmPmtjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;? zHk;uG,fudef;atmif;aeonfh tmPm

tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; owfrSwfEkdifonf/

1/ ]jrifomonfh tmPm} qdkonfrSm

tb,fenf;/

2/ ]zHk;uG,f udef;atmif;aeonfh tmPm}

qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;/

3/ xdktmPm (2) &yf wdkY rnfodkY uGJjym;

Muoenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm

rufqDuef Edkufuvyfwpfcktjyif&dS

vlaoavmif;wpfavmif;/ rufqDudk

ajrmufydkif;\ e,fajr awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk

Ncdrf;ajcmufrI? tusyfudkifrIwdkYjzifh rufqDuef

tMurf;zuf rl;,pf*dkPf;BuD;rS xdef;csKyf

xm;onf/ xdkolwdkY\vkyf&yfrsm;tm;

owif;pmrsm;wGif a&;om;azmfjyjcif; rjyK&ef

twGufvnf; tMurf;zufjcif;? xdyg;

aESmifh,Sufjcif; tp&dSonfwdkYudk toHk;csvsuf

[efYwm;xm;onf/ xdk*dkPf;\ ppfyGJrsm;wGif

toHk;cs&ef i,f&G,faom ppfom;opf rsm;

pkaqmif;a&; twGuf rufvHk;ay;jcif;ESifh

0g'jzefYjcif; wdkYudkyg toHk;jyKonf/

oifcef;pm (2)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

(c) zHk;uG,f udef;atmif;aeonfh tmPm

MoZmtmPmBuD;rm;onfh vlyk*¾dKvf (odkYr[kwf) tpktzGJUwpf&yf&yfonf rdrdwdkY\

tawG;tac: ,HkMunfcsufrsm;udk toHk;jyKNyD; tmPmenf;yg;ol tpktzGJUrsm;tm;

rdrdtvdkus jyKrlvmapa&;twGuf tqdkyg tmPmrsdK;udk toHk;jyKMuonf/ xdkzHk;uG,f

udef;atmif;aeonfh tmPmwdkYteufrS tawGU&trsm;qHk; jzpfonfh trsdK;tpm;

tcsdKUrSm -

• aMumuf&GHUjcif; (fear) - rdrdwdkYudk xdwfvefYonfhtwGuf vltrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkY

tvkd&dSonfhtwdkif; jyKrlwwfMuonf/

• z,fxkwfjcif; (exclusion) - vltrsm;tm; qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;wGif

ryg0ifEkdifatmif [efYwm; ypfy,fxm;jcif;/

• vkyfief;pOfrsm; csrSwfjcif; (setting the agenda) - rnfodkYaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;

csrSwf cGifhjyKrnfudk pdppfa&G;cs,fjcif;/ qdkvdkonfrSm MoZmtmPmBuD; vlyk*d¾Kvf?

tpktzGJUrsm;uom tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfwGif rnfokdYaom taMumif;t&m aqG;aEG;

rnfudk jc,fvS,f qHk;jzwfEkdifrnf/ 4if;wdkYtaejzifh ty,fcH tpktzGJUrsm;twGuf

ta&;ygonfh taMumif;t&mwdkYudk xnfhoGif;xm;&dSjcif; r&dSygu rnfolurQ

xkdudpö&yfwkdYudk azmfaqmifay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

• BudK;udkifcs,fvS,fjcif; (manipulation) - jynfolwdkY\ t,ltqrsm;udk xdef;csKyf

xm;jcif;jzifh 4if;wdkYyif rodvdkufbJ rdrdwdkYtvdkus aqmif&GufapEdkifrnf/ Oyrm

qdk&aomf vlrIjyóemwpf&yf (&mZ0wfrI? rl;,pfaq;oHk;pGJrI ponfjzifh) onf

EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;aMumifh jzpf&onf[k vltrsm;tm; owif;rD'D,m? 0g'jzefYrI

(odkYr[kwf) tjcm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh txiftjrifa&mufatmif jyKvkyf xm;jcif;jzifh

xdkvlrIjyóem&yftwGuf tpdk;&\ wm0ef&dSrIudk ar;cGef;xkwfMuvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

1/ rdrdwdkYtodkif;t0dkif;twGif; ]jrifomonfh tmPm} udk rnfonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh toHk;cs

wwfMuoenf;/

2/ rdrdwdkYtodkif;t0dkif;twGif; ]zHk;uG,f udef;atmif;aeonfh tmPm}udk rnfonfh enf;vrf;

rsm;jzifh toHk;cswwfMuoenf;/

3/ rdrdwdkYtodkif;t0dkif;&dS EdkifiHa&;qkdif&m udpö&yfwdkYwGif ]jrifomonfh tmPm}ESihf

]zHk;uG,f udef;atmif;a eonfh tmPm}wdkYteuf rnfonfu ydkrdk tm;aumif;onhf

wGef;tm;wpf&yftjzpf wnf&dSaeoenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

aqG;aEG;csuf


jrifomonfh

]txufrS atmuf}odk Y

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

zHk;uG,fudef;atmif;aeonfh

]txufrS atmuf} odk Y

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

jrifomonfh

]atmufrS txuf} odk Y

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

zHk;uG,fudef;atmif;aeonfh

]atmufrS txuf} odk Y

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

2011 jrpfqHkqnf

1962 ppfwyfrS tmPmodrf;jcif;

2011 jrpfqHkqnf 2011 jrpfqHkqnf

2.1.4 tmPm\ t&if;tjrpfrsm;vlyk*¾dKvf (odkYr[kwf) tpktzGJUwpfzGJU ]tmPm} rnfrQ ydkifqkdifxm;onfudk tuJcwfjcif;

onf EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m avhvm qef;ppfrIrsm;\ ta&;ygaom tpdwftydkif;wpf&yf

jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkolwdkYtaejzifh tmPmudk rnfonfhae&mrS &&dSydkifqkdifxm;Mu

onfudk od&dSxm;&efrSmvnf; ta&;ygvSayonf/ tmPm aygufzGm;&m tcsuftcsmus

vSonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;teufrS tcsdKUwdkYrSm -

1/ tiftm; (strength) - vufeufcJ,rf;? aemufvdkuf todkif;t0dkif;?

um,pGrf;yum; tp&dSaom t&mtm;vHk;wdkYonf vlyk*d¾Kvf? tpktzGJUwpf&yf

tmPm ydkrdk ydkifpdk;a&;udk ay;pGrf;Ekdifonf/ xdktcsufaMumifhyif tpdk;&rsm;?

ppfwyfrsm;? &mZ0wf*dkPf;rsm;ESifh tMurf;zuftzGJUtpnf;rsm; tmPm

BuD;BuD;rm;rm; ydkifqdkifxm;Mujcif; jzpfonf/

2/ Opöm"e (wealth) - aiGaMu;? ajr,mESifh tvkyform;rsm; ponfwdkYrSmvnf;

tmPmydkifqdkifrI\ t&if;tjrpfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdkt&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd

toHk;csjcif;tm;jzifh wpfpHkwpfOD; (okdYr[kwf) tpktzGJUwpfzGJUonf rdrdwdkY

tvdk&dSonfh t&mudk &,lEdkifMurnf? &nfrSef;csufrsm;vnf; jynfh0Murnf/

tjcm;olwdkY\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;? tcGifhta&;rsm;xuf rdrdwdkY tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufudk

tumtuG,f jyKay;Edkifrnfvnf; jzpfonf/

]tmPm}udk rnfonfwdkYrS &&dSEdkif

oenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm

1/ jzpfpOfjy Z,m; udk avhvm oHk;oyfay;yg/ xkdZ,m;yg jzpf&yfrsm;teuf jzpf&yf 6 ck udk aÔ;NyD; atmufyg

Z,m;\ oifhawmfaom ae&mwGif jznfhpGufay;yg/

2/ oifcef;pm (2.1.2) wGif jyKvkyfcJhonfh tmPm toHk;jyKrIrsm;udk tajccHNyD; txufwGif vkyfaqmifcJhaom

Z,m;twdkif; Z,m;topfwpfck jyKpkay;yg/

3/ txufyg Z,m;rsm;t& tmPm toHk;csrI enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí rnfonfwdkY avhvm

od&dS&oenf;/

vkyfief;rsm;

oifcef;pm (2)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

wyfrawmfonf jrefrmjynf\ ta&;ygqHk;ESifh

tmPmt&dSqHk; tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf jzpfonf/

wyfrawmftaejzifh tiftm;? Opöm"e? tqifhtwef;?

todynmwdkYteuf rnfonfwdkYaMumifh tqdkyg

tmPmwdkYudk &&dS ydkifqdkifxm;&oenf;/

3/ tqifhtwef; (status) - þtmPmrsdK;onf vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;&dS

vltcsdKUwdkY\ tcef;u@ (odkYr[kwf) ta&;ygrIwdkYtay: tajccHvsuf&dSonf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh vlYtodkif;t0dkif;wpf&yftwGif; bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf

]vrf;nTef oGefoifjyoay;olrsm;} jzpfonf[k vltrsm;u owfrSwfxm;&dS

Ekdifonf/ (tcef;u@) xkdYtwlyif q&m0efrsm; tay:wGifvnf; trsm;toufudk

u,fq,fEkdifpGrf;&dSMuonfh twGufaMumifh vltrsm;u av;pm;wefzdk;xm;Ekdif

Muonf/ (ta&;ygrI)

4/ todynm (knowledge) - todynmESifh A[kokwonfvnf; tmPm\

t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfNyD; ynmA[kokw <u,f0olwdkYonf tmPm\ t&if;tjrpfudk

ydkifqdkifxm;olrsm;[k qdkEdkifayonf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf rnfodkY rnfyHk

vIyf&Sm;vnfywfvsuf &dSonfudk od&dSjcif;onf xdkvlYtzGJUtpnf;udk ajymif;vJvdk

olwdkif; od&dS&rnfh yxrqHk;aom ajcvSrf;wpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/

avhusifhcef;1/ rdrdwdkY\todkif;t0dkif;twGif; wpfpHkwpfOD;? tpktzGJUtaejzifh tmPm trsm;qHk; ydkifqdkifap&ef

rnfonfh t&if;tjrpfu aqmifMuOf;ay;Ekdifonf[k xifoenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

2/ oifcef;pm (2.1.4) yg t&if;tjrpfrsm;teufrS rnfonfwdkYu atmufyg yk*¾dKvfwdkYtm; tmPm

ay;pGrf;xm;oenf;/

u/ OD;oefY

c/ OD;cGefqm

*/ oDw*lq&mawmf

C/ OD;awZ

i/ wyfrawmf

p/ ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;

q/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf or®w

Z/ a':atmifqef;pkMunf

ps/ 88 rsdK;qufausmif;om;

n/ rdrd\ q&morm;


rdrdwdkY todkif;t0dkif;twGif;&dS yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ tmPmtoHk;csrIqkdif&m Oyrmrsm;udk tajccHvsuf

atmufyg Z,m;udk jznfhpGufay;yg/ rnfodkYaom tmPm t&if;tjrpfrsm; yg0ifonfESifh

xdktmPmwdkYonf ]txufrS atmuf} (odkYr[kwf) ]atmufrS txuf} odkY pD;qif;onfh tmPm

jzpfonfudkyg &Sif;vif; aqG;aEG;ay;yg/

vkyfief;rsm;

tiftm;aMumifh &&dSonfh

tmPm

Opöm"eaMumifh &&dSonfh

tmPm

tqifhtwef;aMumifh &&dSonfh

tmPm

todynmaMumifh &&dSonfh

tmPm

]txufrS atmuf} odkY

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

Oyrm -

qE´xkwfazmfolrsm;tm;

wdkufcdkufjcif;/

]atmufrS txuf} odkY

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

Oyrm - xkwfazmf qE´jyjcif;/

]txufrS atmuf} odkY

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

]atmufrS txuf} odkY

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

]txufrS atmuf} odkY

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

]atmufrS txuf} odkY

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

]txufrS atmuf} odkY

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

]atmufrS txuf} odkY

pD;qif;onfh tmPm

oifcef;pm (2)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

1/ uRefawmfwdkY avhvmwifjyrnfh yk*¾dKvfrSm ____ jzpfonf/

2/ xdkolydkifqdkifxm;aom tmPmrSm ____ jzpfonf/

3/ xdktmPm ydkifqdkifxm;&onfh taMumif;&if;rSm ____ wdkYaMumifh jzpfonf/

4/ xdktmPmwdkYonf ____ taMumif;&yfwdkYaMumifh vufvGwfqHk;½HI;Ekdifonf/

t m P mydki fq kdi fx m; o n fh yk*d�K v fr sm;tzGJUrsm; zGJUyg/ NyD;aemuf tmPm ydkifqkdifxm;olwpfOD;taMumif; pOf;pm; azmfxkwfay;yg/

ydkpwm pm&Gufwpf&Gufay:wGif atmufazmfjyyg pmaMumif;rsm;udk jynfhpHkatmif a&;om;

ay;NyD; pmoifcef;eH&HwGif csdwfqGJazmfjyay;yg/ tjcm;aom tzGJUrsm; jyKpkxm;onfh ydkpwm

pm&Gufrsm;udkvnf; vSnfhvnf Munfh½I oHk;oyfay;yg/

vkyfief;rsm;

2.1.5 tmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGifh]tmPmonf rdrdwdkYtvdk&dSaom t&mudk wpfpHkwpfOD;tm; vkyfaqmifapEkdifrItpGrf;}

[lonfh teuft& ]vkyfydkifcGifh} [lonf xdkodkY vkyfaqmifapEkdifonfh tcGifhta&;

ydkifqdkifxm;jcif;[k zGifhqdkEdkifonf/ Oyrmqdk&aomf &mZ0wfom;wpfOD;taejzifh

aoewfwpfvuf&dSjcif;u xdkolxHwGif tmPm &&dSvmaponf/ xkdaoewfjzifh

typfcH&rnf pkd;aomaMumifh vltrsm;rSm xdkoltvdkus apcdkif;cH&rnf jzpfonf/

aoewfom r&dSygu xdk&mZ0wfom;xHwGifvnf; tmPm &dSEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

wpfzufu MunfhvQifvnf; pHjy&Jt&m&dSwpfOD;onf aoewf &dSonfjzpfap? r&dSonf

jzpfap vltrsm;tay: MoZmanmif;Edkifonf/ aoewf ydkifqdkifxm;ygu tqdkyg

pHjy&Jt&m&dSa&m? &mZ0wfom;vlqdk;yg tmPm&dSrnfjzpfaomfvnf;? aoewf r&dSygu

&Jt&m&dS wpfOD;wnf;omvQif tmPm ydkifqdkifxm;aMumif; awGU&ayrnf/ xdkokdY

jzpf&jcif;rSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;vsuf&dSonfh wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif vlrItodkif;t0dkif;

wkdYtm; umuG,fay;&efrSm &J0efxrf;wdkY\ wm0efjzpfonf[k vltrsm;u vufcH

xm;MuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

rdrdwdkY\ todkif;t0dkif;twGif; tmPm

&&dSEkdifrI tcGifhta&;udk rnfolwdkYu

ydkifqdkifxm;Muoenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm


tusdK;quftaejzifh trsm;jynfoltaygif;wdkY vkyfaqmiftyfonfwdkYudk nTefMum;

ajymqdkEdkifrI tcGifhta&;tm; &Jt&m&dSrsm;rS tvkyfwm0eft& ydkifqdkifxm;MuaomaMumifh

vltrsm;rSm 4if;wdkYudk av;pm; vdkufemMu&rnf jzpfayonf/ þonfrSm ]vkyfydkifcGifh}

[laom a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf jzpfayonf/

txufyg Oyrm&yfwGif ta&;ygonfh t,ltq (2) &yf yg0ifvsuf&dSonf/

4if;wdkYrSm -

1/ rSefuefrI (rightness) - w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rI&dSaom tajctaewGif

&J0efxrf;rsm;onf jynfolYtusdK;a&S;½I aqmif&Gufvdrhfrnf[k vltrsm;u

,HkMunfxm;onf/ xdk,HkMunfcsufaMumifhvnf; &Jt&m&dSwdkYrSm vkyfydkifcGifh

tmPmudk ydkifqdkifxm;Muonf/ jynfolY&Jrsm;onf vlYtodkif;t0dkif;wpf&yf

Nidrf0yfydjym;atmif xdef;odrf;&rnfh wm0ef &dSonfh tavsmuf &Jt&m&dSwdkY\

nTefMum;csufrsm;udk vdkufem jcif; onf rSefuefaom vkyf&yf jzpfonf[kvnf;

vltrsm;u awG;xifxm; Muonf/ xdknTefMum;csufrsm; csrSwfonfh

tcgwGifvnf; jcpm;rI r&dS onfh &Jt&m&dSrsm;rSm udk,fusdK;rzuf trsm;tusdK;

twGufom a&S;½I aqmif&GufwwfMuonf/ vkyfydkifcGifh &&dSxm;olwpfOD;onf

tmPm ydkrdk ydkifqdkifxm;oifhonf[k vltrsm;u vufcHxm; onf/ xkduJhodkY

tmPm ydkifqdkifxm;jcif;onf rQwrI&dSNyD; em;vnf vufcHEkdifaom vkyf&yf

jzpfonfomru rdrdwdkYtusdK;twGufyg apmifha&Smuf umuG,fay;Ekdifí

jzpfayonf/

2/ oabmwlcGifhjyKrI (consent) - acgif;aqmifwpfOD; (okdYr[kwf) tpdk;&wpf&yf

vkyfydkifcGifh &&dSaprnfh ta&;ygvSonfh t&if;tjrpfwpf&yfrSm oabmwl

cGifhjyKrIqdkif&m t,ltqyif jzpfonf/ oabmwlcGifhjyKrI [lonfrSm

acgif;aqmifwpfOD; (odkYr[kwf) tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf (a&SUOyrmt& jynfolY

&JwyfzGJU) onf jynfoltrsm;ay:wGif vkyfydkifcGifh&dSoifhaMumif; trsm;u vufcH

oabmwlxm;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ wpfpHkwpfOD;\ vkyfydkifcGifhonf vltrsm;\

vufcHrItay: tajcjyKxm;ygu xdkvl\ trdefY nTefMum;csufudk vltrsm;

vdkufemMuvdrfhrnf jzpfonf/ xkduJhokdYaom acgif;aqmifrsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

(odkYr[kwf) tpdk;&rsm;onf vltrsm;twGuf tavsmfuefqHk;? taumif;rGefqHk;

jzpfonf[k qHk;jzwfcsufcs a&G;cs,fcHxm; Mu&ojzifh 4if;wdkYtaejzifh vltrsm;udk

trdefYay; nTefMum;Ekdifrnfh tcGihfta&;udk &&dSxm;Muayonf/

]tmPm ydkifqkdifxm;onfh yk*d¾Kvfrsm;} vkyfief;wGif jyKpkcJhonfh ydkpwmrsm;udk jyefvnf Munfh½I

oHk;oyfay;yg/

1/ xdkyk*d¾Kvfrsm; taejzifh ]tmPm} csnf; oD;oefY ydkifqdkifxm;Mu ygovm;/ (odkYr[kwf)

tmPma&m vkyfydkifcGifhyg ydkifqdkifxm;Muygovm;/

2/ xdkyk*¾dKvfwkdY taejzifh vkyfydkifcGifhudkyg ydkifqdkifxm; Muygu rSefuefrI&dSonfh vkyfydkifcGifh

jzpfatmif rnfonfwdkYu yHhydk;ay;xm; oenf;/ rnfolwdkY\ oabmwl cGifhjyKrIudk

&&dSxm;Muoenf;/

aqG;aEG;csuf

oifcef;pm (2)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

2.1.6 vkyfydkifcGifhESifh wm0eftrdefYay; nTefMum;Ekdifonfh tcGihfta&; (vkyfydkifcGifh) wdkYonf wm0efwdkYESifh tpOf

'GefwGJvsuf &dSonf/ vkyfydkifcGifh&xm;ol taeESifhvnf; rdrd\ vkyfaqmifcsuf?

qHk;jzwfcsufESifh nTefMum;csufrsm; tm;vHk;onf rdrdudk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf a&S;½Iaejcif;rsdK;

r[kwfbJ trsm;jynfol tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufom tNrJa&S;½I aqmif&Gufaejcif;rsdK;

jzpfap&ef wm0ef&Sdayonf/

xkdokdY qHk;½HI;&jcif;onf acgif;aqmifjzpfol\vkyfydkifcGifhudk tm;avsmhoGm;apNyD;

tmPm vufvTwfvdkuf&onftxd OD;wnfoGm;Ekdifayonf/ xdkjzpf&yfwdkYonf

tMurf;rzufonhf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; (Oyrm - a&G;aumufyGJ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;) taejzihfa&m?

awmfvSefrI uJhhokdYaom tMurf;zuf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;t&yg jzpfyGm; ay:aygufvmEkdifonf/

xdktajctae (2) &yfvHk;onf acgif;aqmifrsm; pdk;&drfylyef&onfh ]atmufrS txuf}

pD;qif;onfh tmPm\ Oyrmaumif;wpf&yfvnf; jzpfayonf/

vkyfydkifcGifhwdkYESifh wGJzufvsuf&dSonfh

wm0efrsm;udk azmfjyay;yg/

tBudKoifcef;pm

avhusifhcef;jzpfpOfjyZ,m;udk avhvm zwf½Iay;yg/ tzGJUrsm; zGJU NyD; xdkZ,m;yg jzpf&yfwpf&yfudk tenf;qHk;

tajccHvsuf atmufyg ar;cGef;wdkYudk ajzqdkyg/

1/ rdrdwdkY a&G;cs,fxm;onfh jzpf&yfwGif tmPmcsnf; oD;oefY (okdYr[kwf) tmPma&m vkyfydkifcGifhyg

toHk;csxm;ygovm;/

2/ rnfodkYaom wm0efrsm; vspfvsL½Ixm;onfudk awGU&dS&oenf;/

3/ xdkjzpf&yfwdkYwGif vltrsm;\ wHkY jyefrIrsm;onf tMurf;zufrI &dSygovm;? (odkYr[kwf)

tMurf;rzufbJ ajz&Sif;Muygovm;/

2.2 w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI2.2.1 w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrItcsdKUaom tpdk;&rsm;udk jynfolrsm;u vufcHMuNyD; tcsdKUaom tpdk;&rsm;udk

jynfolrsm; vufrcHMujcif;\ aemufcHyifr taMumif;t&if;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;odyÜH

ynm&Sifrsm;u &SmazGazmfxkwfzdkY BudK;pm;&if; ]w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI} oabmw&m;

udk avhvm qef;ppfvmMujcif; jzpfonf/ w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIESifh ywfoufí

EkdifiHa&; odyHÜynm&Sifrsm; ar;jref;avh&dSonfh tajccH ar;cGef;wpf&yfrSm ]jynfolwdkY

taejzifh tpdk;&wpf&yfudk tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh emcH vdkufemoenf;} [lí

jzpfonf/ w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI qdkonfrSm acgif;aqmifwpfOD;? tpdk;&wpf&yf

(odkYr[kwf) tzGJUtpnf; wpf&yf\vkyfydkifcGifhtm; vltrsm;u rnfa&GUrnfrQ

vufcHxm;onf qdkonfhtcsufwGif rlwnfonf/

]w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI} onf EkdifiHtkyfcsKyf&mwGif at;at;csrf;csrf;? xda&mufrI&dS&dS

jzpfatmif yHhydk;ay;Ekdifonfh twGufaMumifh tpdk;&wpf&yftwGuf tvGef

ta&;ygvSonf/ EdkifiHa&; odyÜHynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol rloD;,m;tv*yÜg (muthiah

alagappa) qdkolu tpkd;&rsm;taejzifh jynfolwdkY\ w&m;0if vufcHrI ydkrdk &&dSap&ef

atmufyg vu©Pm&yf (4) csufu zefwD;ay;EdkifaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/

vkyfydkifcGifhudk jynfolwdkY tb,fhaMumifh

vufcH&oenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm


u/ tpdk;&rsm;onf 4if;wdkY\tmPmudk jynfolwdkY vufcHoabmwlonfh

enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh &&dS&rnf/ (Oyrm - a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/)

c/ tpdk;&rsm;onf 4if;wdkY&&dSxm;onfh tmPmudk jynfolwdkY\ oabm qEESifh

udkufnDonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh toHk;jyK&rnf/ (Oyrm - ay:vpDrsm; csrSwf&mwGif

jynfoltm;vHk;\ tusdK;ESifh udkufnD&rnf? tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm; taejzifh vmbfay;

vmbf,lrI rsm; rjyKtyf? Oya'rsm;wGif rrQwrIrsm; r&dSaptyf/)

*/ tpdk;&rsm;onf jynfolwdkY\ vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhtnD t&if;tjrpfrsm;? 0efaqmifrI

rsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&rnf/ (Oyrm - pm;eyf&du©m? tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;ESifh

usef;rma&; apmifha&SmufrIqdkif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; vHkavmufrI &dSap&rnf/)

C/ tpdk;&rsm;onf jynfolwdkY\ oabmwlcGifhjyKrIudk &&dS&rnf/ (okdYrSomvQif

jynfolwdkYu tpdk;&\ vkyfydkifcGifhudk vufcHMurnf jzpfNyD; vdkvdkvm;vm;

emcHMuvdrfhrnf jzpfonf/)

oifcef;pm (2.2.1) wGif yg&dSonfh w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIqdkif&m vu©Pm&yf (4) csufudk

avhvm oHk;oyfNyD; atmufyg ar;cGef;wdkYudk ajzqdkay;yg/

1/ rdrdwdkYEdkifiH&dS acgif;aqmifrsm; taejzifh rnfodkYaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh tmPmudk &&dS ydkifqdkif

xm;Muoenf;/ tqdkyg tmPm&&dSrIrsm;onf w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI&dSonfh enf;vrf;rsm;tjzpf

jynfolwdkYu vufcHxm;Muygovm;/

2/ rdrdwdkYEkdifiH&dS tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh tmPmudk rnfonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh toHk;jyKMu oenf;/

3/ tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkYaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;? 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk rdrdwdkYEkdifiHwGif;&dS jynfolwdkY\

vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhtnD jznfhqnf;ay;&ef vdktyfoenf;/

4/ tpdk;&taejzifh jynfolwdkY\ oabmwl cGifhjyKrIudk &&dSxm;ygovm;/

aqG;aEG;csuf

oifcef;pm (2)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

EdkifiHtoD;oD;\ w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI tajctae (2013)

EdkifiH1/ vlrItkyfpktoD;oD;\

rauseyfrI

2/ tpkd;&\

w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI

3/ jynfolY

0efaqmifrIrsm;4/ vlYtcGif hta&; ysrf;rQ

tD&wf 10.0 8.6 7.6 8.6 8.7

ajrmufudk&D;,m; 6.6 7.8 9.5 9.7 8.9

awmiftmz&du 5.7 5.3 6.3 4.2 5.4

tD&ef 8.8 8.9 5.0 9.4 8.0

w½kwfjynfolYor®wEkdifiH 8.3 8.1 6.8 9.4 8.2

tpöa&;?

taemufbufurf;

9.8 6.7 5.9 7.6 7.5

tdE´d, 8.2 5.2 6.7 5.9 6.5

usL;bm; 4.8 6.5 4.7 7.5 5.9

aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m; 7.4 7.8 4.0 8.9 7.0

rav;&Sm; 6.1 6.2 4.5 7.1 6.0

oD&dvuFm 9.5 8.2 5.5 9.0 8.0

awmifudk&D;,m; 3.1 2.9 1.9 2.6 2.6

1 = tvGefaumif;rGef? 10 = tvGefqdk;&Gm;/Adapted from : The Failed States Index 2013.

2.2.2 w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI? xda&mufrIESifh wnfNidrfrItpdk;&wpf&yfonf jynfoltaygif;\ vufcHrIESifh av;pm;rIwdkYudk &&dSxm; NyD;? 4if;wdkY

a&;qGJ csrSwfxm;onfh Oya'rsm;udkvnf; rQwrI&dSonf[k ½IjrifcH&rSomvQif

w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI&dSonfh vkyfydkifcGifhudk ydkifqdkifEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ w&m;0if

todtrSwfjyKrI r&dSonfh tpkd;&rsm;taejzifhrl xdkuJhodkYaom trsm;axmufcHrIudk

r&&dS? rcHpm;EkdifMuacs/ tpdk;&wpf&yf\ vkyfydkifcGihfudk EkdifiHom;trsm;pku

todtrSwfjyKjcif;? vufcHjcif;wdkY r&dSygu tqdkyg tpkd;&udk w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI

r&dSonfh tpdk;&[lí owfrSwfEkdifayonf/

w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIonf

tpdk;&rsm;twGuf tb,faMumifh

ta&;yg&oenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm

tzGJUrsm; zGJ YNyD; azmfjyyg Z,m;&dS EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHudk a&G;cs,fay;yg/ atmufyg tcsufrsm;ukd tajccHvsuf

aqG;aEG; wifjyrIwpf&yf jyKvkyfay;yg/

• xdkEkdifiH\ tpkd;&taejzifh w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI tajctae rnfrQ &dSoenf;/

• rnfodkYaom w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIqdkif&m vu©Pm&yfrsm; csdKU,Gif;vsuf &dSoenf;/

• rnfodkYaom w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIqdkif&m vu©Pm&yfrsm; csdKU,Gif;rI r&dSoenf;/

• xdkEdkifiHwGif;&dS tajctaersm;ESifh ywfoufí rnfonfwdkYudk avhvm oHk;oyfrdoenf;/

vkyfief;rsm;


w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIom r&dSygu tpdk;&wpf&yfonf jynfolwdkY\ axmufcHrIudk

vG,fvG,fululyif qHk;½HI;vufvGwf &Ekdifonf/ jynfolrsm;taejzifh w&m;0if

todtrSwfjyKrI r&dSonfh tpdk;&\ Oya'rsm;? vkyf&yfrsm;udk tHk<urIrsm;? qE´jyrI?

tmPmzDqefrI ponfwdkYjzifh qefYusif pdefac:wwf Muonf/ xdkpdefac:rI rsm;onf

tvGefw&mrSyif tEÅ&m,f BuD;rm;vSonf/ þonfudk Munfhjcif;jzifh tpdk;&wpf&yf

xda&mufrI&Sd&dS? wnfwnfNidrfNidrf &yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI\

ta&;ygyHkudk awGUjrifEdkifonf/

(u) w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIESifh xda&mufrI

EdkifiHom;rsm;onf w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI&dSonf[k vufcHxm;onfh tpdk;&wpf&yfESifh

yl;aygif; aqmif&GufEkdifajc ydkrsm;onf/ tcGefaqmifjcif;? &J0efxrf; wdkY\ nTefMum;csuf

rsm;tm; emcHjcif;? w&m;Oya'wdkYudk vdkufem usifhoHk;jcif; tp&dSonfh vkyfief;rsm;udk

EkdifiHom;wpfOD; apmifhxdef;&rnfh wm0efrsm;tjzpf ½Ijrif vufcHMurnf jzpfonf/

xdkuJhodkY tpkd;&tm; vdkufemjcif;onf vkyfoifh? vkyfxdkufaomt&m jzpfonf[k

jynfolrsm;u ,lq xm;Mu onfh twGufaMumifh w&m;0ifaom tpkd;&rsm;rSm

jynfolwdkY\ yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrIrsm;ay: ,HkMunfpdwfcspGm tm;udk;Edkif Muonf/

xdkyl;aygif; aqmif&GufrIrsm; aMumifh tpdk;&taejzifh EdkifiHwpfEkdifiH vnfywf&mwGif

vdktyfonfh ½IyfaxG;ayGvDaom vkyfief;rsm;udk vG,fultqifajypGmjzifh azmfaqmif

ay;EkdifMuonf/

wpfzufwGifrl jynfolwdkY\ yl;aygif;rIrsm;tay: w&m;r0ifaom tpkd;&rsm;rSm

rDScdkEkdifjcif; r&dSMuacs/ 4if;wkdY\ EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh tpdk;&\ jcpm;rI? jynfolY

vdktifrsm;udk vspfvsL½Ixm;rIwdkYaMumifh tcGefaqmifjcif;? w&m;Oya'vdkufemjcif;

wdkYudkvnf; aqmif&GufMu vdrfhrnf r[kwfawmhacs/ jynfolrsm; tcGefaqmifMu&ef?

Oya'vdkufemMu&eftwGuf tqdkyg tpdk;&wdkYrSm tusyfudkifrIrsm;udk tvGeftrif;

vkyfaqmifMu& ayawmhonf/ xdkokdY tusyfudkif vkyfaqmifapjcif;u t&if;tjrpf

rsm;udk jzKef;wD;ypf&mvnf; a&mufayonf/ (Oyrm - &Jtiftm; ydkrdk wdk;csJUjcif;) xdkuJhokdY

jyKef;wD;ukefonfhtwGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm; vHkavmufrI r&dSawmhbJ tpdk;&\ ta&;ygonfh

vkyfief;wm0efrsm; (Oyrm - vlrIapmifha&SmufrIrsm;? zGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;) twGuf

tav;ay;Ekdifrnf r[kwfawmhacs/

(c) w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIESifh wnfNidrfrI

tpdk;&wpf&yfonf w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI&dSonf[k EkdifiHom;rsm;u ½Ijrifxm;ygu

wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;\ tusdK;twGuf a&S;½Iaqmif&Gufay;aeonfh tpkd;&tjzpfyg

vufcHxm;Murnf jzpfonf/ xdktcsufaMumifhyifvQif EkdifiHom;rsm;taejzifh

rdrdtusdK;? trsm;tusdK;wdkYtMum; y#dyu©jzpfyGm;&onfhtcgwdkif; aphpyfnd§EdIif;rI

jzifhom tajz&SmMuvdrfhrnf jzpfonf/ tpdk;&onf wpfwdkif;jynfvHk; aumif;usdK;

twGu f BuHaqmif BudK;yrf;aeonf[k ,HkMunfxm;MuonfhtwGuf EkdifiHom;rsm;

bufu udk,fusdK;pGefY&ef 0efrav;Muacs/ xkdYtjyif w&m;0ifaom tpdk;&onf

jyóemy#dyu© ajz&Sif;rIqdkif&m jzpfpOfrsm;udk rQrQww aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifacs

ydkrsm;onf/ xdktaMumif;aMumifhvnf; w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI &dSonfh tpdk;&rsm;rSm

vlrIy#dyu© ajz&Sif;rIrsm;udk ydkrdk aumif;rGefpGm udkifwG,fwwfMuNyD; Nidrf;csrf;rIESifh

wnfNidrfrI wdkYudk ydkrdk aqmifMuOf;ay;EkdifMurnf jzpfayonf/

oifcef;pm (2)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

wpfzufwGifrl w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI r&dSonfh tpdk;&rsm;rSm 4if;wdkY EdkifiHom;rsm;\

y#dyu© nd§EdIif; tajz&SmrIrsm;tay: rSDcdkEkdifMuvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/ tpkd;&wpf&yfonf

udk,fhzdkYom Munfhwwfonf[k EkdifiHom;rsm; ½Ijrifxm;ygu rnfodkYaom tajz&SmrI

rsdK;udkrQ yl;aygif; yg0ifvkdrnf r[kwfawmhacs/ tqdkyg tpkd;&rsm;taejzifh

xifomjrifom&dSNyD;? rQwonfh y#dyu© ajz&Sif;rIjzpfpOfrsm;udkvnf; aqmifMuOf;

ay;EdkifMuvdrfhrnf r[kwf/ w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI&dSonfh tpkd;&rsm;rSm pnf;rsOf;

owfrSwfcsufrsm;tay: tm;udk;tm;xm; jyKEkdifMuaomfvnf;? w&m;0iftodtrSwf

jyKrI r&dSonfh tpdk;&rsm;rSmrl xkduJhokdY rjyKrlEkdifMu? EkdifiHom;rsm;u xdkpnf;urf;

owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI r&dS[k ½Ijrifxm;Muí jzpfonf/

tusdK;quftaejzifh EkdifiHom;rsm;rSm xdktpkd;&udk vspfvsL½IvQif½I? vspfvsL

r½IvQifvnf; wufwuf<u<u wdkufcdkuf qefYusifMu vdrfhrnf/ xdkuJhokdYaom

y#dyu©rsm;u tpkd;&wdkY\ wnfNidrfrIudk ysufjym;apNyD; tuGufcs jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;

rsm;? jynfwGif;ppfyGJrsm; tp&dSonfh vlrIjyóemrsm;txd jzpfyGm; ay:aygufvmap

Edkifonf/


1/ w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI&dSjcif;u

tzsufoabm aqmif onfh y#dyu©

rsm;ukd avsmhcs ay;ygovm;?

wdk;yGm;vmapygovm;/

tb,faMumifhenf;/

2/ w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI&dSjcif;u

yl;aygif; aqmif&Guf rI rsm;ukd avsmhcs

ay;ygovm;? wdk;yGm; vmapygovm;/

tb,faMumifhenf;/

avhusifhcef;

2.2.3 tpdk;&pepfwpf&yf qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;tpkd;&pepfwpf&yf qdkonfrSm wkdif;jynfe,fajrtwGif;&dS EkdifiHa&;&m vnfywfrIwdkY\

tajccH pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh wefzdk;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;? wefzdk;rsm;rSm

atmufazmfjyyg ar;cGef;rsm;ESifh qufET,fvsuf &dSonf/

• vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif rnfolu tmPmudk ydkifqkdifxm;oifhoenf;/

• tmPmudk rnfrQtxd nDnDrQrQ rQa0xm;Ekdifoenf;/

• xdktmPmudk rnfodkY tokH;cstyfoenf;/

• acgif;aqmifwpfOD;\ tmPmudk rnfodkYaom tuefYtowfrsm; xm;&dStyf oenf;/

tpkd;&pepfrsm;teufrS tajccHtusqHk; uGJjym;jcm;em;vsuf&dSonfh pepf (2) &yfrSm

tmPm&SifpepfESifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfwdkY jzpfonf/ okdY&mwGifvnf; 'Drdkua&pDpepf

ppfppf[lí r&dSouJhokdY 'Drdkua&pD vu©Pm&yf tcsdKU ryg0ifonfh tmPm&Sifpepf

qdkonfrSmvnf; tenf;tusOf;om &dSonf/ xdkpepf (2) &yf wdkYtm; &Sif;vif;wifjy

xm;&onfh taMumif;rSm tpGef; (2) &yf wdkYtMum; uGJuGJjym;jym;od&dSEkdif&ef tvdkYiSm

wifjyxm;&jcif; jzpfonf/ EdkifiHtrsm;pkwdkYwGif tmPm&Siffpepfqdkif&m vu©Pm&yf

tcsdKUESifh 'Drkdua&pDp½dkufvu©PmwkdYudkyg usifhoHk;wwfMuNyD; xdktpGef;ESpfbuf\

tMum;wGif wnf&dSaeMuayonf/

(u) tmPm&Sifpepf (Authoritarianism)

tmPm&SifpepfqdkonfrSm tmPmudk tpkd;&wpf&yfu t"du csKyfudkifxm;onfh

EkdifiHa&;pepf jzpfonf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf\ jynfwGif;jynfy &efpG,frsm;udk

tumtuG,fay;Ekdifonfh wpfckwnf;aom tm;udk;&mrSm tpkd;&om jzpfonf[k

tmPm&Sifpepf\ acgif;aqmifrsm;u axmufjyxm;onf/ Nidrf;csrf;rIESifh vHkNcHKrIwdkYudk

xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf EkdifiH\ tpkd;&udk vdkufemMu&ef vdktyfvSaMumif; a0zef

axmufjyxm;onf/ xdktaMumif;tcsufrsm;aMumifhyifvQif tmPm&Siftpkd;&rsm;

onf rdrdwdkY\ tmPmudk jynfolwdkYu rjzKwfcsEkdifatmif zefwD;xm;&dSMu ayonf/

1/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/

2/ tmPm&Siffpepf

(authoritarianism)

qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm


emZD (*smreD) 1936 - 45?

urÇmay:wGif vlodtrsm;qHk; jzpfonfh

tmPm&Sif tkyfcsKyfrIpepfwpf&yf jzpfNyD;

vlrsm;udk xdef;csKyf&eftwGuf n§if;yef;jcif;?

tMurf;zuf tvkyfcdkif;apjcif;? tpkvdkuf

tNyHKvdkuf owfjzwfjcif;ponfh enf;vrf;

rsm; udk toHk;jyKonf/ 4if;wdkYpMumwHqdyf

udk w&m;r0if wHqdyftjzpf

EkdifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif owfrSwf

xm;onf/

wdkif;jynf Nidrf0yfydjym;&efESifh wnfNidrfa&;wdkYtwGuf EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;

ESifh yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk tuefYtowfxm;íom cGihfjyKoifhaMumif;

tmPm&Sifpepf\ acgif;aqmifrsm;u qdkxm;Muonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh xdktpkd;&rsm;

onf EdkifiHom;wdkY\ oabmwlcGifhjyKrI rygbJ 'Drdkua&pDrqefpGm tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmudk

&,lxm; Muonf/ owif;rD'D,mrsm;? EkdifiHa&; ygwDrsm;ESifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;tay:

EdkifiHawmf\ xdef;csKyfrIrsm;onf tmPm&Sifpepf\ jynfoltrsm;tay: xdef;csKyfavh&dSonfh

yHkpHrsm; jzpfMuayonf/

(c) 'Drdkua&pD (Democracy)

'Drdkua&pDpepf qdkonfrSm jynfolu jynfoludk tkyfcsKyfonfh EkdifiHa&;pepf jzpfonf/

'Drdkua&pDpepf tm;vHk;vdkvdkwGif jynfolYudk,fpm;jyK tpkd;&[laom t,ltqudk

tajccHxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ qdkvdkonfrSm jynfolvlxktxJrS a&G;cs,fcH xm;&olrsm;

taejzifh 4if;wkdYudk a&G;cs,fxm;onfh jynfolwdkY\tusdK;udk (tcsdeftwdkif;twmwpfcktxd)

udk,fpm;jyK azmfaqmifay;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif acgif;aqmifjzpfolrsm;

taejzifh jynfolwdkY\ axmufcHrIudk r&&Sdawmhygu Oya'rsm;? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnD

tmPmrS z,f&Sm;cH&rnf jzpfonf/

'Drkdua&pDpepft& EkdifiHom;rsm;onf rJay;jcif;? a&G;aumufyGJwGif udk,fpm;jyK

yg0ifjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSwpfqifh tpdk;&twGif; wufwuf<u<u

yg0ifEkdifMurnf jzpfonf/ tusdK;quftaejzifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ]rwluGJjym;onfh

vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;? tpktzGJUwdkYtMum; EkdifiHa&;tmPmtwGuf vGwfvyfpGm ,SOfNydKifEdkifrI}

[lí o½kyfazmfMuonf/ xdkuJhokdYaom vGwfvyfpGm ,SOfNydKifEkdifrIukd yHhydk;ay;&eftwGuf

vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh? pnf;½Hk;cGifh? owif;xkwfa0cGifh tp&dSonfh yk*d¾Kvfa&;qdkif&m

vGwfvyfcGifhESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDpepfu wefzdk;xm; tumtuG,f

ay;xm;onf/

acgif;aqmif a&G;cs,f&mwGif rJpepf

usifhoHk;jcif;onf 'Drdkua&pD\ta&;ygaom

t,ltqrsm;wGif yg0ifonf/

oifcef;pm (2)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

avhusifhcef;1/ 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&ESifh tmPm&Siffpepf usifhoHk;aom tpkd;&rsm;onf tcGifhta&;rsm; tay:wGif

rnfodkY tjrif oabmxm; uGJvGJMuoenf;/

2/ 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&ESifh tmPm&Siffpepf usifhoHk;aom tpdk;&rsm;onf vGwfvyfcGifhtay:wGif

rnfodkY tjrif oabmxm; uGJvGJMuoenf;/

3/ 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&wGif tmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGifhwdkYteuf rnfonfu ydkrdk ta&;ygoenf;/

4/ tmPm&Siffpepf usifhoHk;aom tpdk;&rsm;wGif tmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGifhwdkYteuf rnfonf u ydkrdk

ta&;ygoenf;/

jzpfpOfjy Z,m;wGif&Sdaom tpdk;&pepfqkdif&m tajymif;tvJrsm;ESifh ywfouffí rnfonfwdkYudk

owdrlrdoenf;/aqG;aEG;csuf

'Drdkua&pD tmPm&Sif

pmtkyf\ aemufqHk;pmrsufESmwGif yg&dSonfh vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;pm&if;udk Munfh½I okH;oyfNyD;

atmufyg tnTef;jyrsOf;\ oifhavsmfonfh ae&mwGif owfrSwfay;yg/vkyfief;rsm;

jzpfpOfjy Z,m;udk Munfh½INyD; tpdk;&pepfqkdif&m tajymif;tvJrsm;udk tajccHvsuf atmufyg

Z,m;wGif jznfhpGufay;yg/

tpdk;&pepfa[mif; tpdk;&pepfopf txufrS atmufodk Y (odk Yr[kwf)

atmufrS txufodk Y

pD;qif;onfhtmPm

tMurf;zufrI

usifhoHk;^rusifhoHk;

vkyfief;rsm;


1/ uRefawmftygt0if vlenf;pk wdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;? bmompum;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI awGudk azmfxkwfcGifh&dSwJh EkdifiHrSm aexdkif&wJh twGuf *kPf,lrd ygw,f/

4/ tck&ufydkif; tpdk;&taMumif; owif;pmawGrSm a&;om;azmfjyaeMuwm r,HkEkdifavmufatmifygyJ/ rD'D,mawGay:rSm EkdifiHa&;tjrifrSeforQ zwf½IcGifh &NyDvkdYawmif xif&w,f/

3/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif; om,m wnfNidrfa&; twGuf EkdifiHa&; ygwD rsm;udk wm;jrpf ydwfyif&ef vdktyfw,f/

5/ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh udk vGefuJpGm ay;tyfxm; ygu EkdifiHvHkNcHKa&;udk xdyg;vmEkdifonf/

6/ uRefawmfwdkY&JU t&yfbuf vlrItzGJUtpnf;rSm ckdifrmtm;aumif;onfh tzGJUtpnf;awG? vIyf&Sm;rIawG? or*¾awG yg0ifMuNyD; b,folrqdk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf zGJUpnf;cGifh? yg0ifcGifh &dSygw,f/

2/ tpkd;& qefYusif a&; vHIUaqmfxm;onfh vufurf; pmapmifrsm; xkwfa0 jcif;u rNidrfroufrIrsm;? y#dyu© rsm;udk jzpfyGm; ay:aygufapcJhw,f/

7/ vllpkvla0;jzifh csDwuf vrf;avQmufjcif;? qE´jyjcif;rsm;udk pDpOfzefwD;aom rnfolrqdk Oya't& ta&;,lcH& vdrfhrnf/

10/ ppfrSefaom EkdifiHa&;tmPmudk wyfrawmfom;rsm;? jynfolY&J rsm; xuf a&G;aumufcH udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;uom ydkifqdkif Ekdif&r,f/

(u) (c)

9/ aemifvmr,fh a&G;aumufyGJrSm b,fol EkdifrvJ qdkwm rcefYrSef;wwfavmuf atmifyJ? Munhf&wmawmh tm;vHk;rSm Ekdifr,fh tvm;tvmawG &dSaew,f/

8/ tpdk;&taeeJY omrmef t&yfom;rsm;udk EkdifiHa&;t& ta&;ygw Jh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm xnfhoGif;xm; &dSp&m rvdk/

0da&m"drsm; (Contrasting Statements)

atmufyg tqdkwdkYudk 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif awGU&dS&ygovm;? odkYr[kwf tmPm&SiffpepfwGif awGU&dS

Ekdifygovm;/ tqdk wpfckcsif;pDtwGuf azmfjyyg yHkrsm;jzpfonfh (u/ 'Drdkua&pD) odkYr[kwf

(c/ tmPm&Sif) ponfwdkYESifh wGJzufay;yg/

vkyfief;rsm;

oifcef;pm (2)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

2.2.4 'Drdkua&pDenf;us w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI(Democratic Legitimacy)

'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI &&dSaprnfh ta&;ygqHk;aom

tajccHtcsuf rSm acgif;aqmifudk jynfolwdkYudk,fwdkif a&G;cs,fjcif;ESifh tkyfcsKyf&mwGif

jynfolwdkY\ oabmwl cGihfjyKrI &&dSjcif;wdkYyif jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif vnf;

tpdk;&taejzifh tmPm vufrvGwf&ap&ef jynfolwdkY\ oabmwlcGifhjyKcsufudk

xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef vdktyf vSonf/ xdkodkY 'Drdkua&pDpepftwGif; jynfolwdkY\

oabmwl cGifhjyKrIudk xdef;odrf; xm; Ekdif&mwGif vdktyfonfh t,ltq (5) &yfrSm

atmufyg twdkif; jzpfMu onf/

(u) yl;aygif;yg0ifrI (Participation)

jynfolrsm;\ yl;aygif;yg0ifrIudk tajccHxm;onfh EkdifiHa&;pepfrsm;wGif vlxk

udk,fwkdif EkdifiHvnfywfrIwGif wufwuf<u<u yg0ifaponfhtwGuf w&m;0if

todtrSwfjyKrI &dSonfh pepftjzpf owfrSwfEkdifonf/ xdkpepfrsm;wGif jynfolvlxk

taejzifh EkdifiHa&;orm; wdkYudk axmufjy a0zefEkdifrnf? Oya'jyKa&; udpö&yfrsm; twGuf

tBuHOmPfrsm; ay;Ekdifrnf? a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;Ekdifrnf? rdrdwdkY\ tusdK;cHpm;cGifh

rsm;ukd umuG,f apmifha&Smuf EkdifMurnf jzpfonf/ tpdk;&rS vkyfoifh vkyfxdkufonf

wdkYudk aumif;aumif; rGefrGef vkyfaqmif vnfywfap&ef wGef;tm;ay;a&;wm0efudk

EkdifiHom;rsm; u xdk yl;aygif; yg0ifrIrsm;rS wpfqifh vkyfaqmifMuonf/ xdkuJhokdY

EdkifiHom;rsm;udk,fwkdif rdrdwdkYtvkd&dS awmifhwaom tpdk;&yHkpHudk yHkazmf zefwD;&ef

wm0ef&dSMuonfhtwGufaMumifh EdkifiHom;wdkY\ yg0ifaqmif&GufrIonf w&m;0if

todtrSwfjyKrIudk wnfaqmufay;onf/

(c) wm0efcHrI (Accountability)

'Drdkua&pD\ ta&;ygonfh vu©Pmwpf&yfrSm acgif;aqmifrsm; onf jynfolvlxk

twGuf wm0efcHjcif; jzpfonf/ acgif;aqmifwpfOD; onf tusifhysuf jcpm;aom

(odkYr[kwf) xda&mufrI r&dSaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfygu aemifa&G;aumufyGJ

rsm;wGif xdkacgif;aqmifudk rJay;Muawmhrnf r[kwf/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;tjyif

tcsdKUEdkifiHa&;pepfrsm;ü acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tm; owfrSwfpnf;rsOf; Oya'udk

csdK;azmufvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? vlxkaxmufcH,HkMunfrI r&SdawmhvQif

aomfvnf;aumif; tmPmrS z,f&Sm;Edkifonfh Oya' vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; (w&m;pGJqdk

ta&;,ljcif;) rsm; xm;&SdusifhoHk; wwfMuonf/ xdkodkYaom Oya'pepfrsm;onf

]w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI} udk tm;aumif;apwwfygonf/ taMumif;rSm tpdk;&

wpf&yfonf tmPmqufvuf wnfNrJvdkygu ½dk;½dk;om;om;ESifh BudK;BudK;pm;pm;

tvkyf vkyfjy&vdrfhrnf qdkonfudk jynfolvlxku odem;vnfxm;aomaMumifh

jzpfonf/

(*) yGifhvif;jrifomrII (Transperancy)

yGifhvif;jrifomrI qdkonfrSm tpdk;&\ vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIqdkif&m owif;

tcsuftvuf rsm;udk jynfolrsm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf &,l od&dSEkdifjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/

'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&wpf&yf w&m;0if

todtrSwfjyKrI &dSatmif rnfonfwdkYu

zefwD;ay;oenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm


tpkd;&wpf&yfonf yGifhvif; jrifomrIom r&dSygu tpkd;&\ trSm;rsm;? tusifhysuf

jcpm;rIrsm;udk zHk;zd xm;Ekdifojzifh wm0efcHrIudk rsufESmvTJ a&Smifwdrf;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/

jynfolYtusdK; xrf;&Gufvsuf&dSaMumif; oufao taxmuftxm; jyoEkdifonfh

pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; xkwfjyefapa&;twGuf acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;udk

wGef;tm;ay;jcif; onf tpkd;&pepfwpf&yf\ w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIudk jr§ifhwif

ay;Ekdifonfh enf;vrf;aumif;wpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/ yGifhvif;jrifomrI &dSjcif;jzifh

tpdk;&rsm;onf jynfolvlxktay: vdrfnm vSnfhywfEkdifawmhrnf r[kwfacs/

þonfu tpdk;&tay: ,HkMunfrIudk wnfaqmufay;&m a&mufNyD; jynfolwdkY\

oabmwl cGifhjyKrIudk xdef;odrf; xm;Ekdifayonf/

(C) w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rI (The Rule of Law)

'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif tpdk;&tmPmonf w&m;Oya't& owfrSwfxm;onfh

tuefYtowfabmif twGif;om wnf&Sd&rnf/ w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;rIqdkif&m tajccH

oabmw&m;rSm Oya'\ txufwGif rnfolrQ r&dSa&;yif jzpfonf/ xdktxJwGif

acgif;aqmifrsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;? tpkd;&ESifh tjcm;aom t&m&dSt&mcHrsm; tm;vHk;wdkY

tusHK;0ifonf/ w&m;Oya' pkd;rdk;rI tajccHoabmw&m;t& vlom;tm;vHk;onf

w&m;Oya'\ atmufwGif wlrQrI&dSonf[lívnf; teuf zGifhqdkEkdifonf/

pnf;urf;csufrsm;? Oya'rsm;udk csdK;azmufygu rnfolrqdk wef;wl tjypfay;cH&rnf/

qif;&Joljzpfonf? (vmbfxdk;Ekdifonfh) csrf;omol jzpfonf[k cGJjcm;rxm;acs/

(i) aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrI (Good Governance)

aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrIqdkonfrSm EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHk,EÅ&m; (tifpwDusL;&Sif;) rsm;

xda&mufpGm vnfywf vkyfaqmifMujcif;yif jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí tifpwDusL;&Sif;wdkY\

tcsdefrSef? enf;vrf;rSefjzifh ay;pGrf;onfh 0efaqmifrIrsm;? taxmuftyHhrsm;udk

jynfolrsm;u &,l EdkifMuayrnf/ tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;onf aiGaMu; awmifhwif;ol?

tmPm&dSolwdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm;xuf wdkif;jynf\ tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom a&S;½IMuonf/

aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrIwGif tusHK;0ifonfh tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;teuf tpdk;&qdkif&m?

EkdifiHawmfqdkif&m tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; (tpdk;&Xmersm;? w&m;a&;? &JXme? tajccH

taqmuftOD;rsm;? ynma&;pepf? usef;rma&; apmifha&SmufrIESifh vlrIa&;0efaqmifay;rI

pepfrsm; ponfwkdY) yg0ifMuouJhodkY tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;rsm;vnf; yg0ifvnfywf vkyfaqmifMuayonf/

oifcef;pm (2)

atmufyg ar;cGef;wdkYudk aqG;aEG; oHk;oyfNyD; t,ltq wpf&yfpDtwGuf oifhawmfonfh

Oyrmjzpf&yfrsm;udk azmfxkwfay;yg/

1/ rdrdwdkYEkdifiH tpdk;&twGif; EkdifiHom;rsm; yl;aygif; yg0if&ef rnfrQ vG,fulrI &dSoenf;/

2/ tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm; taejzifh wm0efcHrI &dSMuygovm;/

3/ rdrdwdkYEkdifiHtpkd;&\ vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí rnfrQ yGifhvif; jrifomrI &dSoenf;/

4/ rdrdwdkYEkdifiHtwGif; w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;rIrSm rnfrQ xda&mufrI &dSoenf;/

5/ rdrdwdkYEkdifiHtwGif;&dS EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHk,EÅ&m;rsm;onf rnfrQ xda&mufrI &dSMuoenf;/

6/ rdrdwkdYEdkifiHtpdk;&taejzifh 4if;wdkY\ w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI wdk;wufvmap&ef

rnfonfwdkYudk aqmif&GufcJhoenf;/

aqG;aEG;csuf

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

2.2.5 tmPm&Sif tpdk;&rsm;\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;tmPm&Sifpepf usifhoHk;aom tpdk;&rsm;onf rdrdwkdY\ vkyfydkifcGifh (authority) twGuf

vlxkyg0ifaqmif&GufrI? wm0efcHrI? jrifomrI? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rIESifh aumif;rGefaom

tkyfcsKyfrIwdkYtay: tajccHavh r&dSMuacs/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; tmPm&Sifftpdk;&rsm;onf

4if;wdkY\ tkyfcsKyfrIw&m;aMumif; acsy&eftwGuf ]txufrS atmuf} pD;qif;onfh

tmPmudk toHk;jyK wwfMuonf/ xdkodkY acsy&mwGifvnf; tmPm&Sifpepf

usifhoHk;aom tpdk;&toD;oD;taejzifh enf;vrf;tzHkzHkudk toHk;jyKwwfMujyefonf/

]rkefvmO} (emcHol? axmufyHholrsm;twGuf qkvmbf csD;jr§ifhjcif;) ESifh ]wkwfacsmif;}

(Ncdrf;ajcmufrI? tjypfay;rI) enf;pepf (odkYr[kwf) qkay;? 'Pfay; pepfudkvnf;

&Hzef&Hcg a&mpyf toHk;cs wwfMuayonf/ jynfoltrsm;wdkYrSm rwnfNidrfrIrsm;ESifh

tajymif;tvJwdkYudk aMumuf&GHU xdwfvefYMuonfhtavsmuf tmPm&Sifpepfudk

axmufcHMu&onf/

tmPm&Sifpepf usifhoHk;aom tpdk;&rsm;onf tmPm wnfNrJa&;twGuf ]txufrS atmuf}

pD;qif;onfh tmPmrsdK;udk vufudkifjyKxm;MuouJhodkY tmPm&Siffpepf ta&;ygonf

[kvnf; oufao&Sm taMumif;jywwfMuonf/ xkdodkY taMumif;jy&mwGifvnf;

enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;udk toHk;jyKwwfMuonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;rI? vHkNcHKrI?

trsdK;om;a&;ESifh bmoma&;qdkif&m udpö&yfwdkYudk tajccH taMumif;jywwfMuayonf/

tmPm&Siff tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkY

tkyfcsKyfrI w&m;aMumif; rnfokdY &Sif;vif;

taMumif;jy wwfMuoenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm


u c * C

vHkNcHKa&;pD;yGm;a&;

zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI trsdK;om;a&; bmoma&;

atmufyg taMumif;jycsuf (4) &yf udk azmfjyyg Oyrmrsm;ESifh wGJpyfay;yg/

1/ txifu& bmoma&; taqmufttHkwdkif;wGif tpkd;&acgif;aqmifwdkY\ trnfrsm;udk urÜnf;xdk; rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;/

2/ tBuD;pm; aqmufvkyfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf wdkif;odjynfod zGifhyGJrsm; usif;yjcif;/

3/ jynfy&efpG,frsm;udk wGef;vSef&eftwGuf trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;rIudk tm;ay; jr§ifhwifjcif;/

4/ ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm; wkd;csJU aqmufvkyfjcif;/

5/ bmoma&; pmayrsm;udk toHk;csvsuf zdESdyfaom Oya'rsm;udk axmufcH tm;ay;jcif;/

6/ vrf;? ausmif;? pdkufcif; (okdYr[kwf) wHwm;zGifhyGJrsm;twGuf tpkd;&t&m&dSrsm;udk,fwdkif tcrf;tem;tm; BuD;rSL; zGifhvSpf usif;yjcif;/

7/ trsdK;om;a&;twGuf axmufcHyg0ifMu&ef trsm;jynfoltm; today;onfh aMumfjimqdkif;bkwfrsm; xm;&dSjcif;/

8/ nrxGuf& trdefYrsm; xkwfjyefjcif;jzifh vGwfvyfpGm vIyf&Sm; oGm;vmrIudk uefYowfjcif;/

9/ bmoma&;qdkif&m ae&mrsm;wGif tpkd;&t&m&dSrsm;\ tvSL'ge ay;vSLjcif;wdkYudk tcrf;tem;rsm;jzifh BuD;rSL; usif;yjcif;/

10/ EkdifiHawmf\ vsmxm;csuf jynfhrDapa&;twGuf pyg;oD;ESHrsm; txGufwdk;&ef v,form;rsm;tm; zdtm;ay;jcif;/

11/ ppfa&;qdkif&m toHk;p&dwf wdk;jr§ifhjcif;/

12/ ordkif;wGif txifu&jzpfcJhonfh umvrsm; (Oyrm - vGwfvyfa&; &&dSjcif;? awmfvSefa&; ponf) ukd rdefYcGef;rsm;wGif rMumcP xnfhoGif; azmfjyjcif;/

vkyfief;rsm;

oifcef;pm (2)

tcef; (3) 0g'trsdK;rsdK; (Ideologies)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

tBudKoifcef;pm

1/ ]0g'}qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/

2/ ]0g'} rnfrQudk od&dSxm;oenf;/

3.1 tajccH 0g'rsm; (Basic Ideologies)

3.1.1 ]0g'} wpf&yfqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;EdkifiHa&;wGif awGU&dS&aom ta&;ygqHk;jzpfonfh t,ltqrsm;teufrS tcsdKUwdkYudk

a&SUtcef; 2 cef;wGif t"duxm; avhvmcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ xdkt,ltqqkdif&m vufcH

,HkMunfxm;csufrsm; aygif;pkxm;jcif;ESifh xdk,HkMunfcsufrsm;u vufawGUavmu

twGif;&dS EkdifiHa&; ESifh qufET,frI&dSaeyHkudk wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; wnfaqmuf

wifjyxm;aom oabmw&m; tpkta0; wpf&yfukd 0g'wpf&yf[k ac:onf/

vlYtodkif;t0dkif;wdkif;vdkvdkwGif EdkifiHa&;tjrif wlrQoltcsif;csif; rdrdwdkY\ t,ltq

rsm;ESifh xifjrifcsufrsm;udk azmfjy&eftwGuf twlwuG pka0; &yfwnfwwfMuonf/

xdkolwdkY awGUBuHK&onfh jyóemrsm;udk &ifqdkif ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf xdkolwdkY\

tawG;tjrifrsm; yHkay:vmjcif;? enf;vrf;rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? twlwuG

vkyfaqmifjcif;wdkY jzpfvmatmif 0g'rsm;u ulnDay;onf/

]0g'} rsm;onf atmufyg t,ltqrsm;tay: tajccH wnfaqmufxm;onf/

• vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; ta&;ygqHk;aom wefzdk;rsm;tay: owfrSwfcsuf?

• ]w&m;rQwrI} tay: tjrif?

• ]vGwfvyfcGifh}? ]vHkNcHKrI} ESifh ]wef;wlnDrQrI} wdkY\ ta&;ygrItay: tjrif?

• ]yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI} ESifh ],SOfNydKifrI} wdkYteuf rnfonfu vlom;wdkYtwGuf ydkrdk

obm0usonfh tjyKtrlwpf&yf jzpfaMumif;?

• ]tajymif;tvJ} tay: taumif;tqdk; owfrSwfcsuf/

]0g'} wpf&yfwGif tpdwftydkif; 3 ydkif; yg0ifonf/ 4if;wkdYrSm -

1/ vuf&dS EdkifiHa&;tajctae\ t&Sdw&m;tay: &Sif;vif;csuf/

2/ jzpfoifhaom EdkifiHa&;tajctaewpf&yfESifh ywfoufí ,HkMunfcsuf

oabmw&m; tpkta0;rsm;/

3/ vuf&Sd EdkifiHa&;tajctaewGif xdk,HkMunfcsufoabmw&m;rsm; xif[yfap&ef

vkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfief; tpDtpOfwpf&yf/

]0g'} rsm;pGm&dSaomfvnf; ]tajccH0g'} rsm;[k vlajymrsm;onfh vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK

vpfb&,f0g'? a&S;½dk;pGJuGefqmaA;wpf0g'ESifh vlrIb0nDrQrIA[dkjyK qdk&S,fvpf0g'

[laom 0g' (3) &yf udk þtcef;wGif t"duxm; avhvmrnf jzpfonf/

USA ESifh USSR (tar&duef

jynfaxmifpk ESifh ½k&Sm;) wdkY\ tvHrsm;

jzpfonf/ 1945 ckESpfESifh 1991 ckESpf tMum;

wnf&dScJhonfh t"du 0g'BuD; (2) &yf udk

udk,fpm;jyKxm;onf/


1/ vuf&dStcsdefwGif tBuD;us,fqHk;aom EkdifiHa&;jyóem&yfrSm --- jzpfonf/2/ vuf&dStcsdefwGif tBuD;us,fqHk;aom vlrIa&;jyóem&yfrSm --- jzpfonf/3/ vuf&dStcsdefwGif tBuD;us,fqHk;aom pD;yGm;a&;jyóem&yfrSm --- jzpfonf/

(u) vuf&dStaetxm;\ jyóem&yfrsm;

1/ taumif;rGefqHk;aom EdkifiHa&;tajctaerSm --- jzpfayrnf/

2/ taumif;rGefqHk;aom vlrIa&;tajctaerSm --- jzpfayrnf/

3/ taumif;rGefqHk;aom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerSm --- jzpfayrnf/

(c) taumif;rGefqHk;aom taetxm;

(*) xdktaumif;rGefqHk;aom taetxm;wpf&yf a&muf&dSEdkifapa&; twGuf

vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfonfwdkYrSm

1/ uREkfyfwdkYtaejzifh --- wdkYudk &yfwefYypf&rnf/

2/ uREkfyfwdkYtaejzifh --- wdkYudk wdk;yGm;ap&rnf/

3/ uREkfyfwdkYtaejzifh --- wdkYudk zefwD;&rnf/

1/ atmufygwdkYteufrS rnfonfu rdrdtwGuf ta&;ygqHk; jzpfoenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

(u) vGwfvyfjcif;ESih f oabmxm;BuD;rI?

(c) ½d k;&m"avhESif h wnfNidrfrI?

(*) pnf;vHk;rIESif h wef;wlnDrQrI/

2/ rdrdESifh wefzdk; a&G;cs,fcsuf wlnDoltcsif;csif; tzGJU zGJUay;yg/

3/ tb,faMumifh xdkwefzdk;rsm;tm; a&G;cs,f&onfudk aqG;aEG;yg/ xdkodkY a&G;cs,f&onfh

taMumif;t&if;rsm; wlnDMuygovm;/

jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf

u REkfyfwdkY\ 0g ' - t ydki f; (1)1/ vlrItodkif;t0dkif;wpf&yftwGif; rQa0 usifhoHk;tyfonf[k xifjrifrdonfh ta&;ygqHk;aom

wefzdk; (3) &yf udk a&;om; jyKpkay;yg/

2/ rdrdwdkY jyKpkxm;onfh wefzdk;tcsufrsm;ESifh wlnDonfh tjcm;twef;azmfrsm;udk &SmazGyg/ NyD;aemuf

xdkwefzdk;rsm;ukd tajccHvsuf tenf;qHk;tzGJU (3) zGJU zGJUay;yg/

3/ tzGJUESifhtwl atmufyg ar;cGef;wdkYudk ajzqdkay;yg/

jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf

oifcef;pm (3)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

taetxm;wdk;wufap&ef tvdk YiSm taumif;rGefqHk; aom taetxm;vuf&dStaetxm;

uREkfyfwdk Ytaejzifh --- wdk Yudk &yfwefYypfoifhonf/

uREkfyfwdk Ytaejzifh --- wdk Yudk wdk;yGm;apoifhonf/

uREkfyfwdk Ytaejzifh --- wdk Yudk zefwD;oifhonf/







taumif;rGefqHk; aom

Ed kifiHa&; tajctaerSm ---

tBuD;us,fqHk;aom

Ek difiHa&; jyóem&yf

rSm ---

tBuD;us,fqHk;aom

vlrIa&; jyóem&yf

rSm ---

taumif;rGefqHk;aom

vlrIa&;tajctaerSm ---

tBuD;us,fqHk;aom

pD;yGm;a&; jyóem&yf

rSm ---

taumif;rGefqHk;aom

pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerSm ---

1/ tzGJUrsm; zGJUyg/ azmfjyyg&dSonfh yHkpHudk tajccHvsuf ydkpwmwpfck a&;qGJyg/

2/ xdka&;qGJxm;onfh ydkpwmudk twef;azmfrsm;xH &Sif;vif; wifqufay;NyD; twef;azmfwdkY\

ar;jref;csufrsm;udk aqG;aEG; ajzqdkay;yg/

vkyfief;rsm;

3.1.2 vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g' (Liberalism)vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g'wGif EkdifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pD\ vGwfvyfcGifhudk 4if;0g'\

tajccHtusqHk;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf/ EdkifiHa&;todkif;t0dkif;wpf&yf twGif;&dS

tzGJU0ifrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;

&EkdiforQ &&dS ydkifqdkifxm;oifhonf[k xdkvpfb&,f0g'DwdkYu vufcH ,HkMunfxm;

Muonf/

xdkYtjyif tpdk;&wpf&yfonf xdef;csKyfrI tenf;i,fom usifhoHk;oifhonf[k

vpfb&,f0g'DwdkYu ,HkMunfMuonf/ vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;taejzifh vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;

qdkif&m vkyfief;aqmifwm rsm;wGif tpdk;&\taESmifht,Sufuif;uif;jzifh yg0if

aqmif&GufcGifh &&dSoifhonf [lívnf; ,HkMunfxm;Muonf/

tmPm&Sifpepf atmufwGif

aexdkifjcif;ESifh tpdk;&[líyif r&dSonfh

vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfwGif &Sifoef

aexdkifjcif; wdkYteuf wpfckudk aÔ;&rnf

qdkygu rnfonfudk aÔ;cs,f rnfenf;/

tb,faMumifhenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm


• EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;onf ckdifrmatmifjrifonfh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk zefwD;Ekdifonf

[k vpfb&,f0g'DwdkY ,HkMunfonf/ taMumif;rSm vlwdkif; rdrdwdkYtjrifudk xkwfazmf

jyoEdkifMuNyD; taumif;rGefqHk;aom t,ltquomvQif aqG;aEG; jiif;cHkrIwdkif;wGif

tEdkif&rnf[k ,HkMunfMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

• yk*d¾Kvfa&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;onf tpdk;&tmPm rwefwq BuD;xGm;vmjcif;udk

[efYwm;EkdifNyD; Ekdifvdkrif;xuf jyKusifhjcif;wdkYrS a&Smif&Sm;apEkdifrnf[lí vpfb&,f rsm;

u ,HkMunfxm;Muonf/

• tpdk;&wpf&yfwpftaejzifh rnfonfh udpöudkrqdk aqmif&Guf&mwGifjzpfap

(okdYr[kwf aqmif&GufcGifhjyK&mwGifjzpfap) trsm;jynfolvufcHrIudk tajccHí

omvQif aqmif&Guftyfonf [lívnf; vufcHxm;Muonf/

vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g'onf t&if;&Sifpepf (capitalism) [laom

t,ltqESifh ESD;ET,f ywfoufavh&dSonf/ t&if;&SifpepfqkdonfrSm vlYtzGJUtpnf;

wpf&yf twGif;&dS t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk tpdk;&u r[kwfbJ

wpfoD;yk*¾vpD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m qufET,frIrsm;ESifh a0iS jzefYMuufay;onfh pD;yGm;a&;pepf

wpf&yf jzpfonf/ yk*¾vdu ydkifqdkifrIonf t&if;&Sifpepf\ ta&;BuD;onfh tpdwftydkif;

jzpfonfh twGufaMumifh vpfb&,f0g'DwdkYonf ypönf;OpömydkifqdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk

wefzdk;xm;Muonf/

vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g'DwdkYonf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m nDrQrI&&Sda&; a&S;½I

BudK;yrf;jcif; r&dSonfh tcGeftcrl0g'rsm;udkvnf; axmufcHwwfMuonf/ xdkolwdkY\

tqdkt& rnfrQ csrf;omaeMuygap vlwdkif;udk tcGefwlrQpGm aumuftyfonf[lí

jzpfonf/ csrf;omolwdkYudk tcGefwdk;aumufjcif;onf pD;yGm;a&; atmifjrifrIrsm;twGuf

tjypf'Pf csrSwfouJhokdY jzpfaponf[lívnf; vpfb&,form;rsm;u qdkxm;Mu

onf/

(u) vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g'\ ta&;ygaom wefzdk;rsm;

• vGwfvyfcGifh (liberty) - wpfOD;csif;vGwfvyfcGifhonf vpfb&,f0g'\ ta&;yg

qHk;aom tpdwftydkif;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ vpfb&,frsm; ,HkMunfxm;onf rSm

EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh wpfOD;csif;qdkif&m uefYowf csKyfjc,frI rsm;rS uif;vGwfjcif;

onf taumif;rGefqHk;aom vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfqDodkY OD;wnfvsuf &dSonf[lí

jzpfonf/ tpdk;&tmPmonf tuefYtowfjzifh xm;&SdoifhNyD; rwlnDonfh

tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; (ppfwyf? w&m;½Hk;? or®w ponf) wdkYtMum; ydkif;jcm; tyfESif;xm;

oifhonf [lívnf; vpfb&,frsm;u axmufjyMuonf/ odkYrSomvQif

acgif;aqmifrsm; tmPm rw&m;BuD;xGm;vmrIESifh jynfolwdkY\tcGifhta&;rsm;

tvGJoHk;pm;jyKcH&rIwdkYudk &yfwefYEdkifayvdrfhrnf[k qdkxm;Muonf/

• cGifhwlnDrQrI (equality of opportunity) - cGifhwlnDrQrIonf tvGefta&;ygvS

onf[k vpfb&,frsm;u ,HkMunfMuonf/ taMumif;rSm udk,fydkif vGwfvyfcGifhtay:

xm;&Sdonfh 4if;wdkY\ ckdifrmaom ,HkMunfcsufaMumifh jzpfonf/ vlrItzGJUtpnf;

wpf&yftwGif; vlwdkif;\ EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh wpfOD;csif; tcGifhta&;rsm;

av;pm;rIxm;jcif;onf vlwdkif;atmifjrif&ef tcGifhtvrf; nDrQpGm &&dSonfh

vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfqDokdY OD;wnfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;Muonf/

e,l;a,mufNrdKU&dS avbmwD

½kyfxkBuD;onf vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK

vpfb&,ft,ltq\ urÇmhtxif&Sm;qHk;

trSwfoauFw jzpfonf/

oifcef;pm (3)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

• oabmxm;BuD;rI (tolerance) - oabmxm;BuD;rIqkdonfrSm rdrdwdkY\udk,fydkif

wefzdk;rsm;? ,HkMunfrIrsm;? b0aexkdifyHkrsm;ESifh rwlnDonfwdkYudk vufoifhcHjcif;[k

t"dyÜm,f&onf/ vpfb&,f0g'Drsm;onf vlwkdif;taejzifh EdkifiHa&;ESifh wpfOD;csif;

vGwfvyfrIrsm;udk &EkdiforQ &tyfonf[k ,HkMunfxm;Muonf/ odkYaomfjim;vnf;

rwluGJjym;onfh t,ltqrsm;ESifh wefzdk;rsm;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyfBuD; jyoEkdifjcif;u

y#dyu©rsm;udk ay:aygufvmapEkdifonf/ xdkYaMumifh pnfyifaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf

zefwD;&eftwGuf rwluGJjym;onfh ,HkMunfrIrsm;udk vlwdkif;taejzifh av;pm;Mu?

em;axmifMu&rnf jzpfonf/

• pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifh (economic freedom) - EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf

vGwfvyfpGm a&mif;0,fazmufum;cGifh? pD;yGm;a&; vkyfudkifcGifhrsm; &Sd&rnfjzpfNyD;

4if;tay: tpdk;&taejzifh wpfpHkwpf&m pGufzufjcif;rsdK; r&Sdoifh[k vpfb&,frsm;u

,HkMunfonf/ vlwdkif;om rdrdwdkY\ pD;yGm;a&; tusdK;tjrwfudk tpdk;&pGufzufrI

uif;uif;jzifh &SmazG tm;xkwfEdkifMurnfqdkvQif vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfvHk;onfvnf;

ydkí csrf;om<u,f0vmNyD; ydkívnf; vGwfvyfvmvdrfhrnf[k 4if;wdkYu qdkygonf/


1/ vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f

0g'Drsm;taejzifh ]omwlnDrQrI}

[laom t,ltqudk rnfodkY ½Ijrif

oHk;oyfrnf[k xifoenf;/

2/ vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g'Drsm;

taejzifh ]tESdrfcHb0 vGwfajrmufa&;

yHhydk;rI} (affimative action)

[laom t,ltqudk rnfodkY ½Ijrif


3/ vpfb&,fvf0g'D wpfOD;\ tjrifwGif

rnfonfu tpdk;&wpf&yf w&m;0if

todtrSwfjyKrI &&dSatmif jyKvkyf

zefwD;ay;oenf;/

avhusifhcef;

xdkuJhodkYaomtaetxm; a&muf&dSa&;twGuf tpdk;&\ pGufzufrIrsm;udk &yfwefYypf&ef? EdkifiHa&; qdkif&m yg0ifrIrsm; wdk;jr§ifh ay;&efESifh vlrIa&; toif;tzGJUrsm;? yk*¾v pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm; ykdrdk wnfaxmif Mu&ef vdktyf ayvdrfhrnf/

tpdk;&rsm;\u@onf tuefYtowf rsm;pGm&dSrSom ydkrdk aumif;rGefonfh taetxm; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ odkYrSvnf; uREkfyfwdkYtaejzifh udk,fykdif qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEkdifMu NyD; udk,fydkif jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif; aqmif&GufEkdifMuayrnf/

,aeYacwfumv\ tBuD;us,fqHk;aom jyóem&yfBuD;rSm tpdk;&wdkYonf uREkfyfwdkY\ b0rsm;tay:wGif tmPm oufa&mufrI BuD;rm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/

1/ jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&dS

vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f

0g'\ ta&;ygaom

vu©Pm&yftcsdKUwdkYrSm

tb,fenf;/

2/ jrefrmhEkdifiHa&; tay:wGif

vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f

t,ltqrsm;u rnfonfh

oufa&mufrIrsm; &dSoenf;/

3/ onf;rcHtyf? cGifhrjyKtyfonfh

t,ltqrsm;ESifh

txiftjrifrsm; [lí wnf&dS

onf[k awG;rdygovm;/

rnfonfwdkY jzpfMuoenf;/

tb,faMumifhenf;/

aqG;aEG;csuf


vuf&dStajctaewdkYudk xm0&

rajymif;vJatmif xm;&dSEkdifrnf qdkygu

xm;&dSrnfavm/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

tBudKoifcef;pm

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&dS a&S;½dk;pGJ

uGefqmaA;wpf0g'ukd qefYusifaom?

vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g'Drsm;\

pnf;½Hk;a&; ydkpwmwpfck jzpfonf/

3.1.3 a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g' (Conservatism)acwfopf a&S;½dk;pGJuGefqmaA;wpf0g'onf 18 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;rSpwifí ay:ayguf

vmcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefrSm EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m ajymif;vJrIBuD;rsm; jzpfyGm;

aeonfh tcsdefvnf; jzpfonf/ (Oyrm - tar&duefESifh jyifopf awmfvSefa&; rsm;)/

xdkYtjyif vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g'ESifh qif;&Jom;A[dkjyK qkd&S,fvpf0g'

uJhodkYaom t,ltqtopfrsm; vlBudKufrsm; vmonfh tcsdefumvvnf; jzpfonf/

]a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'} onf ]xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf&ef} (to conserve)

[lonfh a0g[m&rS qif;oufvmNyD; t&m&mudk &dS&if;pGJtwdkif; apmifhxdef;&ef[lívnf;

teuf&ayonf/ tapmydkif; a&S;OD;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'Drsm;rSm tqdkyg tajymif;tvJ

topfwdkif;onf vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGuf tvGeftEÅ&m,frsm;vSonf[k awG;xif

olrsm; jzpfMuNyD; vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk e*dkrlv twdkif; xdef;odrf;vdkolrsm; jzpfMuonf/

xkdolwdkY\tjrifwGif tajymif;tvJwdkYrSm wm;qD; &yfwefYEdkifrnf r[kwfaomfvnf;

vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm; ray:aygufvmatmif pDrH udkifwG,fEdkifrnf [k

,lqxm;Muonf/ xkduJhodkY MuyfMuyfrwfrwf pDrHudkifwG,fjcif; r&dSygu tqdkyg

jyóem&yfrsm;rSm awmfvSefa&; okdYr[kwf ppfyGJrsm;txd ay:aygufvmapEkdifonf

[kvnf; uGefqmaA;wpf0g'Drsm;u pdk;&drfcJhMuonf/ tpGef;a&muf t,ltqrsm;ay:

tajccHonfh 0g'rsm;onf vlYtodkif;t0dkif;udk zsufqD; vdrfhrnf jzpfNyD; xdef;rEkdifodrf;r&

y&rf;ywm tajctae rsm;udk OD;wnfvdrfhrnf jzpfaMumif;vnf; uGefqmaA;wpf

orm;rsm;u qdkMuonf/ xdkYtjyif vlwdkif; tjynfht0nDrQrI &Sdap&ef BudK;yrf;onfh

0g'rsm;onf Edkifvdkrif;xufjyKrIrsm;odkY OD;wnfaeaMumif;vnf; awG;xifxm;Muonf/

xdktaMumufw&m; aygufyGm;&jcif;onf tajymif;tvJrsm; &&dSa&;twGuf tiftm;oHk;

ajz&Sif;onfh awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&rsm;\ Oyrmjzpf&yfrsm;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/

xdkuJhokdYaom taMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifhvnf; uGefqmaA;wpf0g'Drsm; taejzifh

vlYtzGJUtpnf; BuD;BuD;rm;rm; ajymif;vJa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;jcif; r&dSonfh tpdk;&pepf

rsm;udk axmufcHMuayonf/

(u) a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'\ ta&;ygaom wefzdk;rsm;

• ½dk;&mtpOftvm (tradition) - ½dk;&mtpOftvmESifh "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;onf

tpOftquf aumif;usdK;jyKí &Sifoefvnfywf EdkifcJhMuonfqdkvQif 4if;wdkYudk

tpm;xdk; z,f&Sm;jcif;? pGefYy,fjcif;rsm; rjyKtyf[k a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;u

qdkygonf/ 4if;wdkYu ]twdwf} onf OmPfynm (wisdom) ESifh vHkNcHKrI (security)

wdkY\ t&if;tjrpfozG,f ½Ijrifxm;Muonf/ ½dk;&m"avhwpf&yf&yfonf ESpfumv

MumjrifhpGm ta&;ygvsuf &dSaeygu vlYtzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m wefzdk;wdkY\ ta&;ygaom

tpdwftydkif; wpf&yf tjzpf wnf&dSoifhaMumif;vnf; axmufjyxm;onf/

½dk;&mtpOftvmrsm;onf vlom;wdkYtm; udk,fydkiftrSwftom; vu©Pmudkay;í

vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;&Sd 4if;wdkY\ ae&mu@udkvnf; odjrifem;vnfaponf[k

uGefqmaA;wpfwdkYu qdkygonf/

• Nidrf0yfydjym;a&; (law and order) - a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'Drsm; ,HkMunf

xm;onfrSm vltrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh aysmhnHhMuNyD; ,HkMunf pdwfcs&rIvnf;

r&dS? &mZ0wfrIrsm;? tMurf;zufrIrsm;ESifh ysif;&drIwdkYudkvnf; vG,fvG,fulul

jyKusifhwwfMuonf/ xdktaMumif;aMumifhvnf; vltrsm;udk tumtuG,fjyKay;?

oifcef;pm (3)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

todynmay;? xdef;csKyfay;NyD; jyóemrsm; rjzpfyGm;ap&ef uGyfuJay;onfh

tpdk;&rsm;udkom axmufcHwwfMuayonf/ odkYjzpfí trdefYtmPm jy|mef;jcif;ESifh

wnfNidrfapa&;wdkYonf tpdk;&wpf&yf\ ta&;ygqHk;aom wm0ef (2) &yf jzpfonf[k

uGefqmaA;wpf0g'DwdkYu ,lqxm;onf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; wif;Muyfaom Oya'

rsm;ESifh awmifhwif;onfh &Jtiftm;? ppfwyfwdkY xm;&Sda&;udk uGefqmaA;wpfwdkY

axmufcH yHhydk;wwfMuonf/

• txuf atmuf ydkif;jcm;rI (hierarchy) - vltoD;oD;wdkYtwGuf uGJjym;onfh

tcef;u@rsm; ydkif;jcm;xm;onfh (txuf - atmuf ydkif; jcm;xm;onfh)

vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfonf jzpfoifhjzpfxdkufNyD; om,maom vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf

jzpfapEkdifvdrfhrnf[kvnf; a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpfwdkYu ,lqMuonf/ rdbESifh

om;orD; tMum;? q&mESifh ausmif;om;tMum;? tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;tMum;

tmPm qufqHrIrsm;onf xda&mufrI&dSí obm0usonf[kvnf; ½IjrifMuonf/

tqdkyg qufqHrIrsm;onf rQwjcif;r&dS[k rjrifMu? rwluGJjym;onfh vltrsm;

taejzifh rwluGJjym;onfh tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0efrsm; xm;&dStyfonf[k ,lqxm;

Muonf/ Oyrmqdk&aomf q&mrsm;taejzifh wm0ef ydkBuD;rm;onfhtwGuf

tcGifhta&;rsm; ydkrdk &&dSMuonf/ wpfzufwGif ausmif;om;wdkYrSm wm0ef enf;yg;onf

ESifhtrQ tcGifhta&; enf;yg;pGm&&dSonfrSm rQwrI&dSaMumif; uGefqmaA;wpfwdkY u

qdkMuonf/ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'DwdkY ,lqMuonfrSm vlYtzGJUtpnf; twGif;

tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;jcif;onf vdktyfvSNyD; xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm; taejzifh tqifhtwef;

edrfhyg;olrsm;udk apmifha&Smuf&rnfh wm0ef&dSonf[lí jzpfonf/

• vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm (authority) - a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpfwdkY ,HkMunfonfrSm

vkyfydkifcGifh tmPmonf r&dSrjzpf vdktyfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf acgif;aqmifrI

r&dSygu vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; wnfNidrfat;csrf;rI r&SdEkdifawmhí jzpfonf/ vltrsm;

twGuf xdef;ausmif;ay;rnfh todynmay;? axmufyHhay;rnfh acgif;aqmifom

r&dSygu zGHUNzdK;rI[lí rjzpfEkdifawmh/ xdkYtjyif vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; tmPm &&dSxm;Mu

olrsm;onfvnf; todynmtm;enf;NyD; tEÅ&m,fvnf; BuD;rm;vdrfhrnf jzpfonf/

1/ rnfonfh vpfb&,ft,ltqudk a&S;ïd;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'u wefjyefvsuf &dSonf[k

xifoenf;/ tqdkyg t,ltqrsm;u tEÅ&m,frsm;vGef; onf[k 4if;wdkYu tb,faMumifh

,lqMuoenf;/

2/ a&S;ïd;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'Dorm;rsm;taejzifh ]vGwfvyfcGifhtajcjyK0g'}

(libertarianism) (oifcef;pm 1.2.3 udk Munfhyg/) [laom t,ltqudk rnfodkY ½Ijrif


3/ a&S;ïd;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'D wpfOD;\tjrifwGif tpdk;&wpf&yf w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI

&&dSatmif rnfonfu jyKvkyf zefwD;ay;oenf;/

avhusifhcef;


,aeYacwfumv\ tBuD;us,fqHk;aom jyóem&yfBuD;rSm trdefYtmPmpdk;rdk;rIESifh wnfNidrfrIwdkY uif;qdwfaejcif;yif jzpfonf/ t&m&mrSm ajymif;vJjcif; jrefqefvGef;vSNyD; uREkfyfwdkY\ todkif;t0dkif;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIwdkYudk xdef;ausmif;EkdifrIrSm avsmhusvsuf &dSonf/

xdkuJhodkYaom taetxm; a&muf&dSa&;twGuf vlrItajymif;tvJrsm;ESifh jyify&efpG,fwdkYudk wm;qD; &yfwefY&ef? Oya'ESifh trdefYtmPmwdkYudk jr§ifhwif&ef? cdkifrmtm;aumif; onfh Oya'rsm; zefwD;jcif;jzifh tpdk;&tay: av;pm;orI &dSvmap&ef aqmif&GufMu&rnf jzpfonf/

vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk tumtuG,fjyKay;rnfh cdkifrm awmifhwif;onfh tpdk;&wpf&yf wnf&dSNyD; vltrsm;taejzifh tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh txufvlBuD; wdkYtm; av;pm; wefzdk;xm; apEkdifrSomvQif ydkrdk aumif;rGefonfh taetxm; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/

3.1.4 vlrIb0nDrQrIA[dkjyK qdk&S,fvpf0g' (Socialism)a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'u vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g'twGuf wHkYjyefrIwpf&yf

jzpfouJhodkY qdk&S,fvpf0g'onfvnf; pufrIt&if;&SifpepfaMumifh jzpfyGm;&onfh

jyóemrsm;udk wefjyefvsuf&dSonf/ qkd&S,fvpf0g'DwdkYtaejzifh vlYtzGJUtpnf; udk

t&if;tjrpfESifh tcGifhtvrf; rnfrQ&dSonf? rnfodkYaom vkyfief; rsm; vkyfudkifvsuf

&dSonfwdkYudk tajccHvsuf vlwef;pm;rsm; cGJjcm; xm;onf/ a&S;OD; qdk&S,fvpf0g'D

rsm;taejzifh puf½kHBuD;rsm;ESifh 4if;wdkYudk ydkifqdkifxm;olrsm; (t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;)

udk tvkyform; vlwef;pm;wdkY\ tEÅ&m,fwpf&yftoGif ½IjrifMuonf/

t&if;&SifqkdonfrSm wpfpHkwpf&m (Oyrm - aiG? ydkifqdkifrI odkYr[kwf ajr) udk

ydkifqdkifNyD; aiGaMu; &&dS&eftwGuf xdkydkifqdkifrIudk &if;ESD;toHk;jyKolrsm; jzpfonf/

Oyrm wpfpHkwpfOD;onf taqmufttHkwpfck ydkifqdkifxm;ygu tcef;tiSm;csjcif;jzifh

aiG&SmEkdifonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom ydkifqdkifrIudk ]t&if;tESD;} (capital) [k ac:qdkEdkifonf/

tvkyform;vlwef;pm;qdkonfrSm vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;wGif rnfodkYaom

t&if;tESD;rS ydkifqdkifxm;jcif; r&dSolrsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ xdkolwdkYtwGuf aiG&Sm&ef

wpfckwnf;aom enf;vrf;rSm tjcm;olrsm;xHwGif tvkyfvkyfjcif;om jzpfayonf/

a&S;OD; qdk&S,fvpfrsm;taejzifh vlwdkif; puf½Hk? v,f,mESifh aps;qdkifrsm; ydkifqdkifEdkifrnfh

pepfwpf&yfudk tqdkjyKcJhMuonf/ okdYrSvnf; ydkrdk nDrQrI&dSonfh vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf

zefwD;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k qdkxm;onf/

19 &mpk tukefwGif qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf rwlnDaom tzGJU 2 zGJU uGJxGufoGm;onf/

pD;yGm;a&;pepf wpf&yfvHk;udk ajymif;vJypf&efrSm tvGefcufcJrnf jzpfaMumif;

tcsdKUqdk&S,fvpfwdkYu qHk;jzwfMuonf/ xdkolwdkY\tqdkt& qdk&S,fvpfrsm;taejzifh

tpdk;&u <u,f0olwdkYxHrS odrf;,lNyD;

qif;&Jolrsm;xH ay;a0Mujcif;rSm

rQwonf[k xifygovm;/

tBudKoifcef;pm

1/ jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&dS a&S;ïd;pGJ

uGefqmaA;wpf0g'\ ta&;ygaom

vu©Pm&yf tcsdKUwdkYrSm

tb,fenf;/

2/ jrefrmhEkdifiHa&; tay:wGif a&S;ïd;pGJ

uGefqmaA;wpft,ltqrsm;

u rnfonfh oufa&mufrIrsm;

&dSoenf;/

3/ rnDrQonfh tmPmoHk;

qufqHa&; onf obm0usonf

[laom a&S;ïd;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf

t,ltqudk vufcHygovm;/

aqG;aEG;csuf

oifcef;pm (3)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

Mu,feD (0Jbuf) ESifh wlESifh wHpOfyHk

(,mbuf) wdkY onf qkd&S,fvpf0g'

odkYr[kwf uGefjrLepf0g'\ trSwf vu©Pmrsm;

tjzpf toHk;jyKw wfMuonf/ csDauGAm;&m;

(atmufwGif yg&dSonfhyHk) onf xif&Sm;onfh

qdk&S,fvpf0g'D udk,fpm;jyKrsm;xJrS wpfOD;

jzpfonf/

vkyfom;wdkY\ vkyfcvpm ESifh vkyfief;cGif tajctaersm;udk jr§ifhwif&ef BudK;yrf;oifhNyD;

xdkvkyfom;wdkY t&if;&Sif vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif ydkrdk aumif;rGefaomae&modkY a&muf&dS

Ekdifvdrfh rnf[k qdkxm;onf/ xdkodkY aqmifMuOf; ay;Edkif&eftwGuf tvkyform;

tcGifhta&; tumtuG,fjyK Oya'rsm; tpdk;&rSjy|mef;ap&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;uomvQif

taumif;rGefqHk;aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf[k qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ xdkolwdkYukd

jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; qdk&S,fvpfrsm; (reformist socialists) [k ac:qdkMuonf/

tjcm;aom tzGJUrsm; taejzifh ukefxkwfvkyfrIwdkif; (puf½Hk? v,f,m? pufjyif½Hk

ponf) wdkYudk vkyfom;xk jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aom tpdk;&u ydkifqdkifxdef;uGyfEkdifonfh

pD;yGm;a&;pepf wpf&yfudk qufvuf awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/ 4if;wdkYudk uGefjrLepfrsm;

(communists) [k ac:qdkMuonf/

(u) vlrIb0nDrQrIA[dkjyK qdk&S,fvpf0g'\ ta&;ygaom wefzdk;rsm;

• aoG;pnf;nDnGwfrI (solidarity) - qdk&S,fvpf0g'Drsm;u ,lqxm;MuonfrSm

vltrsm; taejzifh wpfOD;ay:wpfOD; apmifha&SmufMu? ay;qyfMujcif;onf

obm0usvSonf [lí jzpfonf/ usm;? r? trsdK;tEG,f? twef;tpm; ponfjzifh

trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym; jcm;em;Muaomfvnf; ae&mwdkif;&dS tzdEdSyfcH? tcGJjcm;cHyk*d¾KvfwdkYrSm

qufET,fvsuf &dSMuonf/ xdkodkY qufET,f&jcif;rSmvnf; tm;vkH;taejzifh

zdEdSyfrI'Pfudk cHpm;aeMu &aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xdkuJhokdY tultnD vdktyfaeonfh?

tzdESdyfcHae&onfholrsm;ukd axmufyHhay;jcif;u ]aoG;pnf;nDnGwfrI} \ ta&;ygaom

tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf[k qdk&S,fvpf rsm;u qdkxm;onf/

• omwlnDrQrI (equality of outcome) - ]vGwfvyfcGifh} onf EdkifiHa&;wGif

ta&;ygqHk;aom wefzdk;wpf&yfjzpfonf[k vpfb&,frsm;u awG;xifMu ouJhokdY?

]nDrQrI} onf ta&;ygqHk;aom wefzdk;[k qdk&S,fvpfrsm; u ,HkMunfxm; Muonf/

xdkolwdkYtaejzifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk ]cGifhwlnDrQrI} t& omru vlrIa&;t&nDrQrI

(omwlnDrQrI) udkyg tajccHvsuf wnfaqmufvdkMuonf/ xdktcsuft&

qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&rsm;u qif;&Jonfh tpktzGJUrsm;xH ay;a0&ef twGuf csrf;omol

vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;xHrS t&if;tjrpfrsm; &,l&ef vdktyfonfhtwGuf tjiif;yGm;p&mtjzpf

wnf&dSaeonf/ xdktcsufonf wpfoD;yk*¾vtcGifhta&;udk xdyg;&ma&mufonf

[kvnf; qdk&S,fvpfr[kwfol trsm;u axmufjyxm;Muonf/

• vlrIvdktyfcsuf (social need) - qdk&S,fvpfrsm;taejzifh ]nDrQrI} tajcjyK

vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk tvdk&dSMuonfhtavsmuf t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkvnf; rnfrQ

vdktyfonf tay: rlwnfvsuf ay;tyfoifhaMumif; qdkxm;Muonf/ tm;enf;ol?

usef;rma&;EHkcsmolrsm; (b0&yfwnfa&;twGuf tvkyf rvkyfudkif Ekdifolrsm;) udk

apmifha&Smuf&efrSm awmifhwif; usef;rmonfholrsm;\ wm0ef jzpfonf[lívnf;

qdkxm;ao;onf/

• bHkydkifqkdifrI (common ownership) - yk*¾vduypönf;ydkifqkdifrIudk axmufcH onfh

vpfb&,f0g'Drsm;? uGefqmaA;wpf0g'Drsm;ESifh rwlnDonfhtcsufrSm qdk&S,fvpf

rsm;u bHkydkifqdkifrIudk axmufcHMujcif; jzpfonf/ xdkolwdkY\tqdkt& ukefxkwfvkyf

rI onf trsm;ESifh oufqdkifonfht&m jzpfoifhNyD; tusdK;tjrwfrsm; udkvnf;

vlYtzGJUtpnf; wGif nDrQpGm rQa0oifhonf[lí qdkxm;onf/ okdYaomfjim;vnf;

rnfrQ rQa0oifhonfESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; qdk&S,fvpfrsm;tMum; oabmuGJvGJJvsuf

&dSonf/


1/ ]pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifh}

[laom vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f

t,ltqESifh ]vlrIvdktyfcsuf}[lonfh

vlrIb0nDrQrIA[dkjyK qdk&S,fvpf

t,ltqwdkYtMum; rnfodkY jcm;em;rI

&dSoenf;/

2/ rnfonfh vpfb&,ft,ltqudk

qdk&S,fvpf0g'u wefjyefvsuf&dSonf[k

xifjrifoenf;/ tqdkyg t,ltqrsm;u

tEÅ&m,frsm;vGef;onf[k 4if;wdkYu

tb,faMumifh ,lqMuoenf;/

3/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'Dorm;wpfOD;\

tjrifwGif tpdk;&wpf&yf

w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI

&&dSatmif rnfonfu

jyKvkyfzefwD;ay;oenf;/

avhusifhcef;


t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;tm; <u,f0rI? tmPmwdkYt& r[kwfbJ vdktyfcsuf ay:tajccHNyD; rQa0onfh vHk;0OóHk nDrQrI&dSonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf jzpfrSomvQif ydkrdk aumif;rGefonfh taetxm; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/

,aeYacwfumv\ tBuD;us,fqHk; aom jyóem&yfBuD; rSm tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom tzdESdyfcHrsm;tay: <u,f0ol? tmPmBuD;rm;olrsm;u acgif;yHkjzwfMujcif;yif jzpfonf/

xdkuJhodkYaom taetxm; a&muf&dSa&;twGuf t&if;&Sif acgif;yHkjzwfrIrsm;tm; &yfwefYypf&ef? nDrQrIESifh EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifrIrsm;tm; jr§ifhwifay;&ef? puf½Hkrsm;? v,f,majrrsm;tm; xdef;csKyfEkdifonfh tvkyform;tpdk;& zefwD;NyD; <u,f0rIudk rQrQww a0iSMu&ef vdktyfonf/

3.1.5 tajccH0g' (3) &yf tay: jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;

oifcef;pm (3.1.1) wGif jyKvkyfcJhonfh ydkpwmudk jyefvnf Munfh½I oHk;oyfay;yg/

1/ þtcef;wGifavhvmcJhonfh 0g' (3) &yf teuf rnfonfu rdrdwdkYtzGJU\ 0g'ESifh teD;pyfqHk;

jzpfoenf;/ rnfonfwdkYu eD;pyfapoenf;/

2/ þtcef;udk avhvmNyD; rdrdwdkY jyKpkcJhonfh ydkpwmwGif jyifqifvdkonfwdkYudk jyifqifEkdifonf

qdkygu rnfonfwdkYudk jyifqifrnfenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf

pmtkyf\ aemufausmwGif yg&dSonfh ]vIyf&Sm;aqmifÔufolrsm; pm&if;} udk Munfh½I oHk;oyfay;yg/

0g' (3) &yf twGuf pmrsufESm (11) wGif yg&dSonfhtwdkif; tnTef;jyZ,m; (venn diagram)

wpf&yf zefwD;ay;NyD; vkyfaqmifol (6) OD;udk tqdkyg Z,m;wGif jznfhpGufay;yg/

vkyfief;rsm;

1/ jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&dS qdk&S,fvpf0g'\

ta&;ygaom vu©Pm&yftcsdKUwdkYrSm

tb,fenf;/

2/ jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;tay:wGif qdk&S,fvpf

t,ltqrsm;u rnfonfh

oufa&mufrIrsm; &dSoenf;/

3/ vltrsm;taejzifh qmavmif

rGwfodyfrIrsm; cHpm;aecsdefwGif

<u,f0ol wdkYu ydkifqdkifrIudk

rrQa0bJ aecGifh&dSonf[k

xifygovm;/

aqG;aEG;csuf

oifcef;pm (3)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

tBudKoifcef;pm

oifcef;pm (3.1) udkavhvmNyD;aemuf

0g' (3) &yf teuf rnfonfu

rdrdwdkY\ udk,fydkiftjrifrsm;udk

txif[yfqHk; jzpfonf [k xifoenf;/

tb,faMumifhenf;/

3.2 0g'rsm;tm; qef;ppf tuJjzwfjcif;3.2.1 0g'rsm;tm; qef;ppf tuJjzwfjcif;0g'trsdK;rsdK;u wefzdk;? OD;wnfcsuf? t,ltqtrsdK;rsdK;udk xif[yfvsuf&dSaMumif;

a&SUtydkif;wdkYwGif wifjycJhNyD; jzpfonf/ 0g'rsm;onf wefzdk;ESifh ,HkMunfcsufrQom

r[kwfyJ vlYtzGJUtpnf;wkd;wufap&ef vdktyfvSonfh vkyfief; tpDtpOfrsm;vnf;

yg0ifMuonf/

xdktcsuft& 0g'rsm;tm; qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;\ tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfrSm

xdk0g'rsm;tay: tajccHonfh EkdifiHa&;pepftm; tuJjzwfoHk;oyfjcif;[kvnf;

t"dyÜm,f &ayonf/ EdkifiHa&;pepfqdkonfrSm 0g'wpf&yf\wefzdk;rsm; xif[yfvsuf

&dSonfh vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/

0g'trsdK;rsdK;wdkYu tav;xm;onfh wefzdk;wdkYrSmvnf; vGwfvyfrI? vHkNcHKrI odkYr[kwf

nDrQrI [lí trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;Ekdifonf/ xdkuGJjym;aom wefzdk;xm;rIrsm;u xdk0g'rsm;

usifhoHk;vdkonfh EkdifiHa&;pepfudk yHkazmfay;vsuf &dSayonf/

EdkifiHa&;pepfwpf&yfwGif tqdkyg wefzdk;wdkYu vltrsm;\ b0rsm;tay: vufawGU

oufa&mufrI&dSaeonfh Oya'rsm;? rl0g'rsm;ESifh tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; ay:aygufvm

aponf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; 0g'rsm;tm; qef;ppf tuJjzwfjcif;\ ta&;ygaom

tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfrSm vlYtzGJUtpnf;tay: xdk0g'wdkY\vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; qdkif&m

oufa&mufrIrsm;tm; oHk;oyf&jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif tcGifhta&;? nDrQrIESifh

vGwfvyfrIwdkYtay: tqdkyg EkdifiHa&;pepf\oufa&mufrIrsm;udkvnf; xnhfoGif;

pOf;pm;&onf/ xdkYtwl uREkfyfwdkY\udk,fydkif wefzdk;rsm;? ,HkMunfcsufrsm;? tjrifrsm;tm;

qef;ppf&mwGifvnf; tqdkyg oufa&mufrIrsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ef ta&;ygvSonf/

1/ vlrIb0nDrQrIA[dkjyK qdk&S,fvpf wpfOD;\ qdk&S,fvpf0g' tay: tjrif

2/ tjcm;olrsm;u qdk&S,fvpf0g' tay: tjrif

3/ vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,fvf0g'D wpfOD;\ vpfA&,fvf0g' tay: tjrif

4/ tjcm;olrsm;u vpfb&,fvf0g' tay: tjrif

5/ a&S;ïd;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'D wpfOD;\ uGefqmaA;wpf0g' tay: tjrif

6/ tjcm;olrsm;u a&S;ïd;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g' tay: tjrif

u c *

i pC

1/ 0g' (3) &yf tay: ½Ijrif oHk;oyf &mwGif

uGJjym; jcm;em;NyD; jzpfEkdifacs&dSonfh

tjrif (6) csuf wdkYudk atmufwGif

azmfjy ay;xm;onf/ tqdkyg yHkwdkYtm;

oufqkdif&m tnTef;pmom;ESifh

wGJpyfay;yg/

2/ tb,fhaMumifh xdkodkY

a&G;cs,fcJhoenf;/ rdrdwdkY\

a&G;cs,frIrsm;taMumif; twef;azmf

wpfOD;ESifh wGJzuf aqG;aEG;ay;yg/

vkyfief;rsm;


Ekdi fi Ha&; t q dkt rdefYr sm;atmufyg tqdkrsm;udk Munfh½I oHk;oyfNyD; 4if;wdkYudk þtcef;wGif aqG;aEG;cJhonfh 0g' (3) &yfESifh

wGJpyfay;yg/

u/ vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g'

c/ a&S;ïd;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'

*/ qkd&S,fvpf0g'

vkyfief;rsm;

1/ rnfonfh tqdkrsm;udk oabmwloenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

2/ rnfonfh tqdkrsm;ESifh oabm uGJvGJoenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf

3/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;taeeJY yk*d¾KvfwpfOD;csif;pD&JU ,HkMunfrIawGudk vlUtodkif;t0dkif;&JU ½dk;&m"avhawGeJY qefYusifaeonfhwdkif tpOftav;xm;zdkY vdktyfw,f/

2/ vGwfvyfjcif;qdkwmu uRefawmfwdkYavmuf rvGwfvyfolawGtwGuf vGwfvyfrIudk axmufyHhay;Ekdifr,fh enf;vrf;wpf&yfjzifh aexdkif&ef

wm0ef&dSjcif;vdkY t"dyÜm,faumufEkdifygw,f/

6/ ½dk;&m"avh? vlUtodkif;t0dkif; ESifh rdom;pkawG taeeJY vlUtzGJUtpnf; twGif;rSm txl; tumtuG,fay;rIawG vdktyfvSw,f/

1/ zefwD;rIESifh vGwfvyfrIawGu tpdk;& csKyfudkifrIxuf ydkNyD;awmh ta&;ygw,f/

4/ vGwfvyfzdkYtwGuf vHkNcHKzdkYu t&ifOD;qHk; vdktyfw,f/

5/ tm;enf;ol? EGrf;yg;olawGeJY cHpm;cGifhenf;yg;olawGudk umuG,fay;zdkYu EkdifiHawmf&JU wm0efwpf&yf jzpfygw,f/

oifcef;pm (3)

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)


] v Gwfv yfa o m aps; u G u fpD;yGm;a&;pepf}vGwfvyfrItajcjyK0g'Drsm;ESifh tqHk;pGefvGwfvyfrI0g'Drsm;wdkY ,HkMunfxm;MuonfrSm tpdk;&\wpfckwnf;aom tcef;u@

onf xdktpdk;&rSvGJí tjcm;olrsm; ray;Ekdifonfh (EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&; odkYr[kwf vrf;rD;rsm;&&dSa&; uJhokdYaom)

tajccH0efaqmifrIrsm;om ay;pGrf;Mu&rnf[lí jzpfonf/ ]vGwfvyfaom aps;uGuf} udk axmufcHMuolrsm;u

omwlnDrQrI &&dSap&ef <u,f0rIrsm;udk tpdk;&rsm;u jyefvnf rQa0oifhonf[lonfh t,ltqudk qefYusifMuonf/

tcGefrsm;? pnf;rsOf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;uJhokdY pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m uefYowfydwfyifrIrsm;u vltrsm;udk atmifjrifrI

&&dSjcif;rS uefYowfxm;NyD; pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;wdkYtwGuf xdcdkufapaMumif; qdkxm;onf/

] v Gwfv yfa o m aps; u G u fpepfu v lt r sm; u kd t v kyf ydkrdk B u dK;pm; v map o n f} [ k v Gwfv yfrIA [ dkjyK v pfb & , fr sm; u q dkM u o n f/tpdk;&rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&; okdYr[kwf vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk xdef;csKyfjcif;om r&dSygu vltrsm;taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;

odkYr[kwf vlxltajcjyK tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk vkyfudkif wnfaxmifMuvdrfhrnf[k vpfb&,frsm;u ,HkMunfMuonf/

xdkuJhodkY vkyfaqmifolrsm;taejzifh atmifjrifrIrsm;rSwpfqifh wdkuf½dkuf tusdK;cHpm;EkdifMurnf jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh

ydkrdk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfEkdifonf[kvnf; vpfb&,frsm;u qdkxm;onf/ tpdk;&taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;udk csKyfudkifxm;ygu

ukefxkwf pGrf;tm; aumif;rGefrnf r[kwfawmh? (tpdk;&xdef;csKyfxm;onfh) jynfolYa&;&mu@&dS tvkyftudkifrsm;udk

aqmif&Gufaeol tvkyform;rsm;taejzifh rnfrQ tvkyfBudK;pm;onfjzpfap? rBudK;pm;onfjzpfap vcwlrQpGm

cHpm;Mu&rnf jzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xdktvkyform;rsm;taejzifh rnfrQ BudK;pm;onf jzpfygap (tusdK;tjrwfrsm;

zefwD;jcif;jzifh) qkvmbfrsm; cHpm;Mu&rnf r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh ysif;&dNyD; pdwf"mwfwuf<urIwdkY &dSrnf

r[kwfawmhacs/ vpfb&,frsm;u xyfavmif; axmufjyxm;onfrSm tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh ukefypönf;wefzdk;rsm;udk

xdef;csKyfxm;jcif; (Oyrm - tenf;qHk; vkyfcvpm? qefaps;EIef; xdef;csKyf avQmhcsjcif;? ponfwdkY) u vdkvm;csuf

jynfhrDjcif;ESifh ukefxkwfrIpGrf;tm;wdkYwGif BuD;pGm avsmhusapEkdifonf[lívnf; qdkxm;ayonf/

]vlrIb0zlvHka&;udk EdkifiHawmfu wm0ef,lapmifha&Smufay;onfhpepf} BuD;wpf&yfonf vltrsm;udk tvkyfvkyfudkifrI

avsmhusapEkdifrnf [kvnf; vpfb&,frsm;u qdkxm;onf/ 4if;wdkY\tqdkt& tpdk;&rsm;u tqdkyg 0efaqmifrIwdkif;

udk axmufyHhxm;ygu vlwdkYtaejzifh tvkyfvkyf&rnfhtaMumif;yif r&dSawmhay/ xdk0efaqmifrIrsm; ay;&eftwGuf ukef;½kef;

BudK;pm;olrsm;xHrS tcGefaumufjcif;u rrQwvSaMumif;vnf; a0zefxm;ayonf/

avhusifhcef; vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf\ tusdK;? tjypfrsm;rSm tb,fwdkYenf;/


] v lrIb 0zlv Hka&; u dk Edki fi Hawmfu wm0ef, lapm i fha&Sm u fay; o n fh pepf} (welfare state) q dko n frSm t b , fe n f;/]vlrIb0zlvHka&;udk EdkifiHawmfu wm0ef,lapmifha&Smufay;onfh pepf} qdkonfrSm tpdk;&wpf&yftaejzifh jynfolrsm;\

vlrIzlvHka&;udk axmufyHhay;&eftwGuf vlrIa&;qdkif&m tusdK;cHpm;cGifhrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;tm;vHk; ay;pGrf;onfudk

qdkvdkonf/ xdk0efaqmifrIrsm;wGif tcrJh ynma&;? tcrJh usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIESifh tdkrif;ol? roefpGrf;olESifh

tvkyfvufrJh rsm; twGuf aiGaMu; taxmuftyHhay;jcif;wdkY yg0ifayonf/

] v Gwfv yfa o m aps; u G u fpepfu v lUt zGJUt p n f; t wG i f; < u , f0rIu dk wkd;yGm;apo n f} [ k v Gwfv yfrIA [ dkjyK v pfb & , frsm; u q dkM u o n f/vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; <u,f0rIudk jyefvnf rQa0&ef BudK;yrf;vsuf&dSaom ]vlrIb0zlvHka&;udk EdkifiHawmfu wm0ef,l

apmifha&Smufay;onfhpepf} BuD;wpf&yfonf ukefusp&dwf BuD;vGef;NyD;? xda&mufrIvnf; r&dS[k vpfb&,frsm;u

qdkxm;onf/ olwdkY\tqdkt& tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh <u,f0rIudk jyefvnf rQa0onfhtcg vlYtzGJUtpnf; wpfckvHk;taejzifh

ydkrdk qif;&JrGJaw oGm;aponf/ tcGefrsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udkvnf; avsmhcsxm;jcif;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf

aiGaMu;vkHavmufpGm &SmazGvmEkdifNyD; qif;&Jjcif;onfvnf; jyóemwpf&yf jzpfrnf r[kwfawmhacs/ xdkpD;yGm;a&;tjrifudk

‘laissez faire' (‘allow to do' - vkyfcGifhjyKonf) [kvnf; ac:qdkMuNyD; vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,ft&if;&Sif0g'DwdkY\

ta&;ygvSonfh t,ltq tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/ vpfb&,ft&if;&Sif0g'Drsm;u qdkMuonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;rsm; rSwpfqifh aiGaMu;&SmazG&eftwGuf rdrdwdkY\ udk,fydkif qErsm;twdkif; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfudkifEkdifMurnf

qdkygu vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfvHk;onfvnf; ydkrdk <u,f0vmEkdifonf[k qdkxm;onf/

]xdef;csKyfa&;Oya'rsm;} (regulations) qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/

xdef;csKyfa&;Oya'rsm;qdkonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf uefYowfxm;aom odkYr[kwf xdef;csKyfxm; aom

Oya'rsm;ESifh ay:vpDrsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ pnf;rsOf; owfrSwfcsufrsm;taejzifh tpm;taomufESifh pGrf;tif uJhokdY

ukefypönf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifonf/ xdkYtjyif rnfonfh ukrÜPDudk rnfonfh vkyfief;wGif

aqmif&GufcGifhjyKonf? rjyKonfudkyg xdef;csKyfEkdifMuonf/

oifcef;pm (3)

vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfu rdrdwdkY wdkif;jynftwGuf aumif;rGefvdrfhrnf[k xifyg

ovm;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/aqG;aEG;csuf

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

] v lrIb 0 n Dr QrIA [ dkjyK q dk&S, fv pfpD;yGm;a&;pepf}qdk&S,fvpfwdkY qkdMuonfrSm vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpepfu rQwjcif; r&dS? taMumif;rSm vpfb&,ft&if;&Sifpepfudk

tajccHonfh pepfrsm;onf EGrf;yg;olrsm;tay: csrf;omolrsm;u acgif;yHkjzwfrIrsm; tpOfjzpfyGm;apEkdifaomaMumifh

jzpfonf/ wdkif;jynftrsm;pk (txl;ojzifh zGHYNzdK;qJ wdkif;jynfrsm;) wGif tvkyf&Sifrsm;onf 4if;wdkYay;vdkoavmufom

tvkyform;rsm; ukd ay;urf;wwfMuonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tvkyf&Sifu tvkyform;wpfOD;udk vkdtyfonfxuf

tvkyform;trsm;u tvkyfwpfckudk &&Sd&ef ydkrdk vdktyfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xdktajctaersdK;wGif csrf;omol

tvkyf&Sifrsm;u csrf;omNrJ ydkrdk csrf;omvmMuNyD; qif;&Jol tvkyform;wdkYrSmrl qif;&JNrJ qif;&JaeMuayonf/ vlrIa&;

qdkif&m rQwrIrsm; aqmifMuOf;ay;Ekdif&eftwGuf vGwfvyfonfh aps;uGufpepfudk uefYowf&ef vdktyfaMumif; qdk&S,fvpfrsm;

u axmufjyxm;ayonf/

]< u , f0rIu dk jyefv n f r Qa0&eft w G u f t c Gefr sm; u dk t o Hk;jyKM u &r n f} [ k q dk&S, fv pfr sm; u q dkM u o n f/vlrIb0nDrQrIA[dkjyK qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;onf txufygacgif;yHkjzwfrIrsm;udk &yfwefYEkdif&eftwGuf t&if;tjrpf

rsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; udk vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ tqif;&JqHk; tzGJU0ifrsm;xH jyefvnfrQa0jcif;jzifh nDrQrI ydkrdk &&dSvmap&ef

BudK;yrf;Muonf/ xdkuJhodkY azmfaqmifay;&eftwGuf rnfrQ csrf;omonfudk rlwnfNyD; tcGefay;&rnfh yrmP

wdk;jr§ifhonfh ]xyfwdk;cGef pnf;Muyfonfhpepf} (progressive taxation) udk toHk;csMuonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm ynma&;?

usef;rma&; apmifha&SmufrIESifh tjcm;aom 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd wwfEkdifolrsm;rSm 4if;wdkYudk rwwfEkdifavmufatmif

qif;&JvSonfh vltrsm;tm; axmufyHh&eftwGuf tcGef ydkrdk ay;aqmifMu&onf/ tpdk;&taejzifh xdktcGefrS &&dSonfh

aiGaMu;rsm;udk rwwfEdkifonfh vltrsm;\ vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm;twGuf toHk;jyKMuonf/ ]xyfwdk;tcGefay;rI} onf

qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif awGUEkdifonfom r[kwf? csrf;omolrsm;ay;&onfh tcGefyrmPuvnf; tpdk;&wpf&yf

qdk&S,fvpf rnfrQ qefonfudk azmfjyaeayonf/

]pDrHu def;pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm; o n f v kyfi ef; v dkt yfcs u fx u f v lx k\ v dkt yfcs u fu dk jz n fhq n f;&r n f} [ k q dk&S, fv pfr sm; u q dkM u o n f/ ]pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;pepf} rsm; qdkonfrSm rnfonfh ukefypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyf&rnf? rnfodkY xkwfvkyfrnf? rnfolwdkYtwGuf


avhusifhcef; vlrIb0nDrQrIA[dkjyK qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf\ tusdK;? tjypfrsm;rSm tb,fwdkYenf;/


xkwfvkyf&rnfESifh pyfvsOf;í tpdk;&wpf&yf\ tpDtpOfrsm;

jyKvkyfjcif; jzpfonf/ xdktpDtrHrsm;onf jynfolvlxk

vdktyfcsuf ESihf wdkif;jynfzGHYNzdK;rIudk OD;wnfNyD; pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m

&nfrSef;csufrsm;udkyg tajccHxm;aom pD;yGm;a&; wpf&yfudk

pDrHudkifwG,f&ef jzpfonf/ ]pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;pepf} rsm;onf

tifrwef ½IyfaxG;onfh jzpfpOfwpfckvnf; jzpfonf/ 4if;wGif

pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfukd pDpOf&efESifh udkifwG,f pDrH&ef vdktyfonfh

wGufcsufrIaygif; rsm;pGmwdkY twGuf tpdk;&vkyfom; axmifaygif;

rsm;pGm vdktyfayonf/

EdkifiHydkifjyKjcif;onf pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;\ ta&;BuD;onfh

tpdwftydkif; jzpfonf/ xdkodkY aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh tpdk;&rsm;onf

wkdif;jynf\ <u,f0rIrsm;udk EkdifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;? jynfwGif;ae

csrf;omNyD;om; EkdifiHom;rsm; xuf wdkif;jynfae vltrsm;xHodkY

a&muf&dSap&ef BudK;yrf;Muonf/ xdkYtjyif tpdk;&rsm;onf

xdef;csKyfa&;Oya' toHk;jyKvsuf ta&;ygaom pufrIvkyfief;rsm;tm;

jynfolYvdktyfcsufudk tav;rxm;aom tiftm;BuD;ukrÜPD

vufwpfqkyfu vTrf;rdk;rI r&dSap&efvnf; aqmif&Gufwwf

Muayonf/ ]5 ESpf pDrHudef;} qdkif&m qdkAD,ufydkpwmwpfck jzpfonf/ tqdkyg

pDrHudef;rsm;rSm 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD; qdk&S,fvpf wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif

awGU&avh&dSonf/

]EkdifiHydkifjyKjcif;}

pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;pepf\ ta&;ygaom tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfrSm ]EkdifiHydkifjyKjcif;} yif jzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;rsm;ESifh puf½Hkrsm;udk wpfoD;yk*¾vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;u r[kwfbJ tpdk;&u csKyfudkif xm;jcif; jzpfonf/

oifcef;pm (3)

vlrIb0nDrQrIA[dkjyK qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfu rdrdwdkY wdkif;jynftwGuf aumif;rGefvdrfhrnf[k

xifygovm;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/aqG;aEG;csuf

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

4/ jynfolvlxktaeeJY 4if;wdkYtay: apmifha&Smuf ay; r,fhol vdkw,f/ urÇm&JU 95 &mcdkifEIef;avmufu olwdkY bmvkyf&r,f? b,fvdkjyKrl&r,fqdkwmudk ajymjyay;zdkY vdktyfw,f/

6/ pD;yGm;a&; nDrQrI ryg0ifwJh EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfrIqdkwm vdrfnmrI wpfckygyJ/ tvkyform;awGtaeeJY b,fvdkvdrfnmrIrsdK;udkrQ rvdkcsifygbl;/

1/ a&G;aumufyGJrSm udk,fhocifudk,f a&G;EkdifwmeJYyJ ocifeJY uRefqdkwJhpepfu rvGwfajrmufapygbl;/

3/ rdrdwdkY tvdk&dSawmifhw&m t&mwkdif;udk ay;pGrf; Ekdifavmufatmif tiftm; BuD;rm;wJh tpkd;& wpf&yfqdkwmu rdrdwdkYrSm&dSwJh t&mwdkif;udkvnf; odrf;,loGm;EdkifpGrf;&dSw,f/

5/ 'Drdkua&pDpepf&JU taumif;tqdk;udk omref rJay;wJholwpfOD;eJY 5 rdepfavmuf pum;ajym½HkeJY oabmaygufoGm;vdrfhr,f /

2/ tpdk;&udk aiGaMu;ESifh tmPmay;tyfxm;jcif;u q,fausmfouf aumifav;wpfa,mufudk t&ufeJY um;aomh ay;vdkufwmeJY wlw,f/

1/ rnfonfh tqdkrsm;udk oabmwloenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

2/ rnfonfh tqdkrsm;ESifh oabm uGJvGJoenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf

Ekdi fi Ha&; t q dkt rdefYr sm;atmufyg tqdkrsm;udk Munfh½I oHk;oyfNyD; 4if;wdkYudk þtcef;wGif aqG;aEG;cJhonfh 0g' (3) &yfESifh

wGJpyfay;yg/

u/ vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g'

c/ a&S;ïd;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf0g'

*/ qkd&S,fvpf0g'

vkyfief;rsm;


vkyfief;rsm;u REkfyfwdkY\ 0g ' - t ydki f; (2)1/ ]uREkfyfwdkY\ 0g' - tydkif; (1) } wGif vkyfaqmifcJhonfh tzGJUESifhtwl aqmif&Gufay;yg/ pmrsufESm

(18 ) wGif jyKpkcJhonfh tcGifhta&; yd&rpftwdkif; ]wefzdk; yd&rpf} wpfck jyKvkyf ay;yg/

2/ atmufyg tcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifonfh ydkpwmwpf&yf jyKvkyfay;yg/

'Drdku&wfwpf

vGwfvyfaom aps;uGuf

pD;yGm;a&;pepf

tmPm&Siffpepf

qdk&S,fvpf

pD;yGm;a&; pepf

u/ 0g' trnf?

c/ t"du wefzdk;rsm;?

*/ tjcm;aom wefzdk;rsm;?

C/ vGwfvyfrItay: tjrif?

i/ nDrQrItay: tjrif?

p/ yxrrsdK;quf tcGifhta&;rsm; (EdkifiHom;ESifh EkdfifiHa&;qdkif&m

tcGifhta&;rsm;) tay: tjrif?

q/ 'kwd,rsdK;quf tcGifhta&;rsm; (vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rIESifh

pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;) tay: tjrif?

Z/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;taejzifh ,aeYtajctae a&muf&dSae&jcif;

taMumif;?

ps/ taumif;qHk;jzpfonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;yHkpH?

n/ xdkvlUtzGJUtpnf;yHkpHjzpfatmif rnfonfwdkYudk aqmif&Guf&rnf?

#/ rnfolwdkYu aqmif&Guf&rnf?

oifcef;pm (3)

vkyfief;rsm;1/ ]uREkfyfwdkY\ 0g' - tydkif; (2)}wGif jyKvkyfcJhonfh ydkpwmudk jyefvnf oHk;oyfyg/ rdrdwdkY\ 0g'udk

azmfjyygyHk\ rnfonfh ae&mwGif csxm; owfrSwfrnfenf;/

2/ pmtkyf\aemufqHk;wGif yg&dSonfh vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;pm&if;udk Munfh½I ay;yg/ xdkpm&if;rS

vkyfaqmifol 6 OD; wdkYtm; xdkolwdkY\0g'rsm;t& azmfjyygyHk\ oifhavsmf&mae&mwGif csxm;

owfrSwfay;yg/

3/ NyD;aemuf wdkif;jynf&dS tjcm;aom yk*d¾vfrsm; (odkY) tpktzGJUrsm;udkvnf; csxm; owfrSwfay;yg/

t,ltqrsm; (Ideas)


tydkif; (1)

3.2.2 EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m oabmxm;EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m oabmxm;rsm;u EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;\ vdktyfaom

t&dSeft[kefESifh EdkifiHa&;obm0qdkif&m tjrifrsm;udk azmfjyaeonf/ xkdoabmxm;

rsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; &,f'Du,frsm; (radicals)? tv,ftvwfvrf;pOf

armf'&dwfrsm; (moderates) ESifh a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpfrsm; (conservatives) [lí

trsdK;tpm; 3 rsdK; cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/ ]a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf} [laom a0g[m&udk

EkdifiHa&;0g'wpf&yf taejzifha&m? EkdifiHa&; oabmxm;wpfck taejzifhyg oHk;EIef;Ekdifonf/

(u) jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; &,f'Du,frsm; (Radicals)

jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; &,f'Du,frsm;onf vuf&dS EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m

tqHk;pGef ajymif;vJrItay:wGif ,HkMunfMuayonf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; &,f'Du,f

rsm; ,HkMunfMuonfrSm vuf&dSpepfBuD;onf ,dk,Gif;aeNyDjzpfNyD; jr§ifhwif½Hk? jyefvnf

jyifqif½HkESifh r&bJ tpm;xdk;rSom &rnf[lí jzpfonf/ EkdifiHa&;pepf topfwpf&yf

tpm;rxdk;ygu EkdifiHa&;onf wdk;wufvmvdrfhrnf r[kwf[kvnf; qdkxm;onf/

(c) tv,ftvwfvrf;pOf armf'&dwfrsm; (Moderates)

vuf&dSpepfBuD;onf ajymif;vJ&rnfjzpfonf[k tv,ftvwfvrf;pOf armf'&dwf

rsm;uvnf; ,HkMunfxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif &,f'Du,form;rsm;ESifh rwlonfh

tcsufrSm jznf;jznf; rSefrSefESifh pepfusonfh tajymif;tvJrsdK;udkom 4if;wdkYu

axmufcHMuonf/ armf'&dwfrsm;\tqdkt& tajymif;tvJwdkYonf vuf&dSpepf\

]EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHk,EÅ&m;} rsm;rSwpfqifh atmifatmifjrifjrif jzpfyGm; ay:ayguf

vmapEkdifonf? pepfudk,fwdkif ajymif;vJp&m vdktyfrnf r[kwfacs/ xkdolwkdY

,HkMunfxm;onfrSm wkd;wuf ajymif;vJrIrsm;onf tcsdefumv Mumjrifhvmonf

ESifhtrQ jzpfyGm; ay:aygufvmEkdifonf? jzpfyGm; ay:aygufvm&rnf[lí jzpfonf/

(*) a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf (Conservatives)

jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; &,f'Du,frsm;? tv,ftvwfvrf;pOf armf'&dwfrsm;ESifh rwl

onfrSm a&S;½dk;pGJ uGefqmaA;wpf rsm;u tajymif;tvJ BuD;BuD;rm;rm; vdktyfaMumif;

vufrcHMujcif; jzpfonf/ uGefqmaA;wpfwdkY\ tqdkt& EkdifiHa&;ESifh vlrIa&;qdkif&m

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u tajccHusonfh Nidrf0yfydjym; rIESifh wnfNidrfrIudk ay;pGrf;Ekdifonf[lí

jzpfonf/ tajymif;tvJrsm;om jrefjref qefqefBuD; jzpfyGm;ygu tqdkyg pepf\ w&m;0if

todtrSwfjyKrIrSm tm;avsmh EkdifaMumif; qdkxm; ayao;onf/ xdktaMumif;wdkYaMumifh

uGefqmaA;wpf rsm;onf ra&SmifvGJEkdifonfh tajctaersdK;rSvGJí tajymif;tvJwdkYudk

qefYusifMu ayonf/

]tajymif;tvJ}onf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;

udk ydkrdk aqmifMuOf;ay;wwfoavm/

odkYr[kwf tcuftcJrsm;udk aqmifMuOf;

ay;wwfoavm/

tBudKoifcef;pm

þtcef;wGif yg&dSonfh EkdifiHa&;tqdktrdefYrsm; vkyfief;rsm; (2) &yf wdkYudk jyefvnf Munfh½Iay;yg/

rnfonfh tqdkrsm;u &,f'Du,foabmxm;&dSolrsm;tMum; ajymqdkMuNyD;? rnfonfwdkYu

armf'&dwf oabmxm;&dSolwdkYtMum; ajymqdkMuoenf;/

vkyfief;rsm;

a&S;ïd;pG J uGefqmaA;wpfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;&,f'Du,f

] o a b m x m;} a&m i fpOfr sOf;1/ pmtkyfaemufausmwGif yg&dSonfh

vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufolrsm;pm&if;udk

Munfh½INyD; xdkpm&if;rS vkyfaqmifol

6 OD; udk a&mifpOfrsOf;\ oifhavsmfaom

ae&mwGif csxm; ay;yg/

2/ xdkYaemuf a&mifpOfrsOf;\

b,fbuf usaom vkyfaqmifol

rsm;udk Munfh½I oHk;oyfay;yg/

xdkvkyfaqmifolrsm;taejzifh

rnfonfh (jzpfpOfjyZ,m;yg)

tjzpftysufrsm;wGif

yg0ifcJhMuoenf;/ xdkolwdkY\

oabmxm;? 0g'ESifh yg0ifcJhonfh

tjzpftysufwdkYMum; rnfodkY

qufET,faevsuf &dSMuoenf;/

vkyfief;rsm;


atmufyg ar;cGef;wdkYudk ajzqdkyg/ tajymif;tvJtay: xm;onfh rdrdwdkYudk,fydkif oabmxm;rsm;udk

rdrdwdkYtajzrsm;u rnfodkY azmfjyaeoenf;/ jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf

tajymif;tvJESif hywfoufaom oabmxm;rsm; jzpfoifh^rjzpfoifh

1/ trsdK;orD;rsm;taejzifh vifa,mufsm;\ cGif hjyKcsufryg&dSbJ uGm&Sif;cGif h&d Sonf/ ________

2/ om;qufjcm;jcif;? udk,f0efwm;jcif;? tumtuG,foHk;jcif; paom rsdK;qufyGm; A[kokwrsm;udk touf (14)

ESpfESif h txuf trsdK;orD;i,f wdkif; od&d Sapoifhonf/________

3/ rl;,pfaq;rsm;udk w&m;0if cGif hjyKoifhonf/ ________

4/ 'Drd kua&pDwpf&yfwGif vltrsm; tvdk&S donfh tcsdefwdkif; a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y awmif;qdkEd kifcGif h &oifhonf/ ________

5/ tjypfusL;vGefolrsm;udk jypf'Pfay;jcif;xuf pdwfyd kif;qdkif&m apmifha&SmufrI ay;oifhonf/ ________

6/ ao'PfcsrSwfjcif;udk vHk;0 tNyD;tydkif zsufodrf;oifhonf/ ________

7/ ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;udk Ek difiHyd kif odrf;oifhonf/ ________

8/ vdifwlcsif; vufxyfrIrsm;udk w&m;0if jzpfapoifhonf/ ________

9/ bmoma&;rkef;wD;rIrsm;udk vHI Uaqmfay;onfh a[majymrIrsm; jyKvkyfygu bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk axmifcs

tjypfay;oifhonf/________

10/ vlrIa&;toif;tzGJ Ursm;udk ydwfyif&rnf/ EGrf;yg;edrf husolrsm;udk apmifha&SmufulnDay;&efrSm tpdk;&\ wm0efom

jzpfonf/________

11/ omrmefvlyk*¾ dKvfwpfOD;tm; pDrH&ef? xdef;csKyf&ef rvdktyfacs/ ________

12/ ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh ausmif;pDrHcefYcG Ja&;wGif wpfaxmifh wpfae&mrS yg0ifoifhonf/ ________

13/ ausmif;rsm;? wuúodkvfrsm;wGif tqifhowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESif h atmifvufrSwfrsm;udk rusifhoHk;oifhacs// ________

14/ usm;^r? touft&G,f? vkyfief;udkifief; rcGJbJ tvkyfrvkyfolyif rusef tedrf hqHk; vpmcHpm;Ekdif&ef tmrcHcsuf

&oifhonf/________

15/ uav;i,frsm;udk bmomw&m;aygif;pH kESif h &if;ES D;uRrf;0ifapoifhNyD; t&G,fa&mufonhftcgü rnfonfh bmom

udk;uG,frnfudk rdrdbmom qHk;jzwfcGif h &d S&rnf/________

16/ tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh obm0t&if;tjrpf rnfodk Y toHk;cs&rnfudk qHk;jzwfykdifcGif h rjyKoifh? a'ocH

todkif;t0dkif;rsm;om tqdkyg tcGif hta&;ukd &&Sdoifhonf/________

17/ udk,fyd kifum;rsm;ukd NrdK Uv,facgifae&mrsm;wGif oHk;cGif h rjyKoifh/ ________

18/ yk*¾vduydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk wm;jrpfoifhonf/ ________

19/ trsdK;orD;rsm; tygt0if vlwdkif; touf (18) ESpf jynfhNyD;ygu ppfrI wpfESpfxrf;&rnf/ ________

20/ avxknpfnrf;aponfh ukefypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyfrIwdkif;udk vufiif;pD;yGm;a&;jyóem rnfrQ&S dygap

ydwfyifoifhonf/________

oifcef;pm (3)


tydkif; (1) pdwful;yHkazmfjcif;

þtydkif;wGifavhvmrSwfom;cJhonfwdkYudktajccHvsuf jznfhpGufay;yg/

txuf - atmuf

atmuf - txuf

tmPm

EdkifiHa&; t,ltqrsm;

(1) jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;

em;vnfrIppfaq;jcif;

1/ ]y#dyu©} rsm;onf EkdifiHa&;wGif rnfonfh tcef;u@rS yg0ifvsuf &dSoenf;/

2/ ]yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;}onf EkdifiHa&;wGif rnfonfh u@rSyg0ifvsuf &dSoenf;/

3/ ]omwlnDrQrI} qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk azmfjy ay;yg/

4/ ]tEdSrfcHb0 vGwfajrmufa&; yHhydk;rI} qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/

5/ vpfbmaw;&D;,ef; qdkonfrSm rnfolwdkYenf;/ rnfonfudk,HkMunfMuoenf;/

6/ ]txufrS atmuf} odkY pD;qif;aom tmPmESifh ]atmufrS txuf}odkY pD;qif;onfh tmPmwkdYtMum; rnfodkY uGJjym; jcm;em; Muoenf;/ tqkdyg

tmPmwpf&yfpDudk Oyrmjzifh azmfjyay;yg/

7/ ]jrifomaom tmPm}ESifh ]zkH;uG,fudef;atmif;aom tmPm} wdkYtMum; rnfodkY uGJjym; Muoenf;/ Oyrmay; ajzqdkyg/

8/ tmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGihftMum; rnfodkY jcm;em; oenf;/

9/ w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrI qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/

10/ 'Drdkua&pDt& w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKrIqkdif&m t&if;tjrpf (4) &yfrSm rnfonfwdkY jzpfoenf;/

11/ ]0g'}qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/

12/ ]vGwfvyfrIA[dkjyK vpfb&,f0g'} wGif rnfonfh vu©Pm&yfrsm; &dSoenf;/

13/ ]uGefjrLepf0g'} wGif rnfonfh vu©Pm&yfrsm; &dSoenf;/

14/ ]vlrIb0nDrQrIA[dkjyK qdk&S,fvpf0g'} wGif rnfonfh vu©Pm&yfrsm; &dSoenf;/

15/ EkdifiHa&;oabmxm;wpf&yfonf 0g'wpf&yfESifh rnfodkY jcm;em;rI &dSoenf;/


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