Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
/.•••••••••••••••'.••••••••••••••••••••
Policy Makers Workshopon
Crop Diversity and Tribal Empowerment
We welcome all the participants to the 13thSwadeshi Science Congress. The main
theme for this Congress is Crop Diversity and Tribal Empowerment. The role of tribal
communities in the conservation and sustainable use of the agrobiodiversity is well
known. Decreasing forest cover and dwindling agricultural land holdings have led to the
threatening of food and sustainable livelihood security of tribal people who are thepnmary conservers .
Studies conducted by the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation on tribal
communities have revealed that the basket of diverse wild food (Ecological Foods) which
was available to them over the generations have come down significantly, which has not
only affected the diversity but also the quality of food available, depriving them of,nutritious food and increased marginalization .
Huge amounts of resources and efforts are being undertaken for tribal
empowerment, yet the scenario described above not only continues but is also steadily
worsening. Under these circumstances there is an urgent need to develop specific
programs that address issues like land use patterns, natural res~urces management andgender equity .
The objective of the current Policy Makers Workshop on Crop Diversity and
Tribal Empowerment is to discuss some of the ways forward while addrp.ssing the key
issues. A panel of experts will present and express their views. We hope that the
recommendations emerging out of this workshop will enable policy makers to draw upspecific action plans [or the empowerment of tribal communities .
pe
'~WJ ~(Q)~Q)cg>
~WJ tf}u 0 ~cg>CIDEJru1Q)Ccg>ru~ Ql)llil9Q)runura (QJJl)Cremru OQ)(QJJl)@ 0 ~00 Q>ruUJu ffi]~ID' Q)rulJlllC(Q) lJlllL(QJJl)em~ UU
C1@ o~OOQ>ruWJYOO~S'Gll9ru lJlllLem~Q>ru C1@ '$;li'JCID~~cg>(QJJl)Q>CruO~~llil9Woru emCID~(Q)(QJJl)C~Qill)o~ru(Q)~cg>
l/lVLC\JJru 1 ~L Q)cg>LmQill) (QJJl)l9emRi'-'Lru llllQJ..9o~ lJlllID[) jplWJ ~(9G'LQ)l1"-LEJcruL(Q)ru1 lJlllL(QJJl)cg>(Q),(WYru C1@
'YWJ Y00 If'' cra DW 0 YW Cru ~(QJJl)5 W Qflllil9 IDQI)1 W9 roD 2lJC (QJJl)YQ)ro
2Wlft 5 W UJJl9 (QJJl)2WL(Jllil)slOura Ccg>L(Q)rrvru C1@ 119OJDru f OJ(lJ)W WJ Y(lJ)LOJL(Jllil)YOJ~ Wl9 Eill9Qill) 'YWJ Y5 LID)Rffi' ra
o YW c ro Y00 LOJcg>lfU f Q) QflEill9QI)~I[)Q>LWV>Q>CflJ ffi] YaI9 COOl9 L(QJJl)f Q)ru ~ 0 ~ Rffi' Q)LQ)ru ra Ccg>1OuQ>I..EJ 0 ~(lJ)5 19
~(lJ)L(Q)LcmJJLQ)ru'oY(lJ)Sl9 ~~cg>!.(Q)l,(W '0 Y(lJ)S19YOJros~l9rocru Ld\ro Y(Q)Qill)0 ~wcro Ycg>2WW 0)119 YIDcrul l:*l'QflEill9(lJ)
Ri'-'UU llllQJ..9ofGlJlllflJDlJlllLl\'h(f)l2lJ-9Ccg>[) (Q)l,(WcQI) OC-EL WJ~OO~S'Gll9ru Sl9~l9Q1)~Q)ruLWJUJu L(lJ)c(JUC\JJ '6U(ll~C\JJ
l(Q)(i')!.QI)1 J:UC(Q)Glro cg>Ri'-'Q>cg> (Q),(WQI)ru1 '2lJ mc W LflJC rC\JJ ",(Wtf}u "0tf}u '(J'Ucru1l9 2lJ lQJ.9@(Q)l,(WCQI) cg>LRi'-'Q>Ccg>
(Q),(WQI)rul '2lJ~sYcg> 'tf}u 'otf}u "!.QI)l Lm.ulID~~~cg>roflJRffi'[) (f)C~Lru OOCWJV[fl' S~l9WC(ll~(JUrtl9
"$;li'JCW Cro Y00 ~Q)(9 O(Q)1c ID 0 ~~ llil9) Q)cg>C1C\JJ ra (QJJl)cmnru 0 ~~ Eill9) Q)cg>C1C\JJ
cg>L(Q)C1~ 0 ~0 rol9 ~C cg>l9Y~ LW9(f) ro Qill) QIJllil9W,o/) ru 1 0 Q)(QJJl)@ jpl WJ ~Q)ro ~UJJQ>5 Y(Q) QI)!ZJllW Rffi'vru '0 lli9
00 ~5 Ccg>l9 000 f (Q)2lJ ~ID l:*l' QflEill9W,o/)rul emc ra(Q)Ccg> !.WJtf}u Rffi' Q)~C\JJ'Rffi' ~ •0W9 Rffi'Q)0C\JJ L(Q)"cg>ru1 'O(f) C(lJ)V
LWUUf~ 2WL~Eill9WCID~Q)!.(Q)WJ~sl-tl9OOLQ)cg>lfUfQ) Wl9Eill9Qill) "2lJcro~S~l9OOLWCID~Q)!.(Q) OW9roD jpl~rul9~Q>ru
L(lJ)CID~Q)rollllQJ..9LOQill) Ql)cg>Y~LS~(QJJl)QIJ~ ~l9L(Jllil)uufIDC\JJ lJ'WcroLEJW Qflcg>LscruLQ)ru!ZJllQ>cg>0Q)(Jllil)@ '!)..l9CE4
cg>LscruLQ)ru!ZJllQ>cg>~YflJmCrtl9[)CQl)LEJ jpl(lJ)CIDIQl)row lJlllL(QJJl))Q)ruuuCC\JJ C1~ "jplWJYOO2WLWraLW cmJJroQill)
C1@ !)..l9C(lJ)WJl9 (Jllil)Qflcrw V ~00 Croralf" Qflcg>LSCcg>[) l:*l' QIJEill9W (lllQ)Q>rurul IDRffi'V LC\JJCroLEJW
'~UJJYOOLQ)LaI9Ccg>l9L(lJ)C(lJ)(Q)Wta WJ~OOUU~~WID~ro'EJ1LQ)CEJ O~(lJ)~Q>~Lru ~~ o~Q)(lJ)LSQill)'o~Q)OO.tID
CW~SCcg> 'OYQ)(lJ)LW9ru ~~raLemSLOOd\l9c(Q) WJl9(QJJl)lJlllL(QJJl)(f)C~Lru LC\JJcruLEJCQ.u»(ll)~Q)LemCaI9~IDemCEJrw1C\JJ
Q)C(JUw emcIDrrv~(llC\JJ cg>Ri'-'CruD "$;li'JCID~ro(Q)!:"'LraRiULruLemCIDra(J'U(Q)LW9LQ)ruSl9~emLRiU~cg> ~ruC\JJCQ) o~emru
OOLID lJlllL(Q)WJ(cg>CID)~ra PcJID(Q)lCID~W9l9CroO~cg> Q)l9~ru (Q),~ra Sl9temroQill) ~@ lJlllCWJtf}u '!)..l9CWJrul9~WJ
~Q)l1"-L(f)C(lJ)Vru~ Ql)Eill9ro~UU'IRffi'~ o~cQ)cm ~~SL(lJ)C(ll)wru QflEill9(f)C~Lru LC\JJcruLEJCQ.u»mLruLru ral9LSCW
(lJ)ro jplUJJ Y<!XPLW9Ccg> QflEill9Woru rolf" (lJ)L(QJJl)SW 2lJ Ri'-':!U9DC1(J'U 2lJ m CW LIDCrC\JJ .!PL(QJJl)W9Q)uuc EJ~ lemc em(Q)l9
cPcJ~ O~(lJ)UJJl9(Q) ~Q)~C\JJ(Q)UU!.ta (Q)l9csfcg> o~em~Q)~C\JJ)~~ ~l9L(QJJl)UUtIDC\JJ LC\JJcruLEJW WJ(Q)L(Q)C~LID
QI)ru Qflcg>L(Q)!.Q)LRi'-'~'G' (lJ)Cem5If''' QI)c~ D(Q)~ro 19 0 t (lJ)'G't ruc raL(QJJl)w!.m Qill) Q>coo Q>C\JJLIDt ~w ro 0 ~(lJ)cg>f S~l9 t9{P
LQ)<!XP2Wrutal9~(l)) Qfl'G'LflJf~LRi'-'~'G' ~Q>sY(Q) (QJJl)l9(lJ)CEJrw1C\JJlli9Q)(Q)Lruf~ lJlllcWJtf}u 'tWJ~Q)LWJro~~L(f)Cemvru~
o~ru,mLrurul9l9ru!Xil9l9 ~ID O~~llil9ru~Lru L(Q)~cg>rullJlllLCIDL(l))!.Q)CIDCIDQ)LcmJJ(C\JJQ)l9ijru ouut(llC\JJ C1~ LCIDCEilllil9
Ri'-'Q>ru 'CPcJDW9CID(Q)LEJUU~C\JJQ)l9~ru 0CTUlrtl9 ~~raL!ZJll(Q) 0~rulli9~Q)0C\JJru~UUL(Q)~cg>ru1 oYrouuf(llC\JJ LC\JJCru
LEJW "!)..l9CCIDOl9CIDDQ)l9~ ru lJlllL(QJJl)ro(QJJl)Cmnru ~l9L(QJJl)W9 Q)(Q)UUf ~ LC\JJCruLEJW L(Q)GlC\JJrulcg>lJOC'G' ~l9 L(QJJl)
CIDRiUUUC1~ "!)..l9CflJ CIDRi'-'UUWJ tf}u 0 t ru W9 Q)cg>!.(Q)GlCQl)LC\JJCruLEJCQ.u»0 ~ru, muu rul9l9 ~UU UVWJ t sft 19/IDru19f'U Q>ru
O~CIDCli'J)I\9(ID lJlllLl\'h(f)l2lJ-9C'G'D C1~ "O(l))(f)crC\JJ o~<!xpQ>ruIDu l:*l'raDLl\'h(f)l2lJ-9Ccg>V(l))l,(WCQI) OC-El
Q)~run.9~m
JO'
~I •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~
Policy Makers' Workshop on
"Crop Diversity and Tribal Empowerment"November 6 - 8,2003
In Connection with XIIIth Swadeshi Science Congress, Wayanad
M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation&
Swadeshi Science Movement
M.S. Swaminathan R..esearch FoundationCommunity Agrobiodiversity Centre
Puthoorvayal. P.o. Kalpetta, Wayan ad
I
-I
J
.~.1•:••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
'glllC{JlglllWoJVtal5P-~uozgU.!SS~:)OJdlJodX3imtIlDLl9EPCm\"lW'ra
otcmL<wmt8cmCG'otruWUl9JVlJUOtruUl9alCG'.(Ul0<UlS(9t~an9ru@LrurtH9(9(9'g
'W'CG'LSJVSWcmcmC{JlJVc\"ru~twcrut19EPtrJLUUC<UlglllCJV10W'CG' t19EPLWL~~C(f)loQJJl)cmcmC{Jlcmcuu<Ul5PLU»UUtl9EPUZlllQ>LWglllLcm~Lsot~an9~rutUl9Crul.SruS(9(9
'ot~CG'LWLQI)CWW'LmtC{Jl-sl.CG'ruS(9(9cmcmlllJ~JVoClll.U\"U»l9EPJ.lDLllIJl.allfliU"CG' ruS(9(9'v
'W'an9mQl)l~twcrutl9EP~alo<UlrucmLan9stu»Qnan9stCG'U»CG'(9(9'W'CG'tSCl9EPlll.UcJV(9'W'C{Jl~tu»rv'W'an9~tCG'(s~AOJDp~J:)uS)W'C{JltrucCG'uutl9EPLuuru
~JVCG'cmcM9Q>LWglllLllIJuutl9EP~alO<UlruLuu(l)u~rtl)<UlruS(9(9'LllIJLOlUlLalJV.£
.rucmLEJ.fl9stllIJOWUl9JVlJU'0Ul9alC{Jl.(Ul0<Ul'OWJVC\"ruWC<lll9COl]V'OUl9RiUruO(J)~tw.90CG'(9~tsra(9Ll9EPUl9CG'otru\"alrtl)alcJV
CCUJVLCG'lfG\"<Ul<UlmRiUa,£9°tcmlllJUUrtl)<Ul\"<Ul<UlmRiUa,£9S(9tcm~Ls~cwcmru.r;
'gnEln9l'hwclZl<tDClZltrulQ)L@fO0tlQ)(QJJll9()tC{Jl.curaUU~tWRiU<99':>L(1ULSWCUl~twLlQ)u.utlllJJl)tSf'j(9\,,~CCUlLAP~C{Jlru~(9(9.~
..,tu.ut<tDOf'jdi(9ClQ)gnEln9\"WCC{Jlt>lZlu.ut<99'ClZl\"~raOW(U)C{JllJUC{JlLAPWCC{Jlru~(9(9tWE9W9rul>~PllL~"OW9~C<99'(9C{Jl(9(9gnC{Jll,Srvsw~tWCrut<99'ClZl\"~ra~wruQ.l.fl)gnEln9GruOWlllJJl)emLC{JlgIDwLCTULCUl,CU9CUl<tDClZlC{JlRiUWC{JlC0.ID~WC{JlRiUWC{JlLlllJJl)twrutf'jOGowcruraLwW9tu)S(9t~Eln9~ruOWlllJJl)~".Q.l9C0.IDgIDlQ)tstC{JlW(9~rugnCfU)l>tltDrv(9O\"lZllQ)WClQ)L<tDClZltGEln9GruCUlCWIfJUUUu(9LlQ)Q.l.fl)ot<tDLstC{JlgIDLemW9(9~gIDL8<99'WClZlotGEln9Gruru~(9(9rarv~GgID-S~WllNP:)PUUJH'.Q.l9cruOt<99'lQ)\,,~fOS(9tGEln9~ruru~(9(9
alcruraLwW9tu)(QJJll9otC{Jl.curarv(9~u.urugllllJtDrrvonlS(9t~Eln9<lU9o\"WCC{JltWC8(9lZl'.Q.l9Clll.lu.utruC<99'tS<tD(9L<99'C<tDC{Jl~lQ)ClZl gnEln9SWIlf'i1LwruC{Jl(9(9sOONratJVra(9L<tD~L~~U)ow
a,em'OW9<99'Cratf6swfO'uucraI>C<tDLstC{JllJtDClZltWruQ.l.fl)gnC{JlLsrvswWrlQ)CUl~twcrutwrutW9CC{Jl(9~raI>L<tDLAP~C{Jlru~(9(9lJIDClZlSrauosrauW(9C{JlRiUWC{JlgIDlQ)tstC{Jlc~lZltru(Q)lcm'~tlQ)W9S:>f'j(9<99'LW9U)Lwrv.L<tDClZlC{Jl\"(Q)l>rvlot~Eln9\"onruC0.ID'otGEln9\"wrvgIDClll.l'otruLOQ.l.fl)S(9twruLu.ul/}ugnC{Jll.(Q)l.(U.l'gnEln9UUtlZlMLCUlCruLfJlQ1fl)IgnEln9u)C~lJU<99'cu.ul>lfUgnCfU)l>tltDrv(9W(9Eln9Q.l.fl)'tu.ut<99'LO'lQ)W\,,~Q.l.fl)gnEln9<lU9~lZl(9W9lllJJl)tsf'j(9s(f"'"lllJJl)(9wcmlJU0(U)C{JlLAPWCC{Jl~tralJUraLWgIDL<tDL(Q)I.WW9rul>!PL(Q)~'.Q.l9Clll.lu.u<tD(9C{Jlt<99'lfUc\"rnrvlL<tDC<tD~L~C{JlLAPQ)CC{Jlru~(9(9Wt9LSCW<tDruM»u.utW9CC{JlgnEln9<lU9lJtDC<tDL6iruocrvl>wcmrvltWE9~t<99'S,tDC{Jl~(Q)cma,~'OW9<tDLdiC{Jlgucrut<99'tsFVt9tf6L(U)C{JllfUC{Jl~(Q)ClZlLAP~C{JltWE9~tFVLWC{Jll.eulC{Jl1>ot<tDWt9C{JlRiUWC{Jl sf'j(9rucrvu.utwrutFV~wo(U)lJtDClZl\"WCl'{Pt(Q)Q.l.fl)ot<tDGt9Eln9ru~lfUru~t9t9u..ut<99'LWlJtDLSLC{Jl L<tDClZlC{Jl~(Q)rvt9t9!PLSCW<tDruJU9CC{Jlt9t(Q)Q.l.fl)'tu.utsWI>o~cratlQ)S,tDrvt9LAP~C{JltlQ)S,tDrvt9OW9RiUtrvLmruClZlWrvotGEln9ru~lfUrurBt9t91>lZlotrufO~'otffi9lZllllJJl)t9tSlJU~WC{JlRiUWC{JlcrocWC{JlLwmfO'LOlZl'ku9ClZltfOlJIDLW9Lsrv\"lQ)LWwruQ.l.fl)'S(9croorv~lZlt9WC{Jl\"u)C~WwEJgIDcu.ul/}u'M»u..ut<99'lJU9oraruQ.l.fl)gnC{JlL(,Q)I.WLAP~C{Jl u.utEln9W9em~LlQ)LOTUlLwru~~.Q.l9ClZllQ)lClZlQ)rusftt9rucrvlllJJl)t9U)owLAP~C{Jl".Q.l9clZltlQ)lllJJl)C<99'cftoGOW9~WoCUlLlQ)LOTUlLalrv'0trucrol.lQ)l.(UlconQ.l.fl)otFVC{JlLlll.lgnC{JlLlQ)I.WLAP~C{Jlu.ut<99'gIDLwraLwgIDlJtD~tJB~~gIDcu.u(/)u"tu.ut<99'Luuru~rvwcmrvlLAP~C{Jl~tW9CC{Jlt9t(QJJll9LOQ.l.fl)otruwCUlLwrvotffi9lZlgIDLlQ)u.ut<99'~WOCUlo\"mlfUrut9t9u..utsftt9W9CC{Jl•gIDLGC{JlOTUlru\"ruCUlcruC0.IDC{JlLAPWCC{Jl0tFVLC{Jl\"lQ)l>rvl'o\"mlJUrut9t9ru~t9t9'~Llll.lW9crof)()ftLu.uwGo\"wcmcrvl~t<99'lfliU~C{JlgIDLlllJJl)W9~WOCUl\"mlfUrut9t9ru~t9t9
gnC{JlotllJliIP~9cmi.~oftoaOW9~WoCUlfmlJUru(9(9ru~(9(9''~
gt>Elfl9Q1)eDWLWwcmrvl!U9roD~LuumwewCfJIIJUCfJIlJiUWCCfJIaDClZIO>tptWtewS<.9taD~IJS~cwaDro
I:oaDcfovCllS>
~
~
6. 6l6lmrudb~n9::I'l<D>1~161S~am~ot'3l~61~!iA.e6)l<Tn [email protected] /iJml 'lnllQl1a»o 6l61lnJeru'n(flm61~Slctmlllruoml@@ mSnJs1db~!l0' silij<D>161~ «rnlctmllmo dbm~dbm~ «rnlruml61SOnJ<tllo1lrutblitm@lo db~n9::I'l<tl'an1db@lo <tlsil<;1;Wm 6l1lJ~lruoml@@ lUllQllitm@loms~~ocOOlruoml@'@ Qlom<[JlitmuB. fQctmIl<tlo dbmn!1dbm.oo .. CTU6YiJmflcufloa»o Qlglanmctmll1~1@.@ OlnJOCllT\.lonOmOQlo. me'1dblOJonB Ulnlma61Ql~ mOUlmn1) m1<Tnl@.@lUllQl6tlT3uB.
7. nJm1CTU01an1~ an'lnlQlOa» <tl'an1<D>1ammOl1OQllEimOcOO1<Tndb'S/dblQl1uB mOUll1m1db@161S~nJOa»OUlo m1a»lml'J1cOOlnJoml~ dl,mUllmQloa» Qlom<[J6tlT3uB.oo mlnJo mmBdhamfQan1mo<D>1«rnl(lf(ll)<tlo~am~<Tn6tlT3uB o0e'1cB6l1<Tn CTUOonJmlitmuB.oo «rnlml oa»Of:Q~Qloa»QlOm<[JO<tl6lJdbuBmeJdbam.
2. ~Wlm1db m.>'Ddblll.\6lm@lQJW1~s1aJ)Qlo(Q) nJlru6mmaDlmJl6lmu8-_._---- . ~- . .- - _.
ml~(Q)l6laJ dbomn!l:llcfb ~eJruO'n6lmu6 cfbO<tl.\dh!MQlQlomfl ouo@mlcB6)lru06lmO, cfbron!l:lcfbm!1Jln!l:l6mamnlm nJkJW(Q)QlOcfb06lem nllg!9lcB6)6le;tjSlru06lmO @rrnl~ Qloro<&6lJBu6 em"l6l111(tJTI)ru<tl.\onJemQlo6ffi. ~wlmlcfb ou'Dcfbm.\6lJBu6 ~rua(Q)O(J)6l?dSlamnl aButl"l(Q)emaJamnlaJlo(tJTI)rrmroaButl"lca>emaJamnlQJlo ms'1-flarn rum 1aamn6m nllnJ6mm Cll'llrrm6lJB~l0, . «mlem1m aru6m«mls1cru.oom ou'Dcfbm.\6lJB~lO m1~ @cID amm1s1O'n cfbomn!l:llcfb lnJemloum.JJ1 63ml rumlw1ru6lmnJmlnt'lmlcB6)1ClJom «mlCll'l.\('Cll'loanJdM1l(ll)Qlo6l6mcm cfb/Zl2l1g1 63CTOSlIbo (tJTI)@1lruOlDl6l?dS1CT01'@cmlmolDll cm06l\9?dolDllCTO m1roa~utl6lJBu6 OUQlm~cB6Ilrrnl.
1. f:Q1~<Iii.oo anmano<D>1 /iJ<tll dbomn9::l'ldb oJlnJ61lJm anlml'Jo ~oJI~db<tl1<JcB6lEim1<D>1m1cB6l1<TnA.fQan1moa»1 dbomn9::l'ldb rudbl?d QllnB6161db61a»SAmn1)dbm~eth Cl\)o~smo lnJnJmctmlldbmloOJ~onJo<tl1db@lO nIDcfbCl\)onJomaaCl\)lo fQ'D moUl61CllTll)Ql~ o1lC3/flW<tllo 63mlQl1~mlm') 1lJm~6l1lJgyldba»lo ms~am ru<tll0ctmllEim dbom.\6lm(~ QllnBUl61lJmos1CT\lQomctmll1aman~ooocB6l1dba»lo6laJCQl61lJ6lQlm') 6l1ll6lmuB «rnlm~mana1c96l1<Tnl. dbomn9::l'ldb rudbl~6lm fQan1mo<D>1 dblslanalSCTU~Qlo<JcB6lEim1a»1<tl1c96l1CTnl.
2. f:Q1~a»1am. 6TlJ<JctmIlm1<D>1amfQCTnl@@6lQlOCllTll)oJlnJ61lJm <JdbllT3o~Wlm1db<tl1c96l61~s61lJo. fQoJl61S~wAm1db CTU'Ddb<tl.\6lmuBf;!@.@CTUom<tl61lJUllo~db@loUll'an1db<tl161lJ1db@lQllEimOdb61lJo.
3. f:Q1~a»1am o1l<JdbllT3'db~anQlo<D>1o1lnJ61lJ1db@lo CTUoB<tl61lJ<JdbllT36lm@lo~EimOdb61lJo. fQan1mo<D>1@<Tn1 m1~o1l~1@@ Cl\)ooflwom6lJl3uB dbom~cMlQlQlij061a»m') 6l1ll6lJl3uB<J6TlJOW~6l~Sl ClITll)1<Tnl.
4. dbm~dbmA61s ~am?;l<m6lJl3uB «rnlnJmc96l1. an61<Tn <Jm<tl1~ oflg!91cB6l1ruonn CTU'Ddbm~QlOm<TnanmCllTll)1~1@.@ ~~1lJ1lJml'JdbuB f:Q1~<D>161~ nID~o lnJwom SlmruoCTU<JdbllT36lJl3@1~lO~EimoacfhEim1<D>1<tl1cOO1<Tn1.. «rnlana» nJ6TmJoa»mn1) / Qllm1CTU1~e1lg1 «rnlw1db~anm fQan1moa»1Qllnn6161cfb nIDslcOO61lJo. lnJan1e6'rn'lo6TlJIWQlOa» dbm~cfh CTUo~smdb@lo, CTUOonJm6lJl3@lo fQ'DmoUlmn1) dblslanalS lUllIW nJan1~c96l61lJ61Ql<TnlO6l1ll6tlT3uBdbmlanl<Tnl.
fQan1moa»1 ru@61<tl <Jru(J)ctmIll~l~anlo nID<TnoalS lnOCTUJnJ1Qloa» 63<tll o1lB/flW nJomo QllnBdblooa»1mS(lf(ll)61lJ61Qlm') 6l1ll6tlT3uB ~ruUll.\6'l~SlCTnl. fQ6llTfl61m an~OOOcB6l61~a nJom o1<J~omal61rrR<ms1CTUOOmCllTll)1~Odb61lJOfQ'D <tloUlmn1)mntldb<tl61lJ6lJl3uBms~am nJmlctmlll ruonB.
3. 6l6lmrum.>mJO'naD(Q)lo.ruBOm5ldbUiS ._.-
@'D mo(J)(l5'(O) ml~<Ii>cB6)l~ ouom.l.\Cll'lcfbu6 «mlmrrmQlO6l6mcID cfbQl2l1g1 cfbmlemlCT01' ml~lDll61SOU'D@O(J).\6lJB~OlDl QlQJm1mdb~lo, cfbo3mlnllcfb~10, nJlm8aQlSlcfb~lO, 6l6lClJnllw.\Qlororrn ouou.\mrrmlaJemoBlefb~lO, quoom'Scfbomlcfb lruaem.\cfbemefb~Omrrn nllnllw. ~B1QlClJm<&mlClJooulefb~lO(lnJefb~em1ClJl@ClJ6lJB6l~cB6)lOl.gJ «mlClJrocB6)l~ emrncmolDl (tJTI)o1ClJlo) Qlglo aClJ6m m"lemlca>lm8ml~lDll6lS mJOmJamn1cfb am36lJBu6~ nllmlalDlo(J)1cB6)6l?d3131~06lca>cID ?6lJBu6«ml@llnJOlDl6l?dslrrnl. @(ll)lmOlDll~ 63ml lnJwom mlroa~utlo nllamOBou6Tl!lJOm-ClJefbl?d, ClJmoClJefb1il, efbomn9::flcfbClJefb1ij. ~am O(J).\ ClJefb1ij, mJ oom'S dbO<tl1efb ClJefb1ij, ~B1ClJoou1a dh!MQlClJefb1il
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -cd
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••' .••
7
nmem1rum11210mn 61lJmu6l~a «JTi)W1dh~anro nJmmJnJmo 6l6ldhadhoroam»-.Ji3m1 crul2ll(J) nJcwan1anqyoooc66l6TTl6l121em10 I2lg 8lmdh"llUl CT\illonJm6tJ'B(J~lUl10 @un6l~SlClml)1 6ldhOEil"B ~an1 ms~arnrum 1Clml)6TTl6ll2lem1° 6l1l'l6tJ'Bun «JTi)r31lnJOlUl6lc;\-jS1em 1. ~ a c66l0S1o1cruo, «JTi)(Jl(J)os 1o1cru 0, 6lnDarnCllTlllslo1cruo an1S6tJ'B1lUlru6lc66l~oo ~'D ~1~ai$c66) ru~6lmalUl6l0 cruocw.\andhun @6l6TlSem1m16lc66l, ~'DmO(J)CllTlll luocw1ac66l6TlS dhom .\6tJ'B6l~6lmnemoarn ~Clml)mClml)1eJ1~ cruomor36tJ'Bun lUlO6lanOm1dhom6TTlruuooeJ10 nJm1CT\ill1an16lc66l0, cruomJdhomitmn16lmo, cruOl2l1nD.\ OJ.\ruCT\ill6lc66l0,mJlan'dhun6lc66l0 lnJuDm6tJ'Bun cru~~s1c66l1ruona nJOs1~06llUlemanolil11. ~'D 63m1 m1ro(J~uo6lClffil)~mJnJ13121oc66l1 ano6ll9~olUl1em o11eJlUl1m1Clffi1)eJ1dhundhlZl2l1g1mSClml)1lUl1m1c66l1em1'
1. slolCTUaamno6lso~o amlalll6lnR 131n9:l.\CUUll6lm~O<D>' 6lCTUdbmJ slolCTUo, nJOcmJOall.\CTUoomJethocoamnl6lnR amllZllalllZlO<D>amlwlmlacuUllo, nJC01CTUCOlZleflm'ethC06mo n(j)cmlcut26Tliloethoml~ all~lcfl6')~<D>omocuoamn CTUoWJ.\allethuB. (~'D 8<D>o amlalll61nR Ullcol<D>O<D>(J)'Dcocuamnlam all61cm61<D>Slamnl61ethomt' 6llJ13am CTUoo1lwom6lmuB m1ma(jUll1cfl6')lcuorrn nJWJall1all~OOOcfl6')lcmcum lUllWJ1cfl6')6mo.)
2. ~o1ls l61amn 6161~CUo1l8CU6lmuB t2nJa<D>o(J)61~s1amn1<D>l~ 63'Dn9:lw6lmuB, ~a co0(J).\130<D>etho1llicu6lmuB, lidh9:l.\o1ltacu6lmuB, ethCOeth'DUlle.JcumJalllcfl6')uB n(j)cm1cu U>l6malZlC12lt20i1 cucolamnlcumlano CTUoneJ6lmuB cucll all~OOOcfl6')61';\j~o1lnJ6mmo msamnlcuorrn cfbI91<D>6mo.(slo1<;J;Yleth61~~cfbmn9ilcfl6')lcuorrn ~amncoo t2elnJcm6lm61~cfl6')lol~lO amlanl6lnR lnJaall.\cfballeth6l~d36l101~l61lZl061cfl6')UllOmJlall'<D>os1CTUOomamnle.Jl~ o1lCUC06lmuBall~OOOcfl6')61~S6mo.)
3. S1olCTUamnlm1a CU6Tlil amlS1CTUOOm CTU'DethCO.\6lm~0<D> <JOOM, 61o<D>lam CTU'DethCO.\6lmuBcumWJ~acfl6')6Tlilall161nR ~cuUll.\ethan. silij<D>l61e.J alZl~osl nJ6'lmJo<D>amnl61m 61all03s1amnmleJlllJlcollZlO<D>l 6llJCT\J)61~slamnlcm aooM mlmQl2lo6mo. ~all1 cfblso61an anlS6lml CU~nJWJanlcfb~o<D> nJlcllaamno~ aooM, 61616llJCOcfl6')l~nJoe.Jon(j)cm1cu<D>l61Sm1mQl2l06mo. ~l'ij61<D>61all03S1amn CTUoCTUOOmlZlO<D>6l61lZlCTU1collZlowil 6llJCT\J)61~S1amn1cuom 1~ 6lo<D>lam lZlom<&6lffiuB~aeJo~m<D>1eflco1cfl6')lcm ~'!) nJWJanleth61~~oo ethcll<D>lcmanl0acu(J)o mS~e.Jocfl6')61~S6mo .
4. SlolCTUo nJWJall1ethuB mS~eJOcfl6')lalllJouB amlCU nm61an061cfl6')co'an1<D>lam, n(j)6lffil6lm61<D>'ijoomscml<JnJocfblcml n(j)cm all1361~SlamnlCUoml~ alZlO6m13016lJl3 CTU'Dethco.\6lmuBt26TlilOeth6mo.~anl61nR Glo(J)lZlO<D>ln(j)~0 lnJwOm61tM3 SlolwJ mJanJ031eth~lam anJoeJ'mJ n(j)WM<JnJO<nl, lZlgCTUlcodbil1allallJlZlom<&6lffi~AaS<D>lomlmQl2lo6mo. SlolCTUo alnJofiethSlethuB mS~eJOcfl6')Acm~' ~mnJlfbO~lamn <JamnoS1cfb1s1 nJ6'lmJo<D>amnl61nRa m an~allJamnleJocfb6mo .
5. ~1~<D>l61eJ amlm1cfb1e.J ethOe.JOCUCTUO<D>10, amlm16llJCT\J) 6161~CU CTUlllJcmall<D>10eth6mcfl6')l61eJ51amnl6letho6TlillO,cfblS061all allarjUll CUOCTUlethuB~ amlCUCOl6lS63c1lcul CTUlZl<D>6lmuBethoco.\dh9:llZllZlo<D>lt2nJa<D>oU>6l~slamnleth. n(J)cm t2a(jUllamnl61nR amls1CTUOomamnleJlo ~o1l61s 63col616llJO306m1db (J)omn.orrn t26Tliloacfl6')6Tlialll61nR~CU Ull.\ethall.,
~ UOOmJ~~'lUlos1~OlUl1~ dh0'5:P..,_~~~~~~~db, 6lm~c66l~~ alnJornruonD1~c66larn
adhm~ClffiI)16leJ dhO~ dh~~lUll6lS 80uoanl2lomClffil)1aeJ6lolUl10 rulUlmoa1eJolil11. aoo6TlJ<];H ~modhO~lUlOlil11 rulUlmoa1arn r31m1nJ<fb!MoanJm10 dh~~6l!1.J(!}neman. cruroc66l0ro m1lUll2l6tJ'B~10, «mlruml6ls «mlmoCT\illlUl10, rurocw1~ @eJnJ013m.gJleJru, nmgru10 ano!9'em o11eJ, nmgru10 dh106Tlml) @eJnJo13m~l2lClf) nmem"l dhom6TTl6tJ'B~10 @'D dh~~6llUl ~a~oun ruefllUllnJan1crumu1lUl1eJoc66l1lUl1m1c66l1dhlUlo6ffi. @ClffiI)mo lnJuDm6tJ'Bun nJm1nDm1c66l6l~slruom1~ l2lorouJ(J)m1roa~uo6tJ'Bun dhrocil:ldhm10, ru.\onJom1dh~10, adhon.n1a61lJoroCUl1 @a13.\o(J)CT\illm10 63m11211.?la !1.Jroem1m1em1 mlnJ6l~slClml)6TTlo. cruroc66lom16lnR m1lUll2l mSnJs1dhun dhrocil:ldhro~al130nDnJml2lodhoan1m1c66l1ruona lUOcw1c66l6TTlo.
adhm~Clml)1arn dh1m11211~ab dh~~lUl1arn ~slc66l1 dhl916Tlml)oarn (47,712 6lnDabsro) 6lano~ n1lem1arnrulUlmos (43,540 6lnDcfbsro) ~6ffi. @o116lS mosna ~m6tJ'B~OlUl ruOeJna6ldhOa, @an1mna6ldhOa,dhm16llfbOa, dhm112116TlS,«mllUlon1lm1lUlna, dh1an1mruoefl cm1S6tJ'B1lUlru 6l!1.J01,lUl aanoan16leJlfb1eJ10dh~~ 6l!1.Jqy6l~Slem1. nmgru10 dhls1anarn dh~n9J1 6l!1.Jqy6l~slem ~mo nJem1lUllro 1 ~lil11 .
L
8
dh1m1Ql1~db dh~~CO>lQlocnfl~ 6nJm..o6l?l3 lnJUlomlnJutlm6lmuB C'l.1leJcnfleJ1~ nmg.oo10.gJIeJ10O1mnfleJcnflsl~e.J10, crum.ooom @S6lnJSeJ1dbuB, lB'dbmQlO<D.l<tmo(J)m'~6T'OI, ~eJnJol3m.gJIeJnfleJ1~ O1m<wmru, db1m1Ql1@db nflnJ6T'Ornasrmlm m1<D.llrrmlanQlo<D.lcruo~Ulomo mleJnflellfilowm.@asrmmo lnJuOm6lmuB nJmlnnml.oo1Cl.JOm1@@. mSnJsldbuB Ql1m(J)6T'OmoslCT\lOomasrmlamcruf1dbmla.oo/iml<D.l1ml.oo1 <m1~
6lmamdb~~<D.llam Qlnnasrmo<D.l 63m1 nJommJm.\o ~/imo<D.l1m1cm 63<01 !Qlfil<D.lO~ O1(D)mos. @'tlanJm1 anJoeJ10 ~S6le.JS1asrma» 6lmam01<D.leJ1db@16lS mos nq,cm nfl~utlnif6T'Oasrmlam mlcmo~.6lmamdb~~<D.l1Qlo<D.l1 6nJm..o6leM3 lnJuOm6lmuB. ~<D.lmcm101Cma» @nfl6lS crulA11~.oolCTn1.db106Tlml'l eJomo, nJmlcru.c1anlcnfleJ1~ «mJlnJan'dh9:flanQlog6lmuB, dhOeJOO1CT\lOO 01.\ anl<D.lom6lmuB,6lmamdb~~ <Oo(J)ctrrn}ml(J~nJ6lm@l6lS anJomowQl, mm6lmuBc66l m06m.\ n1l~dh<l@osl~«JT1lm1mla01utlo, «JT1lutlomJlan'<D.lQlO<D.ldh~~ m'anldbuB QlleJo nOeJml <D.l1~oan m~S6leM3 Ql6pJ10 «JT1lQllaf)QlO<D.ldb, S6TlJOUl<D.l10, ~cncru06tl.\o01m<wm0110, @lll'lm 6lano!9lam <lQl6tleJdb@laeJc66l A.Jell~l6ldho/imlml.oo1cm 6lano!91am utlcOOnl, 6lmamdb~~ 6lA.J~lcma» @.oooeJctrrn} cruOQllnn.\ nJl3nI1c66lmlm.oooasrmano6l6mCTn Qlcmomo01O, db106Tlml'l16ldbo/imlmlcfl6>lCTndhCTn1dhoell crumJctrrn}, Ql6mam01omellm1 0, @~sldb.oo@asrmlm1Qlo<D.l1 «JT1lQlllll'lQlo<D.l1A.Jlnif6T'006lA.J~6leMs1 CTn O1<D.leJ1dbu6.nJmlnnml.oo6leMsomo011CTn @asrmmo lnJuOm6lmuB cruldb91QlQlo<D.ll nJol~ cruanJmmSnJsldbuBcrull dbml.oo6m6lQl<l"O dbQl2)lgl 63CTnSllbo «JT1lm1lnJO<D.l6leMS1db<D.l1/imO<D.l1.
5. dbomn5:lldb oJle61momOJc\0nJm«lTll'l1m1~ «mJSlCTUDom CTU'Ddb<tlc\6lmuS
dbom~db n1le6lmomOl.\onJrno@<l"O ml~<D.l1am O1~6lmaCO>6l0 131ro6nJeJQlO6l6T'O<l"O 6Tll'l6lmuS«mJmllnJO<D.l6leMS1CTn1.@anlm 63m1 lnJUlom dbOm6mQlo<D.l1 A.Jl/iml.ooo6ml.ooo011cma» @asrmmocruoonJm6lmuB @nfl6lS «JT1lnJm.\nJanQlO6l6mCTnano~. adbm@asrml6lNR dbomn9fldbcrumJB01.\01CT\lO<D.llam dhO<O.\QlOCO>cruomo01m mamdb1CTn O1<D.lmoglam, ~6ldb<D.l1~a» 63m1dbomn9fldb nfle6Ymom adbl030 QlOlanQlO~. dbmnifdbmeOO Qlom~ mlroagutl6lm@l0 n1le6lmom0110nJdbroCTn1 mamdb1Olom ~CC3utl1.~16ldbO/im1~ db~n9fl lB01m1dbuB' @'D mO(J)amn nJmom<D.lQlO6l6T'O<l"O6Tll'l6lmuB dbm1an1CTn1. cru611JmflcUndb@10, mJdb'Ql1db~10 dbmnifdbmlam nq,asrml.oo1db nq,CTna»QlOlan6lQl@aeM0u6 «JT1lOlmc66l6lA.J~101om db!91<D.l1CTn1~1. @anlm nJmlnnomQlo<D.l1~ 63m1 lnJUlommlroagutlo OlCTna» db~n9fl cUdb1iI .~al3.\o(J)cruocf>oo 6nJm..o6leM3 n1lnif<D.l6lm@lam knowledgeempowerment-~o, skill development- ~o a016Tn6lQlcmano6Tff. nJmlCT\lOlanl cruo6nJmJJ1<D.lO<D.lnflnif<D.l6lmuB, QlleJ.\OlmtWm0l10 nJlnJ6T'Om0110 (ru06TlJmJJ1~ nilOl<06lmu6, crucru.\lnJozmmo,amo(J)mlOlom6T'OQlomC[J6lmu6 an1S6lm1<D.l nIlnif<D.l6lmu8 nq,cmlOJ<nfI6leJ~oo 63oamo db~n9fl~ al3.\ o(J)cru.am 10/ ~ <113.\O(J)cru.aw.oo 10 O1c\cOanQlO<D.l «mJo1Oll6T'mOdb6m6lQl<l"O O1mJ an1ann1lmJQlml.ooomo0l1CTnan~. . ano6l!9?l0<D.l1CTn db1oOJ1dbuB ~'D <00(J)asrml6l6T'm<l"Odb6l/imasrml<D.l1ml.oo1CTn1.
1. ~lil<I»lam 6lscfbamo~sil NJlcrulQl1omniln& 6TlJ.\lOOO (TDB) @il061<I»lTn OJcruanAan. @'D6TlJ,,\loOO<I»leJl61Sdbom~cfb @amnJlTn cruocruefM)6TTl,QlleJ,,\ OJmm.nan cruocrucfbCll6TTloarn>Sc&6lQll~mlanm cruoollban1cfbn1113,,\cfbuBn11n11w nm~n&mfIlfb~lam ml~ cruJCllln1l~ Ifbm~lfbm.oocru'D~m,,\QlO<I» mlCllc&6l1am mamlfblOJomlo, f!:?m>lmoOJUll,,\QlO<I»nJClllUll'eJmo mamlfblOJomlocfb!9l<I»6TTlo.
2. efbm~efbm.oo OJmCll'TmQlom- mon11 cfbOmJO~ mleJOJoCll61CllTll)c&6lA01~AO(lnJ0013Ull'cfbOJAoarn>mnmo13Ull'<I»OJAO) efbOeJOOJcruao OJ.\m>1<I>>om6lJT361~c&6l101~AO,6300CllO n11@cfb@A61S<I»l0nJClllnJoeJm crutmJ13oa»6tlT361~c&6lAol~l0.m~ nJl16~ oanom>l~l~ n11OJCll6lJT3~A6lSeJlB.\m>c&6l10n1.(mCll'TmCllo n11OJCll6lJT3uBmoAm61mg- cfbcru.\l~16 arn>wl~olm> Cll'cml<Dfl~ eJlB,,\QlOc&6larrtnc&6ln11wCllTll)lamefbo16~efb n11e6'f1l)om OJ,,\onJm 0cfblffi6lJT3uBnJ6mJO<I»ClITlllarn>slcruaomCllTll)l61eJo,efbA06Tll1l»nJcfb!MoanoeJl.oo «rnlslcruaomCllTll)l6leJo ~6TlilOcfb6TTlo. n(l)o. n(l)cru. cruJOQllmol!ln&nO'D06Tlil~61oA @'D Cllou>ClITlllanQll~mo~l6leJ n11~<I»o Qlom>~cfba»Oc&6l16l<I»Slc&6loOJAOl'lano~.)
3. cfbm~lfbm.oo efbo16~efb ClloU>61CllTUlmlm>m cruoolfbanllfb . nlltl,,\Ifb@Ao n11e6'f1l)omOJAo nJlfbmOl'lAmellfbAOJon& mleJn11eJA~ Ullocrulan cruaonJm6lJT3uB.oo nJeJo~0!91o efb!9l<I»AlTnlil061a»lTn
------------.••••••••••.,••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••I.•••••••••••••••••••••••
rumJ<llll<lll. ~Clffil)<llo CT\lDonJm6lffi<m cfhls1<lllam cfhO<ll.\clh9:ll2ll2l0cfl6')1amm1olDlom.\l2lolDllnJrumClffil)m6lffi~lo, l2l~no n.Il~om OJ.\OnJ<n QlO<lll~cfhcfh~locfhO~4J6lOJcfl6')6mO.
4. cfhm~cfh<lll6lS amOJcfhOU06lffi<m n(j)CTn quolDl6lClffil)cfl6')lo1'2l1o am<lll1l2loIDl1 6TlJCT\J)6l~3 l2lg1nJ<ll1(J)6TT)mcfh6l~cfl6')lo1'2l1o m1lDlQlm1cflll12lo6TT) lUOQl6lJr;6l~cfl6')101'2l1o l2lg1Ql1~
06TlJOwruamcfl6')<ll6TT)Clffil)16lnRcfh10oJ. cfhm~cfhm Cultivator n(j)CTn m1~1Dl1am QlOl<lllo
n.Ilruclh9:l1cfl6')6l~so6l<lllamOJm Conservers ~o. Breeders @o ~6l6TT)CTn1dblS1 amo(J)'cfh<ll1'2l1 ~m1eJIDl1am amOJmcfl6')l~ amrudbOU06lffi~lo am<llllQlolDl1 6TlJCT\J)6l~3 amo1ru1ocruo<llclh9:l1cfl6')6l~s6TT)o. amru m dbOctrnll1 crul dh9!I~ OJ<ll1CTn n.IlClffil)1m6lffi<m amru <ll16lScfh~~11Dl1s6lffi~1am <lll6lCTn cruO<lldh9!lcfl6')6l~slruom1o am<lll1m <lllcfl6')<lllOIDl'lnJ<lll1nQeJru1oamo(J)"Icfho<ll0J1o cfh131ruom1~ lUOQl6lffi~lo ~6moru6TT)o. ~Clffil)<llo n.Il~IDl6lffi<m cfhls1<lllamlnJowom.\o mamcfh1 @lDlmctrnll1cfhoo36TTiil1Dl1<ll1cfl6')lCTn1.@2'D <llo(J)crrrr» lnJrumctrnll1cfl6')1CTncruoneJsmcfh<mc86l crumC1lOJ1wolnJororuonnmru1o eJ~1cfl6')lOJom1~ mSnJs1cfh<m @6mOcfh6TT)o.
6. (J)~611lal2lcma»ot6cm nllClm»~eJnJOBm nllnJ611lm adblm6U'BUO
sa1~mfl@eJ <fbcOn!l::l<fbcO@crn am<lllS1em nmgrulo rue.J1CIll lnJuOm6U'B~l@eJocrn m~ ms"lc08rum> Cll)1ce6'l~l@S «mJnJ<ll.\onJCll)Cll)CIlll0, aru6m cru lZlCIllam»«mJ(ljCIlll@s eJ@.\Cll)ce6'l1orullZl06'rO. <fbcOn!l::l<fbcOCll)@em nIl(lffil)1 muol~l anJO<fbO@Cll) crul dbSll~ @nJaCIllo(J)l~ ru<lll em CTUl<nJBOCIllo @a<;!;:jouo@mc08ce6'l~n!l::llCIlllamlZlOlCll)lZl06'rOmleJmlc08ce6'llemcm. nJ~ce6'lol<fb~n9flceQ anJoeJlo «mJ6U'B@m 63<ll1CTUl<nJBOCIllo ru.\onJ<fblZloCIlll <fb06'lTlleml~. m06TT).\nIl~<fb~l@S ms"lam rum)Cll)lce6'luoceQ aru6mlnJl eO~ lZlOCIll10 <fb~n!l::ll@rum@CIll0, «mJ@~lfb lc08 cm1J<nJeJruCIllam <fbOcOn9fl<fb (f)a run!l::l6'lTla<fblm@(lffil)@CIllO, lZlg @@lnJrug m~CTUol<fb@~@CIlloCIll06'rO <fbeOn!l::l<fbeO~luoCIlllce6'll emcm. nJ@dh9:1@rueOceQ @'D <llo(f)am» nJeJa<;!;:j0\910 nOeJlnJBlZlOCIll <tl"lCll)lCIlllamlnJrucO(lffil)lce6'lomoruo@Cll) ru<tlleml.@Cll)lm nJ<tllnDO<tllZlOCIlll <fbamlgl !lJ16mlce6'l06'lTllce6'llemcm nJ6T!!lJOCIllam» Cll)eJ(lffil)lc08 630a<tlOnIl@<fba~CIlll 0 «mJw1<fb<tll~ nIl(lffil)leJnJoBm a<fbl(136U'B~16mO<fb6'lTl@lZlem06'rO. @Cll)lm(f)ru6T1'B@lZlnR1Cll)<llcruoClQJsm<fbuo, l(f) OlZlCll)eJ ~6T1Jl <fbUO, rumlCll)o CTUJCIllocrunDOCIllcruoClQJ6U'BUOCll)lS6U'B1CIllrucc)ceQ nJ<tlluo"leJmo mc08<fb1 <fbeOn!l::l<fb<tlllZlomfl a!lJcOcrn m~mflmo nIlClm»1<fbUOnIl<fbcrule;tj1@~sl ce6'l1ruoml~ mSnJsl<fbuo cruf\<fb<tllce6'l6TT)o. <fblSO@Cll) Cll)O@\9~OCIlllem«mJ@1LnJOCIll6U'B~lO@CIlleOcrnrueml<lllce6'lleml .
1. cru1(J)CT\J)n.Il~cfh~l6lS cfhO<ll.\ctrnll1am @2m'S 0 cfh0I910cfl6')06l3 cru1(J)CT\J)n.Il~ (J)OOJ~6TT) Ocfhlffio
amOJ<lll6ls 6lnJ<lllOJ6p;lOlZlll91lDfleJl~ Farm-A m1CTnlo 6l6l<lllcfhu6n.Il<lll<ll6TT)o6l4Jqy1CTnl~. @2ruml2l1rm6l6lcfh6llDlslCllllllm1ljllDl16ls n.Iln.llw rao(J)6lffi~1am @2ctrnll<llom~cruo1cfhu6 <llllS6lffilruom1~mSnJs1cfh<m ~6mOcfl6')6TT)o.
2. amCTlJeJrulDlam cfhOm~1cfh (J)Qru~6TT) Qcfhlffictrnll16lnR 0 m<lll~<lllJClffil)1amn.IlCllTl» n.Ilel nJmc86l
l2l0l<llll2l0IDll~ 4JClll)c6><mq<llo81cfl6')6TT)o. @2<lll1moIDl1MSSRF QnJ06leJlDll~ (J)ru6T1fl6lQl~<lll<llCT\lDonJm6lffi~l6lS crunnolDl crunnc6><ll6TT)6lffi(!lOamra.\mano1cfl6')oo.
3. mosrm n.Ilctrnll1m6lffi<mc86lQlOl<lllQlolDfl~elnJol3m nJlW<lll1cfh<m~n.Il~db<ll1ocfl6')6m11Dl1<ll1cfl6')lCTn1.@2<lll1moIDl1dbmn9:ldb cruQllnn6lffi~olDl c6>lo1~m. cfh1oll2lm, <llllS6lffi11Dl~131ruocru1cfhlS106TlJ6lffi6l~@<m6l~Sl Clffil)6TT)o. l(J)Ol2lnJ611lIOIDlcrrrr» @2ctrnll<llctrnll1eJ1~ nJlW<lll1c6><m <llllS6lffi1ruormolnJororuonn1~ocfl6')6m11Dl1<ll1cfl6')1CTnl.
@llnJaBUO lnJaCll).\<fbCll)<fbuo cruln1le;tj1ce6'llem aeJO<fblnJcrullW6U'B~OCIll Darjeeling Tea,Champaigne Cll)lS6U'B1CIllrucc)ceQ mem QloeOce6'lgleJl~ ruoB In.1lCIll(lffil)lm <fb0<ll6TT)0«mJCll)lmlaru6m1CIlll~ oJl~<fbUO <fb~n9fl@!lJgJ/@<;!;:jslem CTULleJClm»l@nRcrunIla UOn!l::l(f)16'lTllZl0@6'ITlem1~ rum) Cll)1Cll) ~ UO@ce6'106Tl3 lnJa Cll).\<fb(f)16'lTlCTUnIla UOn!l::lco)CIllocOem
10
dbOeJOruCTU!lca>~~ @'V mogleJ~o db~n9:fl 6)4JCW6)~S~em !1.Il~ nIl~dbuO (~ao. ruca>mosrrndb~m~Ql~~e&.ruca>mosrrn Ql6TmmuO<ln~s6lm1ca>ru)mutlq;w6 6)4Jwan «Oom~cOO~ruomAo. crrraruWcB6laeJOdb db(Jm.Jo~<'!l'fll)1alSlnJ(J<ln.\cf!?nIlnJGm1 cftJ6)6Tli<'!l'fll)[email protected])~ @an1m~aru~1 @6tJB61mca>~~ lnJaan.\dbanca>omem dbomn9:fldb nIl~db~~61S(f)~6YncruoJl(JCItl~andbuO ~O~lan~ca>Qlo<n>1nJo1cf:l6)61~s~dbca>~° Qlg CTU!leJ6ID3~1alS~alS~oa1cf:l6)61~3crrraamnmo@eJnJem6m3~~Qlo<n>1<lnomanQl.\nJomomsamn~dbca>~o aru6mo. @an1m~~ 63m~m1mogCltloIISR. Spices Board, KAU anJoeJ~~ CTU!lorUm6m3~~Qlo<DJ1dbls1ca>o()eJo!Jl~ CItlOmJl<ln'lca>s1amno<I»~~ 63m1 CTU!l1mocruonIlwomo ~6T'11ooo~dh61ca>emano6rTl@amnm<'!l'fll)1aJ1~.(f)aru~GmnJlWan1dh<ffl 63m~ nJa.~ ~mog1-?Jl3A616T'11l1h11118crrracm CItltOOl>161tMS~lllTlnldh61ca>o,~61~lIh1alSnJ~an1ca>ano<n>1an~s6m31cfb6lca>oaru6Yno. ~llll1~ aOJ(lnil <Jdhlm (Jf)ocn)lan cruoallhan1dh rudb~~611wmcrunf>oca>o aJ@.\Qlocf:l6)~ruom~~ mSnJs1dbuf! m)!l,fhm1oo6m61Olrrn dhQl2l1g1crrrag1lnJoca>61~S~em1.
8. nJom<TlJam~m>(!)~'Dl&emat(T\)om>(T\)lcftJ~l6)S CJlnJOfllT\)Onf>mo- -
ollB.\~.a..lllcOOl)1rudb~~61m crrraQl1anQlo<n>1~lCltl<n>1~06T'O Sl1~ca>161eJ cfb~n!l!l ~rrn Ql~oemo~anJodh~emm). SlaJacru4Jmamn1mlo, db~n9:flca>~Qlo<n>16llJCT\.ll61~~ Qlg ~ruCltl.\6m3<fflcf:l6)l0cfhm~dhmc£t6) nJlm~Qloca>~o ~'D nJOIffilYll)rudhl~6)1 QlOl<lnocrunf>Oca>o aancs6m1 rum~em~.6)4JO~dh1s ~aJ6161ruB.\~<In nJlWan1dbuf!. 6llJaca>O(f).\omJ nJlW<ln1cfb<ffln(l)em1ruwc£t6) nmgru1°crrramlaca>o~.\Qloca>lnJCBCItlQlo6m1nIlso. ~'D cruorw.\an Qllem1alSdb6m~61dbO~ crrraan1maca>ostl~O'UOeJ6m3~1alS~<'!l'fll)mo nJrwan1dbuO ~mog1cf:l6)6Tno. stl~<n>1am m~ cruorw.\anca>~~ Ql6lgom~~'Vm~ ~eJnJoam cruomo@o 6llJaca>o(f).\omJ nJrwan1ca>o6ffi.@an nJ61~ cftJm~cfbm~6ls<n>1s<n>1alSru.\OnJdbQlo<n>1lnJAJm1~cOOlruorrn dbcg1ca>6Yno.cfhem~dMe1l ru~m<'!l'fll)alSatnJof'lm.)onf>1?Jl~ ~amn(!)oQlomC{J6m3uOcrrrarueJo6Tl.f1cB6l~ruom~~ crunf>Oca>crunf>dbm6m6m3uf! dbro~d»rocB6l eJ@.\QlOcf:l6)6mo.db~n!l!lrudbl~aaJca>~o ~molldbcrumrudb~~<JeJca>~o crrraOJ1db~anro Qllrrn6161db61<I»SAams)~an1moca>~~ QlroC{J6m3uO crrrarueJo6Tl.f1<Jcf:l6)6m1<n>1m1cf:l6)~em~. <JQlam~olffilYll) nJIWan1dbuOms?JlaJocf:l6)~emm) nJlro~Qloca> ~mn.nmn~6m<Jca>os~cfbls1ca>oca>1m1cf:l6)6mo.acruo~oro n(l)mrostl~nJaca>O(f)o ruroIW1~cOOlruoml~ a6llJowrum6oom6m lCltlQl6m3~~o crrraan1m oru6m QlgmSnJs1db~~ ° crufldbm1acOO6m1<n>1m1cf:l6)1em~.
~nJ~cB6lo1 J~o6l'l1\m~ nJ~di1nJ/ (T\)~cn<TU>(T\)(T\)~dh~rM1_~lnJ~~~nf>1'kflcB6l~
ruca>mos1611 Ql~ ~<'!l'fll)mo cfb~n!l!ldb<fflcB6lnmgru~o crrramlaca>osz.\Ql0616mllh1am dhls1ca>lo ~'Vdb~n!l!ldb<ffl ru.\orucruoaVldbOs1CTU!lomamn1am mScf:l6)~em<JanaVl~. @lm1nJ~o anJm~onJ~cB6lo1cf:l6)1oru6m1 QlomcOOg1amca>o6'r'O~lCltlca>1cf:l6)~eman. Qlorocf:l6)g161aJetrrm~em nJ~cf:l6)01cfb~~6lSm61~om1 nJlIh crrraca>alS(l\)oO'\lOom6m3~oca> cfhro~oscfbamn1am m1rrn n(l)amn~em~. nJ~cOOo1db~n!l!l<n>1am crujca>o nJm.\o~<lnan n(l)em eJdbii.\<Jamn061S ~(!)[email protected] nJaJ nJlWan1db~~om1eJoJleJ~6l6mllh1m6 cfbls'lca>Ao crrraru61ca>oem~o an6lem @'V mocnam» cftJom.\Qloca>4JeJmo@6mOcOO1<n>131~.nJlm~QlO(D)~o 6l61szrucfb~n!l!lca>1eJl61SnJ~cf:l6)o1 oJl~db<ffl ~eJnJoB1~cB6l~ruom~ocrrraan1~ lnJaan.\db nIlnJ6m1 cfb616mamn~ruom~o nJIWan1 ~oll~db(!)1<JcB6l6m1<n>1m1cf:l6)~em~.~an1moca>1 dbm~db cruoOeJ6m3uO,rum1ano crujca>ocrunf>Oca>cruoOeJ6m3<ffl,cfb~n!l!lrudb~il dblso61ancfbOron9:fldb mo(f)ams) tnJruro<'!l'fll)1cB6l~em O'UOonJm6lJ13uf!. nJ~cf:l6)o1 ru.\onJom1cfb<ffl nmem1ruro63amn~<JAJrocrnnJm1nJos1cfb<ffl ~<rullan6mo 6l4JCW6mo. ruo6m1sz.\os10'\l0omamn1am crrraeJllhommJcru.\6m3~oca> 63omcB6l1(U)~cfbuO.~mnlo1ca>o an~s6tJB1ca>ruca>~61Scfb~n!l!l ru.\OnJdbQlOcfb6mo.crrraan~anJo61aJan61em cru1(f)CT\.llcrucru.\6m3~oca>Mentha piperita, Closcinium <ln~s6tJB1ca>ru(D)~61Sdb~n!l!lcB6l~1~ca>1m6 rurrn mJow.\andbuO @~. ~amnmo nJ~~nJ6lJ13cmcf:l6)~Ocrucru.\6m3<fflcf:l6)lo~crnCBCItl'lca> crrramnrooaCltl'l(D) aneJlllTln1aJ~~ In.nca>o Ql~an6laJs~ams) 6ldbO~ dbro~dbro ~'Dmo(f)OamncB6l an1m1ca>6mo. ~'D cfb~n!l!lca>~61S eJO@ m~s6m361~cf:l6)~o1~lO ollnJ6mmcruow.\andb61~cB6l~o1.;J~o . B'lroOeJcfbOaJos1CTU!lomamn1am db~n!l!l 6lAJcw~ruom~~crrrarucrum6m361~cB6l~o1~~ 6lQlO6lcB6lAJro.;J 6lAJCW61'MS6mo.anf>oro31cB6l<ffl.;Joamadboroa~ao~rrn,db~~1@rurrn, m'D mo(f)amn~~ crujdbom.\ CTU!lonJm6lJ13uO omem1ruro Ql~rrn6161cfb61ca>slamn~~an1moruCltl.\Qloca> 63m~ mJQll(f) nJIWan1 ancwooocf:l6)6mo. ~oano61som~6llJm.u~~ ano61cg~oca>~emcfbom.\6m3<fflnJm1(f)6m1cB6l61~3~'
--I•••••••••••••••••••••••••.:••••••••••.-
11
1. 63'!)<\ilW CTUAU>CT\.UCTUCTU~db~~ ~coo(ilacfl6)Gman CTUoCTUQomCllllfll6leJlnJWOm6l~3 n{j)'ij0~avAmaru(3 63'!)<\ilW dbffi.Jmlcfb@AQlowfl~aeJo41l~ 6ldbOGmAQlOlCOlQlo<Dhcolcfl6)6Tno.~6lml6lm 63coA
buy --back CTUonflwomo @oiJ rucoAClIllflAruomA~ mSnJsldbuB @GmOdb6Tno.
2. CTUAU>CT\.UCTUCTU~6lm@A6lSdb~~avAo «JT/lruavA6lS CTUOmJdbC06TnC'l.JAOC'l.J~OnJdbQlOcfl6)AruomA~
mSfl-ls1dbuB @GmOdb6Tno. «JT/lCllllflCOoCTUCTU~6lm@A6lSextracting units @GmoadbGmlwflcolcfl6)ACTnA.
10. UllOcrutaD'(D)QlO(D) ~'coo1lcfbcrum- Ql~(I)cruoCO~6TT> n.JCWaD1cfb<J6~----_.._.-
~'CO (JQl6lJe.J(D)A6lS l3'm04aJru'nS:!6m(JC011l)06lS(D)A~ UllOcrUtCO'l"l(D)oIIcfbcrum ~co1nJos1cfb~0rn)@CO'l1am@uB6l~SA (Jamn6'rl3an.' cfb~tCO'llQl6Tl!Imowom cru'Dcfbco.\6lJT3~lo Ql~(J)!1..flcfb1arru(D)10 ru"lslnJslc66)6le.Jamn1c66)1cfb, nfl3 oruUtl.\ amn1m m 1<J(D)om .\QlO(D) @colc66)(J~(D)l 0 «rnJ<JCO'106)So~o CO'l6)em ru 06m1m.\os1cruoomamn1am «rnJCO'l.\lam~ol3m<JUtln9:/l(D)l~ @CO1c66)<J~(D)10 63co1<JnJ06)eJ <JtnJoarruonD1~c66)lem oIIcfbcrum CO'ltmno, (D)tmnruamefb~CO'l 6)!1.J0lefb15 nDOQllefb~l6)S cruoonJmo, ruo6m1m.\os1cruoomC011l)1e.Jl~ CO'l"lgnJlamefb~n9:/l(D)10, «rnJOJ(D)l6)S cruo(gC06mOJlo cruom)'efbC06mOJlO oIICO'lC06mOJ10,efbemlefb131 nJco1nJoe.Jm <JefbtCl36lJT3~l6)S cruoonJmo, QlO(D)o <J!1.Jmc66)am ml(D)Qlo efbo<Je.Jo!1..flCO'lQlomflnJcol~c66)colc66)am, . nJoeJ16)oR (J)l6mmle.JOJocoo cru06TlJCTW1.!21«rnJmnocoo~tS mle.J0J0coamn1mm 1(J(D)Om.\Qlo(D) co"lCO'l1(D)1e.Jl~ mlm~(D)o, tnJo<JI3Ullldb (J)<JrunS:!6mo, 6)6)mOJ (U)(D)o1 nDOQl10(J)16)oR<JtnJoarru OnDmo, ~wl mlefb co'CO'llmfle.Jl~ cfh9/lcocruo04aJ6lJT3~l6)S mnflefbC06m0, dh9flco cruo04aJ6lJT3~lam nJoam Ull'CO'l'efbC06m cru'DefbCO.\6lJT3uB nmc66)~Sl C011l)am,ml CO'lmQlO(D)oIIe6Tmomru.\ onJm co"lCO'l1cfbuB, dh9flcooIlcfbcrum-Ql~ (J)cruoCO~6m <JQl6lJe.Jcfb@lam <JmoeJ16)!1.J~l em QllCPlOJrrn 6)tnJOnDnS:!6me.Jlcfbu6c66)lo stlrumc66)omc66)lo oIIl300W nJcolUtl'e.Jmo (cruo<JlfbCO'llcfb nJC01Ull'eJmOJlo, Qlo<Jm~6)Ql1nJcolUtl'e.JmOJlo, @rrnnDm<JQlnS:!rrn 6)scfb<Jmo@stl nJcolUtl'e.JmOJlo, cruOQllnD.\ tnJCO'll6TlJCTWCO'l),cfh9/lcoefbmnS:!efbmc66)o(D)l~ cruOQllnD.\ <J~QlnJcolnJos1efbuB (t(J)ogloI1g1, 6>nJrrnnS:!rrn) nJoam cruo(gC06mo- cruocrUcfbco6mo-oIInJ6mmo nmem' <JQl61JQ.Jdb@lam «rnJmnocoo~ts mle.Jruocoamnle.Jl~ nJcol~efbC06mo, «rnJml6TlJCTW ClJ.\OOJcruOmflcfb m)o(ooli6lJT3uB (nJoam cruom)'cfbC06mO, Qlle.J.\OJmrwlemnJoe.Jlam~em mlmamo6mo, QlOocru cruom)c66)C06m Utloe.J(D)l6)S cruoonJmo), Qllcolc66)13(Ql06)COOJ~mC011l)lemCO'l1ml~ <JtnJoarruOnDmo, ~slnj@c6C011l)am nJemlOJ~mamnam, Qll(D)amru@mamnam CO'llS6lJT31(D) cfboco.\6lJT3uB l3"1m04aJcfbOeJ oIIcfbcrum nJcolnJoslcfb~lam «rnJm.\o mleml<JnJo<J(D)c66)orulem~(D)l ma'1l13o, m03l!1..fl<fblarru, (JnDoQllaql)o nmem' !1..flcfblarruorulwlci:buB atnJoarruonDl~c66)am@u66)~s 1amnorul emCO'lo6Tl1.
11. cfbomni/lcfb o1I@cfb@16)5 Qlle.J.\OJmcwmrulo cruocruefbC06TT>rulo------_._.<J<fbCO~amnl6) e.J <fb~n9:/l(D)16)5 om ~OJl 0 ru eJ1(D) .~nJocoo<riSQl @oIIsl6)amn cfbomn9:/l<fb @amcMem6lJT3u6<fbmnS:!efbm «rnJcruom)'<fb~CO'l OJcruCO'llc66)@o(D)l CO'l6)em oIInJ6mmo 6)!1.J~1 eml6)OJemCO'106Tn. @cm<fb<JCTlJo~C011l)lam Qlle.J.\OJmrwm oII(gOJ6lJT3u6c66)l~ «rnJ(g1CO'lnJlm<.1lQlO(D) ~OJUll.\oefb6mc66)l6)e.JS1c66)1<JCTlJouB <fbmnS:!efbm @'D COo(J)<JamncB6l efb151CO'lam tUllrwnJCO'll~(Jc66)~1(D)lcolc66)leml. n{j)emoam @(J~oCPlo nJoCOCTlJco.\QlO(D)l~ crutCTlJl3o(D)6lJT3uBQlOtCO'l6)Ql@'D coo(J)Clffll) mle.JoIIe.Jl~l. @CO'llm <fbOC06mo cfbmnS:!<fbmcB6l@amncoo <fboco.\6lJT36)~c66)lo1~1~«rnJoloI1~o<riSQl(D)o6Tl1. @an nJcolnDcolc66)l OJorrn @<J~Ulll.!2116)<fb0~1~ <J6TlJowruanefbco6mQlom<&6lJT3uB«rnJrue.Jo6Tl1lac66)~l(D)lcolc66)l eml. Qlle.J.\rumrwmoIl6)m~l ol.!21l0 «rnJCO'lle.Jl6)S <fb131 emrurrne.Jo(g6)amn c66)1ol.!21l0 cfbmnS:!<fbmcB6l Utlcolc66)10 «rnJolru nJ<fbmcm mamcfb6mo. <fb1506) em«rnJCO'llm1(Jru~ nJC01Ull"le.Jm6lJT3~l 0, cru oa lfbCO'll<fboIIl3 ~(D)l0 e.J04aJ1(D)tmncruOQll (J)1<fb~10, cfbmnS:!<fbmcB6l<fb1C06Tlml)!1..fle.JoIIame.J(g.\QlOc66)6mo.
12. QlIipJ-meJ cruoCO~6m nJCWaD1cfb@lo 6>!1.J0lcfb1s me.J<Jcru!1.Jm nJCWaD1cfb~Uo
Rainwaterfiarvesting -
stl~mfl6)e.J <fb~n9:/l cfbOCO.\~QlQlOcfb6m6)Qllfb lam cB)COlCO'l<Je.J06)5(D)1~ me.JoIIm1a(D)0(J)rulocruoCO~6mrul 0 «rnJrue.Jo6ll11ac66)~lmflcolc66)l eml. (J<fbco~amnl6)eJ nmgOJlo <fbl51CO'lam QlCPe.Jt1l1c66)1em m1li:l(D)omfl3l efblsl @amncoo «rnJOJcruco6lJT3uB<JOJ~ co'CO'l1<D11am@oIISl6)amn <fbmnS:!<fbmtnJ(J(D)omm6)~Slamnleml~. QlCP6)ru~o cruoCO~c66)lruoml~ Qlom<& mlm<J~Utl6lJT3@lO
12
nJOllC1l)1cfh@o ,fb<fl~dhmoo marna <fb6Tl51<DJ1mloo!cm!. !1llQ.! rurro<fb1s ~Q.!aCYU.oJm oJCWCID1<fbUOOO~1~w1arn . CID!SOOO <fb!o1~!6lruIBJ1Q.!!o. areru @m1w!o tfh<fl~.<fb<floo aruGm CYUalWarrIDloJawo~mlnJl3alO6l6Tn.rm 6lCID~1<DJ1ae&6l1i1"B1<DJ1m1oo!cm!.6l.oJO!<fb1s ~Q.!aCYU.oJm oJCWCID1<fbUO~mot!l1e&6l!ruorro l(J)OaloJlimJOwamn lutlcw1006Tno. m'<flamnsow1~o1CID oJcwCID1<fb~1arn nmgru!olnJOal!6U.\o 6lcfbOS!Ce&6l6Tl5(ll) nJomcrum.\alow nm~o 6l.oJO! m1<flarrms6tJl3~!omJ omdh9::l1oo! <fb6lWCTT)CIDOrn).
ruwmos16l~ t!l,loJ<fb~<ln1 (topography) nJm1(J)6TT)1~ al~-~Q.!mJomdh9::l6TT) oJCWCID1<fbUOOOlnJowom.\o marn<fb6Tno. ~1~mflarn msc;\:j0oo!cm 63oamo o.Oc6lmJm oJcwCID1w!o oJom1CTUll1CID100nDom1<fbmal6l~rm ~0'M!(}Jm!arrm6Tno.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••,
I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~
Chapter VIII
Agri Export Zone: Prospects of Wayanad DistrictExecutive Summary
Wayanad is located on the North Eastern part of the state at a distance of about 70 Kmfrom seashore. Its elevation ranges from 700 - 2100 meters above MSL. This district •receives an average rainfall about 2000mm to 3000mm per year and it is spread over aperiod of 9 to 10 months. Wayanad is blessed with hot humid climate. The minimumtemperature ranges from 14.5° C to 20.2° C and m<Lximum temperature ranges from 25.1 °C to 32.6° C respectively. Relative hwnidity is very high which goes even above 90%during South West monsoon period. Ideal climate coupled with conducive soil profile,rich in organic matters, make the district the home of many aromatic crop plants .
More than 90% of the total population depends, either directly or indirectly, onagriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. The land man ration is high inWayanad District which paves the way to profitable farming. A notable feature of thisdistrict is that the presence of educated youth willing to adopt modern technology in cropproduction .
This district has got a good potential to convert into an organic agriculture zone .Traditional farming communities, rich biomass, traditional wisdom in using plants asbiomanures and biofertilisers and its peculiar geographical settings etc make this districtideal for organic farming. I
Medicinal plants are the future crops of Wayanad. A survey conducted by MSSRF showsthat there are about 650 species of medicinal plants occurred in the district and it falls inthe list of the 29 Plant Diversity Centres identified from Western Ghats that is rich inmedicinal plants. The district is also rich in ethnobotanical information, medicinal usesetc. The National Medicinal Plant Borad has recommended large scale cultivation of 32species of medicinal plants out of \vhich 20 species can be cultivated in Wayanad .
The conducive atmosphere, richness and diversity of medicinal plants enhances the scopeof allied sector development like Herbal Spa, Health tourism, Herbal Park withrejenuation centre and treatment facility on multiple systems of medicine, Herbalextraction centre, Neutraceutical and Herbal Cosmetic industry in Wayanad District. Thestudy highlights the development of following infrastructure for tapping the medicinalplant wealth in sustainable and equitable ways.
I. Semi processing at collection centres with terminal market and packing facilities
2. Common facility centre with GMP license which provide facility for womenSHGs to convert their raw drugs into value added products
3. Super critical tluid extraction unit and advanced technology for herbal extraction
4. Drug Manufacturing units (Private, Quassi Govt., Co-operative ownership)
5. Research Centre for dealing with Conservation, Research and with IPR issues
J
6. Lab f~lcility for developing new drug formulation
7. For ensuring fair market, there should be warehousing facilities, logistic supportfor processing, semi processing and market information
Spices being another important area for considering for establishing an AEZ. Underspices, Pepper. Vanilla and Ginger are the main potential crops in terms of inherentqualities and area under cultivation. The world famous Malabar and Telichery pepper,which are enjoying premium market advantage in international market are from WayanadDistrict. The highly responsive farming communities and a concerted move towardsorganic pepper cultivation are welcome indication. The study team identifies the potentialof value addition and future market for Wayanadan pepper. The following are the keyrecommendation to boost up export market for organic pepper.
1. Sterilised pepper making units
2. Weather controlled warehousing facilities
3. Grading and sorting facilities
4. Brand name for Wayanadan pepper
5. Technology transfer support for value addition and processing
6. Institutional support for cultivation and varietal development
Wayand district occupies primary position in terms of area and production of coffee inKcarala. More than 80% of the total coffee produced in Wayanad is exported to variouscountries. Wayanadan Robusta coffee is appreciated in world market due to its inherentqualities. Most of the cofrce growers are small holders who depend ehieny on coffee.cultivation for their lively hood. Organic cultivation. value addition and proper marketingstrategies are the major steps to increase the export potential of coffee from Wayanad.Quality assurance through standard drying yards, pulping units, storage facilities, andquality control labs is immediate measures to attract foreign orders. Branding ofWayanadan coffee is also positive step in this venture. The Coffee Board has accorded anexclusive brand -"TIGER" for Wayanadan Robusta coffee will boost the export potentialof premium Wayanadan Robusta. Special emphasis needed to be given in maintainingquality system in the area of production, processing including post harvest technologyand post harvest handling.
The international market for organically produced fruits and vegetables are growing in apaced manner. By ensuring organic certification we can move ahead to the export ofBanaana (major producer of Nenthran), Jack fruit (Second largest, producer), Ginger(largest producer) Bitter gourd, legumes and cucurbits. Standard warehousing, cool chainsystem, grading, packing, sanitary and phyto-sanitary testing lab etc are inevitableinfrastructure required to achieve this objective.
Good network of road transport, presence of Agri Research Institutions, Natural Resourcewealth, Highly responding farming communities, Financial institutions, Network ofNGOs etc make Wayanad District ideal for Agri Export Zone for crops like Medicinaland Aromatic plants, Spices, Coffee and Fruits and Vegetables.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
MobilisationAwarenessExtension
~Production
- Post harvest- Value additionExtension supportMarketing support
INDOCERT, IMO,FOOD CERT,FIBL etc .
CERTIFICATIONAGENCIES
FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS
KRISHIBHA VAN
RARS - KAU .KVKIISRMSSRF
NABARD.NATIONALISED BANKSAgri. Dey. BANKSCO-OPERATIVE BANKS
RESEARCHINSTITUTES
Agri Export Zone -NODAL AGENCY A.E.Z. CELL, AW Market
SPICES BOARD
TRADERSASSOCIATION
IEXPORT HOUSES 1-
~,---NGO_S _.~ ]
GROWERSASSOCIATIONS
ProposeJ Institutional Network lor effective Management of 1\EZ
Ie,.I-•••I-I-•••••.'•••••••••••••••••••••~
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••
The Paniyas have only a crudeIdea of religion. Their major deity,is called 'Kali' is believed to bemalignant and so powerful. Theyalso worship Banyan tree. Theyhesitate to cut such trees and Ifanyone attempts to cut them, theyfall sick.
But in the absence of hereditaryChemmi, It could be filled up byelectlo!'.
Monogamy appears to be thegeneral rule among the Panlyas. Inmarriage bride price is practisedlike many other tribal communities .Widow remarriage is allowed. Theydo not practise pre-puberty mar-riage.
Adlye8
The Adiyas are known 8S'Ravulayar'traditlonally. TheAdiya,like the Paniya, Is one of the slavetribal sects In Kerala. In the nuclearAdlya tribal familiy the husband isthe head of the household. Brideprice is given to the parents of thebride by the groom. Divorce,'widowmarriage etc., are permited polygany Is also practised .
Due to the various tribal welfareprogrammes by the government, achange has set In the lives ofPaniyas. But unlike Kurichias 8&Kurumas, Paniyas' march towards'modernization has been rather slow,
~o punitive measure (like ostra-cizing of the sex offender. as onecan see among .Kurichlas) is preva-::.. ' _ ,.,,' Adiyas for sex of •
P.K. SUKUMARAN NAIR
,""
:. , • ,'1
. .; .... " :'
" ...
, j'"
, !
. .. ~" ..
-..' '
...f ~ ••
'.'
;I:":.':'::~':WAYANADAND, .," ,~ ~',;' ; I •, • I' . I' , , .1'.. •
::,,',,',':,,',::.."FlERTRI BAL SONS. I .
t. : AI ,:1", ,. ';.:" 'r. i.'" .',;,_ :',!' ." . , ,l) t
.:. r'o,' ~....11 n;. i .. :11;; ; tt' ;
;: , • ~! j , • I "1'
: In/eyened. th,8 peno',emlehillY!'11111 of Meleba"'hl the northern;. Kerele,"situated above the
sei.' level' ranges' between 700meter' to 2100 meters,'ls e home~'land of 'various tribal comm'unltles.
, Promlnently'classlfled Into Panlya,; Adlya, , Kettuneyka;' 'Kurlchla 8&! Kuruma, the'number of tribal popu-"Iatlon In Wayan ad Is' 114969;:ac~1, cotdln'gto"'1991 census.
I; I , •• ;""1;, ,'.", .,
H'''Th. P.,IY88
A vest majority of tribes In Kerala'stete heil from "the. Penlya tribal
: sect. Although Panlyas'lnhablt Ini the 'eglons'of Wayanad .and thei neighbouring parts of Kannur' 8&
Malappuram, about 71.96 percentof the Panl"e tribal' population Isfound'in Weyanad alone. ' .... ,
! ;: "AS ~~~d,"a~~~~~rs':'~~e'~~\~iyas\I were once sold along with planta-: tlons by the landlords. '~They wereI also employed es professional cof-: fee thieves by higher castes. The':. neme 'Pinlyan' meaDS'worker' asi they were supposed to heve been
:. : the workers of non'. tribes., ';.I .•j' •. r'" \ ~ • I.' " •I •• 11 . 'II' .•. I 'I If l' .•, I ~
I' ..:. Gone are the,days when Panly.a. settlement. had a headman calledj 'K~ttan' appointed bY.the land lord.iNext;ln,.rank ,to l<uttan..,was'the.. 'MudaWorheadoftheJamily. Both; Kuttanand Mudal" are called:"'~ooPP8nmar~.',~Chemml', the' so.; .cilled'pr.iest 'of ; the Pan'lyas was
.• :..alsoappolnted In olden days by the.: chleftalns under whom the Paniyas'.:.worked; I.,.' Each" Chemrnl' wielded
'authority over's "group of settI8~;. .~ ',,"e"'1$:: the office was hereditary •
::~4t:.';:~~~;.'.:~.,,,,'~\.~'"'.. ~'..:\£~:!t.
I-•••••I.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l:
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
, Mullakuruma live in cleanhouses, the walls and roofs ' of~which are strong with good wln-\dows and doors. In a settlement 'called .' Kudi' there will be ten totwelve houses. Normally Kudi Islocated adjacent to their agricul.,tural,farm. In every Kudi a separatescared place ' Daivapura' is seen
. for offering rituals, to their deity. Itis infront of the Dalvapura ,thepeople of the settlement assemblefor diSCussing their communal is-sues.
as Vishnu. Siva, Bhagavadl.
Kattunayakan generally do notbelieve In life after death. The deedare either buried or placed on rocksafter it Is wrapped In mats. .
The Mullakuruman ere supposedto have been one of the originalinhabitants of Wayanad. A few areagricultural labourers among them.They follow patrilineal system of I
families. like Kurlchlas, these men~re alst) expert bowmen.Mullakuruman too had fought alongwith Pazhassiraja against the Brit.ish.
The Mullukuruman do give brideprice. Divorce Is permitted after"consultation with the elders of thewife. . ., "",1." II
, ,. A
The Mullukuruman society Is,divided Into four exogamous clans.,Ostradeisation is the punishmentgiven to those who violated thenorms of the clans. Clan heads areeven now obeyed and respected bythe members •
. , I
'Thaladhll' Is the supreme head.of the four classes., The class head.is known as 'Kunnumoopan' Under,Kunnumoopan there are many'Kudls' The head'of the 'Kudi',' isthe' Porunnavan and his wife 'Illtermed .Porunnthi. Velichapad is'the communal oracle and he looks'.after the religious activities:"" .,.
. .. I ,lI
The Mullakuruman bury theirdead, Death Is observed for eleven,days. ., ;'1' t. 'In
,I')
.' . At present the. Mullakuruman,are engaged In all sorts of employ:ment. A Good number of them are,
l>~ W ,.". ••...,J.
The Kattunaykan'."'" :." .': '.
The kattunaykan communitY IsI found In Wayanad, Kozhlkode andI Malappuram Districts. In the inte-I rior forests of theNilamburarea ofi Malappuram' these"people ,'are. known bs'the Cholanalckan. ,The
Kattunayakons found in the plains: of the Malappuram district are
known;as'the Pathlnalckans. ' The: I<atunayakan' of Wayanad' and the, Cholorialck~n of Nilambur are clas~'! sifled' as primitive tribes.' .
I':" I, t'- .",' Of !"'1 .", I",.
.•As • their ,.names .denote, . theKattunayakan were the kings of the'Jungle regions engaged in the col.
, lectlon 'and 'the 'Qllthering of forest, produc~s."'T~ey are known as Ten! I<uruma(slnce they collect honeyI fr'o':l:"the'foresCth,,?y have all the, physical features of a hllltrlbe: They
seldom mingle with other commu- ., nltles: I their language is ~s'admlx~: ture of all the Dravidian languages;'! The Kattunaykan,trlbal ha,,~ also a; headman" called. ~~lJttan' whose: d,eci~i,orl~ar~,s~i,d ~Oi~be 1,inal~.•'••" ,
, .. t:! .' .1
In regard to' bride price, It Is'allowed to pay In instalments after'
. marriage.' It"a man cannot' afford
. bride price, he, c~". elope one day, with his girl to any other place; outside' their colony and live to-
gethe'" afterwards"without facingI social stlgma".A Kattl/nalkan girl Is,, not allowed,to marry. a man,from:, other tribes.' Divorce and desertioni are common among them. " I: '. i' ~ . ," :' iI" .' I • • •• (l.... ,.'. ..' ,
. 'I,Re!igious organlsat,ion' is not; much! evolved among, .. t~e,: Kattunaykan tribals. :rhey.worship'! animals, birds, trees, rock hillocks,': and snakes.,~They are firm belle~ers, In black maglc'and.sorcerY'J they,, also worship their ancestors, along,•with worshipping Hindu deities such
42' ,', :.,' i .,:',' •.
fences. Even if their women com.mit such offences they are allowedto undergo purificatory ceremonyknown as 'Kalachu Veypu' to jointheir community back. The Adiyas
. call their wanton woman asI 'Chullachl'. The Adiye tribal com-
munity Is divided Into 20 classes. called 'Mandu'. The head of the
'Mandu' is called 'Chommikkaran'or 'Peruman' . .
them. Remarriage is permitted. Brideprice or bride service Is found as Inthe case of other tribal communi-ties. They also practised, Thalikettukalyanam. '
The social control mechanism ofthe Kurichiyans was most efficient.Excommunication was the punish-ment given to the Individuals, someexcommunicated Kurlchiyans whoembraced Christianity are foundsettled now at Pallikkunnu. Theyare educationally and economicallybetter at present compared to thetraditional Kurichiyans. Howevermore landed properties are foundamong the traditional kurlchians.
Just like the Mullakuruman,Kurichians are noW employed Ingovernment services. Yonger gen-erations have abandoned the prac-tice of untouchability •
Thus we see that Wayanad dis-t{ict is the abode of culturally differ-ent tribal communities such as thePaniyans, the Adiyans, theKattunayakans, Kurumans (includeboth Mullakuruman andOralikurumanl and the Kurlchiyans •Since these tribal communities werein different stages of cultural ovolu-tion ie, hunting and gathering, shift-Ing cultivation, handmade pottery,
, plOugh-cultivation, bonded agricul-tural labour etc •• They have to beapproached with different schemes
.and strategies so 8S to suit to theirway ot'life and cultural background:
, "
,I,','
•• ~ • I
" .The Kurlchlyans are matrilineal "and live iniolnt families, under the' ,control. of their chieftain' called .' I
'Pittan'. The members of the ex.tendedfamily work together endput their earning In the same purse .." I'
and eat from the same kitchen; 'lio'
.' . ;'.;-' , ., t f' I*' I" ,. ~ •• ,•• ""' ••••' "
The, Kurichlyans pre' er cros~.~Ii' 'cousin marriage to any other marl~' I'
tal alliances~ polyandry ':,s,' no~ '.• '" ~practised by the ,~':lrlC?hiy~rS:~o- 'Iygamy was found to exist among
'''43;' ~"j .••.. f.,.''''ll ,,:',-,-------------V
The Kurlchlyens .
.. 'Formerly" the Kurlchlyan' were. shifting cultivators. Presently; they', are engaged I~ wet and dry cultl •..'vatlon. .' , I.... .., .
• ',~ I' " I I
, .The Kurichiyans are'alsQ,a ag-
: rlcultural tribal community. justlike the Mullakur\Jman: ,. Up to,some decades ago untouchability
. has been fairly,8nd widely prac-, tlsed by these'tribals, They are..: good archers,::: The joined' with
Pazh~shlRaiah to fight against the. British. They are said to be \the
Karl. Nayans brought to Wayanadby the Pazhassi ~aja. " .
The Kurlchlens ha~e'clean foodI habits and they keep their houses,
premlse8 and dress:always ,clean.Drinking toddy and alchohol ex-
, cep,t In festive occasslons Is:con:sldered a bad 'h~blt;: by ',the"
I Kurlchlans. They used to tag toddyfrom Pelmtrees In'the past. Palmtoddy:ls an Important ritual objectfor ancestral worship. . ,.',. . . . '.~" .~' '.~-' . ,, . :
in government service too. TheM.LA of the State Sri. K. I,
, Raghavan Master belongs to thistribe •.
, '--.- p ••••••••••••.••••••.•..•••...I.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
, .••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Il is a wonder howa tribe like th~ Kurichies lead
relatively healthy long life in theabsence of all rocx:lem facilities,
In facl centenarians are commonin roa&. of their famili~. This paper
highlighlsa few of the ~lsof their lonacvily,
Kurichias generally live longerthatn many other tribe andnon-tribals in the south ofIndia. These statistics facili-tated an in-depth study of thehealth aspects of theKurichias.
The long term study ofKurichias by the late Aiyapponand Mahadevan postulatedseveral possible reasons for 'the general longevity and over- 'all heatth of the elderlyKurichias. Their observationsidentified certaTn.jrY:l~ntCUrtuarallactorswhich in~udetiCiilfflv food' hibits -iike ragian-d mear-il!~,~.tl!p!~:=J!todSc~W>[~~-.vv.iti.1. ~"e..wgular. In-
, take of green leafy veg~JablesanaiUhe'rs.They work dailyint'Fiiiifjl-addy fields and walkfor hours in the forest for"hunting and rearing cattle.Their work patterns providethem with essential exercise.The excellent ecology, the sa-lubrious climate, the environ-mental sanitation and personalhygiene prevent the risk of 'several communicable dis-eases. The Kurichla's COllec~tive ownership of land enablthem to lead a less expenslvlife, limited ambitions in lifand adequate economic secu-rity. The respect shown tothe elderly in general and wid-ows in particular allow ther'llto lead a peaceful, tension--free and contented life during
l>~ tv ~'JA...M. - Tk ~ p~, ; .
..._- ~....._--_.-._--_._--
Nadu states. They oro a tribeof 20,000 population, wholive in enormous joint fami.lies, and follow A communetype of family organisation.The Wayanad plateau wherethey live is In tho oroo ofKerala bordering Coorg, andthe neighbouring districts ofCannanoor and Callcut. Theyare believed to havo migratedto Wayanad from the plainsof Kerala probably bofore the
,9th century A.D. TheWayan ad plateau has salubri-ous climate and beautiful scen-ery. It is a hilly station likeOoty in the neighbourhood.
An Epidemiological Study
't,"
LlF~STYL.E,HEALTHAND lONGEVITY
~. i' .' • l" ,.'.
OFTHE KURICHIAS1111 ongevitv in develop-
ing countries is gen: erally rather lowcom-! pared to developed countries.
Among most of the tribals inthe world it is still lower, but,
, longevity among the Kurichia ', tribe is exceptionaly high. The, KuriChias form: an unusual
matrilineal tribe of Kerala, whoenjoy both prosperity and pro-longed, longevity" in the ab-sence of any modern medica-tion. Although most of themare illiterate, they manifestcomplex c'ulture in their ritu-'als, family organisation, mar-riage, kinship pattern, leader-ship and family management.They are well known for their; The elderly Kurlchios con-matriliny, extensivejointfami- stitute about 12 per cont inlies, better statu!ifor,women, 'their general population. Theirhi9!" chastity, econon-d'c'self size is significantly moro com-s~~f,it:lency, hardworlt,obser . pared to the elderly po pula-vation of social"distance and' "tiOn of Kerala stato (7.6%1p.oIHjtfo!~,'proverbial tionesty, . 'and at the national lovel in~kih"in archery cum"hunting, : India,(6.5%1 by 1981. Exlst-
; cOlleCtive,'fsi-mind 'iind ortho- " 'ing data of other tribals do noti dox"primtUve" ieHgious' prat-" show such a high proportion; tices: ') It 'l!t~"Wor'lder how a of 'the elderly in the rost of; trIbe 'like" the~fi<Jtlchlas lead India. In fact the proportionI r~~~~i,~'~l~'ti~~~th\t1,o,~g:I!fe in" .of the elderly' Kurichias is al-, the ~bsence' 01'?II'tncideI't1 fa- moS/-,closer to that of many I
I c).li~le~,'''~lri,jfa'c:~.s~n,~e.na,rla~s;1"developed westorn countries'are common In' most' onheit. 'and Japan (12 per cent andi,'rt,'iii(j'S.J't'his'paperhighllghs":~ more) According to a detaileda ~~'w"Ot;th~ 'secrets IcWtlieir:r! "anthropological study oflongevity. Kurichias conducted for the
,IIII\''' I\\"d\','l\<,) ~,\I~•• ?-. :\;"past three decades and pub-The Kurichias of Waydnad\\('dlshed recently (Alv:lppon & ;
inhabit the ttljUh~~tiori\ ofll'.\Mahadevan, 19(\ IlY B.R.,Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil New Delhi), elderly
'K,.Mahadevan, G. Subramaniam & N. Viswanathan
The pharmocologicalanalysis ofthe leafy and root vegetables they
,consume have reported beneficialinfluence on cardiac protection, re-tardation of the aging process and,prevention of diabetes mellitus. Theyare as follows: Heracleum of thefamily Apiaceae and Ceropegia roots'(Asclepiadaceae) are reported to re-tard aging process. Nymphoea albaplant's flowers contain cardiac gly-coside" which is generally used forthe treatment of cardiac failure sinceit increase cardiac contraction. Ac-cording to the National Institute ofNutrition, Hyderabad, one hundredgrams of Nymphoea leaf has shown3.1 to 4.1 grams of protein, 0.3grams of fat, 1.6 grams of minerals,1.5. grams of "fiber; 43.4 grams ofcarbohydrate, 193' calories of en-ergy,65 milligrams of calcium 217milligrams of phospherous. Simi-larly, Elaeocarpus has shown 1.4grams of protein, 0.1 gram of fat,1.1 gram of minerals, 1.6 grams offiber, 36.2 grams of carbohydrate,163 grams of energy, 36 milligrams
, , . , FOOD HABITS. .,"
j. I ".
The phannacalagi-'cal analysis.of the leafy,and raatvegetables they can-sume have repartedbeneficialinfluence ancardiac pratectian,retardatiafl .of theageing pracess and,preventian .ofdiabe-tes n1ellitus.
In comparison,' the Incidence" ofhypertension among the elderlyKurlchla& 1&:significantly less for!heir men but not women. ' '';U:,)iol.(. ' ~ ; ••.
These elderly people have beenusing water that flows from the hillsand the rice grown by them in theirIeIds. The food Includes plenty of
~vepetable~like nymphoea alba flow-'erl. cleroCSendron" hydrocotyle,'roxburguia and 'roots like ceropegia(Asclepiadaceae), olaeocarpus for
respectively. The two mild cases,--;:p;~parin~j9-e..disheSWith rice. Theirwere men. In the moderate cat- intake of salt through the prepara-egory, there were no men but there tlon of dishes accounts to four towere six women. There was no eight grams per day. Untl a decadecase of mild hypertension among and a half ago th~y.were eating ragiwomen and moderate to severe as a staple food instead of rice;hypertension among men. Accord- supplemented by meat eg., boar,ing to Osdfeld, Kelle, Klawans,' et bison, chicken, mutton 'and rabbit.
, al., (1986) fifty per cent of elderly Their past healthy food habits mightpopulation In the west had hyper- Iiave contributed to proper growth
'tension. In Chandigarh, the 50-60 of these elderly Kurichias but theage group showed hyperten,sion changing food habits may adverselyamong 66 per cent of the' men and affect the longevity of future gen-4~ percent of the women (Beryet. erations~Nevertheless, now - a-days~lal1972 ) When Ping Tseng (1977) hey are used to a vegetarian dietfrom Taiwan has shown that 28.3 because of the strict prohibition ofper cent of men and 35.8 per cent hunting wild life. Their intake of ragiof women suffered from hyperten- was also reduced on" account ofsion between the age of 65-74 and conversion of land into coffee, tea25 per cent men and 46.9 per cent and pepper estates.. In the pastwomen abo~e the age of 75 years. they used to take palmyra' toddy
, .,' ' , ' , very often but now due to govern-ment regulations on tapping toddy,they can afford to drink only once amonth during' common ritual func-tions. Generally old men and womenalso used to chew, raw tobacco
, along with betel nut and leaves andIts frequency ranges from six' toeight times per day and the total 'intake of 'tobacco amounts to sixinches in size"
, ,!,' THE FINDINGS
;;", 'Ail,'th~J6:.rel~erly ,people w,eresubjected~o detailed cllnlncal ex-'amh;ation;' :Ttlere'were19 malesan.d 16'female's."Among them the,~argest nlJmber of 14'belonged tothe age group 60 to 69 ( 9 womenand '6" men) Another eleven' be-longed to th,{'age' group 70-79 ( 6'women'and 6'men);"whereas: 6'women'.'and 6'm'cn'belonged t,o'the
" - " .... '. ','age cetegoj'Y 0180 ,andabo~e years.Out,of 36 elderly, '10 cases weredetected" to' be ."hypertensive(28.~%),;'among them, 2 had mild,6 moderate and 2 severe hyperten-,sion. 'Of 'these 'both 'the severe.hypertension cases happened to be
'Of !" I. "
women. They are also widows'aged' over, 66' aru{tover' 86 years
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY~ ...• • (tl" f 1(\ '
,The:epidemiological study ofKurichias was carried out in No-vember, 1990. A cluster sample of460'::-general ; population wasscreened and 36 elderly people aged60 years and 'above were"ldenti-fled. All of them were subjected todetalled'Clinical examination: "Therespondents Include both men andwomen~' .t For this study urine was'examined' fo(~albumln and sugarand blood' 'for' lug'ar 'and"choles-terol, Includlng:,HDL! cholesterol.Foocrand water were analysed forcalcium; magnesium a'ndoth'ertraceelements.'lAn' analysls'of variousIngredients'ln food'liIke fat, 'carbo-hydrates 'protein,' amlnoacids: and.•..minerals' was' also carried out.' Allthese examinations together con-firmed the following factors aspossible'expianatlons fo/the secretof IIngevlty of the Kurlchlas;' ,
. ; ~.."~. .i: \. ,
..(' .
old age.' Thel(plet'{and elaborateritual functions' with t built-in reli-gious solutions for Identifying theirproblems I:lelp to eliminate most oftheir worries. For Instance, whensome one falls'lII, the'shaman'ap-proaches thelr-'supreme God whowill "appear' :through' the shamanand 'give remedies for their Illness;Such godly revelations for remedy-Ing 'illnesses' fretJ' them from' fearand anxietY.' , :'1''/' ,;i':.: " r.. :111 1'-": q "~";1
;,.'~:
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
, ,. ' ."', \
There were five cases with leftventricular hypertrophy" out of 10cas~s of hypertension, ,which'ln-,cluded three women and two men.Left ventricular hypertrophy 'waspresent In 2 women with serioushypertension and one case of mod-erate hypertension and, two menwith mild hypertension while, the
I woman with severe hypertensionhad ventricular premature contrac-tion which no ~menexperienced It.Significantly less Incidence of hy-
• • lpertenslon was seen among mencompared to women, '
The total cholesterol estimationwas done for '28 cases and HDLcholesterol was carried out only in16 cases. Total cholesterol Increase'was seen In seven cases out of 28cases, of which 6 were women and
~ARDIAC CONDITIONS
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
INCIDENCE 017 MORBIDITYThere was evidence of Involve- '
ment of the central nervous systemonly In one case out' of 36 cases(combined degeneration of chord). ,There were 'only, two persons with'respiratory system Involvement and :both happened to be women~ i.e., lone with bronchiectasis, and an-';other with allergic bronchitis. Two jcases of severe hypertension also.!had pulmonary congestion due to 1heart failure and they had associ- iated disorders like defective vision'!second,ary to cataract In,9 cases of "1
which 6 were men and 4 women •.Four had defective hearing whichmay be secondary to ~one changes(Osteosclerosis) and it.was equally,seen among men and women. There1were also 8. cases of cervicalspondylosis of which five were.women 'and three men. Anoth~r,j
None of the people had the evl-. dence of diabetes mellitus as seenfrom blood sugar and urine examina-tion. There Is also no clinical evi-dence of renal Involvement and urineIs normal; Thus none of them hadany evidence of diabetes mellitus or .albuminuria (indicating kidney dis- , 'ease). The statistical data of thegeneral population In India who suf~fer from diabetes millitus has been "on'the order of 1 to 3.8 per cent(Gupta et al.,). 1t Is fascinating tonote that none of the Kurichias is 'diabetic.
sons with cholesterol rise and hy-pertension showed signs of cardiacenlargement and two among themhad cardiac failure. Both of "thesecases were women. However, therewere no cases of Ischaemlc heartdisease Ie., either evidence of I"frac-tlon, old or recent, or ECG changes,of angina pectoris. Even though ithas been shown that those with thecombination of tobacco smoking andhypercholesterolaemla have 14 to16 times risk of Ischaemlc heartdisease, It Is not detected In this,population, despite the prevalenceof three risk factors vlt." chewing ofto baccO (100%)" hypertension(28.5%) and hvpercholester01a~ml8(26%). '
, DIABETS MELLITUS ABSENT. "
The analysis of greenleafy vegetables androots confirmed theexistence of trace elewment~ Iil«~zinc, copper; ,chromium, iron, magne- ,sium and manganese.Consequently they arepresent in raised level in 'the blood indicatingthat the food they "generally consume is'responsible for their'raised levels in blood andprotective effect o!these trace elements onvascular tree andischacmic. heart disease,
In this population three cases with,300 milligram's and above were de-tected of which two were womenand a man. Thore were four 'caseswith 275 and above level of choles-terol of which there were 3 womenand a man.
, When the hypertension and, cholesterot lavel were cross tabU-lated, thr.eewomen, whO had bloodpressure rise, also had associatedrise In cholostQrol (two severe andone moderate)'. All the three per-
According to oxlsting generalInformation, people with cholesterollevel greater than 300 milligramsper 100 ml have four times increasedrisk oof coronary Iltherosclenoticheart dlseasos thom people with100 milligrams per 100 ml (WillisHurst, 1978). These people withcholesterol at the level of 275 milli-gram have a 3-5 fold increasedrisl<..
only one man. HOLcholesterol waslowered « 40 mg) In seven cMesand among thom there were 4 inenand 3 women. However, Hot cho-lesterol was raised above normal in2 persons (1 man + 1woman). Thetotal cholesterol and HOL choleS-terol ratio in the risk IQvel (>4.5)was seen in seven' persons andamong them flvo were men and twOwomen.
.•" I}:
of ca'iclum, 26 milligrams ofphospherous, 3.1 mi'lligrams of Iron;0.02 milligrams of thiamin, 0.6 mil-ligrams of riboflavin, 0.3 milligramsof niacin (Nutritive Value of IndianFoO~S,NIN, 1978, pp. 76,93)
4S•...
"The analysis of green leafy veg-etables and roots confirmed the ex- 'istence of trace elements like' zinc,copper, cromium, Iron, magnesium
. and manganese. Consequently they'are present In, raised level In the,blood indicating that the food theygenerally consume is responsible fortheir raised levels in blood snd pro-tective effect of these trace ele-ments on vascular tree and ischaemicheart disease. It Is'established thatraised levels of cromlum and manga-'nese in the blood are helpful~ forprevention of diabetes mellitus and'decreasing serum cholestro!. The~emay be responsible for the decreaseof atherosclerosis thereby prevent-Ing mayocardial ir'fraction, (heartattack) (GeorgeV., Vahouny,1962)
,Cadmium, lead and cobolt areabesnt In the food and blood. Theseelements are toxic to' the body byenhancing atherosclerosis, second-
: ary to either hypertension, raisedcholesterol or by direct'toxic effecton vascular system. .
Absence of three toxic trace ele-ments (Cadmium, lead, coblot) andpresence of protective factors (Man-ganese, magnesium, cromium) inraised level both in food and bloodtogether contribute to the absenceof ischaemic heart disease. the num-ber one killer in the world now.
Thus the Kurichia longevity maybe due to the absence of diabetesmellitus and ischaemic changesinspite of having certain risk factors(28 per cent of hypertension, '42.8per cent of lipid abnormalities withrise in cholesterol and lowering ofHDL and chewing of tobacco bymost of the elderly peoplewith betalnut and ..,leaf.)":'lt is possible thatraised serum levels of magnesium,manganese, chromium, zinc and ironand absence of cadmium have pro-tective effects on diabetes mellitus,
The prolonged collective physi-cal activity through manual work forraising agriculture, cash crops, hunt-ing and herding in the hill slopes,long distant walk in the valleys andhills for various work mentionedabove contribute to excellentexcercise to young and old, men andwomen alike. Collective ownershi
. of land and property provide thesocio-economic secutity, couple.with respect shown to the elderlpeople in particular. make them tlead a peaceful and contented IIfThough their economic prosperithas reduced for the past two de-cades, still they have optimumwealth for living. without destitu-tion. '
to any other tribes and even othergeneral population in their villages .The strict observation of distancethey maintain with c;>therpopulationfor fear .of social pollution infacteffectively ,helps them to avoid thechances of infection of several com-municable disease. They take bathafter touching a nonkurichia, goingto school, town, etc., in streams. Itis interesting to note that a hundredyear old healthy lady took coldwater bath hi a neighbouring stream,after she was examined by our medi-cal team and she refused furtherexamination after her purificationbath.
. DISCUSSIONAND CONCLUSION
remaining may be considered as ofprotective effect on ischaemic heartdisease. Copper deficiency is re~ported to cause defectie synthesesof collagen and elastin In blood ves-sels (Hill, et al., 1967) and results in,arterial aneurysms and myocardialnecrosis (Underwood, 1971). In our.sample, six out of 20 cases hadlowering of copper and they hadeither hypercholestraomia (twocases) or hypertension (lour cases)and among the remaining copperwas either raised (ten) or normal in4 persons. Epidermlologlcal studieshave shown reduced Incidence ofIschaemic heart disease in personswho have high level of magnesiumin their food and drlnkir:,g water.Magnesium is also protective againstcardiac, arrhythmias (Cohert, 1984)which may be fatal. In all our samplemagfl~lum has been raised abovenor.m~I.levels. Chromium appears tohave direct or Indirect effoct on lipidmetabolism in experlmontalanimalswith' increased cholesterol catabo-Iism.Low chromium level results Inelevated cholOlterol, level,hyperglycemia and atherosclerosis(Scbroeder, etal., 1970). However,norit of,' Qur cases,; had anydefi~cienCyoJchromlum. ' Manganes,e IsImportant In pancreatic Beta,' cellIntegrity and Its deficiency leads todiabetes mellitus (Ever.on, 1968)and there Is 8 suggestive evidencethat manganese hOI" a protectiveeffect.:agalnst experimental athero-sclerosis (Amdur, et 81.,1964,Schroeder, ,, 967). Interestingly in.all"our cases manganose has neenraised above the normal range •Jherefore,prevalance of high level'of manganese and chromium maybe respo'nslblefor thoabsenc;:e ofdiabetes mellitus, which is afavourable condition and protectionagainst' athrerosclerosis andIschaemic heart disease.
..,
". :
, I
'The serum _.was separated andanalysed for different trace elementsin 20 elderly persons by Atomicabsorption sphecto photometry. Inthis ~context,' ,the' followong traceelements •have 'been analysed viz,zinc; manganese, chromium, nickel,cobald, cadmium and lead. Accoring~o the findings, iron, magnesium,manganese:" chromium' and Inickelwere raised 'above the 'normal range.inall the persons;' However, copperin nine out of1iWenty and'zlnc in ten
, out of twenty alone were raised.Copper was .lowered in 6 personsan,d wa~:,1"!9r~al 'I~ five: s~mples.Zinc was not lowered in 'any caseand 'was noticed to be within'thenormal, range 1:ln ten. persons.Accrodingto .the earlier' studies inItheexperl,mental ~nlmals (Schroder,196,4) cadn:'li!,1mwas found to 'beharmful to the body , which is absentin this population. 'On 'the otherhand, iroO,Lcopper,zinc, chromiumand magnesium.,are essential traceelements'P~,otectlve for the cardio-vascular system""T\:I~y. are eitherincreased or ~ithil"! the_n.ormat~angeexcept for. the the lowering of, cop-per along in six cases. The level ofiron was raised in all the cases andtherefore none of them are anaemia.Nor was any cardio-vascular compli~cations of! ana :emlc noticed in the .entire sample population. ,It has The salubrious climate. ofbeen reported that -the zinc level is . Wayanad, topography. of hills and,below normal in patients who had valleys together would have con-
" ',' '.' .. , . , '"atherosclerosis (Volko.,;, 1963); In tributed to their health. Environ-this' 'population such: 'deficiency' of.. mental sanitation is excellent aroundzinc'is absent 'and. its rise In 60 per' their houses. Their personal hy-cent and the normal range in the giene is remarkably better compared
. , tfour cases had vertebrobasillary in-sufficiency secondary to cervicalspondylosis.( .Altogether 17 caseshad changes Iof, osteo,arthritis, of:w.J:li~h1~),werewomen and 7 men.Two men had ~a(ic9Se veins. Mildconjunctivitis In two I cases" andpectus excavatum)' in :two, ,andpharyngitis In 12 cases were alsoseen. However, all these ailmentswere not serious in nature. None ofthese 35, elderly, ,people had anysevere problems of stroke, renalfailure, .cancer and Ischaemlc heartdisease and diabetes mellitus. I,
1I' ,\ I .•\ .' • ~.
BLOOD ANALYSIS FOR TRACE: , ~,11 'ELEMENTS' .'
••• 1I3ir.r.-iiiijlliiii'iiiipiir:iiliCili, l.' ••• _: '••1•••••••• '. '1iJii.'.iiilIIIlIii*rilillll' ••••.'•••"- ••• ..,.iF•••-- •••.;-~- •••• :_' ... '~- ~. -.-,.- ... -, -., .
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
.''''.
"
programme, Lond1972.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
,~'.
,.
Kannel, w.e., Castelli, W.P.,Gordon, T.,& McNamara. P.M. Se-rum cholesterol IIpozotlns,' end therisk of Coronary heart deseese,:Thef=ramlngham study, Ann., Intl[trn.,Med.,74:1,1971.
The Health Consequences ofsmoking, 1967 : A Public HealthService review, 1967. U.S. PublicService publication 1969 • PublicHealth series, Washington. ."
Underwood, E.J.1971': ,Trsc::eelements In human and animal nutri-tion 3rd ed. pp.67-116, Academic'Press, New York. , ' , ;
Schroder & Vinton, 1964 : Cad-mium hypertension In rats. Ameri-can Journal of Physiology, 207-62-'66.
Stamler, J: Atherosclerotic coro-nary heart disease; - Etiology andPathogenesis : The coronary riskfactors; IN J. Stamler, -Lectures onPreventive Cardiology" Grune andStratton, Inc., New York, 1967, pp. ,107;
, Lovell, R.R.H: Race and bloodPressure with special reference toOceania InReference-1 , pp. 122-129
, .'" :.,'~ ..I I .~,~I
Schroedar, H.A 1967: Cadmium,Chromium and Cardia -vasc",lar dis-ease c::lrculation 3636: 67.0 - ,~82.
Sogani, R.K. &JOSHI, K.C., 1966: Effect of cigarette and bldl-smok-ing and tobacc::o chewing on bloodcoagulation and Firinolysls. IndianHeart Journal, 17:238.' "
Mahadevan, K. 1990: May YourTribe Increase, Indian Express, Dt.25.11.1990, New Delhi.
Ostfeld AWl, Sjekelle R.B.Klawans H.et al.; : Epidemiology ofstroke in an elderly welfare popula-tion, A.J. Publlic Health, 1374; 64;460. '
;, "Schroeder, H.A., NasonA.P. andTIpton I.H. 1970: Chromium defi~ciency as a factor in atherosclerosis.Journal Chronic Diseases 23,,123-142.
Jacques Genest, C.C., Hyper-tension MCgraw Hill Publilcation,1977.
Harward's Physicians HealthStudy. 1988: Steering committee
The prolonged ,collective physicalactivity throughmanual worl< forraising agriculture,cash crops, hunt-ing and herding inthe hill slopes, ",'long distant wall(.<~;;~'in the valleys andhills for various :worl<,nwntionedabove contributeto excellentexcercis,e to young'and old, .nen andWOITICn alil<e.
of physicians' health study: A pro-spective sfudy of lipids and,apoprotelns and risk of myocardialInfraction. Presented at the 61stscientific sessions of the AmericanHeart Association, November'.
Gupta, S.P: Blood PressuretrendsIn the general population of Haryanabased on total surveys, clinical hy-pertension : In : proceedings of theInternational Congress on Hyper~tension; Bombay, 1977. Editors:Natoobhai J.Shah', Padan Singhvi1977. ' ..' ' , ,
Huizinga. J: In Human biology ofenvironmental change. Edited byD.J.M. Vorster Internal Biological
Hill C.H.• ~IBrcher B., and Kim C.1967: Role of Copper In the f01'ma-tion of e!astin Fad. Proc. FedAm. S.,Exp., Bioi., 26,129-133.
tes mellitus in developing countrilis.J.S.BaJaj et al., (ods) Interprlnt, NewDeihl. US.PHS Publllcation HeartDisease in Adults". US., 1960-62,1000 Ser, 11, NO.6. September,1964. '
.' :t
EversonG.L., and Schroder, R.E.1968: Abnormal Glucose ToleranceInManganese deflency guinea Pigs.,journal of Nutrition '94:89-94
". ,-
atherosclerosis and ischaemlc heartdisease. Their favourable dietaryconditions, frequent exercisethrough pr~longed work, tM lowlevel of tension, stress, limited am-bitions and religiosity together mighthave 'contributed to their relativelyrisk free longevity. In'other words, ,their overall lifestyle factors togethercan be' responsible for the secret of 'their healthy longevity. ' " :
. '"'. ,' ....
REFERENCES
BerryJ.N. (1972): A prevalencesurvey of chronic Rheumatic heartdisease and rheumatic fever in north'-ern India. Bril, Heart J.,34, ,143.
Aiyappan, A. & K. Mahadevan,1990 : Ecology, Economy, Matrilinyand Fertility of Kurlchias, B.R. Pub-lishing Corporation, Delhi.'
Amdur, M.O. Norris L.C., 1964:Bio-chem.,164-783-784
, ;
, Doyle, J. T., Cigarette smokingand coronary atherosclerosis. InW.Llkoff, B.L. Segal and W.lnsull, Jr(eds) •Atherosclerosis and Coronaryheart disease., The 24th HahnemannSymposium, Grune & Stratton, Inc.,New York, ,1972.,pp.~5.", ',;,
D~lzdt, Dannanberg A, Engel A:Blood pressure levels In persons 18-74 years of age In 1976-80" andtrend In blood J1ressurefrom 1960-80 In the United States, Vital HealthStatistics, 1986: 11, DGHS Publica-tion No. (PHS) 86"1984.
, Cohert, L. Kitzen., 1984: Magne-sium sulphate: In the, treatment ofvariant angina magnesium; 3:46-,49." ,,:,,:, :,- ,.",
Gordon, T: Blood pressure ofadults by age and sex, US 1960-62,National Centre for Health Statlsitics,,PHS Public., 1000Ser, 11. No.4,1~64:, ' '
Gupta, Op. et al., 1984: In Dlabe-I
,,',
, I ~ :
,..1,137a
NOIIl
Iz,a •
T.M.B
D~ W~'JA".d. - Tk~ ,,~-
••••';',. B..M••• /Ilw1Ar-
to ~ ~ pro4llllble '"'fllovmenll on ,CAffeeEstates.
R.wanlI oIIered by the colonelMacleod fewthe seizure of Rebel.Pagodol\ Kerala Varma - Puhaul RaJI' ! 3_
, 2. Vlra Varma Raja -a. Ravl Varma Raja -
, ' ..: Pallur Emm.,. (Colonel Walleslay'. Friend)_1EdKhena Ku•• .,.(her6 of panamaram massacre)
. Malabar does not proclau pain IUfildIflt fewthe mnsumplIon of fie Home poflUlalIon, and thI••••• beenmore ",-,a11y fie ClIM"nee. by the lnlroWdlonof EurClplan,Co«ee a.dtlvadonln to Wayanad Taluk, theJu,.1e lribll and other "'vlle e:uteI, ~ho used 10C;Ultlvatethe rice-flaldlln thaI r.1on have been, saracted
-wayanad_to cede fie CXlllIpInybythe treaty ofpeac:e and lhat Itbelonp by right to Ill. said hlat-,the ~ 1lpu Sultaft 8ahadur - o-nor GenIfaI CClId~
-on ,•• fall oISritanppllllaNm Wayanad _ under the hrlIlion Treaty and "'dlary Treell•• c:adedto ••• ~y •• pal of the shant on fie wesllm cOut.
EdKhena Ku,..,. - DMermlned and Inmnlstbl' rebel .
The KuUladl QwIl Road hat been made fewmllllilry plIIPOIe In c;onnectlon with the Puhassl Raja'5rebellion
; ..,\-The .nest ClIl'domomIn the world Is proclJced In the counlry 1yI,. at the head of the perlah paIS In to
Way..,ad' f I '
.•..._~.......•...-..,_..The Tanwad.tl Ghal Roadw. oneofTlppu'. military Road. '11_ selected by colonel Ar!taJrWtlilesly
fewoperation aplnsllhe rebeIIlcu. Pazhull Raja. ; , . :,'"rhe Thamaracherl Ghal Road, for the fine :I mil•• has II_ally been blaslftd out'of the solid rock'.The view fcwmthe uPPer zlpag of mountains and fotests, and of the plains of Malabarwhh the •• a In the
distance I. wpetb. ,pcpulailon of wayanad In "I1 penons (averaa') pet' occupied house.Total~,MaPapuladonE~calIon In WayandStudenll
)Ilitem.. . I
. .h: ' - co«. hadblcomllUCh UI'lmpoc1anllnclJslrylnWayanadlhatSlrChariesTrevelyanprt>pOMC!to-col •• p •••••••ala unlfcwmral. ofha/- per acre from the .dyear after p1anl1"1-(Ci.O. Rev••••• Deparlmenl;- •.• May _) :,
Vahoung V.George 1982, Traceelements' and cardio vascular dis-ease'ln Nutritional Toxicology. Vol-I, edt.' bV 'Gohn N,:,Hatrcock, Aca-demic press, New York, '1982.,:,'Volkov, '1963~ Cobalt~ Manga-
nese and Zinc contents In the bloodof Ather~scle{otlc, jPatlents. Fed•Proc; Fed. AIT1.',Socl.~'Exper,mentalBi~I., ,2,2, Trans:s~p~I,;,~,_~,9,?-~~~~
Weljy Ge~",B.~: l1ea~ diseaseIn the elderly.Curr;', Prob., Cardio,1967,'12:1".,', ,,~;r',,; ',~,,, ",'
, . Wen Ping TSeng: Epidemiologi~cal study of hypertension In Taiwan,Clinical hypertension", proceedingsof the International congress on hy-pertension, Bombay, 1967. Editors,,;Natoobhal J. Shah, Padam Slnghvi."'Wills'lHursf J. 1978": led) The
Heart~'Arteries and Veins '- 4thEdi~tlon, McGraw' Hill Book CompanyA.Blakiston Publication. 1978, pp.1107. . .," "I',' .,' '.' .(
ACKNOWi.EDG,~MENTSThe authors acknowledge and
thank ;administrative 'support givenby District Collectors, Mr. Michael,and I,Mr~" View as ,Mehta, andPriyadarsini, ,estate manager, Mr.Govindan.,: We thank the editorialsuggestions given by Or. (Ms) Latha
. Tampi, Prof.'S, Gopalakrlshnan andProf. Narayana' Rao I and Mr., N.Murugesan for processing the print-ingwork.'; .,,;1 "/I"
, We', thank Prof~P. KoteswaraRao, Prlnclpal;S.V.Medical Collegefor hi~ excelienUdminlstrative sup-port'~end "the'authorities of'S. V.University 'for facilitating this' col-laborative, study: We 'acknowledgethe asslstance'rendered by lab tech-,Ucian,' Mr. T ;Sa' "thyanarayanan,Prof.Prabhakar Rao,'and. Prof. P.R.Naidu for' bio-chemical .and tracemEttal analysis of blood.' We alsothank the faculty membe'rsof Botanydepartment' of'S. V." University fortheir assistance."":' "','
ilI.lIli.••••' ••t:t•••.••••••iiiiiiiiiiiii ••• --•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.. ....~.,....~..~--..- ... -.-'-._-
.,'. ''-'. -"-'.~"""l., .•.~~.
16
:~Q»moa1Qe, 'nJa16m1 QU06r06lm@1ceJceQ 63COCmln\f6mo
&1. 'UJ101BinB, nmnB. trJmm1m8tlhJllJotB& S1.(D(1J~lrsnB
. ", ~ .
.....•.
. ,. '
".', ..' ..OJCDlmo~. stIi1a»1QeJ.~dlOJoou1 nll/lO(/)c86)oc&c86)1sa»1m8 nJsdlcm1 nns1~ aO(l)1tB.\o, OUOotdblZl1db Clmo(/)
QIB~,.n.l31fil1)l lZl«!fil1)o~cm1ClJml'~ nncm1Qe.J efbOctH1m6llB6'l@db101~1!!! 6)(I)mJnitfil1),DomJ m'ti ClQlQJmo. BO~1
tB~alm)1C1eJ~lo~' ~g1mfl lZl(l)fil1)6lIB@10eJceQ10mCDIl9J Ql1Q1 dbO(l)fil1)6lIBu&n(/)QrnnQc86)a»osm' tIJI'/lq.Jn(/)lIlJI1lQm 'nJ(I)1nn. . " ..... :' .. '. .
<D1d'QOOn(/)m'S ~rnn1c86)101)ctJ)1m' 6)(1)1m1lZl1mmlZlodb618 mID OeJQJmo n(/)CT1l1(nJctJ)c\o(Jl)1ceQ1CT1l1'," .;. ," . ., ", . ...,. . ". . '. .
.: ""'. ~001' m1m8," m1eJoml',~(/)C[;J n(/)Cm'lZloOU6llB@1eJo~. nJalfil1)1a»1~ OctlO(/)[email protected]«J)~0a»1' o10';ijo~1 .. • , I . . .' • •
.. 6lA.lml'etI!mYmdil'lcril8anao. Qlg1 QloOU6llB@1m8tIJI'/lClJmw n(J)CT1lW. nJOcM1 tIJI'/lru nJlooOeJefbo llrnlo1a»1cm1W nQ)CT1lctJ)Osnrt ,I. , '1... • •. • •
ClJom)'ctJ)ClJo . '. .. .,
:C1JCDlmo~ m1i1a»1m8 lZlln&.dbOeJ6lJI3@1m8o10'Al0dllf Q.a.Jc.9J6'l~3 lZlctl6TT>6lJI3'u&AJ1eJ OUOotdbQl1db O(l)O(/)61J13@l.'
Qloa»1 6llItrw'Q';\jactJ)OQ~1Ib1m8 mO~0191mJmY m1CW0ctl61Qlcm tnJctJ)c\cM1mm1m8 octJ)ocmOClJlcm llrnlctll1ouo(l)o, nll@c&~
ctJ)lslIlJI1la» O(l)o(/)~@io mruml'~ nJl0QQl ~nno(l)mm16'lQJ onJOnitcih6lJB@lQS dhlorulQlleJQllmiOdhl<m ~dulQJRB .@Oa» llrnlO\l,)«J), QU>OCDflgc&,'~J~ o<ooCn6lJBu8 aJ)ls6tm1CDlruavl0 ~~.' . . .
~nno(l) a~c&eJ~.\lZlo6l1\' nJeJ o<OO(/)mu&c86)lO nncm16'leJcmmY nJ~CDlOa» a»olDodlana.\~o6Td'. mctJ)1m' Cn1ctl
OJw1 dbOCofil1)61J13u&@w •. mmY Qlmq;ijle.Joc86)6TT>61Ql1lb1m8~rfIClJomll mm6UT3@lQs m'nllctJ)(I)'ctJ)1 l(Jl)tW1~om8 QlctJ)1.
. CDlodb1o.nJ1<ooctJ)m dbOeJo lZllctJ)m8~B1lZl m1ruomfldbu& ~nOo<omm1moCDllo Qlctllcm1moa»lo OJmQalm)a»l0, ClJmnll.
/l0J.RBQ@'~llZl0~ ~t(Jl)aifl~<Ol<mmY. nncm'~ llrnlru18 db018nit1dh lt1T~ruoou ClJ.\ruO\1llQa»cWlo licM1fil1)alm)1ml0Ql(l)lcn1lm1Q1oCDfl~t(Jl)CDfl~l. mtnJdbO(l)o ~t(Jl)CDfl~ dbOc&nit1db ~ruoou ru.\ruO\1lldb@1m8 nmg"OJ10 lnJWotn61';ijamY.$lmm8 OJ~Qjlefb'@o6Td'.' . .' .
. '. . ~o(l)1.0\1ll1ctJ)1dbQlOCDll~0ctJ).\dbctJ)dbu& 6lCll~ AfIrnn1c06l10mJou& Qmamrua»e.Jldbu& OUOlJemlZlOa» 6)ctl1 ~ClJoCru. '. .
OJ.\OJC1'\1qCDloa»1(1)leml ~<m1 dbOfil1)Oo. Qlmlnitc\m' om(l)1~uo llrnlilOQaJ)a»l0 lnJoa»ommQllmJ m1(1)ClJw1 ououc\mrnnl
mOQJQlBu& @2OJa»lIDoCDfl 6llIO'WQ~al db0 fil1)1<ml. llrnlaJ)10nJ06'le.J ctJ)o!1<m tnJoB(JI)RB@1QeJ nmgrulo llrnlm10a»os.\ClJl° OU1CTU01(1)OJllZloCDl./ll~mloa»o(/)lZlomJ Qmm8 db,\nit1.
. 12l6JWm8 Qdb51db1sceQ1cm QClJ@i!o Sl12l1CDfloQJeOOctJ)ol1cm106lJl3on&' llrnlm1ClJB1c86)1<mctJ)1eJ16'lSlil(/)d1s meJ
m1(1)~ ctJ)0190QctJ)m1eJ ~1d1alm)1<m1.. llrnlcol m1<oClJw1 ououc\mrnnlf:QoeJ6lJI3@lQS ru@18~c86)l0 m1~m'lm8t.l11mlO riJW1'. . .' '. '. '. '.QQ»o(l)l ceQ1eml.
. nJQcM1 llrnlt(Jl)om)'tctJ)'CDlQlO(D)Sl22nJoa»O(/)rul0 eJoosofjJCDllo mcm QmmSdb,\ntilCDflmS m1<ml0 dbdlnit .
. dbQm lZlgl 0Jl@[email protected])1 mCDflceQ1<m1: QmmSdb,\nit1CDl16'lSCW106'lmmSClJa»2Jldb@lQS~10 o(lt)Onit6TT>o tIJI'/lctJ)llZloa»1
6llICT\.UQ';\j51~W1avl<m mmnllso(/)[email protected]'lm ouo(l)Qloa»l 6nJow1lJJ1(1)1c86)1<ml. 6'lm<u8.OJCDleJldb@lQS
O(Jl)O~fil1)ClJl 0 ClJCDlmoglQeJ ~B1ClJOOU1dh@Oa» nJ6TT>1a»d1,llrnls1a»d1 ctJ)lS6tlB1a»ClJmceQ1scriflQeJ .lBo(l)1la.\o, nJglmfl,•• ' ", 1>,', • ," • • • • • • •
0(1)0(/)0,' Ql(l)fil1)oh(J)cm1ClJa»llZloCDfl6llI0\l,)QllQ6Tl'llcm ou1MQllZlocwl n1)(I)10(Jl)oW1ceQl<m 6)(I)Ou&~ db06mlOJon& dblfl~l0.. .' . .... . . '. . .
. . ' .. 6J.mttisOJ(IJ)eJJ,s,DJO '~({JU)t'1m8eJSJf{J)(DJJo.. : I.
. Qmm8db,\~,l.nJiJctJ).\db1~ cUa»moa1mS Qlmlnitc\nflsClJ6'lmm ~t(Jl)CDfl~al@@ 63(1)~@m8nJOBdb lnJldb1a»a»0. I .• '. . .: ,
'6m'.:'ClJ@!i>m.nJwlQt'll>OQ5 Cua»mOa1Qe. ~a1ru°mfl nflIiOUl6'lJB@Oa» nJ6TT>l~c&. llrnlsla»d\ ctJ)ls6lJ91a»ClJ<8 QaJ)oW1l~n ..
mOCDfl6'lmmSlua»eJldb~@a»'~~ lnJwomQloa»lO ~l(Jl)CDfl-9Jl(l)lcmcol.@ID nllsOU>6GB@lQeJ m)'t«J)'db~Uo ~miMln8lZlO(l)lO .'-
'.' ~._----...-_--_.~-, •..••..••,---,,~ •••..~~- •.•..4..•••••.(., ••••• ,"'4';":. '":-.''-~l''' .
. .
*
-~ .• _,._- "t .••• -
T". "Z" Iil' ..".- . .:...••.~~ __'-;... •• .0'. " •.,
tnJt61 a»m1QJo CIO(l)1CDJOcB6)(lJ8
. m1eJo ~191 emma
~CIfRl)l em16>(l).6HiTlJl1l>51cBG><na/
oilemcBG><U8
cfb@n.,o1cBG>eu8 '1'
6>nJUO m1CDJ((l1J)6Jl)o.~~Oa:»~
cibg 6)6~eu8
6~r4J1Q)cBG><U8 .
cibg 6>Q)em1cBG>eu8
C1:/ogeu8
nJlm8nJm
".
L. .
nJ()1J211 mseu8
," '. " nJ@Q)1s<U8./':'"' .
«J0OJC01Q~ nIIsOJaCIDn!/l mCllllmo<DIl nfImlo<DIou>1cOO1db<DIloctrnlClll10JWl«rnlOJco1QS m'oJIClllo dbcol nn51';\/lcOO
ldb
<DI10
QAJcg)'Cll)1co
1cm1.'Ql91 CTUQlln06UI3@1m8db06m1cmm\' OnJOQQJ lnJClll~dbilQlO<DIm)'l«»':"nJ1COln!!f nII~ruAJmo mru<8cOOls
..n..a ..•0""0•••••• "mi ••••••• "'ISlo""_'''nA ••••••~""lm"';.,y<l6! ml\••, •••", ruot>'••••I"" (oJwom"\\Ili oJ":01. .'. . '. '.
QJQlOdbOO: QmCll8db~niIl<DI1,cu8CTU~~S1cOOQ'k/Slcm QClllOV"laJ8Blm6Ul3@1m8nJdb1Cllllav1oeJQO<DI10m)'lClll'dbu8186YeJlil~.. , . "'. .
co1CTlJl•. ~@QCO tnJ.WOcnQ
'k/3 n(J)ilo omoeJldb@1eJ1o ctrnlruC01Q5CTUoSOrumdbu8 db06mpru1cmClllo~. n(J)lIblm8aI,\:fOeJ~o,'. m)'tCl»'-nJ1COln&:tnIIoOJAJmcmnlm8 «rnlwl~olCllliao<DI 6lCllloWlm8nIIsmmQlo<DI1co1cm1 Qmm8 .db~n!/lav1eJ1o mlQJmlcm1; i... ". ,
. co1cmCll)~Cl»OQ",db06m1cm nJ51dbav1m8 mlcm QlmClMleJocOOoo, ... I .
, . • rnJl«»'nJ1COln!!f nfIoruAJmo Qil»oI91m8nfIswmocmn061So'A;jO oruClllmcmnleJ1o f26mO<DI1C01'Qm'>1Ib1m8db151<D11omr•••, •••",.$\' ••••0",08 OI.~•• @O\\Jl~ml";'I"""'<lIIl "m<llllrullllOJI"'''' lnJWom <>J"'lrunJl1lJ1m'''''I. ..m<llllrullllaJ1db@1QS ClCIDO~6mo mID 6lCll10191m8CTUOWc\Clll61<DICllldb<8cOO1db<DI10ldbOQl6m nJ6ml<D1,~s1<iv m)'lClll"ldbu86lClllO!91eJl.
. 1l0~ «JraOJnu.oav1~eJl86Y n(J)cmnl61c;ijS1db<DIl061AJcWClll1.~B.\dbOeJ Qmm8 db~niIl QClllO!91aJ8eJli~il»61<DInJcolonJon!/l. ,. . '. ".
cAIItrI1QdbOn
1UQI'Cllll<D11m8 ~<DIlcolcm1. ru@61CO~CTUllClllla»QlO<DIomY~13.\dbOeJ6UI3@1m8 Qmm8 db~niIlav1ocOOl
.. oiII.lm,"I~""llIIm"'08 . .., ••• 611lIIIlSI••••1"".. ""ollll-'''.nAlIlIlo •••0.0I0<>l_1IlI1"SlIlII0 '"'ml"'IOI ••••S•••••• "' ..~ln1fm)o.QA.JCJ14.o:naCl»OQSI,\:fO Q~0!91.al8JlJ1S.OJOCIDn!/l61(D)c'lIICJdblm'dba)1~1 nfImlo<DIowlcOOo08: ~91 cmClllcoeumlQjl
0._CI»1col~1,"Qmcu8' etb~ns{J<DI1QS'Qa.\oeJ36U13@108 dblSlcmm8 QCllloV"laJ8~OJCID~QlP~CllllmOm8. \Qli~m8'ru~~.\nu.oOCl»1U Q(J)i/lm6Ul3C18 ~<DIlcDlcm1 f2nJOCllJou>1~co1cmm\'. '.f2aonO.co6m~1ffi' ru<DImo~ .stlilav1m& Odb03cmnO lU>OQl
nJ61lDIOllll~<lIIl20 ru~"" ••• ","'y 01rril (oJoJom_'0I1 ,",o<Ol1ml"" "m<llll "'ln11l m'", "0'" •••••Osl...."m' ••••1"". .nJ~dbCl»1lZ18m1cm1o QlmClMleJOcfl6)Oo,
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
I.,
,.'.tWJLlVumOlDUiLV,9I»l,a0U»19,
olVcv",laJcUC9rO.(WtlD~L«l>~teia9stu»l,RiU"VUlWtSQJf»,'tWJtGlLFO"LmccwgUoUlWsWotral9lPsotaDLuDlD19O~QI)D, ,I
~LU»U».(tDOV19'.tWJ,tGlLaDClDffJra,W»L6ICU»19~g>roaJotraLiElfl9cwclDc~WuW19E1fl9aJ.tWJtGllJtDolDfmocwiU9rotl98'lSJ)
OaDDLWl1Orv-lGlVI.~lVIll}l)aD19l,RiUQI)OW»L6IC«l>19,~tqpolDfsra,\QWralJtU)tlVE9LU»I.Gl'lf6U"~'~tlDlVOV",)qi:
:gn~fCWCWr(l)OcmDrF59I1"
WJtWsovt5~19mOl'u9umolDtivtracmroW»W19'~Oiangrolll}l)5~19Womf'Ulrat9LUlWW9WOlss19fc»roaJ'otiEm9,fcwcwoGlu»ral'YWJtW9ovt5ft19CTVJru9umolDtivtracmroglDW19'tu.utGlLaDLl9lPoftO(JWOlGltcwfWe'lI9ll>umSLl98'gn'ang"(/)08l}l)WfSaD~stu»aDtpJ9f'UgnvtraCtDrogwW19otraumlJlll~Glraf'Ut8lDLGlf'UtraLU»WJWu'u»f",ra,Qli>~OUl)(,''
"Ll9lP0u»o~aJS190rucm19U»
IfmonQw»tsloU»19a,aJS19tiVI.«l>l.(WCtDLW9f'UOW9lVl9lPgl»rouwlcm'tWJtlVlJtDOIOL6iC«l>195~~~om"'1tlVS:199'glivCiB'f,ot«l>WJtUl.ll»t'<PlItOc6'LlV",tl98'LW9f'Ura19Lieui95Clll>1llItoCO''tWJtlVlJtDClDtl9lPLSraLW9f'U~gnVI.«l>1.(Wqt.81D.~tIOLiEW~50UlWiilItovotrat,iangcmlDcwt8lDotraLGEIfl9CWClD<Il1lUC~aJl1\""VW»W19'L~C«l>C~aJofwom",lotcmS19tivtUlW
,,l}l)W»Wl9otcm~~(UlWW9«l>ltcWCQJ.a>~tcmCGE.m9raoqpgno~llaDLOClDot~1Jl)~taDL«l>l.lV~fv,~cWJWu,"''
otaDwe'Q)tewfW9'~S(9tiif(PLew0roLf)(Qu»0ti)C(Ptfij(0)rogo>W(9
"-,
~-
•
,..-..'_•..••. VI:~~.!'~~.~.•_...•..'""":-•.....':'"-..._.....•••.• ---~..•.•....•.•... __... --_._....,--_.---.._._-..
,'
J1W)(9Fl9
,.UDUuU;CruW
---IiJCeD'G'eJLtIgDW9CUDC'6?O'IiJCtsClV't~CIQDIV'W
(U»lJUliJU»19)"...'
LUWlJIWFl9'~CuWlV'l9...I
gDU19CWC'6'1"
-tsttJ)'G'
-IiJCeD'G'owmIiJCeD'6?O\UmgDOLlIUl9\."
UDIJULIUDl9":I,,'',I(UDlJUUiCfVel)
i,
.pC'6?l9.llllDjIDC'G'l9•atfV~lJA9t19gDtJI'6?IIUUD,IiJCtsCIU""IJ119CU»l9giJclJllUel
0'6?IJ'GIlRu'OCliJtUDL(W~,OWl9UU'0'G'5ll96'QI'G',,o~t(JJIJ5,'010501..'°5tst'\,',oWL'.'
..
AO~N30j3O-JdaSJdas-3nySnY-Alnr,(lnr-aunr'.3unr-,(n~AIlW-JdyjdV-J'W
,,..~fVlS'''oiu9
09lS'lQ.lfl)~tro8(Du~OaDcm19~GltcwgwL6ioU»19S19tiv~u»l1W080lD~tl9lPraIlLCml,RiUTv:61~ro~L~W»lJi'CtDro9QlO>19't~tl98'lGll..$190V19umolDui>1OlDlDCW~aJgnangrof)l}l)f~1Iii'itaDra19Cf'UIl~tvWJtGlLCtDOlDfsra:otWJLWglDtiangSIJIDl,RiUfvt8lDotWJLWW»Liem95CU»1l"LaDOlll>C~aJotu»raf'Ugnangro8l}l)w'root8lDotEU9CV19O~GlVl.onww~
~~~~~~~~~~~3[ill
==t~t=--
r
"
.._------_. __ .~~-.... '~.' .• ..'
1 ' AJAmA~1., . :
6 QlA~Cl8.o.flm 11 ruwaro dhAru~o
2 c!bO~Udh5Acfb (dh~AmAcB6>1) 7 6)ru~aAJm1 12 nJoaroClml>O@
3 nJm~Clml>O~ 8 nJA~wom1eJ 13 rucru~~iJ (QlOmcru'ellw), .
nJ6TmJlaml>O~«,dhn1agoadhoao ) 9 QlA5A6TlfRl)~iJ,.
14 QlAaml>1u64
5 a»dhm 10 6)nJocmoodh~1 "
.i ....C$
n(J)crdlru man1mSA1JeJa», QlOlallQlO6TD•
, Sc&:a:t~oruC/l)~6UBu8oSQA~ OUOU~6UJ3u8QnJo6leJall6lem m1mClJW1 6l'D~W OUcTu~6lJl3~lO QmaJ8 ClJ<Il.leJ16~lQloa»16TlJcrw6l';\j51606i1>lem1 .. ~m01JmoU>allQloa»1 nJeJallmo «r0OUl6lJ6UJ3u8oSQ10 mID 6l'D~W ououe\6UJ3u8 'nOeJln.JBQlOa»1~nJQ<Il.loU>1oSQ1em1.an06llP 616051 am»1m1oSQlemClJ m6lJT316lm~nJQ<Il.loU>1oSQ1em 6l'D~WCT\ICT\Ic\6UJ3~06TD.
LOCAL NAME BOTANICAL NAME USEn.J1C]dOo,6101emmS Vernonia cinerea CT\IQl1eJo-6l'D~W, Qmlan omou>o, Ql1lallnJ1
CT\Im~mo allJm1all6l';\j51am»lo615608 Centella asiatica OUQl1eJo- 6l'D~Wo-6TlJ1gC/l)cOOD1
m6TmJI'l-Uil'6C!lllem~o Eclipta prostrata OUQl1eJo-6l'D~Wo-n(J)&J;Q 6olJdo08~5oSQOQlmfl<Il.l08 Sphaeranthus indicus Cl\IllllQlo-6J'l:ln!lWo-_uoq;q, a6olP1a..xr8 nQlm1loJ~ClJ<Il.laJ81Jd1@.@1 Hygrophila schulli CT\IQl1eJo-Ql1lallOUD<Il.lomou>6UJ3u8~ClJ<Il.laJ861ClJ~o . Monocharia vngillalis oClJm-an'6lnJo~eJl~mmfloSQO<Il.l Hypericum japollicum OUQl1eJo-AJ<6/Zll1o(l)ou>am»1~Ql1<Il.laJ8QAJoJ1<Il.ln8 Emilia sonchifolia OUQl1eJo-6lal106TlinnoSQo, nJm1, ~Bm omou>6UBua• an1OO1J'- Leucas aspera CT\IQl1eJo-nJ1~am»1~, «r0nJeruQlomo, 6~Ql1UDeJc\o61lPo<6 Qmill Phyllanthus amaras CT\IQl1eJo-Ql6'JUltl)n.flam»am»1~6101omnoaJ Sida rhombifolia QClJm-ClJoallo, «r0Sl, nn~AJ, AJallnJ n(J)m1lClJ~6-.ijl m1oSQ1 Scoparia dulcis CT\IQl1eJo-Ql1lallOUD<Il.l6il1~Ql1am»6UB.".. ' . " Kyllinga rotunda c&>1lPc;m-ClJOallo, n.flam» sumon.Jl@1<Il.lo01e.f .. ' Oxalis corniculata CT\IQl1eJo-ClJ<Il.l01CT\Io6TlJcrwQlO<Il.l«r0CT\116lJ6UJ3u8~ClJ<Il.lml." , ",', Accoras calamus 606TDCWo- c&>1a'l6~16l5 ClJ<Il.l<6«r0CT\116lJam»1~Qan050ClJoSl Mimosa pudica meJ<Il.ll6lS CT\I~- ~erua»Ql~Qll4tQ1sil ,Biophytum rcinwardtii CT\IQl1eJo";6l'D~WO<Il.lou>~o' .•..n1IQJI}o/ffi Ql101oJ1~- «r0a»1CT\1omo,AJ1Qln(J)m1lClJeOOallo18a»OClJaJ8 Hedyotis auricularia CT\IQl1eJo-n.Jm1,AJa»nJ, m'm n(J)m1lClJ~l6TlJnDl1. Bacopa monnieri Cl\IllllQlO-6JotB/llDClDclll1llW,mocun.e.61lllalUlmstl~tII6l00aQn.JOCT1?006&J;ij1. Alternanthera sessilis all~113-60~ AJUDcea»1ClJ<6cW1!A:JloSQon86°16 Cynodon dactyloll CT\IQl1eJo-6l60~OlCXW0u8c&>l0oSQon6
I'
I,~.- •. 1
~.---c-• !_!
Iiel
elI.1I
-I-e••••-••••••• I:•.!,•••. ;,.,••-•••••~!
---",-. - p""""'!' ••.. • •••••••.••
Q~6TT)(u'1U>1m.p.lIlI1 CT\lCT\l~6tJT36>@~lUl)lIlI1dKi>A cmllJ)1mAnJm1 6>cnmS culIlleJA cfb@AQlolIll16DJO'UJ6l'A:lb~60fiTl)~ emQAJOA' sa"lnll.o,@lo nJceM1cfb@l~ lpalTU~6lJB@lo ~OJmA6ls /idbi1~ crulm~, OnJOdl:!cfbOnClOm eJ8.\lln n(J)cmm11omOS'A:lo
tUTOJOmOUl.\om1eJm1<6<tml)1cmllJ)leJ10 tnJwomQ';\ja nJllbO~ OJnCl1cOOlcmai'l.
...' :
QAJOAsa"lnllcfbu8 QlmScru.\6tJT3u8 nJ~.o,u8
nJOO 61ll)mf.. Q6>.o,~A~n3 (QQ.o,~mS) .' cfbl@Ocft6)otfl
c9)O1(lfRI) 61ll)6T'li ~mlmS mos tnJonJ, .
. .Qru~n~ 6ltll6T'li OJmomS tnJonJ
61ll)OJlfiTl)1dKi> nJmmS 6>.0,000
... . ..: ml6lWl
r;" .. '.
.o,illOl2l2lmlal 6>nJon3Q1on3. '
'~m Qlln9!l cfboefl.o, 1@1
'llJ)OJ@ c&>oml m"ln3Qcfbo<tml)l..
AJc66lml~n3 ~ma<tml)eJ~
". oimosn3 cfbOS
.' :6>mgl6>';\j0an3 Qll6lJB
c&>oOJlml OJoeJAethleJldKi>l
6>cfbo6tm.m8 aomn3
\ ., QiLICTlJ'ill tnJ 0~ SllIll n3
..OJO@
. ml~n3
A-lc66lQll~n3
mCUlIllAQ5 eJ8'\llJ) 6>mmSculIlleJlcfb@l6>S cruomo~fiTl)0J1QlolIll1 (').J@QmolIll6>o 6TlIcTw6>';\ja1m1c86)lcml. n(J)cmo«J8. . . . ' .
QmaJ8cfb~ng{JlIlI1m8 mlcmA~ mgl~metml>leJl~ 81ciJ1m1olIlloUl<tml)16>eJCDTll>lOCTlJou8~OJ eJ81c66lfiTl)Q~cm1i1' sml nJO~
. ' .eJti1~oaJ8 .o,ls1 /Jlnll~lolIllo(/)etml>16>eJ mogo ~CUlIlllQS eJli.\ llJ)lIlI1eJlo UllfiTl)etml>1eJ10 lnJllJ)lnOeJl<l~dKi>OO
. QmmScfb~n9:l1 cuo~<DYoo' cruoomQ/2loIP1lIl11<lCTlJou8 nJomlcruolllJ)1.o, tnJuDm6lJB@lo (lJll)llJ)lQlolIll1 6DJ«WQ';\jlJ
. nJ51fiTl)1, QllJ)Oll'leflijom)'m M1S6lJB1lIl1 cruomlnCl.\ tnJuDm6lJB@lo @S6>eJslc66l1cml.
I. ,.,.
: !
~,.("'.•.__ .•.••.••._.~,._. ~ ' ..•.....~_.•,...••..•.w."r- •.. ,....-;.-- •..,r ... _ ..•••.••..•.••.,••..~.•. ~•. I"
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
"
•~1
.I;~III;"i"•il'
,,.~
"t6
"I",,'
Ol.lll'lJCl>fV«t)01llCl>9WO"l"Cll)•.,•':.<~;'>:','J
,.tu.otu.oOWOflW&l9G
tCJl>m9llloiJIU~u.t9lllcmIfJwmJtlZl.,
t«Ill8~iJ"0Il'IU2ItwCCJl)\fllLfSUlIlllC9u.oOJ.!ot«Ill8fl>WI»l!IIllCexP~O<U>ot«l)t.8fl'J~l!I'
Ull1llllrvs"m'V'l<U>ClUlVU"'L'OI&l9C9;tuolZl"u.t9IUCrdl~WlZlJV'CII$C9tGOU'W:vroo$C9tQ)IUQIfl).••••••.•,,~lu.otGO'IPWI»l!I
l!;CI""otlllClZlCW«I)C0tG'O'lP~wo~fJ9.';
twmOttJ'O'lIllC'O'rort\fll,otG'O'uwCfOl>lfOfUlll"lmcwfSiWOOU'C9t<nuCDvls.WCIllClZl>.
ClUmClU9O'Wl"Ow1(J)u.l8fGUlIlllC9,fw<u>'.
Illt'O'(1)1Ll'C9tli3~OW«DIUWlElll9rwotst'O':
UWClUlPtlu»tWlexPu.t9~-(1)t~1ll.
~C'O'GtfVlllllZlWC90«D~'O'~exP\fllLfS
'umCCl>fwCllJl)"'l~oUl.l>l<U>l~~l!I•I
OO'l,(f)WJolW,W'Oll!/Qt)COU'IUQUll ...•UQ)CIllW.
lOUIllWIU2I.'UQ)OIllv1lIllVCJl)lOUlllt21otuoOJ'
ot!;lClllllJ,!lbl'O'W'Oll!/~COU'G••U;WO,ofUll>':
WCl<U>OIUlltWQIfl)VOC9(J)u1lU'CUOu.t9C9
'ClZlW'ClDWUlI'6IQIfl)imtfVlPtexPWI»G'O'.
crcJofouCfll'mJtOO'~<WaotiAu»sp>till>.
1"l•••••••lvJfrol........ill>Imf clllmtW~jt\)l.llllillS6JQIfl)'ntOO'•I:tlZlWl8fl>iJC9Oll9WtrOLtilL<U>cWlV.
~ciJOJl'u.t9IllC"O'«DClZlIllI"l.lll1LlllfVOO~iJC9
'0'l<U>CIULPtlu»'!iC9exPlOl>g>mcllll"orul,<JQIfl)
~C(g,\!IOW'ClZll8fGiJC90ll!/U>Cl!Itfol<U>
ClUlVfW»rutmMttWtlZlraGl~CW«Ilro,':,
.,
~WCf1J.cgt(!)
CW«IlIU.000tCJl>tillCO'oc'wrootu.ou.t9C90IllClZl>
ClUfu>ceg>lPllGlcruotf'rtlCJl>rulmQUl),lQll«Il
li3lW!;fGC900'UOUOQUCGO'tfoLlOlOll!/tw
ocmGlJIIl'Still>WC9C1UOWOGO'Ull'C'O'tWl»otruli3WIGlIJJDltIJOlZlOUl.l>l<U>tpClZltClllllJ,!l
\$ICUOC9CO'QIfl)flWl1J.>~'O'cli3ofauerw
••••,••"MlWJt~.lO_19~cru19,otelC~CWtmC~tllvLU"W~,,<W
lR1'tWtJotilVlelCVror&UUotilvLtWCIUUUllo>rulfOcwirJ.fJ.l9CV19
t(QJ)cDut.W9CelCmClUmCrtl9~.Qlru~UDld)uLDIJ'UW»19llo>tWe>tvWJfJ.l919trallicW«D1UQIlOll9rtl9otStVUWCIUlOti»tWll9O'W9l9O'e>umtl»WJtl9O'
.lelIJll9CV19tItLel~UD19C«DL41V'Ql)Cl9O'UU\ll'tpCe>lWeJIJQlll~~ouwRWumce>IU!iIJ'19~unll'»\9l
gnOll9encVlUeIJ'lPCelUDlP".elwros'tPCeldll,f>fJUDllJ"elteotuu<B
otglmml9lltVQJlOll9MCVc98\'.C;W~ollm>1UDCRW
J;
OWCODlJlFlJU.g(!.)t!)ng"gcmlPl\PilC9Em9WnCWrUJU»lJULfJIUWDC9cwaBoecmlPl\PiIC9t1D9mSJ[f.>[lJ' SC9g(!.)fUtp.D(f)v
g>aD(Sll9£'U'g>"eoev'g>Stu'1gevaDCilEm9CJ)Cl1lJUlSU'CfUlt'@m>RgefjrUJecw!"raC9~CWaDro
u'.!,\.
19EPltJtiD.S(9!tJCl9EPUdDDlS~~;» :.')1'•.,I••
19EPluul.S(9!ilCS'lODClUlS.'... I'.Ii""\,:;',.••
(105lBruoou.t9Ill'O'LaVUWM
llDt2lTCJl>ClZl'-ill'IWClZliOu>crao9'crwram).~tuot«Dbl"lst'O'0UllIFJOUtllle~u>crootuoCDvwC9!VoLUlll"lmQUllUQ)ClZl
l7>9'IUl<U>ClUlvtlu»«DlUlltl"tllleotil'O'
lfJO«DSI"9'«DOWuotllll«Dl8ClDo<U>lZlOW
otexPraolJi'O'ramotOO'li3oliJ'O'tso'O'IQll'e
ml'JLUOtllll«IllcguptS~C9«DeilCIllI"WC9lfO~soGc!;1"lWlW'9'ofUll>lRY>a..CiOW'OI>O
1'9'W'OJl'moOU'l'JotmmcI»1olZltuo(J)u
.tuotOO'lQ)IUlfOiO"WCIlIiOU>ClOO9'OI"WIIamtuoCJl>C9co)Om9tu.t9ClZlt«D'O'troO~OU;CJl>o.
O(Q)aQlfl)otOO'raolGOU'li3motOO'li30lG'O'
tsOOU't<lllll.l'~CSC90Ww>'9'lGO«DS1"9'«1)OW
SC9tIllIUQIfl)ot«IlOU'texPsOU'tfVLGe~rao
LotOU'oCCJl>lfOtlllLUll ptlllClZlun>eiILllllUlltrwW
otllll"OO'9'l,(f)QUll9'OlZl>OO'OeilOIll«I)LUll'we'
~ra0'0'u.t9lZl'0"tlu»~C9CUlIlllill't<U>
tfGls'o~OUOIUlm9WI»0t'O't!itlZl
9'ClZl>OO'CeilCQl «I)lCJl>'we>"'luotlZltOO1OElIl9
u.t9lZl0U'1fW»ot«IlSC9tIllCOU'tfiUl.iJi"0aJ
ll'LuolfUot«IlUuC9Ccgup",t<u>~U;ofvfW».tuotllll«DCIllfrvlot'O'W''O'lwow<u>o
OlUlO»~Ull>1CJl>Cf<U>«DlUlltIllCI"l'Jot«DIllOIU
oWC<U>IUQIfl)tfVlUOClZlC9OU{JOQlfl)'omouo
tillUQ)C«DtilCIlll&'hcAl"1lIll9'lUih)'O'oIllIJO
~tlu»fil'l0llltlu»ollllZl<u>fUll>'CJl>Cf<U>Wl»l!I
fvtlu»L«IlCIlllUllexPC99'c'O'tfiUL!i1fU'1
'iU'tuotOU'l,<JWtroliJCJl>C9IfJW
tWlCJl>CioCJl>1LlllrvSGtlllfrvlot'O'li3C9~
_..-cl~"11-f~'~"M~a
If!~,I~i.
L-
,---
~d~"l.yM.I."M~<l£l.lCOO'lQlLU»C'(J'IQlWot<wciJ"OIl!IwmC(\1)ll.l9WO'21tWLtllUllrJC~IU'ltllUlltsfGo~su»b'lrou.otQ>rotu.os'CI'vOCGIVsa>(flltst'e'
't<w1SU~~tl\"rvlot'O'10l00'UC'.O't8twoC~ICI"liJtul9Q>tf'"mJt(9(J'rdOl,!;cwtmW,'tUlUlltsrv"lotlD~'O'uw'O'tlwtQ>(lIJVunC(Q)orutOO'l,(U9rvtm>COOQUCOO'Cl!WtlJ'O'tfU)QW,ttVrolOO'tQll'lotiJ'O'~lft>otrUlQWlstOO'OOt'O'£lroQW.~tfUl~IOl9l9otglJtWt9lfU
96
Do"ra"•.•lut91Ul9Ull,I'
'Cpt,O<WCCll(ll)(J'frot<w1SUIQllUllZfJflW<Dutu.otQl
'~CCllcmovOQ/)1o'Q'\"U»oru'l'!J»tw<Du~uwtQ>urotplll'&QWt>lUQWotguwtQl~c!'tIQJO/u»tu»WOS(,t«l,)~fUQ)VU1P>CIWI.tCl\)'Q'tmJC'O'l9orutQl'umCQlQlID(\1)fUlJ.)1U»c/(\1)tGll'lot"""Vt>IQlllI~own.OO»l.ClJ')o.liJ'~uwtQlumOlDl9O'toit''otQ>ffVlot'Q'~sff,l9tQlllltGlorUl9Ut\lOlDtQlCctO'lf\'iCUllJl)(9~roa.lU1WCQlfrClLPt'O'tlrt.lu.o81~tllUllumCQl(fl)lDlJ!IWQWtQllfd9'fl'6l9tQlCOO'ISUfU)'O'Sl9CUl&ll>owwru6l9t«l,)!Jh.arvIll>li08l
umCu»sfG(9(J)ccorvlu»1Wu'~rv50tGlfrvlot'U'iO>lulwQ>Ql(\1) fUlJ.)1U»C/(\1)IQ)ltllUllSWl81>dlrv't<ll>llDrV":\,U»(JlIlAll>~t!ifG"lOl,blCQ>ruJaCQ>l~~~,!pOE:,SllU!I,orow<ll>OQW'OC<Wcce'~"nmt_~co'gocrotOO'1,CIu-otUllJ»toJ:V~'J~"Ocsru,lSUrw<o>~MCQ>~81>dlru"QlO(fll1C1llfVlIiC2WGI, ,trvt.:>~'O'~OtW\SlllnJ'5.U'CUJ.)<Dutu.ot"O\QllWDD'~'Q':t~"s~w.•..,,"",olarosot«l,)l~dlru!P(fllllDrvo~tlcfGoUJ,t>lU'crtl.9~cfGoWDDb'I'U'VOcli>rv"otlQ)'Q'tcwlCOrootero'Q'tOO'CICIlft>SU»,)'ifIlUQ)lU»rvw"lJ'tltUlJ.)("V
'o<Wt9O'UlIlbllJ'tl!pli~£lrwoltlw,90'~tmlJ'tltS(9'tuutQll,lG),'o(,Wsftl9/Y(I'GI1WU.OVCllu»liJ'tu.otcwcUJ.)<Du~cwQ>:OIQ)l!lC(}Vfll"~~rol:(lJ<Wl9,lQ>lefGl900'UWlIroIflUltUoiJ"(9(J'ID...cwfl:lll"lPt'Q'..QI)t0ll>"jp><ll>jp)fIIl"C' ~tleftolP'
':tJV\jG)tPQWfcl~tQlUlll.l9totul9ltlEJC'(9RJ1D..~lCIolJ.lllg)Q>O<e"l5ORJIDO", tllU!lClU','~(DuliJlJtu»tUlllll'oi1,ol~rvlProl9sc;tQlItlQW'~tl9~!9."'.I~l,I'(\1)LGI81>ordUll ~l9u.oQW'lOJl'stu»ftvLUll.ltr'otQlfflll"lot'e"p.u(DuL8"',W(9UVt.CQi>rv., ifIle,O"RJ<ll>, ~umCal9t(Q):tijiJt«l,)WO'GIruocrvt.:>ctvolSQWflWUD,'U'tQe.UiI~f(\1)OW("IlWlSruo!QlIJ~lSU:tQl~ewQ>C'cOO',d\'ic~l9!;ro.am'<ll>1l91tlrtl)CQ',of<Sl&>~(NiD019,(fllllDI'VOotlQ)'O''tUJ.)tQ>UtDCtm'Q'tOO'\fV"CUlJ.)OtUl t!U.9C'e'l9tl'lPClfllWtFtlQ><ll>..t~lJill,gO'O'D,~KUClJ')OtmJiJ~m>tleroiWlDCU»OtlS~'U'iiClU',UPJl>i:v";:ot«»~tOO't6IVoL9U-UI'otu.otQ>1D,ICIlDUllJ»C'u.oQWtlUt~~Qlt~:s."tQ>l.\IiItlG,otti.tCWQUll~otlQ)'V'tGe'~Qt(J)cquQ>LfVlPc~lft>n.lD'tu.oQlLWO>UQ>C?V'Q>GoOO'rJc!i:lYt~LG!/>oiDc~(Duu.otQ>l,IQ)OVlYhtEJo(flllfOL!Ii1.!'O'tlrO'ewCal9iJsC'lft>QWot(Jl)UllJl)tsfVGL9lfUiO>t08l:'UlIlcruotaJ9c'Q'l9tU»jp)fVGlW["!Ii1Q)ofu>.!;CCQ'OoQ)llJwru"QI)'e'\JJocmsrufrvlot'O'(J)cfEJot«l,)lW(l.l)CO'~oiltWCIDC(\1)tsvo,oiJCUSll'~L'9'VoctfrvlPt'U'w)(Dutw.>rv'iJiJtlClCruoor&l'O''~l~,sc;tQ>ltlew"9Q>ctO'RJUP'UQ>CtwiJofJOQ>CCO' Ol!ltlW(\1)!~U1lfl)(IIlOCIt'i>b'I'Q'I&>c~u»t'e'lSU~O«1'lMCQ>ru,ifIllJWtQl'Sl9tiJ'Q'l,iJCllDS:"lOll'dlt'V'tlff"'lPt'fl'U»G~UtRJralft>,ruffVlPt'U'UturtJroo<WSll"U»umcWUl>iW
.lttlOCQ)lQlQl) ~QI)'Q'1I1fVSlttQlR>tlll>'fgf&l9'QI)M'U'CIDC»ifIlUtDICIlSUu.oiJ"t0ll>,«I,)lUlUll'UllJ»lDtflll"lu»t'e'lSUtmwtst9ifIlWtst9tSFt"lQ)fSCQ>ru,t1VltlOtRJtl~CItlWOIQ)'tu.otQlUlIlClUttu.otOO'unC«l,)orutJ't>lUewliJcff,oWC',;tu.otQ>umciJ'O'liJC«I,)sruff'",oc~fiOOfl9~tlW(\1)UJ.)tGllcPotWC(9(J'lot9tlltl«l,)lUllJ»SWoavtlQ)C~lPU>tuulSUtupcfV"t.:>9Ill>otwC(9(J'lWClDruawQ>""rvt<alQ)CS"()IQ)O~ruotlQ)Q>C!lft) OWClWItlfllll)lot'Q'((»ciJ<o>LWCIDIJ!IQW,tu.otQ>umC«D'Q''sOCtllUllOClJ')ro0_'IQ)OlDtJUl)8l0lAll>t0ll>t8trvtUlJ.)COOiJ"LwtsowotJc~1SUrW9'"'l£Ulttw~~crotC'O'tsc~ot8lJIl)Ol81>dlrvlaL9roo~CtllUlltliJroolOll!l'~~WliJ!S~tl1"UQ)C.CWC;W1Q)(lQ)Ul)1W'ClJ')lJ1.l UQ>CQlC!ll)OIl!IWMl8Ft«l)l'lUSOO'Q/)Vol9QlCOO'mJltlllQ>crvt~l.n!/>QiBtlruooGt'U'-tu.otQlumtQlu»tQltU»lOllOO'SdlL'O'lttlOl81>dlrucruotlVlf\'O'ruotJtllUlll9OV\'JoeWOO~Ql"
.ltliJiJt8ID~1CICCQ'ifIlru-'l8Qlcruofu.o,',.tQ>UmCIDU»'CID9Q>lPCGlsru8lGlCWplQu»t>lUu.otQ>UQ>ctwiJSGt'V'VoOlUlJll)(}V\'Jofllll) ,
"IQlUVtSlJ-~OO'UlIlCOV(\1),CS>CIMCQll81>' ,,'dlru'f<1&>tQlUCllCtwlJQl)t9tlPceQ>srutllQ)(lW'OOI<JOlUlUllQ>Uo>CO.w'!pIQ)CILl9<I ~O<U9,CGl'U'tCJlWSWoovtlQ)liJ(9ttwOOO'OlS<ll>oOIQ)~QW:sa>\JJ'U'fsc'V'VUSCWGlIOot(Q)!Ii1CQ>l81>dlru'ifIlUVtse't<wlSUt2Wl"WoQ)llJ<\.l)t0ll>Q>0ItlSOlllQl<ll>tlDeSllOIClCOO'~C'O'''tUl>fU>e'!pWDDslD'l,IQ)ClDtllD,1SUfU)'U'cf<Sl&>~lDMCQ>lJhdiruC~O<Wcu.o815tu»W"lUPfVlf\'iJ.UWu«I,)GIOCQ>liCWfU)1tot~8l0<o>tWo'L~olDiOCCWlQ>l!IliCU)1l)!UUl&ll>tSl!WOl1tltu.olSUIll>UVtfGL9
~te.wtGe'(JULNu)Dt.WUlv1Wii
'llroCQl'O'SCWUlJ.)Q)tEJtQ>(9owlLQ>fVf,i(9t~fl''''lot'<PW'cFtogl~~fJolcGlrvIQllJWtlDtOO'QI'l'O'tOO'CU»O'o~Uom'O'~Utlotil.0't.-W9Ill>IllllJ1.ltSIJWOI(9ru'~wt!ilUJ.)IOL2,U9tllUllotGlroUl&ll>(9GCgfuotUJ.)lW~UWCV1lDotu.olSUifIll«»1U!I(90C/U.90lwrlJ)'(l'~ocOO'tU»(9OQXD(\1)IQu»gR,(900'lGl'O'Lu»1U"vou»lclDllOlCIQ).(J(JlIraf~'lut'O'.smltllUllU»1lQ)flll"Il)lu»tofoQ>(9O((J'tlVJl.iJ~QJ't<wtGlUQ>OIDQ)IlJ(\1) $lXI>1iJtGlC(fllOQW,tgJ:y,O\'ClJ')ro~otSCGlOC'(J't(\1)LfCIcruootsCGloc<o>t!icw~Ct9O'tll<Ol(DuCJlW(9iJelifY.lwrw<o>p.oSlfVOtl'Vl<WcSDcliotul9UllotSOGO0Il!IU)bl
o<mefwtu.u<Duot«DGOO'LPCUl'O'(9(9,~ilrooot8Ql.'tJVLCORPou.u1'O'ilroQWocwot'i~If\'(PrvoQWUW'O'(9urociJtul9'O'ClJ')EJfmcwotracrvoollD'irvrmtOO'llZlblbwtu»<wtGllJtDCllD'O'tOO'fO(9OQllltl'O'(9(9tU»jp)rV(91JlP\''O'ilroQW,t!iI"t(900'l5OCGlOu.uotllDLRP\''O'owtrvotlClscllDlirooVOCOO'lf\'O'GlO(\1)owro\jt1)ClDeroLu»liWcon,tffi'iterou»ogft(9s('Pw~SlrocUll>otrofUlJ.)lu»cr(\1)IQu»~l.tllUllU»Glc~UlJ.)lu»r(\1)tmC<W<DutJVUOLliJU»(9ceroLorolfVIUQW£IroQWotc().)LtllUllSWLJ\lU\,'O'owtrvtmLG<o>tslDo~tul9tM9IV(9otc().)Lsccm!irtlo9Q>lij'O'tsC'G'W'tul9t(ll9(Qw~~orv'tgf'(t(900'lCOlft>t<w<Duo(119iJCJVOlft>LMr<Jl9orvotu»tllUll("vU»(9C~l'OtftlQ/)C'G'roGlIJCrooLGtul9erol!l(Jcr<JolDollZltl!lSl9lft>m'<o>twtGl<O>O(ll9rootui>(DuLOCQltOlrv(9ro(9crvOUUS(9C(JO<O>l(JllCEJ10fftlcGI£lrt>QW,t<wtGllllDC(().)U»(9C'O'I,CIWotroGlC(JlIlGlrvS('PWtGlIJotU»~UVCfn9rv1UlIlcsc<o>ttVil(\1)lOotu»«»LOO'SJVt.:>UVQOGlC'(J'tnPL!ilfU'l0&.((»(9lIDt•(NliJti.otGllJrooCl\)<o>tOO'rUl9 O~l9l9£IroQWLeroCG'G'tal9c8tw'ofUVlu»(Dul9~cUJ.)<DultllUlltGlLerolst<o>GI(9roewtmUlIlrau-oUJ.)Ql(9G1C'O'rv!fu»rvltOO'W'Ofl9wro(\1)OralfVU»plfV(9tlfrvlot<e'!Ii1CGIlfMrvtGlIJtllUll(9fi}C'G'cqIlOWuumCI<JliJ'O'ICIQlttllUllrvtllUll(9(J)CllIlft>tl!l(NijJ
'tUJ.)tOO'L'O'GlWUlIlCGlro!ifG(900'l5OWo'olSUotil0fl9fonrocu»lft>L!Ii10tGOfl9ClJ')C'U'rocfW/tWlll'uroCGI"wQWICI(9CfGOG(9'O'UJCl"ulSt'<Pgf'(t(9t9O'SI<JU<JUlIl&JUJ.)ot<ll>tQ>(9tmdJfJtwlsc<o>trU£l(\1)lOoroMs'U'tUJ.)liJO(J)C~lJ1.ltmU<JrotmlGlruQWdtUJ.)tt9O'lJUV.U)(9tul9<Dut<wliJoW>tlrol(\1)CroLV~tGlIJffi'itWCsfG(9Q/)C'(J'IUWllowllGlfVt~)(9COJclDQ>'O'wCQlll!lQWoWlcQlu»lliJ
..
"..-,.~_~''''.•.~.;;.;. .•,••.'lot"it'lf'i;»,._••.••••••••_.;••••••\-.-••,-.,.~•..c'.-"'-_Db-A•••.-,.
t,
\'
,'.'..•...i"'I"..,.<9~ '.•....
':11
.'1U'CllItro<1lOlU!lO
LWLWotrumerwowlLlllrV.s,c>gftClSf.\UW
1'O'tlllU>,crtJorc,(Q)lUllO'OJ')<o>«oot'&ilLWtClll'
QlfrvLot'O'snOlWOtlllltl,.tFttSUlIlll'ClCIlLUll
.tUUtQl\jlDCIllt(Q)'G"tOO'lW'crauo~,~O!l''
ltl(\.1lllouvolZl(Q)grvoowlllllP'O',I,qlt8wro
imtwLOO'W900'wo>ra.:(Q)LOlGlO<o't!lCI.QlIU:
l'mt81D•.l0I»0(Q)ID(\1)<O>OQlll),.tUlllll'orv
!<Jill.s~tlZlllwtLwIQILot«J',OOWlfOtllllW
.\"mlZl'$!l1lll!<Jw'UllSlltsQllll.s,c>fV~oroOWl),
,'IQILiJ'O''9'~C;St!ltlllro~'W>~UlllllOc;.o;Ln.O
CruLv~otwmLUllSlltsFtt!lS~'ttw~o; ...,.'.~.';'!,l,tUl1llll'.'otei>ollllCJ(U)(J')ofvoiJlGlCCIlO(,e>LUlliIlI~QIll):otlllCJtll)QlIll<U>~Orc,";ClCFtO~SID'
~'O't~~tc>L8(\1)~ri:>~Ql(\1)'~O~C4D•iJ~«I'uwolt>LO~«:DCQ)(Q)cuvM>uu,~w>'
,tUllSllts[l.~ElPWoc~~_rvlGllwtrv
.ot@llJw,ra~«J';erc,~.l:tuuti.orU,lll<9iJru,,o«1)C(\1)ruflu.gcwoQufrveoot(Q)IQI~' ,.III••.~•,I.•
CW(Q)rus~cwouuruOID(Q)UUw)t~Lvltl .,'.:'...'1•,~.,•.,
tWQIll)Quo<9O'LVCrW(\1)~1(\1).IQIUJWl'OIl
o~rv1iJiJtra\jlD($llW~~QIll),s~tlGltWro;ce'
cfUlOlll'6a.m.lll~OIlUQla.rv,t~Lsucil
QQlL,tel.•~tg\fVlJ!I0lll~:ogOWJl,)O~C'O';
UllSll~fEAllllwC'O'~iJ~oOJtWGW~Ot8l,,rc,lJi~L2IraoW9WO'Glo(\1)..otwQlrao'O':
llll'1'O'LlZltl!JSt!ltQllpQlll),rc,LW>~CIlLlGloqi~!,U>;fUllfruotUUC(Q)t!llllt!lOItl.LUllL0N>,s~tQlt.
ltluutQlLlGlCUllSllotrvtWlSW[b9l~LO, ,..,';":~ccrorii~ro.tv"sClm&9'~ra~~ra'
onc'O'focfrPItwitJra(,~'~'lP>m''l!JLO~,"QOoOO'~WOQlll)~fY>Ot!l'O'(g,o>t'9'i'rdC9i.cm
1
fVLm~oLwocrc,Otcj~tQlio>a.<W'WUuLall
1'O'il\"rPltwllIra<9Lg~~frPItw.iJ'wt.e.~:
LQlfUJU'cCO't!ltw~rvG~.owc\,~c\'ltl,tv:
~£Ui,1lI(Q)LW''1U'O'ci>tsFt,,'00.i.WO'LOn
Wt!lWl'(/Jrat!lcfGoti'(9'O'LiJCltJ8t~oWLlmo>.
wlllC~UlI.l1WI(\1),',frvlot'G",(Q)lUlltCllCrvCl;
Ql~LUll~~LWfU)'O',cf~LRY>.a.OJ. I".•
'oUl900'LQl\jlDLgUl19~~to.e;pu,o'oqw'G,cw'
C(1UIZl~cFflo2.Ll9'O'wClt.m>9lcu>~oC(J1JO
(Q)lUl1l»W~oli>rv~~ow»'Wt!lCJ(U)
(J')c\'VOCWO(\1)~UOuDltlLcr:DCllItO'O': ",.j'-.I"
t(f\)'C1U90slttrJWl'IZlo(J')1.f'V'~IU!IOOQlll)
g[l.~00'LV'rutw~tG>1.~ovrW'~I
s~uma.m'~C«D;g:.t(,(PLoilgFt"oo.cilDOvtCll
IfUIlI(Q)LW5<91JU0Jotraorvo,V"O'LUll<1Vrv'
mJtwo«J'J.ClwotiJOIlIfQl.Q.Q,(U)Illl~OWGI
,orc,~otCO)(\.1lllL«J'tJV'O'LllImcMotltlfV:
LiJltlt!lotltl{JiJrut!l~t'O',rc,w'1'O'g>ItlQlll)
ill>L(Q)raLWuuQl<9owIIIa.rvrat!ILUllSll
.UlllllOl!lUlO1WI(\1),St!lOUllolGlLM>Cra!ftsw
olll(Q)LWW9WO>QlOWWItlW1'V'O,IQI086l
~'O'LQI)C'O'Jt?QII)
Ioltl(QlQ)fYCQlSroD
'l.U'C(Q)'O'tOO'llllrPIlJU~cOO'IJULal
~Wl'lU!Iotst«J'frvLot'O'(Q)CUllSOto00'
OIDJl)CovtOll'\jlDClDtli)IP'O'CO'~~S<9tlllOOO'
8(Q)oLst'O'rvlJ)ururu'l~raoLiJOIlIQlO(Q)o
•.••.•.,./,,,M'fmk)"'
~OO'QlcCO'~gcwoh~glcOO'iJc~rv1<J~Crvo
tltlLwrvorPICWuOCUVCIOIJUS~t(Q)l'IlClll
tCO'alCllltUUQlrv0t<WIUo(\l)fULVUVCltlIJU,
.tUlll!Drv~~cFtgl{Du\llllClZlf(\1)UVlllVOCM'
Llll\fVLiJl'~tSM'~COO'OLscwtrvtUUItl
tUUWl)",tCO'tso[Jo'~Ltlc(Q)sruW(Q)cw
s~tlllltlQlll)fClllOOWOO'OblClll~CWftI)1tOt«J'
'O(Q)gC«J'OtOO'8UOUCl~1lllQl)lllClZlt'O'alOlll
iJlWtCO'lGl'OWWHilUlU1wraLstCO'.tu.ot~
L«UWlLWotWOUlAlll9WOUVCIUIJU~LUllSll
wLvt(\1)mJtlDflPOIlOtWLUlllll(\1)ClZltllll'
.tUUtlll\jlDClllOO'tlllltQl)oOO'LWIllD(\1)otUlOCDu
J;UCalClllSItlOlGlOWovtOll,tUlllll'oru
,VOllllUwt0ll1Lwrv'1tuuw~rc,wtUl9C(Q)
CO'tOO'IU~",tlllifllljQl~t'O'tllll'omCO't~1JUotiJCO'tlWQ1lll~LUlAlllUlAlllWtUVtllliJ(J')olZl
'oUl900'LllluroCUl!0~IOl!lot~1JUotrwWl)2Q>\jlDCO'~ltotI<JO«llOlllC'O't~cwotlaC(Q)Clll
cOO'rJc!:rujpluutmlc'O'ltt'OlrUiflllJlWl'Jv,.
crauOCUVCIOUO0lllOCO'Iu1111crvClGlLW1WO'
'oUl9lUO[iLQl(\1)twOtllltlllCrvC«DLUll1wo>
o(]VCIOIJU'tu.otIUOWUlO1CAl1<U>'tuutOO'LW
lZlll(\1)tUUUl9ltOIDOO'tQlltQl)O~Clll(U)lZlCUll
St!llftlQlll)t~llI'O'ouuCIOIJUOt!l'V'lZlVo~1JUCSCQlSIUOQl)QlClDtCO'ftlCQl(Q)CwIJIZlCCO'O
ItltlGllOO'Cl\:JlJUSWtf'VLSIf"~CO'LOC«Dsrv
,Vot!lIJUC~CQlSIUOtfULlGlOllo(\1)W~lllCul
tCO'alCQl(Q)Lw1."0'tu.owf'toLUl1lllra~LUllSll
Ull1WO'OIJ!JWlttQlLWwalocflUtWW~
CdICW~tf'VtJJt'O'Ql)lllCUltCO'ftlClll iJrwt«J'
'oUll1LQlIliSlttlGlwrml9ltltWtOO'L<W
10Il1JU~C(Q)QIll)OfUCl!ItWtli>rv~ot(Q)CO'
tUl1llltsFt~8tCO'ot«llCO'tOO'ljQlOJ')o<u>tuuCDu
otWCUll'l.U'CROllllt~IU~ifllLiJCO'llllW
lllrvSlttQl'O'rwlU~'l.U'CUUl'UlAlllCIU
CWCOO'OIll,otriJOO'LlllOOO'~UU(JIuolUCl!I
&9,'0'!Il1lllll'tlll~-,.tUlllll'tlCO'ttWCCO'~
Wt!lIJUCalC1ll5lUOSlttBtllltUll'tfV~C(Q)o
,tfVLUllrvtalLUllSllUll1t(\1)1U'Cce'~tfV
LSWouvwo!,U>glOWOO'OalClll(Q)Lw1wo>••
:tgFt~LWCI<JIU~w~OIlImolUQltrv
OJ')IUO~LUllSll(JIuCO'ltClWtlllVot!l(JIu'VOlll
C«J'tUllrvtcflCDutQll'uutlllLlGlC&9iJotlGlm
<eldlrv(Q)~oLwtmJ[Jot«l>Clltst«J'(Q)t!lOLw
,!<JUll'glI0Ul91110~llItOt«J'tlllt"~cfl>o
uutQlumClGl'O'tli>rv1.9l;Wcf«J'2Q>L(Q)lfW
'Ui,ill>(Q)IU!<JIWQIll)tfVLllll1Dl9(\1)ill>Lgcw
troltlvocOO'LoluL8Ftlll~lZltot'O'ill>0961
,rofift>lt""'um,rootuuWu
'oftJUlUllWu~l.U'CUUUllCl~rvt!lot(Q)'O'
tUllSlltSFtClQltDuOW9111l!lSCltlllCIDLW9C1Drv1
9l(Q)cwutfVUJ)ol!l\jlDciJ«J'tscwu~cw
«1lIUWItlQlll)ot(Q)'O'tOO'tsg~L'OIrvotrooSOQl
.tiOWIW1tOt'O',~cwtrolUVOOO'Ull~
'otruCSCQlo(Q)gc'O'o~CWlGlru~OO'SIo
lOO'scflL«J'~CWlGlltlWClWl'QIll)'LUl1lllflJO
tUlllll'LlllQ1lllOlGl€lQlUU'o(\1)clGlM[¥'LW
_oOO'srualClllSIUO-ocrc,lGl~lll~rutWLW
Uit'O'Sl!lIJUQIll)umClllmtlGlClllLW9lltluultl
~tQll'umCllltlJ'O'fVl9lrvotilClOo~rao
UQUllfOllru'4.1lll'l.U'CIllw1cllIorPIOJ')OUlllll'
010iJ~tul'UllsFt9llGlCWlGllOlGl'O'tUlllll'crv
rat!lcrvoo(JiJlUltralZl~g~rv~!!Duu
tOO'cralMlwllIL8Fttro~LUllrvotsc'O'~a.CiJ
s[l.sruouutlll\jlDC(Q)«J'tOO'lQl\fVLvcefu~
IQILUl1lllrPIcrauoouClOIfUumClllmtlGlCQlUU
,tuutQlUtDc(Q)«J'tOO'\jlDLOWl),oUl1lll9ltOUtlll
CO)L8rv~cOO'Ll!lolll'4.1lll0W9Il1,'O'1
cuuSCO'ItWLUllSllfW(\1)~~tUll1onUUtllllft.
!ftOtllliJruCWIQILiJWl'Ull<elO(\1)f(\1)tJUQl
9iJtUlAlllts~OO'O\fiiC(Q)trvoV[U9O/lfvClO
a.CiJIQILUllSllOUllQlCm(Q)'LWl'dltlllofvcltl
W~OIlIQIll)'tUUtQlLUll~rv<9~cFt9ltDu'
W~IJUCIUt(Q)lSCOQlOl'~QlCllIt'O'alCQl
iJrwt'O'umCWCOO'dltlZloV[U9O/lfvCltlill>\llll
rauuuufY.t!I\jlDLOQll'ill>C(Q)ClDUllSllWttJU
tlZltJUCItlIJULVLQl(\1)tWIlIQlcrv-S<9ta>
(Q)Lw1WO',tuutQlumCIlIQl(\1)Jl)Wl)imtw
c<9O'Lvcf1ufQ1llltuuolZlocrc,8l!lIIIOCrc,IZll!l
l(Q)ClllWlnwIU!lQlLWotwcOO'
IJUl.al\jlDciJ'O'LiJora~OUllSllt!lIllUiQlll)rat!lLiJ
'O'tralrolU(Q)LOO'sli>'O'~«J'LcflCItltscw
oc~tI~OO'IlIVo~lf&1ZlmJtllltltD!<JGcFto
lll~lGl"'QIll)ottrora~cFtolllt!ltroLW9rvra~Lg
CWlGlltl,ttWtsFtt!lUlltQl«J'~<DutgFtt!llGl
LPQIll)umCQlIZltot'O'SP1lllracOO'1lll1f"fVlJULM
fGLlll'O'LI(\1)oUlAlllIllLSWl)S~tlllcIlILUl9
cllIMgllGlCW(Q)ciJ'O'~CItltscwfVLllll!l
tscwill>~I.'O'S~tlllClll>OO'CalClll(Q)LW1WO'
~I.uulf"WItl~~OO'UiIf"umoO'O'LmJtrv
tlUSWst!lttI'O'LtlC(Q)srvQllGlCW-umClll
OO'~cwU;c'O'WfOtroLsUllOOlGll!JQIll)ill>LiJ
'O'UllQUt(J')UUottros~to'O'ralll'otlGlS~tiJ
'O'tscce'iJiJtlGlla~«J'QIfl)tgFtClWO'llliQlum
tlIU0W9Il1«J'1~.ttWtSFt~UlltQl'O'umC<O>
gFtltOO'lS[¥'t<u>~Wl'(J')Ol!llJUL<u>cltl
LV~tP.Ll'lllgFt~wcmMifll~cw(Q)1tl
\jlDClllraO",Vo~LUllSllUl9Il1'O'1'4.1llla.OJ
O,"SClllSl!ltlllltlQlll)tOO'QllZltOt«J'uutlllLtro
ciJ'O'LwrvLmQlll)UllSll't!I!<JC'O' tllll'Vo~UiCW
crofOm'O'UlIlll'orvQlfU(J.l.9ClllCOO'Illt~t«J'
~c1~~J.-
,----.
.,.••.....,d~?ll-~~~M~Q'
\.,'\
I",'I '{'\Ii. ,,
OGR.l0l~W(l'R.ItQ)(9R.lGlficwca>ru""lJI9'11>"'(CGWul«i>u.utQ)o"',I
,(,'","J+'.Ilj
\1;'\!,i.,."c,'.\,".6 ,';J~I"~' ..."""i"\'
,',I.!,.:,:;'d~:;:.)'~"';'-')'~:,.,.jl.o0UJ9C9
trvU<JOvluJru,'o~1lQ>(v'~ftGWLmcfwWllan'9'lJllte'SGtQ)ruwumG'cruotwu.otOO'lfU'0rrWlW~'owoeM'amLIIiv'lfJOtUlltllll/l1f1D;'fllUJiU>t~ero,'a:.lD'W9VOtW>lwic>lWO>'aDvto'i'SGtaDUilicrUltlCO>(9;~llDfQJ')ftl~owcfrncfrtitOO>~'9'tOO'citl'a.m'" \:',lJ,.,.~IJ':".'I+,;'tljJj'"
',","I"".:,/",';••,',:,'"I,"•••tu.otOO'UULtlJtCllli»ts<Dul~~t'9'8IlltJlDUDt;"SGtQ)Cfll>f;rvo'an~(IJQf)oo.a,~G<Du.;.;.••.{Woo'C<tEPtse'V'iJ.(tf'Vtfu(a(Du'~~t'9''IiDtl!JCQlGQrucwcOO'tSC'9'OttvlClllUl)V>CfWotOO':LoVQlfO'oS9';otOO'Lov~iti'urocca>''O'OU;'lOO'cOOooJ;'9'u;tqpQl)uar'l'eC>lW'CwO'iv'OL8IlllCOUl)'n.oCllt'OSCe- ~eO':OOl''~d10ClWot«D~~0~c9i9tGit9"otgL<V"'<e"Og[V1:'f;V"'9'[Vt;A9ta»~l.St.~u.wCWt9~rvllotdlcFtO'ral"'"'tQlciiD~citi"05'0'"C(Ptfttototw'.titDcu>wWrti9~IP>'~ooo.roGtfl,(9iO>(aDrl9QlDQOo~~e;e.tSt;.tl'Vtft~(DVOR.101U>eocaDrvt9'"~t'9"Q)c;c'q,gU~JVo'O:O"ui>anOO'1D'~U\:OOw,t«1Ye-toa;,ertiotu.oUOIQI~'ruCiJ"otcm<\$ru<9'c;'tCllOWGC~''~CUl),ai>...oa;cro!"osCVi:lJtW>lWaa>lCllroimt81DWlruR.lG~~~~f;~~~w6IDotu.o~lfU:I;i tfWCID($I>OO'ID)QlCfll>CIZlOV!>G(Du'{WOaD''9'tCl)lJ'lC~G""~'9't.aCiJrutmW(;'{WCIDt81Zl''ot~ciJst~g~UlIGioQlrfui.>ot~~StlD~ ,',1."".,.•_,'..,I.:i'
CWJl>O~C'9'WO>GCJ?Cl!I a,mQO~I'VOtfWCIllanc~oijJi~stw'otRJ"<JO.tSQ,GScruot81Dot~Oimtq,t:e;SGttJ(.p,~'~~ilUW,os~''tOO-QlItl~frc:ic~ofiGw,Ull'' ...~(.. an~o~~R.I,~'V'l~&'~~.i:~,UU,~u.otCllumC\Q>~S~tftt'9''{WCIDR.lC'O'«DlOO'0R.l~SW})~l8,6IQlltlrVID,I',QlCOO'glW,,',t~~,OQ)~,O~~lZlZ1'~,aDCCll~ry,t8Cftlofv~~:tumo,~~tlD~~Qf)OIl9~O'V'Gll'£QlCIDt<u>I
~(f)c~'"A~J;uroc.tq),lW(f)Wll.,j,WltC~iIJlltu.o(9,QO!iJVO,tfWOID,Il'ItOO'lWO>Wll .,.".J'-r,.'~c(atJi>~J•.,sGtQ)o~f;rvo;if)cFtoiiJoilC«D0'V'1(,OU, O~,.tmJtlllQJ')Itl<e'GGIDOW1CIll'9'?lDv,9QlClllt(\U'Qf)cFtoli1~t(WtQ)umc2WtaDc0(QJ)rcw'Ul't~,oilO«DO'9'llDv,:,lJLQlOlDtCWOOO'S(aaDltl;CO'1(Dv..Q)~~,tOO'uo<Du••I":~
.:1::"~;"":;~hJ'".'q').••...."..
,".,'"Ui:;''',',,'",,'.!:~OO'if)'9'Ou;t'9'tUllu.otaDOrVtCZlCQ)QlrtJ<WCIlC'9',u;tOO'1Zl •.il~.','•
tot'9'LQ)nD190cDI,SWG'QlI'O<WCIlC'9' tCllc8<JCZl''9't~CZl.~WtCll(9SGtt.'9'cMP!iftltSf,¥'WIJllt8,u.otQ)lJn>~aD",tOO'ItlG:1OQJ')Itl'9'G"t~JV.G~t~,QlftlWP~R.lc.v.UlwtseW-~cwsot«DWnD19~aDL<DWtsft.GSf,¥'W
I',..,.~,l,
",
,!
"..
'I,',,I:
'\
'il'
'I.j
")•.'.1.1
i,(
'.'1'\
",
II,,:j.
••;.'.,l~.
'g<9iiJC'EJl<92gla'<9«DcrVJlJleu»;')'~6U»8'Ro2uv«6u'ui)<9UlJgb'~I
,,''.~.II,..~.;
lev0nulJP'192~t9l1J2R1um9,',(fmc",Vut9uou»gCUW»Dred'ute>U"'"mum2nu••uUW900'D(JJOeJtU»'QriidJ','"
UQ9mC8mlfUlfUVu<9~CW«Dro',gocmfeJum~f9lJ~0Q9mCSUU'!"RlIU9Q12alIIJfrcrCIa'DeJt9«DlW9rv:
,2~DrU2u»u.u2rocwCUW9c99',.,I
owcmwrVJ2eJ19gla'<91ti'6<9Q1)COO'UDDeII»'l&'8'<9rv'mluvt(,ei.
000(0C9UVW9t9teJIa'DCOUlJIF"tWllQUl)WCmwrVJlJP'l9tgt9'',",
',(WClll)'O'tOO'uacru°WeLlZlsoUUiltJlDcijOll!l~C'9'G02:UlIlll9lJ'l'9'oUhJlltw1rusotllJDW:OUJ9l,WO''9'«l)t.s1f,¥'CQ)u.otOO'lQ)OO'i/llftlrutQ)O«DWl~CW~otyi,Wv,sotQ)CIZl8l~CftlOl8fVUllI»OWsnru1'O'lfV"twOfDeLm'~C«1)'9'tOO'SL'O'1Ql~(Du~Wllotu.om'MPltru.tWplrvo,otCl)'V't(lllll)tsftGan<J8Illl«D'9'~ruOOUl/fU,l(9~WllJLl.'nvUW,v1QO«DI$Ll.'tcQOfCJll,)QJ"U'O'catorul!ICWID«DlWOCll'9'OSIll-SlGLOIDCI>UOtQ)(9u.oIDG<W'V'1f»(»tf'VLQ)UllllJllt21SGtQ)'UWll«1lcruot~ftGWLmcfwWlltOO'Qf)'9'UWCftllV~'
,!!i~OO'tftlfVtcwoW1cmtu.o<WGCCIDItl«x>IlSru$UCftlOfDCl)~UUQOlJOltlCWOCQ)OC(9W'OIl'fQ)(VUlICCW~ftGWLmWllUDtl!JotCl)vt)GL<QIClfWotst'V'CQ)OC(9-tu.otOO'lQ)l-l'-'"tgFtGWLmWlltOO'81COO'8C»OLSt'O't'QI'VtQ)C«DG~Itl,8Illl«DUl'te.aa.tu.otQ)tJlDClWtC»lJllt",8IllLQ)ruoCluwrcw'otOO'QllDtotco>,otW8IfJVlot<e>u.otCllft),OO!,Sl:'otR.lL'Q<WGClDtfJ'G'lOCR.IlJ'lWlHllO'V'lfV'IQlC'O'£J1LQ)VWIP"'Q)tl!1t81ZlotQ)<te'f»cwt~C'9'otQ)«DU;WllotQ)ca>LW'ruolICUl1Q>Oooost8IllUJ'6"uWcrulP~u.otQ)Itl,,
tOO'lmCQIOlWQf)'9'U;ruswu.ot<DWt~Goi>ru<eoGGLlZlt.o~otwlW«DlOO'catcruOID«l)tp>'8IllL'(8IZlGw~ru1tu.otClllJn>CmmJ¥lUUOGtWCC»Clll'9'lY>C«DOcru1~w>tOO'IS'\.OfU'QlUOf,)COO'tsO'9'otfVlCIlUllltOO'V''9'UWOftlltl~I,lDt8u.otOO'ftlGOQl)fl)'9'GGQloOO'8«Dou;t'9'umcilOll!l~c'9'lt.tu.otCllumCCI)'9'tOO'8IllLWlOO'CWO~'9'ltot«D'9'00JVlliC'9'Q,(iJt2WIZlG~.tu.ocruotu.oQlstwO(l)crtl9QlLWU;Cl""lQ)ruu.ot<DWtsFtGWLmWllllZltl!lSGtfJ'9'UWCftllV~QlcOO'8«Dou;t'V'ot«DW1lDR.lcOO'iiJu.oGUll,tlWo'V'Gt~LQ)OO'lmWGlUllm'OO'GLQ):ueUUR.lUOOIDCI)lwtCll(9WGOII!ICiJ
.'oOcu.oom'~tf'Vuu.OCWotu.ol?ot!ilP»(Du.t~UOClZltQ)LUllQOCOO'CR.ltftswOIDCI)LW,8IllWtlZl~lQ)ftltWtlJu.~:IQlUUtS(9.tf'Vuacru0WeLlZlQ)ltftl11181tIWlZlGiU'ftl(f)SGtlZlllW-tu.otQ)lJn>ou.olZlCKlD'V'8IllWt~lQ)UllllJDt.SlttQ)ftlWlltOO'V>'V'UWCftlIP~'lWJl>tsftGR.lrwQlttlotiJ0II!I8clD'G'OGIJllt"c~CDuiJ\1tIZlJ¥lQl)Otw-el:LCIlftltWIlI0S6~~~Ft.,fQl)ftl~~OW0lJU'IZlOewftl(f)QOfuwaJ8Ill-LII6~QOJ¥lLfD'll'V' QIfWIR.lO!iftGOO'IJll«DUOf,)COO'tftQllZlCWQf)OIl'QI){)OQlLWmJtwoOO'CR.ltftSWW'OIl'WCtI!(>cruu.ot'9'8IllWtOO'$I'OII!I(f)Cl!JUU'If,Q)l,P{WlmWllWSlOu<WCIlllJ
I
p -
•••••••••••e•••••••••••••••••••••••••
llmO'\)o"eJSllOl cO>ot8rd:f1&bQltl>olPleJoeJ1.0.<13.001 QllIi O'\)lt"J(;loltl>lGllJ)l<ll3 O'\)J('IlI')o
I2rtn056UOf1l6'llio.ooomo&blQQlon1 i,n.Jltl>'
i dM.lI~lcO>lSO. eO>lo.?"UcO>oeJocO>lSl O'\)n{)
: cO>llI6l1l m>o"eJ6UOfU '" 5 cO>'1PI<ll3 mllOl.\: omoeJ1(l»lo QlOmQlO<nl .o.leJ1llD10, eJ/il .
cOOlon flS Ql4>IlOool~~..•~.(lIBiI~' ~f}0(l»': lGllJ)"'on rq'n.J1.ooo03~~OJQ0 (lIBm1OJB1 ). c.oomil rullllo. <tml(J)lfilOJ6lm!lleJ16)s <tml<lnloru(J)o OJf}llIl.D.W10 .o.151.o.~rd:fI O'\)o~j
, 6UOfU"'s (;llll6l1lo nOl"'QS1.ooo08. (lIBOJt8
In.Jonlltl>llIomj'J lGllJ)'1lI1eO>CDllo6l~~lon. eO>OeJoOJllllo. (lIBOJt8.oo1 mm8eO>lon filQll
: (lIBm .\q(1)' (6)'kl~l ?~oOJo(ll)101.oooml 0mlGllJ) 1lIlGllJ)1P-Jwn .6)1lI1 ,'0'\)0 n.J1wO(J)o
O'\)n.oo<Dll.ooio. ' :d»i51Jb~~f1; lnJCT\)l)O(J)
I lGllJ)lml ~'lGllJ)O~1lI16)6mon '.a.Olll.\o Qlo.! .001 <l'l11CiJ. nJ6l~,' (lIBolin.ooou3 6)Ql~
6l'kl5 QllIl t"Jcmoo(J)o e&.6)malGllJ)omoOJl
onltl>l mOlll cOOl' n.J6lnlCDl 6l0()'kl0 eJ1M. B1<36llJeJn.J11i0(J)6U06l!l eO>lslCDl101lGllJ)o08
OJCDlmosl6l<1An.J1n.J1~ 1il0(J)~!l1<ll3 ~00. Iillo.oomam 0'\)1(J)('f\.l)(J)101' ~~(JlGllJ)05
! <Oml61oA QlO~~eO><DIleJlfm ,; .o.151eO>~'rd:fI
O'\)C?"eJlIlJOu3ltl>"'on nQ)onl OJ.\.DltJ)QlO<nil'
(lIB~ t.\.kICDl6)'kl51"'cO>OM6)5. 'O'\)JeO>00~OJ<T)OBUbO'\)Om3.oolll6ln(J)ll'O>.
Ql<trnlfl"'eJ llle&.lll:Jle0>u3 (lIBmlO'\)1lI1~ fQltl>1. moruUD.\QlOCDlru(J)/ilQl1 n.J151cO>151onrtn1(J)l
: 1980-<ll3 mS~PJow Oe&.lCT3OJmO'\)00c9di
• 6l1l(J)lCOlQlo<ln5<t\l0 O1l<ll3d)Q1e&.<nlO6Tn(J~O
: -Olmo OJeO>l'kll0oAltl>~OlllltJ) ~OJUD.\lllltJ)lmloOJmtI fln.JO(l»o(J)1d)Q1onrtnleJo'
6Tn0'i1JO <lJ)s<t\l0' mlQo6Tli1.o.210<nl1' rum ,., lllltJ)1<ll3.rqo1l~l' ru(J)lGllJ)lm3 Ql(ll1d)Q1on
, ~B1ruoO'\)leO>6)21 ' OlBon{)1.o6lOmlM
~ ltl>06m tQ'U rueO>l6)'klon1 n1.\06U.\oml.oo1onm le&.l(l)<lJ)(D)061U.QJ<T)QJOO'\)leO>Qlle&.lsl
<nl11l110lGllJ)6'IlillJ')QJ<T)lGllJ)l6loA~OJUD.\QlO"
. "'6l1lon1 ru.\o6U.\oo1ld)Qom1M; O'\)Ollm
, <t\llmiowo<ll3 <lJ)s<t\l0 <lJ)6)on.QlPIruO&blo. , .. 0'\)1(J)('f\1)(J)11l11CDll<ll86)AJaVltl>ltl>lOnJO 6)eJ
: lllltJ)"'eTP, rumo,.<D,<:tlll'klld)QOl\>lOl,. OJmo.,• rum QlOCDl1lGllJ)6)('O),,.m1eJ<plt8~16)cOO~ .., 6l'lilf!!! nJtWltl>l.o.u3 ~6)lon': ~n.J1~d)6),, 1lI1.oooo: tQ'U Qlom1~eO> (.n.1~(l}lllltJ)l6loA .
(J)'UllIOJo ~B1ruoO'\)l6llJ('f\1)lruO<nl lnJWO
malt('lll')l6)(D) omJOW.\6)~s'llllltJ)o03 nO~B. CDloeJ10JO(D)mllJ2l16)S,Qll~.\Qlt('lll')leOO ..a.~
(l»6l1l6lQloo:nCDllf!!!l. ;' :. . " ',' "" r- (
,nQ)lIhl<ll3 QlOt<lJ)OQl(~~l n.J1eo,(J)C?,li:0lll ,ltl>nJ'UllIOllOt8eOO'6l1ll6l1lnmSm ruoooBomo6)~aV~l~i21!l' r'Oi'UeI1clh~'ru'.&.;~'~uS"
mlQ06'llil.o.!lO~1; : ml~,~1~<ll>1.eJ1M .(lIBn.JQlOmo m,6iml'nQjO'ofmcllleOO (lIB@)
, ~ , ..•..". ,~~t.'.,'. . $ •• "", tQlo<ti1cOOotnoOJleO><nllWlj.y~;;. ";.>- :.' . ',:
,~.I~~IIIJI1111~1111]II~ji~r',', .•. ' I.',; -Tka~p~
i "'':;1
, .86'0'0
AMPra tQl(9 fro0(U)Wfll UlW19SIfOCiJfW19tlll
orac'tl'tW3cBtw Ql~ -' tlWtOO-lQlLJ'&
LOlZll8clll OfUCl!Irutlll S~tOo8;W'if>i\Il VosCW«llro ooucroru1 cOUllJ 'sl!ltO>~c;(18«tlo
Lstc9> «DCW3tdoLw ~iot~'oci.g;uUtQ)i.u»fmiD Urocralij~v t_'ccJ)'UiiQij~c9>
2QlClWebu - tlWtoiumC«D(!I(Ii~1~' S19tiJ
'C'L(u)CIVLV~~ClO«llro - td.otciilsn)ciDtlt'D
'O'LQlro tfVlfOLfll tfVlS!,\"~OUlliClll' £l)CC5O'
L«DiJ\Jti tll!.Ulltlll lOO't&cf\'J(!)W«t>tfU'~roo
tOO'QlClllLllUfll Sl!ItOlroW I. Cli»lO'O'tia«Dro£uscwcroru ot8111 otOl«l)LsQllli' oto>«nlUJ!Jru
~c'O'19tfVLOl'C'VnO o~ftail1'l~'O'l!IerW
tlll S19t«llIllllOlti'RJro' ~racOO'rotur»iJ
ra191fOCl9O'Qltooru 0tro~C'tl'';';' CQlOC(9
.tlWtOlletDC!U9tlllrac'O' to>(9 lWtOlUIDCG
'O'L(U)crulVIWl> otrowcIDUllQJ)" tOtftbCUlll!l
llQlL«DUllWfll ~SCW«1)fU .tuoto>UIDCS'cW
s19tiJ'tl'uu>cruLv~ O!;t'tl'tOl(9 ui>tl99'\fbLtiJ
. UIDCiJ'tl'lllLSQIll)2O>l0'O'0ll9C'tm«Dltl 9l!1tiJ'O'
lllstrut3 sl'O'Cll>ro t:>lf"tQl.,l~ClO(o)ro' ;0.'
•.•.' .,.tlWtUlltOl'tl' tUOllll!l iw~fVl' ~Ftl!lwcmfVl ' lWtOO'lo>'tJoV"tlll
L:!lQlll)wl!ILSCW«llfU '1U'cUllUoebu 'tl't<ma>
tOllcrolst'O' Ol19fOQIll)lWt 00' 1f01.fll' UIDClllt Ol
rugft1900'l,ffiJ\VoLW ocFcJG 190119fO>'tl'CL(u)
UllIfOLfll otOlUllLouOlUlrul!l oto>(1)Lo>VUllLOU
o>ts otgLCJllQl.9Is1'O'V>OIl9~O'O'l!I ••• t:>Ul0
of«l.01Ullcr(U) "'"S191fVOJ ~tiJOll9lU9Otst'tl'
LnocrolV~. v1LO>vUlllOUQlbl lWtO>UIDciJ
'O'lGcraldlC<AlD>19111lSQIll)hDtQ)fU OGCUlUllO
'O>l«l)CWlUllru •. (mQI'crc,l(rt)S'llOCOO>l3m
otlW(9 otrac«llll9O'Cra~sw Ol1lltDlili IWl>
tW3Cl9O'19l'O'2O>W o\"rarWcfVl' raC'O'~tl1l
OO'02O>Ulltlll .9l:' lo>rotuifll OS6l"ja(!)cruo
tUllfVlOUOO1t0ll> Qll1.19mo' «DCWCOvlll ; . ,,. owsnrv1CVvQr s"tQ)wlCJ"Q)ttl ,0'.
" , CW30tlWtl96'l.O-UOO1~
otral<elQl19t0ll>tlWebu otil9000'lJULfll ra19c:fto
Ol(!)\"J\VtWlll £f)cO>l(U)oro'lV1W»0' .'oUllG>\"ro
tlWebu FcJLllltlWt'tl'CruO £UcOO'\;!lfa tfVLO>lUll
otlW(9 '. !X"2f>'O'l(U)orolV(QWJ ::!X"ldlro
rtUll tmLCUllll19l96'LW:!lU'cwol!lEPora~sc:J~«DLWUll(,C'O'tmW 0\"1<lI1.19crv'1rac'O'Cll>tlll
LwlD .tUOtl9O'lOlL«DI1U900'O;»lW ~lwt'tl'raUll S19CUlWOmcrU908tciP amltWtllis(!)m
'tl'l(U)crolV~' ra19'cruotO>t!I om..J.~ee>
«l)l.s1!,\"CO> cPtJebu otGCOtt~IiJ'(9~~ruooc~ebu' lWfO ")~lUwu 0>e.g. LmQ.Ul)
S19lfOiiJ 0 tmtlDJ\VQJ'>O tW-:-SL6l" io19cruo
tUll«l)Caa.9t«l)'O't«l)oru tUootcil> l(w~~''O'19'(Du'LQJ)1 loo1ilJ\"n,t0" <alcwCnu
no\"Ull(U) S19Lltl'iCLlD .tlWtO>ulDClllCliitV(,
ot«l)'O't'O'~QlW 'oQJ){jo9>lW' tOO'£f)Ce>t(U)
Lcrut0ll> Bl~lfllQl w.>cOO'LQlLUlic~lQlcO>iJ<w
£f)OIl9o>cmtWl> 8Clll'tl'1919 oO>~QW 'C:lr«ll'O''f
BlroQlll) ~t~lQJ)U> o\,()~Ull VQllUlUllouClOru1
S19tQlcOO'I\ClDoLst'O' 'Qf)'tl'L(U)crolv~
!lU'CQlruCJllQl.9b'1'C'. il>Cl9C'UOLtiJ UIDCO>Ull1coom>Tvooco>OQlll) tf'i.lfV(Pl!} otWUllOtgC'tl'
ofij'tl'lW'O' otiJ'O'tlm9"'l'O' tgC'O' trol'tl'tmW
l«DClll\"WfllCL(U) LUllt'C'ru'l tmLilOll9rac'O'
UlUllc~iJ<Jb'lCUll19 'tl'U\UBlC'tl' tW3ru'.~rrn
tgL«DlWll>tOluroLst'C' !lU'cIDUll1cID iJ1901l9
11.190tst'O' OOl ~.119cUlllDutrntr<JcftOOl19«D
l(U9ru ilULiJ'O'tlDcuuu\Ut'C't~t'C' otWCUll(OuOOtracruo ogcUlUlloratDu lOllOO<T\.Ooot(U)
fVLl!IoQl~ rW19tlll tw -086l 'tlWro rdlw
lWFcJ19L«DSU.llCl9C'LllIl<JLlDtl!JotOO'BlC~'tl'
L(U)croLv~ ' vncl f.o «Dora tftsw Lst'C'
OlD«DlwtWW(I'O>O(u)U>1 0 ~19~OID19iU'ru
000>1'0'0 2O>-086l '~lWtO>LglY,19l9C'lQJ)
{/oiJ tlWto>UIDcwc'O'VO>w tfVlUllru l;'llJ'£f)'O'
LiJcralslCUll19 '(I'I\UBl'(I' V1LQlV UllLOUQlt:!J
(JiJtracftoiJ19'O'L(u)CIOLV~ %!i8 2O>LGOIl9
wroUll T'tl'2O>c(U)QJ)vo .!lU'C«l)'O' t 19C'IfOViJ
tUll\!D•..••19 UuCMOIDLSQIll) 20>LiJOIl9ouToo
lWfW(U) ra19L{lOll9QlOOWot«DciJ'O'lO>Cl96'
raruoGl9C'tSQIll) Qf)'tl'~t'O'Clwru19 ot«llco>
(JiJolftIJ\3C'tl' Qf)'tl'Lgt'O'2-W1Wl>ClDCO>COO'L(U9L~ru S19tOlC\llIllllW~QIll) troco>Cl96'L(U9
,lgru '!IU'C((l)lCJLW«(),)cruotgFtl9UlLmcYwQlIl>
otracruoilULdlCUll19 'tl'lf\VBlC'O' lWto>uroCW3
t2U9ru oratlll tllll«DCO>lOlWtl96'LWClmQlll)
.O«Dr(U) BlCOO'8«\)Olst'O' lWru L((l)CUll
tUlltru '~IDUll1clD tlW«ll19cruo Ull19COO'
l3ra otG'O'LlDt3fVllD otGOIl9QJ)C'O'roft
SL'tl'lst'tl' lWtQlUOJlW3l9C'Ol3ICJ tl9C'ilruQlll)
£f)CfWotrucradf.sw o(U9Qll9C'!,\"LQlru tl!l -
tlWtO>UIDc~LlDt«),)rcso>o tWLUlliJijG .FcJuw
tQll«DCW3tClDcIllUll>I(\l> LllIt:!! otlWC«D19
QlcsiJru W30ru tl'JO'QlrOQlll)'!IU'clll«DLW«DV
tmUlltSt'tl' lUlll0(u) S19tQlloGlitracFf.oQlcs
«l)l(U9ru lWtQlIO OGclQlll)OI\'(I'raO>QIll)
~1>l1J4l'UIVll"f CJ"(U).!lU'C«(1)'tl'tOO'lO>L«D
lOCllIl«llC«DOO'lQl(lJOQUll519to>cl96'8«l)()l?t'tl'
19C'LCJU1~ S19ti1'O'l(U)crulvlWl> '!IU'CQl
C196'8 «DOl s t '0' [Ill tl<J lOO' (U9 196'AMPra
~{JiJtUllfiJ ~Qlll)WCllnll S19tiJ'O'IDStrot3£Uro LSuutQl\9 (\Jlq0ll9QUIl... tlwtO>lCJllQl.9b'1'O'
l«DCOl';\'lPfUllI u'lQUIl lUCIll'lP1919 tOO'QlcOO'
8«l)ot:>t'(I' lPu'O'O'lQ ttC.lflDl91O Ql19ruQlll)
tW30'lP" ttii llll' 00 10 QIll) Qf)£Ul9QJ)C'tl'
roQlll) SCStQllllimtl\Jd f.oiJ19'lPL(U)Clolvt0ll>
llllt3 iJ{itlDQJ)llI'lP1919S19tiJOIl9Ull~stro
t:!lSL'O'w.>ro lWlQ(QlH019tlD tWlUlllWto> •..••O
tlWro orol'tlfll ottro~l>19lUlUll(U90>00'2O>C(U)
QJ)VOUO° ttro ~l>lQ1~IQlUl90ll9C'l\ULOlrut:!l
.tlWtl9C'~lI'i.lflfJ!I'llI IjQlClDl\'lPrd 2O>COO'
tU'lOolWl> w>d r'llm 2Qll'\BlW~tQlU()')CID
o~t'tl' tQl(9 fVlf<JLQI>.tlllll,lD•..••19 If<JCfllO
ollll1cID l«DCiJ'tl'lDlSQIll) tmldlL'tl' S19tiJ
'O'IDStrut3 l«DCiJ'tl't2U9C8tw .FcJllDracru0IJl)1~ t2U9C'tl'19tlJl)((1)l'tl'tmW tfVLlIllru llDt:9
oot'O' otraL<eI«D19s19lfOebu 'o(U900'lO>L«l)
CW3iJ omCrU90~W l8ftUlUll19YraI1.19Bla.V
CLW otdlcfWotOO'LQlOO'!,\"IfOt0ll> £f)'O'LlIll
<lV1"t«l.O(J)u@U9ruotwllllllWtUlUlltQll«DlSt'tl'
0>1910Qlll)'~ffiJt(U9ClDlIll1CIlI oO>COO'S,W°(U)t Ql(9 lW t 00' L0>LlW Bl•..••::>t CJllQl.9LI<lQIll)
orOC21CWOlDlDlSQIll)otlaCruO ilULUlUll(Jl)O'Ql
tOO'ilruw trocO>tiJQJ)oro cOO10LW (JiJtllltG'O'tW3tr~ f'1olSlIllotlOlLstlllraUll W3to>t •..••
otroolw2U9to>W .'tl'tllllto>'tl' o(U9ruo
tlW(J)u tlWtO>UIDciJ'tl'llllSQIll) tmb'lL'tl' S19tQl
ruQlll) ot UlUllraC'tl' lWt O>UIDC«D'tl't OO'LO>l!/
!SCWtroIU OQJ)OfUtiJco>sroo s19fij'tl'L(U)cru
lvt0ll> -!IU'ciJ'tl'lDlSQIll) BlroQlll)00'020>Ulltlll
ordC'tl'lIll1lo>r~ lWtsft19«DlO~ - !lU'CO>
Clllw.>cruYOOC3BlCLVoOO~1fO to>(9 gft195~W otroo>cOO'S,W°(U) otruUll1LO>•..•• Bl«D
lU19rU 'WU'19ru 'otroc«l)LUllllJ tmC«DLUlUll
SW lClDClllQl«l.OCID(u)ofijOll9wUlUllilruru1
ffiJ tw COO' Lf1' LJTClllO 0 tlWLW ilUliJ
OIl9\"raI1.19BlCLVffiJ tracrUOl(Jl)O'(U)CwcrurVlll otlWlW 20>LiJOIl9Qlc•..••cWQIll) (JiJtra
cruooUlUllUIDQIll)otlWlW tmliJOIl9(U)CIQJ)1fO
<T\.OQIll)otlWlW tmUIDUlllQ.l9EiJQIll)'otruC«D
LUlllll £l)CUlUlltSC'O'19 tUlls.ro•..••19 ofijOll9
«DCOU(u) OOtwCUlUllSW If\"'t'O' tmLUllQlll)
ot«l)LlDt:!l orutmQlll) '~Cllltruf\'JtiJ(J)u
'tl'tUlUlltsf\'J(!)LOvtrul3Q1ll) O>19roQlll)'~CG
OIl9OOC3lfOWfll OOiJ otroaicOO'S,W°(U)tQl(9 «DClll «l.Or(U) otruUll1lO>..... «DClll
Ql'tl'WCllll3Q1ll) otQlllltot'tl' oto>Y•..••lot'tl'
~0Il9wiJ}rv1 'O'Lca1fl)fWC(U) 'O'LO>CGe".(WoC<\D
, oCOO'lAMPQl
W1901l9<Du O>19roal 'oUll1clll Ull1Q1ll)
.tlWtOO'lQJ)W tgft1900'LmJ\VoLw otracru:o
oYQl'O'a.(U) OOtwCOO'IfOLfll otraL<eI«l)19CG
'U'llllSQIll) tlWW .tlWtO>l«l)Clllt«l)'tl'tOO'LQllll
° t«l)'tl' tOO'IfOLfll ° t«l)'O' t 196'LWfll L«DciJ'tl'
llllSQIll)tmlil'tl'O>OO'tm«Dru S19fij'tl'lllSfrut3
Sl'O'il>ro ra19l~CW«Dru ilruQlll) uroCG'tl'tW3c6tw .tiiiJt«l)UllolWtruCl96'BlLUll LUll
tdl(J)UtmLUlUll,o,•..••cru 8(9 oUll1LO>•..••ra19LG'tl'
tW3c8tw ~19Ltluml1>Bllu a.OJ 'O(U9l96'UIDQJ)O(U)~<Du clllotrticW3iJ otralCUltro19S19
IfOUlUll19'O'crao UllWfll OOOC31fO to>C8CSlll
lWtSft19S!,\"'tl' OGCO>O«l)L(U9ru lWto>ro
o iJ CUlUll0 AMPra QlQIll) ra 19L~cw «Dro'tlWtdl'tl'O
Qf)00'1D~19fou(U) :1U'C«l)'tl'ts~19s!,\"'tl'
Hit tcslDlSOO'Qf)£Ul9oocQlomlfOlfO tlWSl'tl'
l(U9~ru ilrolWW '!IU'CiJ£Ul9Wru fVlfOLfliJ
~cl~?1L - f""'~"hl of"' .•
HEALTH PROBLEMS•- l i I : . '.i..t I' . • . , ; r ~ . '
.. ':' OF TRIBES
Today health is recognized as afundamental right of every humanbeing. ' The W.H.O has set up atarget of 0 'Health for All' by2000A.D. But we have to walkseveral miles yet for attaining thisgoal. It is the study of all of us tosee that health is an asset not onlyfor the individual but also for thewhole community .
Mananthavady are also giving spe-cial attention to those adivasis suf-fering from Tuberculosis .
Wayanad district administrationis aware of the varied health prob-lems of adivasis with the support ofvarious government agencies in-cluding tribal and health depart-ments, a 'Health Action Plan' hasalready been implemented. As aresult, a Wayanad Health Project,situated at Nallurnad with a speci- .ality hospital, has been providingall faciliteis for diagnosis and treat-ment for major deseases of tribalsnow. In adrli'i.", to; a districtHospital and .B. Centre at
'Anaemia and Vitamin ~A defi-ciencies are common among tribalchildren who aremalnourished andunder nourishe~. Besides faultyfood habits lead some children tobecome victims of these diseases.It is' also miserable to note thatscabies, worm Infestation and diar-rhoea disease (of unhygenic condi-tions; lack of sanitation and scar-city of good drinking water) arealso found among tribals.
As per the proposal of 'Kirtads'(a Tribal Research institute atCalicut), 'the State Governmentstarted a centre for Tribal Medicineon 15 th September 1993 -at thehamlet of Valat.
This tribal medicine centre isalso seen as a ray of hope for oursuffering tribal brethren. KolichalAchappan anold Kurichia tribal man
come out with the patients body is the chief tribal healer here. There0, weakness, pain in his limbs, Jaun-' are some other, tribal healers too to
dice etc. life span may be reduced 'assist him. The patients, (an aver.because of these complications. age of 200 a day), who cbme fromAs it is a genetic desease some various parts of Kerala, are givenpreventive andsupportive measures 0 0 medicine free. 10 tribal youths inshould have been done first to ar- the 'age group of 18 to 30 are nowrest this dreadful disease. attending a one year"' certificate
. " < course i~ tribal mediciine ....They areCases of Tuberculosis affected taught by 25 tribal healers from 5
tribal are also being reported now.' different tribal communities viz.o' from some parts of Wayanad dis- Kurichia, Paniya, Adiya, Katunaikka
trict. Three reasons noticed for the 0 and Kuruma. ' 0
persistence of this aliment are the •-patients unwillingness to consult a ' 0 Forbettering health andhygiene,doctor for diagnosis and treatment, some non govenment agencies arecarelessness for having regular,> 0 also seen doing a lot now. In thistreatment even after diagnosis and _regard, 0 the services' of'Swamlover crowding in tribal colonies. Vivekananda Medical Mission' in
Wayanad are conspicuously com-mendable. located in Muttil Vil-lage,this medical mission is run-ning now a30 beddedwell equif)pedhospital, giving free treatment totribals. A sickle cell anaemia diag-
o nosis and counselling center hasalso been established by AIIMS,Delhi in this hospital. 0 This missionis also having a mobile despensaryfor visiting the distant tribal colo-n,ies regularly. '0
;.: •.•.• 1, •.r. :.,'
..," ,.;: Dr. M..Mohandas\" ;..:~,,':'j;j ',:ll; ; ,', 1
. ,I ....".r ... ' ,IIllre trevemng ecross thevest high land from Lakkidi,the sou th to Pcriya, the
north of Wayanad, a tourist maycome across' numerous s~micladpeople .working on coffee planta-tions and paddy fields .• They arethe tribals; the bearers of myriad -problems and hardships even in thepost independent era.
What is the most striking prob-lem that our tribal brethren face atpresent, 7 No doubt, it is theirhealth problem itself. The tribals,the poor and neglected sections ofhumanity areexposed to many haz- ''ards that come detrimental to theirhealth. 0 (Absence of sanitary la-trines, non-availabillity of gooddrinking water, ill : ventilated andcrowded houses, 'igonranceforabout modern medlcine'and treat~ment are,some ~f.the re,asons de'•teriorating ,t,~elr he,alth. Poverty.".also affects t~em ,in two ways.Firstly it causes malnutrition andundernutri~io"n: . Secondly, it de-prives,of their economic' ability forpurchasing .'medicines for 'curingtheir diseases.:Evenif tribals suffer 'from various 'ailments;' Sickle CellAnaemia, Tuberculosis, Vitamin-Adeficiency, Anaemia, worm infes-tation,scabiesetc. are seen plagu-ing in each and every' corner of~ri~alWayanad at present.
Sickle Cell Anaemia, a geneticillness is generally found amongst'some tribal communities like theKuruma, Paniya and WayanadanChetty. The patients suffer fromthis kind of blood disorder becauseof the presence of Hemoglobins.instead of Hemoglobin.A. in theirblood. Symptoms of this illness
'136,. .. , .
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••.-•••••••••
.t.,662171.,.,17113242710 ! (llftCll~6>mEiiI
, Clllo.H6mlmoamI
11 551 937 42 2512 6XlJ~Qll6m 724 628 42 513 ' 6)(ll):J6mmmos 951 ! I
261 114 i QlomnmClJosl 332 i 451 , 272 6 2115 : ny)SClJcfb 354 I 32 453 2I
~6)cfb 4554 2023 i 3327 908 ! 27 ! 530 120,! III 6)6)ClJCllTllllmlc6lJijoefJ6) i
16 6)6)ClJCllTllllml 115 I 45 , ,17 6)nJo!9lllllm 372 72 47 I18 cfb61Tll<IlloonJg 593 158 11 94 I 243
, 19 Qlla1aiB 599 31 90 12 , 176 !i, 20 C:Ql~osl 294 28 106 7 181 I
21 Qll~mos 85 59 222 nJS161l1llll00CllTlllO 561 169 27 !
: 23 llllmlc<Illos 404 1 249 74 2 I1
24 CClJ6lJB~~l 690 170 15 9 125 C:cfb°aCllTlllO 750 725 20 1526 cfbam~g( Qll.) 643 26 32 78
~6)cfb 5106 32 1687 436 0 200 620~6)cfb 15793 2243 5048 3948 31 1573 4885
! lcfbQl nJ6T!llJo<IllCllTllll61~ cnJm nJ61Tll<Illna I «mlsl<Illna cfb!ol~.\na cfb°a! mO<Ill<fl6lna I QleJ<Illm<Illna ~'l)mo@l cfb!O!Qlna cfb!O!Qlna
I mo. I
1 2 3 : 4 5 6 ! 7 8 9I (1\)!. 6TUcCllTlllml C61JijOefJ6) I
I «ml CTlJeJClJ<Illam 641 14 104 237 3262 Ql"lm6lJBosl 633 7 I 240 83 11153 nJ!am~~l 680 188 480 60 3024 Ql!~na6)cfbo~l 360 5 240 102 605 nJlllllosl 717 5 509 117 5626 mjamc;ldl!9 1151 627 116 8777 6)mnacQlml 1047 3 148 4 99 6468 (1\)1. 6TUCCllTlllml 904 256 29 257
~6)cfb 6133 188 34 2604 4 843 4145,
II QlomnmClJosl c6lJij0efJ6) i I I
9 J nJCT)Ql(l)o 1215 408 I 559 III, 162 64 ..
,._-'" '"-- ~.-
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••'.
mrn» ~ 0& c£bJc5~lc£b GlD6lJ eJ: ~G(f)J~ nJeJc96) (1)6IDarn»161~ C'l..J<mJJarn»eJarn»lm3
(6)LnJOn.n. n(J)o. n(J)mJ. (11)loIJJ7mou](r3)
mam~6)S mOSil~ami) cfb~o9::llm>~oSil"loJlQl)QlOro<&OJ~O@cm lri.JWOmQlOm>~o m~ lnJunm6ID3@6)S @sm.>1
eJ~~ !1J1Ql)03QlOm>lQloolm>lmlcOO~cm~. 63cm Ql<£lm>~o,m~ oJInJ6TTJmru~o. cfb<£llGmTll)OJroo9::l6)emm
Qlmncrul mn lnJQl)"lcfb!ldl.gzjQl)~a:nJ06)eJ oJISilm>lcOOo6)<m a:nJom><mlmoam @<ml~ cfbS~emm OJmuB.gzj6)m>
«m)(~lQl~6lJ"lcfbmlcOO~cfbm>~6TlSOm>1.oJIa:uon91l.gzj~o mOSilCTllilOm, QlW.\lnJaBun, 630"lq;ldO <m),s6ID3lm>
cruoCTUDom6ID3~lam. rumuB.gzj amml~ cfb~n91l6)m> QlOlQl)Ql'ij, mam~6)S cfb~sl6)OJ~aemmm>~o, Ql6pJl6)nR
cruJOgooJlcfbQl)am>m>),O «mJ<ID lnJQl)lcfbleJQlom>l 6TlJOUll<oo),cm~. @'D6)m>om}, cruonO!1Jm.\emml6)nR «mJs1
CTUDomemm1am a OJ6TTJo cfb~o9::llam>m>},° «mJm),6TlJ<TWaQl6lJeJcfba~m>},° am o<001cfb06TTJ~OJom.«mJamcfbo <mmemm1eJ},~, nJ},~nJ nOeJ crucru.\6ID3~),6)S mosom> acfbm~emmlam, oJIauoo9::ll2l}'o OJm>
mos anJo6)eJm>},~ CTllileJ6ID3~lam nJ<£lo, nJ!2l<oool <m~s6ID31m>lnOcruJcfbOeJ oJI~cfb~},6)S cfb~o9::l1ce6l
OJ~6)mam>6)o cruO(JJ.\Ql)cfb~06TTJ},~<ID. n{j)cmoam (!<fbm~emml6)eJ 80 UOQl)Qlomaemmo~o cfbroo9::lcfbm},o
B"lroOQJcfbOeJ oJI~cfb~06Tl1' cfb~o9::ll6)!1Jm><m},OJ(o),(Tn<ID.«mJQl)},6)cfbO~ Ql)6)cm «mJOJm>lam m1cm},o
lnOcruJcfbOeJ OJ1~cfb~laeJce6l 63m), !1J},OJS QlO~o 6)n 16)3cm cruOW.\Ql'ij06)Ql) rum},cm},. cfbO~m>},O, cfbOJ},
6ID3},o, 6)<m6ID3},ocfb},m},Ql},~cfb},o,o6l)do},6)Qlocm~o 6)0 j6)3cm Qlo~l Ql6)~om}, cfb~o9::llm>laeJce6l <m1m1m>},
OJom cruowom6TTJcOOomom> cfbroo9::lcfbroce6lcfb<£llm>),<f},m>l'ij.acfbm~emml6)eJ B"lroOQJcfbOeJ oJI~cfb~lam,
45 uo<mQlomaemmo~o m06TTJ.\rul~cfb~o6Tl1'. mlo(fUnOm6)emm n(j3cfbaBUOo 25 UOQl)Qlomaemmo~o
cfbroo9::lcfbm),6)SSil"loJlQl)QlOro<&o@'D oJI~cfb~},Qlom>l 6TlJ<TW6)?;:j31m1<oo},cm},.rum>mos anJ06)eJm>),~
Sil1'ijm>lam @an 80 uoQl)Qlomemm1aeJ6)om>o6)6TTJcm <f},06TTJOo.
@'D cruonO!lJm.\emmlam ~B.\Qlom>l mQl),ce6l mQl1l),6)S n'm1w1m>lam m1cm},6)cfbO~ n{j)6)<mlO6l<OO
cfbom.\6ID3uB 6)!lJ~06)Qlcm 63cm}, nJm1auoowl<oooo. (nJwomQlom>},o «mJ6TIDJcfbom.\6ID3uB @'D mo(J)ami)
mQl},ce6l «mJOJeJo6Tl1lcOO},ruom cfb<£llm>6TTJo..
1. @amn.J03mnJl 0 @amn.J03mcib9:lQ)(O'HIlll 0 rudl mil ~ c96> amn(j3QOJ),o lnJWOm6)?d3 lnJunmQlo6TTJ1((l). mQl1l},6)S @sm>leJ),~ cfbroo9::lcfbro Ql)6)cm @'D
mo(J)ami) OJ~6lmam>6)o oJISilm>o OJml-2l'1m1<oo},m)(o'l cfb06TTJOm cfb<£llm>),o.@BonOm6TTJemmlm 'cfbron'l1
cfbluo"l' anJ06)eJm>},~ «mJOJoroM ams},cm dhmn'l1cfbro OJ~6)m lnJUOocruoronOQlOm> m"lQl)lcwlam
@am?;:jOBmmo(J)(OTll) cru},CTUDlmQlom>am30 6)6)dhCurol'!.lOJmo611'l. @OJro mQl!ce6l cfb06TTJl-2l)' <mm),cm an,
cfb~n91l eJOgcfb mQlOCW},0 B"lroOQJcfbOeJ eJc6.&l.\a (Om):>6)5 CW},° nJmlCTUD1Ql)1/ cru O(TlJemmlcfb cru},CTUDlmQl)
aCW06)Scw),o Ql),acmo~ 6)cfb06TlS},anJOcfb},OJom rnlau )ldt6l},6)Qlcm),Ql},~Ql)o6Tl1'. @ruro «mJOJm},6)S «mJo1
OJ},0, nJml!1JCWOJ),0, 6)6)OJBcJ)w .\OJ},0 6TlJ~rwlcw), 6lQlO(')d}(;)(l))06Tl1'cfblS}'Ql)~locwl cfb~o9::llcOO),aOJ6TlSl @nJ
acwo(J)6)?;:js!emm), cman. @emmmo 6)6)OJBcJ)W.\(J(llTO)a6)S(l))),~Ql)),o, nJ!Ql)!Qlm>orocmQl)!QlOm> 63m! cfb~n'l1l
('"'.)l.mJ(3ocn;~;: ' , mQl),oo oJ1cfbm.>I?Jl61~S),~cf'i6)6TEWj) aHO(l))'\b)d1J:.l6m mfmluO ~aeJo.a...nacf'i6)D;g«(,'i
~(/5YUl<OO(th,.,::" ',(MuO ng)6tm61mW06Tl1 Qlg cfbron'l1cfbcl\dl611S~Q,narBi.<).J!U<Ol~lalB6)6TTSMng)rrno6ffi.
:L ~n~loiIT'u):\u" . ~:J)ti9)@ ~~~~~Sl~M\~r:::: ::,o(f)am» 63(0), ru1cadruo an61rrn O:OJ6TlSlnJ<O),G ~Mlm:)CQ)l (f),,511Jmle ..KLJocol> Q:n:~('~
(QuZliiity ]K~P.ilCj.:.;,1ion) arrml610B an),ScB6lo d»),ol~am aremlruoffiJJQlo6Tl1. ~<IDlm ~B~o aru6TTSM
Ol6:1JOwruareo~:(;)6ffiQlO6Tl1. cfbron<l::left><O),61swlswlam@'D nJln9dW6)(lffin rruo6TlJmDl~ an"lLruQlOm; <o"lanl
cwlam an61(,,~ , ..JLL:<06mo msarrm6mo. ~<ll(f)O~ClJaru<B6)<06r)6)amll <ID),srom1 < (f)),6m mleJruo<o 0' ng)rrn
oJ"r&i<DJamJii;'" :~~61<oaw61o LnJoWom .\Ql),6TTSOCDJ1CllIef}5)),<TTlA 2J::)(sdM)Qlomi1 eft>-2lClJSo 6l!l.J~6T'rJ61Q)
ffulam (J);;6F.' =- ;lJa <oarrmlam w061ano<o), ru"llj>'aJ(J))),o ll..l(()),(ll,Ul:.lrorro!<B6)&ruorrfj<fum:illcfhC'J (ll)),s6\f31
~'::> (l)o(f)(ile-': :~.\OnJO<olcfbuO ClJ61<OLUOIID1<llcB6l6l!:!€lconml,s.f,»),:m~
'J.. ,,:B1)::»<rf~d.\/ ".i:d1~t&J@~~s ~~eJJJ>rui1«Wl))(:f:)",,1
<f,,)()(:>,.:~"<£)CifI~dbuU ~Ql?d0!9),o lnJOLCall,fh ~!aro(~{r")6nn~ocwl 12l0un)lZl06Tl1ofu21ruso 6l!lJ~
6lWS),<Tnru): ~,,;; alOO6mo. @BonDCll6marrmlo1 ,t;,),(!I~wWrt.:;(/Ii\ 011(0),0 mQl),dtSl "61eJl<llcw:)om)'rr&')"
a(Uo6)e..i(C;';~2 :<Jl!d..~rurolIDlan ~e1n.irrn6lJBui\ 2:h' ,«' J,IH,):lll <<IT(;i>)~85.;lamWinl!', ?r.:;pv;;r (IDq).B'6)lQl:;
g:Jo. olirLcb ,~:....,::)6)2J(D»),~ QlCll6lffi~),61S ru)sl ~,. "lb(/)hllJ(,tJ;3(fi~ (/l!0r.:*i)1 1210~p(); nJowCQJ),o, <fb:J(kl'CW"
@m061c&6lttl''''"'" ;.:....rorwl<mrumJan),lB6)~ocB6l1 Ql()g~l() (UJ(~lJ:.J(lJ)';"(1l:)~.,\6lJB~1am ~<DJ1Cll<lffil)lQleJ61o <ID<O
<lHlJ)lmn !Lou)."'<-tJsl nflgl9llB6)61~s),rrn~6T'l3. Gn';I';11 'i~'!,;a trllNlfrn)(l)mmJlam ru.\onJ<fbQlo<DJl @nJQl<DJo(J)
hl<,t:~}~(',mll~c'. ::.::~li\'Mrrnarrmlm 63Cll),@BOnDC06Tl1l}):lh1l1~0.; (l)cCf)I!l!IDtfuls!emam U)(xru~6TTlo cruow.\
"t ,4BM»d&"ii'i .o'~«~~crn ctOO~~61J1f1I! OOJ"-,,Ji,ti',i)' I 'I' ,11((,i'"",I'I)'" ,1~:li ~1i'!:A~»~:v)«JJfO\
dj,,' ::i:-di(lfu oJ1~<fb~), 615 ~am?d:JB(J)mY()jl(l),,, ~(/)iI(;~{,)!it:ll3~), 6lS rruo(rJofuCll6IT)/llTll)laJ~0,
(~c.:{)6L(lJsrT;(:;:' '-'o~) mcmluU <fblS~<IDam uo),A1lanJo flclO'AJ (wtl),aaHll)hTi1a:»lcolc&6l),(TO!. cfb"lsmounlmleft>~),
;J::;;(DJi,oxg .~ ~mo:\ rumJan~cB6l~),Ql5W),O <tJ1'/)OU(lIli:~()(n7{l)~l(/,l'(\',!;Fr;6UB~O<fb6mO mO<O<66)gl61~Qlarrm
6l'~an ~r.J; .... .-~<;1 "Codex alimeJl1ltarius'" (I)I()<jjetl.•m,,'id;".~ a{I,,{q(n)(l.nwu:),~ UlI,6T'rJmlQ..ruoCllo
~()?d (lJ<ll;"(::::" L'.>rm mQl),oo cruowl<86l6mo.
(Ug:,>(;; ':: ,.n."womQlo6mltm. ~(ll)lmocoil ~',( di~<th~,-&'I Wl?;LDrua (T'Ju:milUlldh~d, (U)!S6Ul3;CW
(\.J(J)l,0 (L,~"L r:' ~<186l6TTSlwlClllc&6l),<m),.cfba~<ll(liHl>O~aHll):(l)O ?;2!;(~;il@(UJ:.JCQj\W:.J<.9ofu~cd:il/fi3r:')~w(n.J
(o'J.'I6U13uO .:,,,' .. '(~ eft>~n<l::ll6l!l.JI!ll!rrT;. cfbm~d-h(i\ (1)(lil.l~(;)~) ~,,,("iJJiaru (6)(Tr,('UJ/,~. @snJ@~u8
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
lnnCTUJcfbOeJ Clil~cfb~om>lmlc66l6TT>o. @Cll'rnlmo Clil~<8)uO cfbronilcfbm «mlru6lctg m~s6l3l3~lm8 mlemAo
mcflil::l6l~sAruomA~ eJ~lCll)Qlom> ~nJowlcfb~om>lmlc66lAo. ClileJm>leJA~. nmgcfbI6~eJAcfbuO smA nJml
wlru6lm @Cll'rnlmo 6)6)ruClilw ~rum8c66l m6TT>Cll'rnlleJl6)S cfbronilcfbrocB61 ammls Aruocm CTUowlc66lAo. ClileJ
m>leJA~ nmgcfbAol~eJAcfbuO cfbOronil'lcfb mo(f)arrtf) 6)nJ6)aemA~ smA CTUo@ruQl~. cfb~l6rnTlf) m1go
GmleJAo @aSl «mlmAl!lru6)~alaA~. @a~ouO «mlan cfb1SACll)malnJcfbSQlO6)6TT>nTIQlOlCll)o.
@'D Clilnilm>6l3l3~A6lS «mlslCTUOomCll'rnllm8 mQlAcB61n(B6lgs Aac66lGm lnJWOmQlom> ll.lAQl~eJ amm6lCll'rnl
CTU1tJ1~~Cll)A anJ06)eJ mamA 6lsm>lsm>leJA~ cfbronilcfbmA6)S Clilmm>(f)OlO CTUCTU1~Qlo lUO(illlc66lAcfb
6)m>emCll)06T11.@Cll'rnlmo Clilmm>mnnCTU~6l3l3uO 6l6)cfbQl00 Acfbm>A° aru6TT>o. @Cll)lmom>l «mlCll'rnlmo ama
6l3l3uO6lcfbOcn>Cll)cfbronilcfbmA6ls smA cfb1aocn>Ql ~Gmoac66lGmlm>lmlc66lAemA .
@ml <Jcfbm~Cll'rnll6leJ @'D mo(f)6)Cll'rnl lnJu5m6l3l3uO nq)6lmn06lc66l6lm>nTI nJmlauoowlc66l0o. semOQl
Cll)om>l<Jcfbm~Cll'rnll6)ctgcfbOronil'lcfb CTUO<llJCll'rnllcfbru~ruCTUO lnJwomQlom>A ° cfb~ruS6lCll'rnl «mlslCTUOom
6l~S ACll'rnllm>A~Cll)06T11. «mlCll)A6lcfbo~ Cll)6lem ru ~onJomo nq) em Clilnilm>Cll'rnllm8 cfbls ACll)m8 lUO(illnJCll)l
~c66l6TT>O. ~13onnm6TT>Cll'rnllm S'Dnilwa QlC12lm>A~ 6Tll)ruma~o6leJm>A~ 6lm'iJlm6l3l3uO acfbm~Cll'rnll
eJA~. ~ruuo ~Qlom> (f)arunil6TT>o mSCll'rnll etrnlrum>A6lS (f)A6TT><JQlC12l6)Cll)~1m>1~ mQlAcB61 «mlru6lm>
ClilClilwCll)mCll'rnl1eJA~ ~m8~em6l3l3~oc66ll ClilnJ6TT>lm>16leJCll'rnllc66lAruocm cfb~lm>6TT>o. etrnla~ouO
«mlCll'rnlmocfb~nil'llfbuO 'aln;Jomruonnl~c66l6l~s Ao .
mGmoQlCll)om>l cfbOronil'lcfb ~m8~em6l3l3~A6lS ~a(f)o~ru~onJomo ~13.\QlOm>06T11 aeJocfbru~onJom ~S
<llJslm>l6leJ smA Clilnilm>Qlom>l 1995 QlACll)m8ruemlm1c66lAem aSl. @'D ~S<llJsl ruouJ130mo 6)ll.lcn>Cll)smA
cfbom~o cfbOronil'lcfb @m8~em6l3l3uOcB61 m.\ om>ruA° CTUJCll)lmnruAQlom> ClilnJ6TT>lm>06T11. nJ6)cflil::l CTUol!lClil
~mlc66l Aem an ClilnJ6TT>mo CTUJCll)lOl»QlO6lm>emanQlOlCll)QlO6T11.ClilnJ6TT>mCll'rnll6>eJm ~om>ruA° m"lCll)lm>A°ml<Jnilwlc66l6)~almlc66lA em A.
cfbronilcfbrocB61 ~eJnJol3mCll'rnl1mA ° ClilnJ6TT>mCll'rnllmAQlA~ CTUO<llJCll'rnllcfbCTUnnom>o eJ@~QlOcB6)AemCll)A
Qlom>16TlJ<TUl6)tMamlmruwl ll.lro~cfbua @nTI ~a(f)o~Cll)eJCll'rnllm8 mSc66lAemA~. «mlaQlm1cB6)m>1eJAo
m>laoonJ~cm mom~6l3l3~leJAo @Cll'rnlmo CTUnnom>o ru~6)m cfb1SACll)eJo6T11.«mlaQlmlc66l @'Dm>SACll'rnl
cfboeJCll'rnlom>l «mlaSl ru"lGmAo ruro(illl~c66lAcfbm>A6TliOm>1. 6lruoAo @mAnJaSl eJcfM::l<JCll'rnlO~ocfbronilcfbro
QlOlCll)0A~ «ml<JQlmlc66lm>lm8 «ml6lm1acfbosl<Jm>o~o m1nJ I3lruCTUo aCll)ooAo @'Dm>lmCll'rnllm8 cfbronil
cfbroc66lom>l eJ@lc66lAemA~. nJ6)cfM::l 11 acfbos1m>1eJwlcfbo cfbronilcfbmA~ mamA6lS mom~6)Cll'rnl
etrnlruCTUOru~6)m l3m>m"lm>QlO6T11.
Ql1em OQlCll)0m>1 cfbm>gAQlCll)1CTU6TiJCTU1CUllcfbuO,@m8'MemaU06lJm/UOAtJlCll)J mleJruomo Cll)AS6<mlm>ru
ClilcfbCTUJmmom~6l3l3~A6lS Cll)oeJnJm.\o QlArr8mlroCll'rnllnJAm:nJmlauoowlc66l6TT>o. 2003 6lCTUnJCll)o6TlJolCG8
6lQlce;CTUlac66lom>lm8mSc66lAruomlmlc66lA em cfb1s1m>oa eJoll.lmm>lm8 @'D Clilnilm>Cll'rnllm8 «mlmAcfb1eJQlO
6)wom1 ml8..JolosA6mOcfhA6)Qlm) lolcm'cfh!I!lcOOACTn1. @'D loluOm olmlnOom6lJT3uOcOOowl mamuO
n(j)sACllTll)mSoJslcfhcm n(j)6)mn06)cOO6)WCTn1 nJml<JuoowlcOOoo.
cfhOron9:flcfh mo (f)6)CllTll) 6TlJ'Dm>lcfh(}JcfhOU06lJT3~ 10 cfhron9:lcfhmA6)S <lJl()rucfh 0U06lJT3~1 0 CTUomcfh!l!lcOO1cfh
6)WCTn 8..Jcfh9::l.\aCllTll)06)S mamuO m~ m1wQlm1roamo6mo mSCllTll)lcfhwA6TT30W1. cfhoron9:flcfh nfl~cfh~l
(Jsw1o cfhron9:lcfhamJ(}JcfhOU06lJT3~A(Jsw~o CTUomcfhi:l6mm1wQlo (Protection of Plant Varieties andI
Farmers' Rights Act, Biological Diversity Act), 6)6)~ru6)6)runflw.\mlwQlo n(j)CTn' mlwQl6lJT3
~061'l1 @'D <lJl()SACllTll)cfh08..JCllTll)owl (J8..JOcfhCTUe<lJl()o(f)'cfhml.!2flmlcOOACTnan. @cmlCllB l(f)OQlcm8..JoQllcmCllB
00 uo'wcm8..Jo ru6)m <lJl()mAruroCllTll)l(Jc006Tli nJ1Qlm>8..JcfhuB ml~ cfhron9:flcOOACTn~~. l (f)OQlcm8..JCllTll)lCllB
6)6)mru6)6)rurulw.\ CTUomcfh9::l6mCTUQllcmlcfhuB, CTUoffiloomcm8..J a6TlJocBruJ, aouo"lwcm8..JCllTll)lCllBamJwl
cfhO(6)?da cfhamlgl cmAs6lJT31wru @'D nfln9:lW cruo6TlJCTU.lQlo<Df1ml8..JnflCllB rumAo. @cm18..J16)Smaml6)s
<Df1s<Df16)8..J cfhron9:lcfhm~6)S 6TlJ'Drwlcfh CTUJCllTll)OJcfhOU06lJT3~ A(Jsw 10, nflCllTll)1cfh~1 a sw 10, nfl~cfh~l
(Jsw1o CTUomcfh9::l6mo@o?dA(}Jm~CllTll)lruomOcfhl6)Qlcm lnJcm"lcfh!l!lcOO1CTnA.cfhlS06)cm 1976-CllB ml8..JnflCllB
ruCTn Patent Act @o TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectul Property Rights) m awom1.~m'cml
<Df1CllBnJml~cfhml.!2flmlcOOA CTnl. @ru6)W~Oo CTUla.Il?JlcOOACTnan mQI2lcm lUOCSm>WQlOW .a.Il8..J Qloro<&
6lJT3uB @'D mo(f)Clf!ll) CTUJ4cfhml~l6)ruCTn061'l1. dhlS06)m> uo1a.Ilm>JnJmlolo8..Jm mo(f)ruAo olcml6)cOO6)W
lB>18..JAO ~wroCTnArumACTn1~. ru.\oolommO(f)<llYID nflauon9:fl.!2lAo <lJl()@.\mnm, cfhwgAQlcml mo(f)Clf!ll)
CTU6lli'CTU1Ml rurom>l~cOOAruocrn lUOQl6lJT3uB mS(Jarrm6TT31<Df1mlcOOACTn~.amJcml6)cfhO~ ru.\oolom
mo (f)6)CllTll)<lJl()m.\ ow Qlow (}JU06lJT36)~ n(j)cmlcBcB6l1cfhWA0 cfhocBn9:flcfhru.\ooloa mcmm mo (f)Clf!ll)CTU6lli'CTU1
MlcOO owl lUOQllcOOAcfhw1 0 0 ru6m o.
nflcfhCTUlcm mOSl.\6lJT3cm 'Green Box, Blue Box, Amber Box n(j)CTn"l ru.\cm.\crucm aolm1cfh~lCllB
cfhOron9:flcfhmo(f)6)CllTll)mOJ"icfhm6mCllTll)lmo<Df1 ol6mo Qlogl 6)(}JcOOAemA~. n(Bcfh(JOUOo 10 uocmQlom
(JCllTll)0~Ql1~ <lJl()ruml6)S 8..Jo@nflnOlcmo @cmlmo<Df1 QlogACTn1~. @'D ol6TT>o nflml(Jwo(f)lcOOACTnan
cfhOron9:flcfh (JQl6lJgj<Df16)8..JlnJwom ~ruuo.\6lJT3~ ow Ql~ m8..J CTUomcfhi:l6m Qloro<&6lJT3uB~OW061'l1.
m QlAcf}6)@'D cfhom.\ 6G'BuOcf}6)ol106)Ql cfhOron9:flcfhmo(f)6)CllTll)amJm ~6TlJCTU.lCTU'Dcfhm.\6lJT3~ow (J(f)OM'D
6m1 cfhcm, l(f)OQl"l6TT>CSOOMlcfhuO n(j)eml(}JwA 0 nflcfhCTU1?J1<JcOO6TT3lwlmlcOOACTnA. QlOlcmru1Ql~ olommJ
am.\cmm ~'Dro~ OlCTUOcm't\lAcfh~OW CTUlm.\cmonJo (JnJ06)gjWA~ Qloro<&6lJT3uO <lJl()(}J8..Jomn~
cfhoron9:flcfh @CllB?dem6lJT3~l6)s CSQlCl2lrurom>1?J1cOO1ruonB CTUowlcOO6mo.
(JcfM)~CllTll)l6)8..J cfhOron9:flcfh ~CllB?dCTn6lJT3cm@mn.\<Df1CllB cm6)CTn nflg\9lcOO6)?ds 1ruom1~ womo~o
<lJl()rucrumlitJacm ~~. m06TT>.\nfl~cfh~l6)S cfhwg1Qlcml<Df1CllBmoo QlClmJmlcOO1CTnanQlg nflcfhCTUJmmO
~.\6lJT3(J~OS061'l1. lUll'8..JlB>O, @amno(Jmn9:l.\, nflwgmoo, Ql(J8..Jn9:l.\, 6)6).!lJm cm1S6lJT3lw mom.\6lJT3cm
@'D mo(f)COT1f)UllcOOl)Qlowl cm6)CTnW1~. 6)6).!lJm @'D mo(f)COT1f)ruml~ ama6lJT3uO n(j)slCllTll)lolo(JW
6TT3cm061'l1.(f)16m (JQlCl2l @~ <lJl()(Jmcfho @CllB?dCTn6lJT3uOcfhoron9:llcfhru10 <lJl()~oarrm em1Qlowl <lJl()ruro
.'••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••I ••l~
nJlnJ6m1m>1am n(j)Clml)1~a! Gffi. (CJl()ruro nJ! CO'l!Qlm>!~ dh6m! n11S! Clml)6lJ13uOcOO!aru6m1 wOCOO~o
nJ6mo ~~ru1S!<m!. (CJl()a'kjouO ~Clml)co!6mClml)1am mQl!cOO (CJl()CO'l.\oru<Rl.\Qlom>1aru6mco)QlC1ITUC01cOO!
ruom!~ a<Rl~1m>!0 (CJl()CO'l1mom>!~ Qlm'IM!QlO6T'l1.cflrl1"lCOCOoUlClfflflmQJ2luO nJlSlm>o 6>6>dhruco1cOO!
ruom dhOC06mo dhro~dhCO!6>S CTUnCldhC06mos1CTU1:lomClml)1~!~ dhlaOWQlm>06T'l1. ~Clml)COo
dhlaOWQl Qlg dhOron9::/ldh COOUl6lJ13~1~!Ql!6mOdh6mO .
63CO! dhOCO.\o l<Rlcw1acOO6mco) @o916maQl6U~o coom.\6lJ13~1am @am'kjos1~cOO6>'kjs!<:n @am'kj<m
6lJ13uOcOOln11m>o dhlS! CO'lam(CJl()CO'l!anJ06>~CO'l6>CTnm>!~ Qlg COo!R.\6lJ13~1amCO'l6>CTnm>06T'l1n(j)CTnCO'106T'l1.
@'DCOoUl6>Clml)~a'kj0!96>Clml) (CJl()ruCTU!l6>m>m»cmmQl!cOO nJco1a<Rlow1cOOOo. 63CTnOQlCO'lom>1nJ!m:nJco1
a<Rlow1cOO6>~a dh~ruS6>Clml) CTUo6TlJm.u1~ 6TlJ'DCW1dhCTUJClml)rudhO<Rlm1m>Qlo (TRIPS) CTU6Ti1CTU1
CW1dhuOnJ~CO'lCOoCTUonJlwom6lJ13~1~16>S nJldhCTU1CO'lcoom.\6lJ13uO ru~6>~os1.?J nJlollw a6TlJOahCTU!
dh~1~16>S (greenbox, blue box etc) CTUococMflcOO6>~a1co1cOO!CTn!. nJldhCTUJCOCOO!R.\6lJ13~16>~
CTU6Ti1CTU1cw1dh6>~nJldhCTU1CO'lcoo!R.\6lJ13uOnQ)CO'l1rocOO!CTn!.
mle) adhos1 mm6lJ13~!6>s @'D mOa1am nJl<RlO~Qlom> ~(5.\m»nJlnJ6m1m>o6T'l1 mQl!cOO!~CO). C06mO
QlCO'lom>1(CJl()m»roaS<Rl"lm> ollnJ6m1m>16>~ nmgcOO!O~~!dhuO amco1~ @'D ~(5.\m» nJlnJ6m16>m>
6TlJOW1cOO!CTn!.QllCTnOQlCO'loco,1dhOron9::/ldh ru.\onJocoClml)1am n(Bro6>'kjs!Clml)1m>1co1cOO!CTn(CJl()~ru CO'llcOO
@nJOW1dhuO m'cOOo 6>.o..JWCO'l1co1cOO!CTnCO'l!Qll~0@cm nJ~ nJlaS<Rl @am'kjCTn6lJ13~!o mQJ2l!6>S
dha<llJo~Clml)1am CTU!~(5QlO6T'l1. @sonClco6mClml)1m ~m)'alse.fIm>m ~~uO, lnilGmJ ~~uO,
6>dhoo1m>m ~~uO n(j)CTn1ru ~cm rum mUlco6lJ13~1am CTU!~(5Qlom>1 ruo6lJ13!ruom dh1a!CTn!. mo~1
CO'l!ru6>COmQl!cOO ruo6lJ131cOO!ruom mQJ2l!6>S nCl1QlO!1..lmBlnJasuO ~~uO QlOlCO'lQlO6m!6mom>1co!CTnCO).
~Clml)COo @OcOO!QlCO'l1dhuOcOOnJco1w1dhuO n(Bro6>'kjS!Clml)6mo.
mo~oQlCO'lom>1 mQJ2l!6>S dhm>g1ocOO!QlCO'l1mm>6lJ13uO mQJ2l!6>S dhro~dhCO!6>S CO'loamnJco.\o CTUocodM11
cOO!CTn CO'lCOClml)1~om>1co1cOO6mo.nJ~ @am'kjCTn6lJ13uOcOO!OQlom.\Qlom> co"lCO'l1m>1amCO'lonJl~ m1UIDJCQJ1
c006>'kjS6mo. 6>CTUom>06TlJ'm anJo~l~ n(j)6QJdhuB~ !1..I!lIho n(Bro6>'kjS!Clml)6mo. mQJ2l!6>S dbro~
dh6>COcodM11cOO!ruom aru6m1 63CO!'m"lruCTU!COcflrl1oCTUonJlwomo' (Livelihood box) ~ru<Rl.\QlO
6T'l1. nJ6>cflrl1 dhro~dhCO! 6>S @CTn6>Clml)(CJl()ruCTU!lnJCO1nn ocoClml)1mom>1(CJl()m»OCOOo91lSCOoUlarro') <Rl<6<m
Qlom> nJl~anJ<Rlam CO'l6>CTnaru6m1ruco!0 .
mQJ2luO CTUJm»QlOm>1 6>.o..Ja~6m lnJwomdhoco.\o amC06>Clml) crul!1.i1~~CO'l!anJo6>~ @amnJosmo,
@amnJosmcflrl1QlCO'l, 6>6>runJlw.\ruamcOOco6mo, Qll~.\rucBcwmru n(j)CTn"l dhoco.\6lJ13~1am lnJdhSQlOCQJ
Qlogo @6mOcOO!dh6>m><mCO'106T'l1.~CO'l1mom>1 (CJl()m.\coom.\6lJ13a~6>m>oCTn!o aCO'lS1anJoadh'6m ~ru<Rl.\
. Ql1fil. mQJ2l!6>s CTUoCTU!lOmClml)!m1CTn! CO'l6>CTn@Clml)COodhOCO.\6lJ13uOnJo1cOO!ruom dh!91m>!0. ru~6>CO
aJOl'ilcfbCllQlomn cfb~n!IJl 6>.aJ~lem O'UoQlm«no~rulo 6TlJArw1CDlA~ n(I)lemaCDlO cfbm~cfbm mamA6>sml1s
ml1am em6>emCDlA6Tl3.
2003-QlO<J6mOSAcfblS1 cfbomn!lJlcfb ru~OnJOCllCllo(J)o cfblsAemam O'UlemoCll~rulo m'cm1nJlmC)dcfbrulQlocfbA
6>Qlm1 lnJem'cfM:l1cB6'l1eml. QI!9CDlA° .aJem1cB6'lo6>emO'UQlCDlCllTll)1mruCllA6>Qlm1 lrUem'cfb9JlcB6'loo. ({JlMlJB6>m
cfb13A<'m ctrnlruO'UCll6tJBu6 ~nJ<JCDlo(J)1~ mamA6>s nIlt'ilnJ6tJB~Ao, ctrnlo1rulo, 6>6>rul3~(JJ.\ruAO UllCll1CDlOCDl
Cll'em1ml1amO'UQlmJml1?Jl~ 63({)1cfbomn!lJlcfb ru~ruCTU.O mQlA~ cfbCllA?Jls1~ocB6'loo. mJlem'cfb~A6>S O'UJO
lUllCDlO'Uone.J6tJBu6 ~am~oI31~cB6'l1 em QllaJ~ rumtWlemcfbomn!lJlcfb ~am~em6tJBu6 ~m6tJB~16>aJCllTll)6>cMS
6mo. @em1moml1 mlil cfb.!2lruS emtfTlno mamA6>s db<6~cfbCllAo O'Un.OcfbCll6m O'Uone.J6tJB~Ao, ru~onJo({)1
cfb~Ao cfbls1CDloaeJoAil~ ~nIln91cfbCll1acB6'l6Tlt1ml1Cll1cB6'lAemA. ctrnlaQlCll1cB6'lCDl16>aJSTAR l(J)l?d
cfbffiJm1 cfbO?JlcB6'lA(()A m1CllruUJ1 emCllctml>1aJA~ ~m8?dem6tJB~ocB6'l1 n1lnJ6m1ml16>aJctml>16>.!2ICll1cB6'l1emA.
ctrnlctml>Cllctml>1aJA~ AilaJ mSnJs1cfbu6 mQlAcB6'lA° CTU!lcfbCll1cB6'loruAememorn1. ~l3onOCll6mctml>1m
mamA6>s I'illlnJal3Ull lnJaem~cfbemcfbu6 QlA em6>aJsACllTll)A6>cfb06'f'BA~ cfb.!2lrusemlfTlno. QleJ6TlJom cfbACllAQlA~
cih, ruCDlmOSrm cfbO?Jl, n(l)em' anJCllAcfbu6 ctrnlfTlnOCllOn91lSCllo(J)arrn) are01CDl6>?dsAem l6TlJOrmCWAcfb
~ocB6'l1 Qlo~:nruorm cfbl9l<D>6mo.
ruCDlmo31am ctrnlemAanJo6>eJ em6>em CTUo(JJ~emCDlA~emOrn1 63omcB6'l1ruJ' cfb~~1. ru'6mAo n(I)sACllTll)AnJO
CDlAcfbCDlOorr)@emA anJo6>eJCDlA~ cfbOCll~6tJB@1amcfblsAemam am30 6>6lcfbruCll1cB6'l6m6lQllfb1am UllCll1CDlOCDl
(J)aru~6m6tJBu6 aru6mo. ctrnl6tJB6>mruemoam maml6ls CTUA(J)m.unIl@cfb@Ao, cfbO?Jl anJo6leJCDlA~
nIl@cfb@Ao eJOl'ilcfbCllQlOCDl1em6>emmQlA~ nIlgl9lcB6'lAruo'rm CTUow1cB6'lAo.@'D Cllo(J)CllTll)ArU6lcfM:l
mamA6ls @emA~ O'UQl'.nJmo QlOO6mo. (J)aru~6mctml>1aJlem1CDl n1lcfbCTUmctml>1m8 Qlg n1lcfbCTU1em
Cllo~~6tJBu6 6l6lcfbruCll1.!21am36tJB@1m8 m1emlo mamu6 nJo1cB6'l6mo': nJAem1CDlnJAem1CDl~m8?dem6tJBu6
mamA6ls nIlnIlw n1l@cfb@1am m1emAo @6'f'BOcB6'l16lCDlSlcB6'lAruoml~ em'lruQlOCDl (J)aru~6m
lnJrumCllTll)m6tJBu6 mSaCllTll)6m1ml1Cll1cB6'lAemA.
6l6l.aJmcB6'lom rUo<D>Aemcm 61m6tJBu6~ 125 acfbos1 emaJ<J~ooAO, 250 acfbos1 6>6lcfbcfb~AQlA6>6memoorr).
Qlo1.~, mam@oru6>3 nJOCDlOOA~cm ~'D3Aruorm 100 <Jcfbos1 ruOa»cfb~A6>6mcmoorr). @'D6>CDlOCllACTUQl'
rUmo Qloo1 mQlAcB6'lAomamA6>S emeJa.!2l0oAo, 6l6>cfbcfb~AOnJCllQloru(JJ1 ~nJaCDlO(J)6>?dSActml>1lnJrumctml>
m6tJBu6 ~nIln91 cfb({)1cB6'l6mo nJACllTll)mA6mmaru06lS lnJem'cfM:lcfba~06lS mQlA~ nJAemA rum~6lCllTll)
CTUJo(J)emo6l.aJ~oo.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••;•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
6l.a..~m. (/)'D<lll<lrnltnDcfb~n!llOJcfbl\l:l.lQllmnl .
f(OOl ~ a:mocO1948 eJomJ 6l~OJ,v""~ '?clem, 22 mO[QJ6lJB~o6TJ>'~BJQlJ6TBOQlllcoJ<mco), <lIT/)eml«>8
mOIDc\QllJo ~u06l<;H5J<mJ, c£hCOOOl6loRemJ5ro~<D>0<D>1 OeJOc£h OJc\0 nJOCOauoneJ 5 m(WTO)m1eJ OJ1«>8
OJCOJc£hQllJo 1995 -«>8 c£hOcO~c£hQQl6lJ eJ <D>1«>8Agree-ment on AgriculturelnJ 0 OJ(3emm1c£hQl0 <66>Jc£h<D>J06l!1JcoI emJ, c£hCOO01«>8 110COO[Qc\6lll3~J 6TBom>l COJ<mol,~ Q (J) 0 21 OJ emvdb co 6TJ>emml6loR iiiO(J)Qlo<Dil QeJOc£h
coO[Qc\6lll3ua emllJ1)leJJ2ill c£h'?cl0150 m'em1Q)lJ,0<I})QlO<06lJc£h6) Qllm) em:>6Trl' .0, moo 16l oR
~gw5c06lo. mOOl.\ QllJu06l',l:j6)Sm>Jml mOlQ},6lJTluO <lIT/)OJcoJ6>5 aumJ(l' 01.\ OJ0'U1) QllJ0o1lnJ6TJ>ldh2)Jo emJ0<mJ6lc£hO5J<66>003 6llJOW.\OUOCOOmJ.OeJOc£h nil n./6Tli1 lnJ 0 nJc\ emo1lnJJ eJ6)';l:jS .1emmJdb, db.\ ni:fIc06l0cOc06lJU ~1iIc\ OIDm
nJ m1codh'lJ m}, 0QllQllJcOOl)Ql0 <66>J db,6lnJ 0 emJ UOJ.011emJ - au au .\ UOJ;:J] emJQlom B 6Tl11\1J61JT3u8 (lJl()OJJau col'.!J6l0QCOOltmlo(J)COOtll.\nJJo c£hrouomQlOQll (J)J6TJ>mleloJOcoo 2lH'JnJ<m6lJB~J6lS 21(0) nJO (3OJ In Ild),l m>COJlm8ml~c£hron'l:J1il m5r.tpdl6)Jdb "lJ)<ml
m~dit;.".'mJrDtW1cB>.' auJtoTu>
0\01~ ~OJUOc\CZI06TJ>6lJB~JOO~~<t{,"<lIT/)OJ6l<D>~OO auemomJ, ,
m'D c£hcooo1m3. ,\~ .,':. '/'auo6llJ 0\01~ Agreement ,0
Agriculture-m3 emo6l!9'.l:l0QllJcm tJlQJ "lnJwom auo(J)em1dhuO mln!lic9>cOn9:fI<66>JcmJ,.:. Market Access (ru1 nJ6TJ>l
lnJOOJUOo / nilnJ6TJ>l lnJOnJ.\ ml )-:. Domestic Support( ~1iI.\ OIDCO
nJcolcocOO:l).:. Export Subsidies (db<Dl gJ Qleml
m~OJJc9>uO).:. Sanitary and phyta sanitary
measures (6lnJoem JuoJ;:J] emJ- auau.\ uoJA11emJ QlOmBmJ l\IJ6lJBuO )
.:. Trade Related Intellectual Prop-erty Rights(TRIPS) c9>'?cI0J5auo6TlJO\OQlO<D>6llJ'D1ID1db auJemmOJdbOUOo)
OJlnJ6TJ>l lnJQOJUO (lnJonJ.\em)OJ.\OJ 0'U1) c9>uO lnJc9>OCOo 1995
QlJem«>8,2004 OJ6lm<DlJ2ill 10 OJron'l:J<66>0 QJ06)db 0 6I1i m°c06lJ Qlem1
•-I••.'.1•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
<TUlJdMJ3 lnJdhOalo 2005 mm~rualla<D>oS~dh1Sl 630aalO <tmoUlalO
.. m~ru~o <tmrual~6>s~£ilnJem6!Jl3~~6>S
6Tll'!JrIDldh <TUJCOlO)rudhO Ullo (I n teI-lectual Property Rights) <TUo6Tll
mul.ij ~OJUll~ellO<D> m1<D>ellml<5Olo
Gffi6lffi~Ao O@(3Ul<m1dh~Uo rual~COlO)l
<tmOJ6><D>~Oo <TUomc£h'Mlc86>6>'M0SGm
<momi13~r.TT~. mC1O)~oB QnJgo.f m1<D>
Qlo( 1970); Geographicallndlcationsof Goods(Registration and Protec-tion) Act, 1999, protection of plantvarieties and Farmers' Right Act,2001. Biological Diversity BlII. 2002
ng)em1ru mID moCJXlJTli)mClO)~ ng)sA
rom>13A~ oi1<D>Qlm1<5Q1oGffimSnJs1
dh~06'ri). 6TlloUQlrofI <tmm1, <u>o<5ml
e.ilou) o<m<D>leJ, QleJ6TlJo<5 dhAmAQlA
~cIh, ma»mUl1m1, Qlr030UlOru,
6TllOUlm'M~l, BO<TUm1QlO<TlJ!P6!Jl3<J3
ng)eml ru <D>A6>S otLIgof <TUom
dh'l::lGffi ~ Sill 0 <D>0 l Ul::> nO 1 c86>ammoB (\l)1 0 dl6>n'U oB <TU1 co-3 ~ <J36>'M
S~(mA.ccwa. OlJDQJlmallX13 JbQW"ltdJaS
nlt:t;:pf8;Jo mSfl1S1dhtlJoOeJOdh OJ~o tLI0 mc96> moo1am
(WTO) nQl<56>c;H3 <m~Qlle.JO mClO).\
. <Dil6>eJ lnJO<m.\dhl~, odhm~COlO)l6>eJ
db ~ n'Ml c86>0<5cOO' ~ ~ OJO eo>13~ ml(31n4::1.\ItO eJ6!Jl3<J3 ng)6!Jl36>m QI01dh 5
c86>O6>QlemA0 dhmo<5Q11eJ QI~6T'BO<D>
Ul ~Gffi nO eJ 6lJB <J3 dh <5cil::Idh <5cOO'
nID6lJl36>m dh1S~<mcoS ltLIQ<D>OSilm
6l..c;tls~ COlO)0 6>Qlem~o <TUo<roDom
UlC;Uri6>r2l<f ~mOeo>~dheo>~6mo<Dil.
1995-6>eJ OeJOdhOJ.\OtLIOm I2s<TlJs1
c86>AOUllcil::lo ~OUlO ~ dhO<5n'Mldh
nflnJGffimmoUlcmo> dhO<meJOIDl Qlog
6lJB<J3 <[email protected]. nfldh<TU1<m-nfldh
<TUJm - <tm nil dh <TU1<m (l)0 m.\ 6lJl3<J3
<mQl2l1coS nIl nJ6JT)l ru.\ ru <roD <D>1am<tm<TUQI<mJo <TUOWO(l)6JT)el106TTl.mID
nJ <mJ 0 COlO)eJ rom>1 eJ 0ml l tLIellA6lJ
dh~cil::I1UllOm)L<mf961tl)oB O(\l)O. ng)o.
mcM:I ldh(JOl6TTl <£hAO~A 6>dhO Gm~
ru m) n(j) 5 d <tllO)d dh ~ <D>~ dh <Dl~0
6>A.lO~6TT!l(l)OdhA em~,
6>nJoan~ UllA!lJl <mJ - <TUO'\)~
Ull~nJ1anJ QlOmB6T1)(\l)6!Jl3<J3 LnJdhomo
6300mO <tmoUlmoSil~OJ~o dh<5Ullm
QlO<D>UlA6JT)oil~OJomo l2annJem6lJB
m6>S ~annJOBm lnJldhl<D>eo>lcoS
ml~dh<5n'l:f1-ij mS'M0ocBQGmano<D>l
3~ri,OJ~ 0 nJ 0 mO'\)o 6Tll (lU) QlO<D>
6TlJ'Drlli1 dh O'\)J<mm OJ dh 0 Ull ru~ ru .
QlOdl6>~<£h<D>Aod».~('l.l56)COlO) ruldheJ
QlocBQ~em <m(1)<tllO)lpJ~2ill tLImlmdh.'l::l
dh<J3 63~OIO'()(,)A,OI<D>AO 6>A.laqyGm
. ano <D>13~ mJ'. ,lhmo<5lnJdho mo
mO';\:jo<J3 l2<J3fi'1m 5~ COlO)l<Dl13~~
LCI>1oB a6TlJOdhrn'5, bVJ1 <J6TlJOclhoU,
~o6Tll<5 06TlIOcll~IlU n(j)emlOJtrnd)(;')A
nJdhmQlo<Dil ,1h<8rlllrlbm~6>S ~nJm1
Olm-6>anoIl1hn3 mlA(/l,o,'ljlant'l»Jo ~o
'M~rum~rom>om:)(UJl 61(l)~ nJ~<tl)lm)
'Livelihood Security Box' ~u36)'MSA
COlO)ooBWID (m()m~m61o')u.Jm tJJ<5~
dh ~lcoS ~\m (uil dJ(i) r;m 6>ellem~o
Ull~tLI0<5Ull 6>!lJ(\)lcoiI3~6lT~.
,1h<1JlmQlanl <TU'DSilm~
(lI.\OI nuo dhemLnJdhomo
I,IoeJmO <tmoUlm::>SiI.\
fi'I(OTO)m>~0 0'\) <5dl6>::>
°A rib em dh 0 <5 rlli1OtlhO iiitLIem 6lJB<J3
<£h<D>gA manl
6) A.I <:gl A OJ 0
mO<D>l
m<OOdh1
OJ(l)~em
nJ (l)1
<m6lJB<J3 l2@ruo cBQ~ em ru <Dl0 6Tll.
120~ OUlJ O'!J6T'B1coS mClO).\ <TUQl2l<m1
~<mmA<TUm1~ LnJOlOQlldh dbO<5rllil
OdhO e1 tLIem 6!Jl3<J3cOO' 50 Ullan QlO
mru~o m>ooUdbmlc86>6>c;H3 dho<5cil::1l
oce>omnJem6lJB<J3.oo 150 UOanellO
m ru~ 0 @c£h'M'\ nID611J db<J3.oo 800
Ull<mQlOmru~o-nQl<mom~o AfIeJru 63191
6>dh- A.lAl9>oi1mc86>~dh<J3 <tmoUl1<9>~<m
tLImlwl<D>?<DfI m1<mJ<DfIcBQ6>';\:j~3A~
<m06TTl.
~@~ClO){l) tLImlmcM:I <lmm~<TU
(l)l-ij 6300mO <lmoUlmom.\6>rom><DlAO
~@.\rn»m l2annJoBdh<5.oo (domes-tic producers) Ulruri6>QlOf
mcoSdh~em nJmlmcM:I <Dl~.e<mlO'\)nO
<TU°6Tll O\.l)1~ m 1 <D>LClO)6T'O6lJl3<J3
m1c86>o 6>A.llJ~ Gm <mo 6>6JT)m)
ru.\ ru<TUlJ6> A.I~ ~em ~. m::>m.\ 6lJl3<J3
mOc86>~Qlanl an1(l)~OJ (Import du-ties) neJ30neJ3Q10<Dil db~0.l2U6ldbO
Gm~rucm, 2005-630S~dhlSl <tma» sl9l
ruOcBQ6JT)O. 825 630~o dhOtS~OdbO
e1 nJ em ~ <J3cOO' .1997 nQlln.1l ro3
"1i:m>;o <in1eo>an1 QI~<mcoS oi1eJnJleJ~
6T'Bo<Dilm~em mOcBQ~Qlanl <Im@ru~oi1
<DllClO)6JT)o 2001' nQlln.JlcoS semoo
an1<D><mlo<DlOS~dblSl m'cBQo 6lA.l~
6>';\:jS~dbeo>~6mO<Dil. mCOlO)mo mlm.;
mwm db<J3 mrn».\6>eo>:\m> 0 6TlJmul ~1 5 0 rom> ::>@O •
Bl(l)OJ~OnJdhQlO<D> LtLI<m.\OneJO .
---------------------"--
: : '.:' . ~' '~.,..
* C2l~ •. meJOUo0.om6mo* ooocW. tReJoou.a.Jmo (O)l5
6tffil l(/)oQl16m etrnlsl CTUoom
OU'Ddb0.\ ouoOJlwom6t113u3* OJlnJ6m1(D)lo ~colnJoBmom
om0 ouoollh(O)ldbnilf3jdhg}lo* nJ001cru.olemldb OUOllh(O)6tffi6lg}
ouo6lllO'W1,,!!!. (/)(JOJn.'l:f6mo •
OJldboumo, OJj0nJmo* OJ1f:)j 0 @jO <T\)OJ~o ~(J00
(/).\OJlo* OJ0u8"!!!(D)lo C2lg lnJdb~ (0)1
O~O@6tffig}lo etrnl(,J1Q1l6lJldb01
c96lcOO* 6lnJo(O)l uol.a.Jl (O)J- <T\)<T\)j uol
A1I(o)J QlOmf36TO(\JJ6tffiu8 nJO (illc96lr03
<ruomlIDm mx5eoo:><3(1\)f1c9Jml~ mst\Jslc9J<J3
010'M0m316leJ UOlnJorouo
dbu8 <lJTllml<T\)01-ij OUo(lUf)om
ron»l6)oR ~colnJof:)m-nilnJ6mm.
ouoaUdb06m, dh(D)glC2l(O)l
6)emo!91cOOouow~emdhu8 OJmwl
'M1 c96ll m> emlm ouocru.oom
(/)OJ6TT36)QloRw
mml~o(D)jcm
mSnJ51dbu8 m(O)1mdbo OUJldb
(1)1~ldb!9l6T01Ull.
• dbomn.'l:f1db OJj0nJ00 OJlnJ
6IDm0o(/)o OUo6l1J ml)l~
db~em.\C2l0(D)nilOJ06tffiu8 (D)1.00
OUQl(D)o eJ@jQlOc96l1m>emlm
610 l •6)OJro.a.JJm3 ouroOJ dh eJO
UOOeJ' mleJnilcOO OJ0lron»lm>
emlm mSnJSldbu8 nQ)Slron»l,
mem1m 6l0l odboSl <'ll1nJm5~:I.l
OU 0 <TlJ ron» 1 db OJ ro n.'l:f6l ron»
6lllnDmglcOO OJdbml10l anm1.
• 6l'DdHWOUOU.\ 6tffi~l 6)5 OUo0
dh'l:f 6fT) ron»lmlo OJldb OU m
ron»lmlo 6l0l 6l'Dn.'l:fW 6l6lmOJ
emo!9 OJ0( Herbal blovalley)
01nJ' db~ em C2l0dbl m> em1ffi
em~5c96lo db~ol~. 10 eJcfh'ljo
01nJ .mem1mloOJ6m1 6lllnDtR"I' , ,: .••. ,.' . glam nJdb<I»lmlron»1. 6l'!Jn.'l:fW
dboron'ul..o, mlU! Cll1nl1 .0, 06mo,
~ col nJ 0 f:)m rlh'lH1l(O)0 01 row m oJ •
(/)l6mojleJOJ00()QI(ll), .f)'1~ dbJ5l
em08 ~f:)0 <DJ.o.0 010.000 ml~
OUOWjem OJmwl';tp.oo.ldl •• nJ010dh'M
etrnl@lOJ~rID1. ~Cll)nJ"(Jm OJ0lC2l0m
OUlcru.ol 0em n(j)m 11OJW0611l.
OdhCll @anm1b)llR OJjOnJ00
emlomo 3 Qloroumi1c3uf 100 em(o)J6lJT3
~lcOO etrnlwln'i101(O)Qlocul101c96l6mo.
1. ~(,Jjoo)0 OJjOnl000 OJjOnJdh
QlO.o6>l dhtUl~o ClIJi)(O)lmO(D)l
6l.a.JeJ OJl6l OR .0,0 (1).\ron»1 eJ l °(/).l6moC2lOlllUilpJ.l0 dh15l(O)cOO
LUOIID 6lnIPJA anmA db(D)~o
6l!1J~l./h,
2. SAARC. ASEAN lJC2l6lJeJaV.a6>
~'Dm>r03 6)dbOS~ron»l6ldb06TB
oildbOUJ0 l(l)om~6tffi~~Qlo(D)l
OJjOnJ00 6l1JO'W6tffiu8 etrnlml0
61d)oiI~-ij 6lm>1~ QlA0m>0Adb.
3. QlW.\nJlroOOJn'Ujc0 00tRj6tffiu8
~lnOlc96lc0,. (D)looonJ.\m
00mj 6lJl3u8. On.'l:fj. etrnlOQl01
c96lm 6ln(j)db.\ mo 5~ dbu8,
OJSOc96l etrnlOC2lCDlc96leml56lJl31(D)
00m.\6lJl3g}~QlOa»1~U(/)Og}OJ.\O
nJO(l)o nildhoul';lP.ooldb.
CrU.OOa»1(D)O<DJ6101 dboron.'l:fldb- ,
'OJj0nJ00 OUlCD.oaflrolemJ ouoOJl
womo (D)0IOOmW,\C1l0dl,6m6)C2lllhlr03
odhlm-OUoCTUoom mlmc96lo01dbu8
mml~o<nl~cm UQl61.IGldhg}lro8'db15~
emcOOQl~emcOOQl~5.oo6m6)Qlcm dbQJ2ll
n.'l:fc0 .a.J16ml.oo031m)1.
ng, aU. OUJ0 Qllm 0 10c0 etrnlWj cfh'lj
mO(D)l 6101 dbQJ2l'n.'l:f6lm (Commi-
ssion on WTO Concerns in Agricul-
ture) Odb0~ OUroc96l0ro 2001-cOO
mlo(D)o (/)1,,!!!col. WTn db00016loR
(/)~6fT)nO eJ6lJT3u8 lnJO(D)Omm6l'M5~
ron»~m>emlm~o etrnleml6loR 0130n.'l:fnO
eJ6lJT3~~6lS em'lOJem db~Oa»c96lAm>
emlm~oa0J6T1!fI (/)OJ6TT36lQlcf OUJ'db
010c96lfiT'8 ms nJ sl db6l@c96lA01~
nJol~ ola~oro~ mcOOdb~ m>
emlm~oOJfiT'81(D)O(D)1 0~ m>~ dbQJ2ll
n.'l:f6lm QI~6lJjQlO(D)~omlo(D)o(/)l"!!!col.
dbQJ2ll dHc0 mr03db 1 (D) m 5 c96l0 eJ
olo';l:joro5' Of3onOo odbo6TT3nO
omoulr03 ~nJ O(D)O (/)1 c96lAOJOc0
ouocru.oom (/)OJ6TT36lQloRwem'0AQlo
m6lQls~ c96)~m>em1m~QI~ <TlJo<Dfl
6lem'il~o dbOeJemOQlOUo OJ00
6lem OdblCT3 (/) OJ6TT36lQloR1m
etrnl(D)"!!!~ 6l db 0 S ~ c96l~ db (D)~°6lAJa»em~. 2003 mm~OJ01ml1cOO
eJ@1,,!!! <lJTllomlQ101a'M0ro316loR
a db 0 'a:fl m1 (D)QIOU g (D)1cOO
<lJTll°(/)6lJT3u8 .00 OJl em 0 6fT)°6lAJa»em~. dbQJ2lldHc0 ol0'M0m~
2003 6lnOl6lll~ OJ01 20-6leJ
Qllom1 OU @0 a (D)0 (/) ron»1 cOO
.!Uro,,!!!6lAJ<!l~db(D)~o OUJldb01
Oc96lfiT'8mSnJsldb6l~'Mg1 UO~nJorouo
dbu8 OUQlro~c96)Oc0 .!Ulna 6lOUldb
301 <lJTllwjdh'l:fmo(D)~o dbom~OdbO
colnJOf3m dbQJ2l'n.'l:f6fT)ro~nJOWjdh'M
m~Qlo<Dfl 6l0~ Empowered Commit-
tee 01nJ'db01c96)~db(D)~o 6l.a.JmJem~.
<lJTll@o(/)~ 0 QlO(D) 6l0~ dboron.'l:f1db
OJ~OnJO(l) OU~(l).edfl ememJ OUooil
womo 6)db31~5~c96)~OJ0c0 (/)OJ
6TT36)QIoR16) m OU nO 0 (D)1c96l~m>
uo~nJomuodb~~O m1mof3uo6lJl3~~o
~6Tll dbQJ2lln.'l:fc0UOAnJorouod:h~1eJA '.
gmcol. cru.oo(D)1(D)o(D)13~gm G)0A
OJ~O("'00 ouooilwomo 6ldb31'Ms~
c96l008 nQ)s~oc96)fiT'8 mSnJ51db~1cOO
lnJwOmQlO(D)col mem1mm~ou~em
Qlo<Dflouocru.oom (/)OJ6TT36lQloRl6loR
I •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••/ .•f.
OUoOUOOo)Gl(l)ll) '[l,JOIDAUlllO(/)
OilCO)lOIDGTl) llirll61JeJ' (Disease
Control Zonc) ~d)6)lOJoml~
mSnJsldhu3 mctl)lmc9>O ~(l)o
fill~c9>~6T1JlU)l. 32 odhos1 (l)lnJ
<DlA6lS ID1'!> nJIIDanleOO (l)l.nJo
mm3dh 1cOO!p16T1JlU)A.
dlo~r&,,'ll.o, dloCOJglilllUllCiIlSUl:!1
(~ll/)1. "01c1hO\)C"I~m~CCllXl6l0)
dhlllll1n1161oR rll61gO(l)l mlc8oaUl>
rllo6Tli1CO) (onJm 71). OUoCTUOO
metrnnAe1nJoBl~.ooACTO nJ~.oo
oldh~A GlS<DlAO nJ!pnlc8(1)6lJTl~A
6lS<Dllo dh<Dlg6Qlan1m.>OW.\etl'I
nJ(l)rllOOJU:i1 lnJO<DlOmm61\tlsl
etrnnlOJomlo mOJ<DlA61S OJoa
oem:> anl eJl~ dh<Dl ~nlllanleJ dh'IJ.\ ell0 c£)6)1CO}A0 OU°ouo 0
m61etrnn 9 ml~c9>61~ ~u361~
SAam»l61cOOO6l"E (l)lnJ'c6>(l)l~
:31~ c9>Oc8n'Mlc9> c9><Dlgl
QlanlISQl6lJeJc9>u3 (Agri ExportZones) LnJruc8etrnnl~.oolOJO
mA~ mSnJslc9>u3 n{j)SAetrnnA
c9>!p16T1JlU)A.
• ouc8cOOoc8 (l)lnJ1 c9>(l)1
cOOlon OUoCT\lOO m 61lJO <DlO
6161<u>ISOJ c9 oul g 1 0 61lJ0 <8cW6l6l mOJ 6161OJ nil w.\ OJl@ OJ 6lJTl
~A61S LnJOIOllllc9> OUo(l)dh'U
c9>61lll<troOJ<DlA6lS <troou>1c9>Olllo,
<tro (0)1 lJ 021co3 am OJ c8c£l6)12ill
<troOJ dh 0 Ullo. <troc8nO (0) 61~:3
LnJan1nneJo n{j)<mlOJ OUo61lJ
<T\.\)1~ 'ouou.\-mOIDAcOO~l61S
ouollldh'U6TnOJlO c9>c8n'Mc9>(l)l61S
<troOJ c9>0 (Jl)6lJTl~ A°· LnJ c9>0(l)°~Je.\Qlo<Dl nJ(l)lllldh'U61<Dlc£)6)A01~
o 61lJ0 W OJ 0 0210 (l)0 cOO1 <m an1
ml~ mSnJsldhu3 n{j)slcOO1<m
anoEi'lT'>.
dhlsO 61an , OUoCT\lOom
Ul>OoU l(O) - ouo lJlIban1 dh - nJ llll
ouol(O)l dh'!>m3oulm3 6l(l)1
OnJgoRV m03nnc8urlln'Moa
(CCfDnflo 24-30 cnJl!llfU8)
•
.oJocneJAc9>~leJl61S <trom6almo
c9>Oc8rl1:f1dh nil e6Tlllom OJ.\OnJ
mo msarnnAOJomlrlll~ anlBlo
6l0SA':Hlc9>u3 nJlc8arnnl<DlocOO10J
(l)lCTOA. IIITM.K<DlAO FIB <DlAo
o.oJc8<mOGTl) m'!> nJIIDetl'Il ms
ca:JocooA<man.
• mcmlC(U(I) Ollillldl<3l Cillsum
(Disease Free Zone of Uveslock)
OUJ0 rlll m 0 10 ern c9>llIlI' n'M61oR
Ql61gO(l)A UlllnJoc8Ull <DlOm1
OUoounO(J)6)COlO) 611111 mOIDl
OlllO(/) 0 1I11l1.0l0'Hlrll61JeJ<DlOcOO1
dh61Wllll>IO) (11nJDl 77). metl'l
mAOU(lil.~ nO) 03. <u>1.<u>l.mfl.
<Dll 615 OUnOO <Dloetrnn061S
(Irorll)Of»S MmA '6)61moJ.o,~n'U1
m03~lg.\l5' (l)lAS6lJTllniomlO
~ogUl>l,()('WmA .
• dlol~ri "llllllUll
c£blllll'n'lI03 ola~pc8316lm Role
of Media nnd crcatlon of media
eell(Pagn 63) nJ(l)l(1)6TT)l~A
61c£b0 6lT!1 lUll' 6l dh. nJ1. nJ1.
m(TlJ~oc8 CllTi)W~d)illmoCOJA~
6l(l)A 6ln(J). 51. ~nJCTUlll1etl'11(l)lnJ'c£b(l)l.ooAdhlUlAo ~ <1'Ulllletl'11
<Dll61S UllAn1()c8ull LnJdhO(l)QlA~
6l(l)A .o;louo03 oLnJom&hS
(dhc8 rllJ.o, a? 03 nO c8OQl n'Moa
ou1~o OUc801'CTUoU ~or6lmg OJc8.I)(;)loffi)61seflniln'Mern
OUOU~ 6lJTlu3.oo A0 OUl (l)0\.l) La
OJ.\6lJTlu3cOOllllOCOn LnJcan~c9>
c£b<Dl~nlllan 1Olll6lJ eJ ( <trot (1)1- n{j).&;mlonJoro5 couom3 )(l)lnilc9>
(l)lcOOooa mSnJs1 n@slarnnA
OJ(l)ACTOl.
• m1OWO l(l) n01 c96)(n8 moa (\1)1
().oo n'Moa m3' <tro m l m.> (l)1~
OUoCT\lOom61arnn c9>oron911odhO
einJCT06lJTlu3eOO. OUl(l)cMt ~o
~O.ooACTO mSnJSlc9>u8 ouflc9>
(l)lj~.UOJ(l)ACTOl. man1ceJ<Dl
cOOocofl 10 eJdh'Uo (l)lnJ 61lJMm
glm3 OJc9>61c9>o~l~3.lEi1'B.
• 6161m OJ c9>~til:ilc96l OlnJOltlTUO
nOmo mm8c9>6Tn61lllCTO c9>llIlI1
n'M61oR ol(J'M0c8~61eJ Ul>lnJoroUl>
c9>u3(onJm 92)c9>6TncOO1
61 eJ 5 larnn l 6l c9>0 6mv
OUoCT\lO 0 m«flll} 6l6l mOJ
c9>~til:il OlnJOltlTUon01~
cOOlOJooa ms nJ 51 dhuS
etl'IA5 6lJTl1. c9>~ til:il OJc9>l ~ '
c9>oro~c9> m.>roOJc9>eJOUllO
eJ, OUCTOIID m.>onmsmc9>
~161 eJ c9>~ til:il nil a en u> <8,Ul>Omlletl'leom<8 anlS6lJB1
COJOJc8 ~uS61~SlCTO 6l(l)!
oulll1etl'11 (l)lnJ1 dh (l)1~
lnJOJc8arnnmo(l)6lJ etl'I~000cOO6
CTOetl'Ilo, ~a~nJs1COJo(D)1 OJ<Dl
mos, mSlcOO1, c9>~1c8 mllid
c9>~l61eJ 800 6lnOdbSc8
CT\lOeJarni) 6l6lmOJc9>6(l)6lllA~.&;
c9>~n911eOO ounOO<Dlo mm8c9>A
CTOetl'IllllOm1. c9>lso61an 100
61nO db 5 c8 CT\lOeJ «fill} Ul>1 an
c9>OeJ 6l61mOJnJ~cOO01cOO~n911,
OJ<Dlmos mllid<Dll61eJ m.>l(l)O\.l)
6lm~m6lJTl~o<Dl m1(l)c9>Ul>oeJ,
(l)0\.l) c9>Ul>qeJ n{j)CT01OJ <Dll61S
nIlnJ6TnmO, 1580 6lnOdbSc8
6lnJocOOo~1 c9>O<Dlm8lnJoa
Ul>«fill} 6161m OJ c9>~ n'M1(l)1 an 1
n{j)<m1OJ mSca:J,o,,~~~o.mlo
Oc9>lC13 m.>m.~,9,~{~' <n>~0<Dl
[I] CUh<O~.0.03 .•;;t~ 25
,...•.. " .•~~-------
dh6l~r m>06TlJCTU>1~ U06n.J0<3UOdhu3
~0J(D)06n):
~ dhoro<iUldhQl1l6lJeJcnllm3 ~nJll'llru
m-6lCO)o'P1m8 <TU6mdh'l::llemo~o~
rum~amrJ6(mCO)lmo(O)l WTO
dhmool6leJ mOeJo lZl6lamrJ
06TlJoab<TUo(O)l Livelihood Secu.
rity Box ~<;m6l'.1JS6amrJ6dh.
~ @dh'l::I.\ <TU6mdh'l::llCO)co)JCOlO)lmocnll
codex standard mS<;iI0c66l6dh.
~ lRIPS-coS ~ru({o.\l1lo(O) O@(3(/)
emldhuSrum6COlO)6dh,
~ dh °ro <il:il °dh °e1nJ em 6lJl3uS <66l
m.\o(O)l1lo(O) ruleJ ~0';tl0c66l0
,m6~ ensn.JsldhuS <TUJldhml
c66l~dh.
~ Agriculture Commodity Board-
dh gJ66lS nelS m (O)leJ6o
lnJ OJ <3amrJ m 6lJl3~1 eJ 60 I) ru6TEl
lZlog6lJl3u3 rumJamrJJ,fh,
~ nll~uoJ.oJlco)J (Phyto Sani-
tary) amrJl6l0R mleJ OJO mllllQ)l
'm~~ 11l0ml36Tl>CU)6lJl3UOmlcmJ
(0)1c66l~db,
a I1lcoSnJ 061llTO) uo 6nJ 0 <3uodhuS WTO -(0)6 6lS al3 On.o
odho6ll3nDooo<TUlmo <tImruemml
<;til c66l6 em CO)lm mlrool3uo
m~an.J6JT) odhlm 0\1<3c66l0 010)
mcoSdhl(O)lm6em6.
o1-t:J(1\)lrUJlce&6l~103 ammlOJ:J<ll~O
WTO dhCl>O01m3 06111 016l0R
~ 0fQill nOl °c66l <iI:i03 °dh Cl>~ 6l amrJ
<TUo6TlJCTU>l~ ruli}6lCl> aI30n'l1dhCl>11l0
6Tl>. <TUJO@Onlldh 06l1l016len 'pro-
cessed pr~duct' ~(O)60 em02l~eJo
'Industrial raw. material' ~o ~wl306Tl> m0<;tl0uS co)Cl>o(ll)lail~56~
em. ~(O)CO)lmocoS memlm6~ nJm
1110ruw1 Permissible Tariff
Rate(Bond Rate) 25 UOco)I1l0mo
~6Tl>. n{j)emocoS I1lgJ dh0<3n'11l0dhO
e1nJem6lJl3 gJO(o) nJCl>6amrJ1, dhmlm'l
lZl6CO)eJ ° (0) ru <timl (/)1 dh uS ~ 0 m3
alnJoCU)abscru ~(O)1306Tl> ~o<TUl
6l6l nO 6l!1JW CO)15U~,gJ em . ~ (0) em1
O\lJ 0 Clll mo 1(1ll3 dham1 <il:i03
mco3.fh 1(0) 01(8',~loro 31m3 Odhlffi
<TUroc66l0(3 <TUJ1,o,ail0.a6l6TE mSnJs1
<TUonf'J~1~dl.06l003 lZlCOTU.\6TlJ
CTU>enOIotl,,\',~ Ilco3 mlem60 tliI~o
6l0nC.llml<dtJl:J<3.0Gl mlrool3uoo
mco3dh l<flG)'liJ&IOlO)6'
wro .o,llIJll rllJ6l~ uo6nJorouo
(O)66lS <tImslou/lO(J)COJO)lm3 rulomol3
<TU6IaUOCl>(Jl11h)II',m'lb)S ruldh<TUm
amrJl mocu)1 2.!l(J,06l0 - s~ ol<TUo,
6lo.oC08(OTO) 5~olclll0, crunJlCl>1A.lJco3
s~olO\)o nO)(lnl 111~m:>6ru1@0(/)6lJl3
gJ1coS ~em(ll)m)(lJ ,o,am1g1dhu3 m~nJ1
dhaild)G)om~o (0)1(/)60l0m1~36~'
GdhLmm.><&eOGlJrorruflclhm1c:e06l61EmSl\.Jslc!hu3
~pmloc.n ,fh012l1n'll6l~ <TUnOo
W(UOlO)OI;)S<UIJ2lli 6lm6 nJIU)
co)ld)G)~ m~nJo6ldhOs6c66l0m6~
lnJnJ<3amrJ m 6lJl3u3 CO)~s6lJl31 c66l
'P16l1f1O)~.
• <TUJ°lZll mo 1000 dham1 <il:i03
01<J<;iI0ro316lc?J lZlCOTU.\6TlJCTU>mo
<TUo611lCTU>l~1 U06nJo<3UOdh~~0
oilro all U06m1g}J0 ~u36lc66l06TE~
6)Cfh061T~ 61(7)~ dhmsmwO m~nJ
6l(.1J5Jcom)1(ujJ5J~. lZlOCOTU.\O
CO)0.10 (;len COTOjI(j)(TR w ~0 6TlJCTU>
6l';\:15 In J(}J(3lOlO)m6llH~~6lS(o)~0
(/)66JT) (20)(1lJ 01<3001<;tjlc66l6em CO)1
en6~ 0&111000 rua» c66l m6JT)
n.Jml nJO 5'1 :0,u3 nfIo~ll'l~co)eJ
amrJ1 P-J60 uil£;M0emeJ amrJ1eJ~0
(6-~o CfJ.1Pll(i)aB ({J)Jsr8~)
(WTO clhm:>m •••• )6l<TU~ro <TUnOnJ1,~,16dh w161llTO)1
3~6T'B. ,61m~ lZlo<TUamrJlmdho
mem nJ~ro6JT) lZlO(o)~0 lnJCiJroamrJ
mdh'l::l lZllZlOdh ~o .
• lZl~ (/) <TU° m dh'l::I6JT) ru ~ lZl0 (0)1
6TlJCTU>6l <;iI~ dh am 1 <iI:i6l ~
UO~nJorouo (0)~615 <tim51 CT\lOOm
amrJlco8 n{j)OO,CU)1.CU)1.6n11(O)~615
'<TUnOO(O)(JamrJ06l5 6lm~ omo(/)
m1Wlmn1CO) OlZl6l.JeJW.oo m~nJo
6ldh05~ c66l~ em CO)lmo(O)l 6lm~
OlnJOll'ldhS CO)C9l000<06lomow1
rull3c.nw <TUlZl1CO)l6l(O)mlo(O)o(/)l
c66l~ dh(o)~O <tImruro 2003
lZlOro-?JlcoS OlnJO~db 5 CO)C9lo
00 c66l1 amrJ m ~ dh (0) ~ °6l!1J <DlCO)l 3~ 6l1i. 32.36
odh051 m~nJ 6lA.leJru~
OJm~em m'D nJ(ll)
CO)l(0)~615 6l!1J eJnJ n(J)OO.
CU)1. CU)1. 6Tli1. OJ nO 1 c66l~
6l lZlem OJ.\ OJ CT\lO (0)1 coS
lZllmn1<TU@(o)~6l5 c£J1(O)
ooocru ~@1-?Jl3~6m.
mOeJ~ 01~1 (0) 6JT)coS
omo(/) m1ro6JT)(O) eJo6TlJo0301
dhuS CT\lOonll c66l~ em an1m~o
ruoabm5lm~o 01n(Jl~<f <TU~0~emnJo
131~c66l~emCO)lm~lZl~~ mlrool3uo
6lJBg}~0 nJml(/)6JT)mmfleJ~61-@.
• <TUJolZll mo LOOO dham1 <il:iOO
uo~nJoro uo 6l!1JW CO) lnJ dhomo
6lm~ ,'~OW.\lZl 6l<TUco3' m~nJ1dh
ml.oo::>03 nJ~.o; olueJ<il:ioocru
rudh6'.l:l CO)1m6lZloml.'?1I 366lTJ.
mCO)lc08 ~uS6l<;tl56emco)lm~~
nlll3c.nw6lm mlunJ(IJn~oeJ~503
6l<TUcp8lnJruroClllO)(1)dh')1Qdh~O.
• <TUoCT\lOom ~om10c.n Q6TlJoro
cW dhO ro<il:il dh - <timm 66TlJCTU>
<JlZl6l.JeJ dh g}l6leJ mos03
<TU°0 lD> CO)1 dh ru 1 ru m 6lJl3uS
(Jldh °CU)1 dh ml~ om6l.J 6l<;il
5 ~amrJ1 <TU~dh!Ul c66l6 em CO)lm
I.,'~'~'-'-'..1
.,j;'.,.~,'.
• ~l
1~.~;(
• t•.',
.'j
.11
.[Ii
• \1•,1
!II
.it••••••
• :1I•••••••••••.:!.1
•••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••-l
Ii
,.4
mom3 <mOJw.oo emo(l)ln..d aog 100
uoemQlomo ~6TTl o613Jol6)oR c9>O(l).\
amnleJ~~ m'!J <m<Tl»(l)o QlogEi'i'no.
mem1mo(1))1 o'-~ocrulnnlQc86)riHo&
aOJ6YT>o. c9>(1))o16)oR(1))~O fR.\151
6)oR(1))lOc9>O(l).\rorm1eJ~O memo OJUll.\QlOm). 6)Qldbcru1oc86)ocon6)eJ c9>oo&c9>
"6YT>1m3ms c86)~<YO WTO-(1))~6)S
<ms~rorm Qllcrll<~l?'(l)l<D><t:l3Oc9>Omnnn
oo&crulm3 mc86)O(l).\O ~<TT>(1))1ac86)
6T11lemocon5~ri. memlmocon Oc9>lffi
cru <5c86)0 01 0 eJ tOO' c9>am» 1c9>~ (1))
W c86)1c9>(1))10 6)IMQl2l0006T11lo ClI~
6lmom10 Qll6l.J.\ Qlloml(1))l0 nJeJlnJOCllUO'\o Oc9>lffi Qll<Tl»l6)(1))(1))l°
lnJWO m Qlloml6)(1))(1))l0 mltr(16)oR
lnJowom.\o W(l)l ~1 c86)~c9>(1))10
6)11Jweml~ri.
llmm>iD lD:Jtnl Olf!e3 ~ tnll m!m:JI!Q.\&lID5l~nfbJm11~1MR~am au>:JB:J<DllefloolK)1 iDasroml';l{1olK)1ml ml,uu llm<n)JO liO nil.e.m. . '"
tnJ:J6'I'Omml Bl<1O.\1OOCDlI<o~1tl'fXdS.man o<o1olK)eJlo m1m1tnllc&aniDljd.
1995 Ql11trl<l332004 ClI6)(l)(1))lml
10 OJ<6riHc86)oeJo6)c9>ori mOc86)l
Qleml cruo 6TlJCTwl~ ml (1))l <Tl»6YT>
6lJl3cmm1c86)o 6)11Ja~6T11lano6)6YT>cn')
dh(l)ool<l33 OJ.\OJCJ\lO 6)11Jwanlmlc86)l
<TT>1. (l)OfR.\ 6lJ'Bcm mo c86)1Qlanl
an1m1 OJ n.et~jOl\eJ 3Qlo<D>1c9>10 ~16)c9>061'"B1Cl1cm2005-610S1c9>1S1<mro'i
6l1PlOJOc86)6TT>o. n(J)<TT>o<l33mrorm m
6)QlO(l)l cruon011J(l).\am»lm moo
m<TT>~o cru(9SlmoIDl151'ij' <man1
mo<l33 2005 n(J)<YOm'!J cruQl(1))nJm1w1
c9>10~1c9>lSl m1~c86)156TT>O n(j)CTn
~OJUO.\QlOm) o1lc9>cruJ(l) (l)OfR.\6lJ'B
6lS go<JXUTO)oftm ~ro'i. •
,',;;('ffif:" .niS.91}61~icro0Q';";..•~.:)t::~);'r:"/,11 . "jt(~' i.,~~~:'~.(.'.L';:.: 'i\' (t. ;;.~I•.:,..•~~;,~:tt'~.II.()lr~'rJft\~"i.~~r,.~$~tjt~:t~f~~~~"~I'~"'~ffr:.~~~~::~.t"~'?~~::..,I", • (,',' P/", ','I t:, .:
" ',I ::/ ' ,* ••.•• :, , ,t~.; ,J. ".:." ..• :- ,':,,' .:.,I:':~""'f~'::."."i:~. ,':~l')'/~:t".j''':,,: .. {', :.r " .:••. ' I . ii, •• 1,' I', .".""",,,'4')I"~',!t., , ••V: "oj"-'I\fi'"i;.\r~~~~:,t;l~~J~,y~. :•....~:.,; ..•. , ., II,'. ' t ' '. • .' . . " \, ~ ' !J. .:' . ,; " t .:_ ' •• " .; f! :/. I"~ ~.. ." • t
. :.";\.'.:~::OUjOQflmQ~~'~~1~<i'~~'.C~~~,51QO&o'riJ~,o,~~~j~.~C~~9~1Q.c»O. ';"'". I ' .:--."':,,' •.. ;.' .~o~nli1c9,CoGU>~ s";".'ciJom~oO& 'COl.J;()OO~6InQ~cmUCei6U'l9;Ci"':'. "'." ',",' .
.. : '.~','~<;.:y "':"" .•.. ':' '.' : , ,:' .' .~.~~" .':,);',\\.,.':. :';:~,. ;;:~';,::~)~:~;~~;'i;:';;:.:;t;,;~~.~,~",.;~;:~:J;'::"ft::'::""':"""" '.: .... :.,:,.';,'" .'~. f '.~~ ~~~1~~ CUlaOOllm):.i\JISl~."~lI:JSl~~tQJ~)': ~Q~~~ ~~.~~~~1 ~~~.
.flKI»o,,~~ ~Q.$UCOOOIllmm,~16 ~.~o.qm:~~ ~~~'I:~ '::~:~~~<Tn1. ~ ms. 'aJ1.. 6)A.I~~" O~l tDO~~o 6l~lcOOeJ1o.. <tO~o IIO~G11Jl1 O.~I~~ '?Il.t: ,:.~~~ ~~gV ltJOfR"nQ)lT'Ilolimo nll:"
'i .~ ..M4~~'IQ)~ '~'~kmnll~IO~~~'~~:;'.~~~Q~fDOl111l: "~au08iJ~ OJomSI~dbtDOOlm3~. ~1~1~mJ~ tIlO"6)aJrilQ» 11~~:; ':.IDl~,~~qlQllUQS~tDceMl.S1omJ?<tSP~alI1o. nilOOJw1 tDOrall.S6Wmo' ~~_ ~ml:moua( .;~tm t~, ..~~<l1ll ~"l2OcOOi . "._(/)ti61~lo fD,loW'm>1JJ1~~ -lSOJQJ '~, ~c86l1i oeJ06' 6OC8ntl16B1~~> ~~~mo <rilClJl(ml6m6Wmo!.''.' .p~CT1l1. CGQClri~l~ ~16 .. l<tOClIUX'I»llIO<lcruoom. am51mm8dbl,Clll.,::~i:.:-il . :: ...~cuc8nttafD,lo8tJ'~:AJ:)(D llW'eIOJ~cOOv OJ~~f!lcOO1cm ""llU'l1a»~ . !.~ •••W6".~. S(l?a»llDS,~.(/)IIOa»OlU'lOQSmoo dlISellm3
"lUldlIQlal106'I1):P~~ oeJOc&.nJomSI. MA 13~~eJ06m1!'~18r~61URil.~ dlIOCt66l1Bilm3M'd' tJ2'!)' '.:: m.\~Qej l1IIll<T>1icuo.dlI~11lmtDOClllnn.a. ~~" ~"1 38 ~~.~ .'~~ ~'l<u11m3'mmoo~ /lIO..;; . <I\lka)~<J8llJmlU'll~lcm008 .. -a»l~~OCMUS.nmlI~:~.C1D/Dl.':, ~,~ntl~o~ ..; . 'nn.a.m>J(D~~ilQe1 OJ~o .61061Dm ..llIOmoCcI"~ ~. !, "/." i.,,:'/;. ~o ~o ~~'io'1lU'l1a»1tu3~ . .;,.- nJtD1o'miomJtml~~rAil ~1~~.: : 2 oeJOMIml~'~Il:I~cm OV~: eJ(T)oQ~ nQ)CT1lO1~.CUlallU'l13l
.:;! .1ijI'i!~~1~ dblS1~. ~~llU'ltDO~~cm~.: '0Q1K)161nA8.:umaomoOdll~_e1~t2~" >~~~m~o~ ~~ ~vnil,~. ~. ~ f2lU'l<ll>&mOO»lQS~51. :dJ'kll~1~.' I:',.'.... (~"~:t~<;..:;::~~:it\~~~lCT1l1.>~.' ....:' .,~ ~ oeJoMm\l61e1<T\lOl'IllD'Illdb~ ':. 3, ~a»I6leI ~ 'lJOOC'ArM08nllf!<80 .i. . ?~.".,; :."
.,~ . ~~~~lcm~~~ :mQS 45~~ ~l~o,6mv .e.>~nill riJldbcrumanLOtn6m3u8::,'.1 ~_a»~~aeJO 6lAJC!lAl11)(lD:.... ;-;:,::,'t.::> ':'::,::",:,;:;:{;';,::~'?;;Xit .•...•. :••. q!.•-",:, .. " . .' .1 dlI<UOOTll~dlItDOC8.00001Di1D'lDilGlnAm>mJ13'heJs . 4. 06<D1!o1l~1tJ\cOO1<n; AOckll~I!" . .~CJef~ mlo"eJSmoileJo1laI3nJm). <n<:dlm3m)~lcOO1cm m>~o tlm(D)16ilQ~ 81 CIm2l0tn0~cOO"eJ1o~OlDlllll' '~~v~CQ3CUlaoCnllOClll moomnil.m1
.}MA QOJ@1~m3 <I\lOl~o 8((31DXl»lot20' lllOOlilnlln.J6m<l)oQ~lI:JSll'ffi1!. '. ;. ;:;J.'':;.\' 'mm1mXo1~ nil.~cmAaCl3. m>~~a41~OJ~cm 01111dlIOl8nilldl1nlll\JQ'l)('l)(J\)oOl1WG . S. 7000 6lc&>O'iJ6lIBPnnnll~6IB~'. ~~. oeJ06nJ1~v dlICilXSIQ~
.1, mo. ~~llImOm. <t01~ CMri. 'dbOCk!l. nlliqJ6IBmQS ~~~:\ ... P>1o ~t\.I6TriI mqQS ~llnllnJl,u! lIdlc00008,~. mx8cOOOl8ml00»0CIl1~; tDlOQ1)".f12'l) 8lnl1so<no.'nJI~dlIlijI~ ';.~:>~1.Q~ .dlI'~V~lt::IS1lDllDO(ll)l~1cOOom1. moo" ~ aua1mIIl8rCl(D)1ooA.<t01~~ (j»OriHI~ nllOt3(lO~ ~~,' ~C13 QQl(T)(I»QJ)o.0CUl0.+nmmr. <T\l.o ".~ cOOO<Q!1l"~~~cOO1<mlU'l~ qCC1Xl@lsU<tO.mJ~o mnJ1QStrlleJ<rilCD8cOO1~.:".,:-.,.,: '.,~. ~:." . lIikl}otO<l8 QA.I~lo CIlWO.CIo.\OaCT\l1lMmo
~~~~o,: ..... tU<DillDScrilO'1Jlo~cm~~<Gl,.: Gld ..~~ Q~. 0lW0. ,J.~.OJO. ~,', ~ ClWO.+.n4)CN:m>.tlQiImo.:"'~e1 ~ rinscuABmQs .•... ~~.QdlI~,a ~ 0CUl0.i Ul08~ceemoa» ce.am1~ o1~lMA ~mm"~~: ~ .000ocnoo8'acWo. omori dlIl~08,
I l8lD/DSIl~ ~i1aeJPV 6ScOO1o. nlltU6m1dl1i1mS.mocu_ •. '~a»o' ~ .0lW0: N>.nll~, QdlI.,~.OflO<NnO:.~ ~nW'OdlIltBoOn..lOeJ1o~l.Lm1~v. ~1~:, "maqQS 6Ot&nill. nlISCUABuS QdlI~~, ~~ m'lE 1Dl~11ll1l1n8tJ' OcMlo pSlmV ~<Gllc8cm 'OJ06mltJ2.\'u06'm1AmCll01Dl It\JallQ~ 'dlI. eJ~ ~ CIIOoC/){IB~_
.- f.. ~MA 1tIJ(J\)dl>'lDil6la»cuOOIa»omluomlcOOOo., l!l~'lIlOCIllI,v OJ<8rMABOI'lO.~.e6llCT1l1, .dlIlIIll1n1lOSlU'l<jooocOOla»o1a~,l"1 In;: aeJOc8ICllllI)lQe16lQlOlD'IDlocM8~lal11Qsnll <T\l1llDX0D\\~l1l1~~ ~'Ia»tDO ~. ~cOO1~V mnnQ~~
<N/Dl~ IS 0dlI0SloJ<Gl1. dbloeJoalIgo06m~ ~eJ1o 11Dml<T\lt(\Q<.IXlO'lIDlDll~m . 0eJ0dlI .neOnJO~SCM»161S ~c8socum<Di1m3~Q»l61S 'nJImm~ 33 ()(IOeJ~ . SQl\JSeJ1dl1<tScW1~ •• ~lnllsru~m '.~. ewtaalI. (J\ll1U'J"'eJsm"dlIf16mrm.oow. '.~. ~n.JscDmilmS ~ clMT'B1.. QS nlle1 m~nllM) tLJeI~o SOCIlI6/lIOlDl. ~ dlI~m>~Ao .~
1179 .-nAB. 27 (ilIlJW~~" . . 2~"',.
I'
,
, J.'....
"
, .....
'Of
/..
., .",. iaW •••••• :........-. .••.•" •••••• , ,_", ~_"",,"'_~~""'''' ~ .•• ' •
...~.;~t;\:....",'r.;:." . , •
::"t,' .!~ .
~', .~.':.":" "
~~..:it;.;•••~.••••••••••••••••••
•.'•••••••~ !. .••.,••••..... ;. "••It .:.,.•.
,'1
! .I
I .,. ,. ,
..•.. ' ...
[1 i,-l----.---..-..--'''-'-''7,---, --~-.'.~"-'."------- .. -,.-, •• -; -:'
I I ,i[:,. '.. ;. ,'.,... l ,r' .~.;!~~. ". ':"!'.' .; ._Ii . ft •••••• ,.~.~ •••• , ••.•••••• " •.., •• # •..•••.••••••.".~.~ •.••.. , • I
',' .e.01 ~ ~~"'M~' '.' .01l1ll'l.&a1' s~n8::o&."a»l.:~cm.nJl~J:)rri.lm1eJ~clb:)."
.i . :f~~~i. ~~:.: ....:;:.....~...lG'Ml,....!.:.~.:.'w!~.S6'mTllil!o~...:.._/¥I.'ce,IAlA~~;.. 'A~•••:n~.~.=..~{~.' •I ' ~.e.S<m161~~'~~ ....~'l~~ •.~~~m3.~' •..;..d\l""',~I•• -6.' 1~~'IW':6 t:l'ftU\~", ¥
'1 ral1clb~nJ&mm61S ql1~~ ~c/hQJl .o~_~cm" (MI»~ n1lc&al'ld1QOO)l~~~. chiSl ~~mm003 ClInJaOO: •i ;:. gRnm•. ~c/b61@lD1l.~.41~ o,u.nJ1UXllTXni~raM~.~~ 6l~~~~~~; •I \ . I : . :S-:ooj ~61; :azsc9>~~<rt{ :..' ~:~~ ..~el ()~~~~!UIll~ 'n4l'~~~;.. +~16lall ;~~~ ~lb1~:
jl i i,.e.~:!t~~,. ~~~~~m1~.~~~~~.mo.~.~~'-:~i.e.;~t~~~':: •,'
) i:, '_~::.e.~116 v~~~Sll,Ju,~,.;~ :h.,'Fr~~~w~. ,~ ...:~~~~Ts~::;;t.; ~'cmIi '; I" '. ~.~~'.~~~~i~:J~~.~~~.Qi61s:~{ "~~~~n!ri: ~. •> : l: ~ ... :. 'fJ2oa,~Q,a»(j~eiif!! oontilSAI3<4,.ceJOc9>i1Jl': '~:;,i~f1~MA' iril~~,~.:~ .6ni\~~1~ ... v'f,:';'): .' ,:::::, ~ 1 •
; l'n.Jm)(l)(1\)onelSC'OOlldl6lwlllI'A.Il.IlIllo:nl~ m6U'BciSc8Q~lMS.e.lcm'~O'llll1c8Qw nd) , lll6ll'l:Jlll1m1c801]~.~~ ~iI : i.: ' cmMn,_~.e;l~ J~~~~t{'~'''" )~'~~~.~m{~PCll.e.m; 'l~ui. Jh~db~~m1<mr. ~o •
:,'l~~~~!~.~"": ~;:r""~== •" ~~.Sl~Q<Wi61s'm.«»6GB<4~~ ~i03, ..8~~~c9>m~~waxaa~lcm ~ ~an~.llmfj!:)6)an~:. mm1all1f!l~ •
tnlOOllitN.ua.e~'~m,Hfft)Qcrixllan1' . ~iWlam.,'~~'10.000'~ . .t1ltU3m~ ~ - 'QQ.e.. ~~~«JiQS ~'Cii" ',(nilOfuOO'~~"m6U13Qm~iOnan~ m .~ml •. '_ anJ)6leJ.~~
'.. ~'b»-..iN~~~~.~ '~I~\iQ~.'fri0i~w ~1~~~.; ,'w1aJSnJ@6ll1i~~~'.&.~ini'~ •'.e.~~~~~~,w:~~ ...~~ '. ~:'~'~lU1Ul1vm8m1cm~ ~UlO' c8QWmMll.e.l~' ~.~ f.!O •andlOQ»'61iD16J1~" C1\lOnb~~c96i . tn:l""cuoQJlb1dl6lliml~!'l1lllII.c8Qw~UlO . .cll6>l~oUl6m@1mS1ll1tLmSlc8QQT)o.ano<Qnc"
,:' fJ2aSl"M1Qmifi.ooi~.o1~w~~1~~~:~'~<':~~"ml6111Inl1ni>1 Q;s.:)L~ 'm1~ ~mml~~~'.'.'~~'" •. I c8Q1CmA::mmt'~'~_?~:ai.e6l~~1~ clb~~oOO1.:etmanlCn..D .. ClI:)~<'OlcnKTBl tmSlmxxim
, . . .e.1iIll1n!lQoA't:JnMsmm<1'Q"UaeJl.e.QIa»i~.~eJ";e,1~1Q~nr l&.lo«iicllliOO8Ml'~~~. ~ •.~ •. .; ,~~ iK3~66J@<llii~nn~~<m80 Crl1uS1~Q~'_1~10i-?1 c9>lSl ~ ••&d•••!:lclb<1\l}.m.ea.muS6W1«J~
UlR13U8CU@Ml'~. ful6WI -.MJ@1~. dbailll~ CMSc9>i~lld'~. Cdbl~UlOJ~ !'4>S1Cc006T8~mlIaJ ~eJ •"alil:Sl.61dc8Qce.tamlm1mi'ceJ:)clb(illnJ6m1Clllllll3c9>~6mm/\Jlllmi~1.mS Mi eJc9>!l.'. n.J:)51c9>6l@lD1l'c9>llIIlln!ri'lIal~ "4l1'1ll
,JISl~~lriJo<'l3lUliail;ooi~ tOO;,m1c.eti' ~lllln.J'~M>~~c.9.t.m. m<oS ~~ M~a» CeJ~~ IT\lOnOAJ~llllllilmS •. nJQc8Q~'::mJ~~QJ motuxu)~" 6l<1J@1M'.dh1cooilcaS'l~ llll~' ~.oow c9>l~Cllll.'~. CIm1l'~,~.lN},~~dl6llmil"~~~6InA~'~~' '~'M'ftdlmmw~ •.::' ". . ,~i;e,m61s~eq.41). •61~ nlleJ<nl1lllimml!01~6im.OO101~f:!!! .; .'::; ... ' . . '. ,.';- [email protected]~ 6lllll'QtLJl@lQ~'Q~ ~ •. m~~ '~ .: d;b~n9:f08. :<IO~~dh~" ,~mm~dbailll~ ~~Q~<11J1,1ll:101.llIl <1\Xl •~. ~c8Ql<1Tll ..~. oJItLJm)1a»1.' '. . . ..' nl)~mrn\llW fQCTl')6lanmRl'lmil<Dlel1f:!!!IU1lIO.IlD1QeJ ~ct3 ~lTOODmQ.S"~6xn', :;~llIIll~' (lDi~ ~~Ul6U13 6lSm1eJm'~1m"l~~Cllll'il.'~~ •~~CYn1' nJOCo~~ •.Mit1lnJ?dl"lcman" @:)Qlll~ml"axaa.e.1CllllIll1c8Qlmxm~9<1OO.,g:)Ul'. nm.; f2'W1lm~Im" 'tfllmxrileJMlllo;Ul1QnecM@m1mlmSmllTJl1.~~l8QlmrQ~ ~m~ c.9.tm'~ ~ ."iu8oom. 'nJi''lJ'il.-ml1s6IB1a»om1m3tm •oJISruri.q~~w 'ce.a»g161~m,~a~' ~s' ~QAJell- CcMI mx3cB6l~Cclblmm.w1rai'o1lm:i<nf~anl~'b.mo ~rai'Sldl6l6Tno. •~eq~ 61~ t.nJc~c9>~nqo'QAJeq' .' (Ill6U13@1lll3nJ~anal1cdl6l6TB~. ~6U13<4~ '. Q~~1s ~ •.~ 6XmO'9leJOtamll~ .~~ ~>~61et. ." ~OrmlMl" o.e.cDt'la»(1\)lTlJ()'h\\nJCTOO'@1lDl161slD1lo'~. m'IoJIanm1eJ~. •llllllC8cmt2~:)timQiLJeJnJ:)6fn~lan!.~(m1eil' . CDllmS~OlaJ 0'U:)nl)AJ(l),\mrn\lmStLllan1a»IllO ~f!!, ~~O~ci ~c9>lllmxxUnl)0:)(!Jc9>:)(l),\;Oc9>lmllllill1Q1tLJortl g6'liB<4~.oorl 0'U.mmn ui6Jri6lakf .IUQS~6U13@11ll3 ~ •. ~ •mmlmSO'\'1(1)(1\1)lf3Ot\[email protected]><ibiiJm~~~ ,)q~6lc9>nGlSlanmwmsctmlllQB~6UB~~' " dll";Uew<lli~<4 Oce.llD~. m1eJ.~I'''':I:JSl~~lTlIiJlW~.'m'!>' .. ~.~ O'\llllld1o'Q~~ cu:mmlmS~ ~.~.:: •Qlnno'~.e.lg.' m'!> cil~" clblei~' ~A13lllaeJll»"tOSI1~:)o. fl!) ~ln.JOOOo'. .~. UlOJri6lcB<t'~tmoUl6mm.~CDllftJdlc8QlcmJ:lU8Ql:)(,lmoonw,M<IJlmimL ~"~ ~m: nJIclbmJJlll ~m3m. ~o ~Mil~QQlO 1 •
\, .~ mim~<'nJQ<1l.<4.mdil~:~ lllOft!lls6U13ua.ocr1IU"'lCU<l3~ ru~a»o. 61.00au~nJlllm') •. ~1mS 8lll6l1X1\lol~ ~~.e.aililn!1ct3 ~l m>':~tnIl.Sl.'l 11'Mc1~1dl6llcm~1clb oJIUXlJ'I'l&lIDu8~6UDua m106'/l1lll)fir!' tm •.n..i:il8uD6l4<1Tll:m<mlm[~06'lQln..-qmlkt»%:) .moUmm '<1\loI1)c!b\l~' n4)lld:)"'anl 1lO~:X06llD<4clb~lD1lCYnl~~ aSll°c8Q:mlll1tLDl1l%lumx:lclbU3<rSleJl1JlmS.nJlb).oCllJ:Xl30CeJ tmml'~a»cUD..4t. oJI~. ~clbm coorllUll0lcll6>l~.maanWQ(llO(J)6)(D'IGm1C1lllClalQl):) •~CllllalS<rSlcmW0mJ"l' Ul~(lli)eJClllllllSm1cml'Ql:xD~lll3 'Q~<11'laSll' ~l . u$knQl:).oorl<1\lnOOQ1l1.oo1~.ndlenq~ftOIe.ll6l6l~«mi.l~1aJS Ql:xD.~ml<4 If\.mln.J:l1ilcOOmlo~ . Cdhlllf!0'\lC3.000cSaqn86IM n4>S1tmmlms •<1iIcml~'~m. ~oS oJI~lmS ~. oJIclblT\JIanlbOtd:l!.s&m<4~Q1'~W .\l:PC.oo6TB<inl~~. IT\l).~ •~ Q~~cmtlUS ~ <:.!b ~~ mSlD1lf!! m'!> m'kSOl]~.nJlce. lll6'1'R:)o~Ul., olO~61nA On.JllllaSl6lml'~
~; lllf!~~a»lcaS 0tm>1ll1c.eQ6IB<rSleKu~•. dhlSl O'UJlllI1lOtMl.s61'BtnQS61~ce.l~leJ161S om lllf!mmlm"O'Ul<1'\rllllQml)61~ ~lclb MmiI •
r 3()' filu<Jl9Q1o 1179 .aJ1AB. 27.i •
,'.t •...... _.. _ ..".._ ..S . ••----------------------------------- ••......•
.__--'--------------,IL
'.
':
,
.jI \, I
\ ~I :, \
~-- -31
,', .-:'.:','
'.,' .
'Cdhro~6lmTmdh~S~/1})~ '.. "
nOro1(1}):)~(J}:)tOO:)m~ ... :, "
OJ1 ~ 1M1"SmQmcncm O)}OOJ:)'6'ffi"
(T\)J:>(J}1m:)LO~dham1031cm..':..
o1;c~:pm~, ~ nilm'lc&a:lldl6l:xTll.llU~oa5I ~c&!:l,mi. c&>~r4l1al(,oa5I'~ Qq ~~ pcuSloUl"6QPl'~Q$ q,J\,e,(o6I1lOl:l6T1l~m'"!> dbQllllg1cdllllS.~' ~tUdbuS ~1c.'!Jc3crr5l6lliltB>1<U3 m'l> o~"Ql6l~1 •nJdl4jn..J:llll)'(l'Ulllm>1CS1OOlil~6l/llCT'Ollll'l6lon 8t'li>dl6l6m.. c&>a1I\1gl~61SneJsm<llIl.,~ • :
. lliIll'leJc&>m.llmllll)(D)"dlQ"s:xo1-'!.llll'll.0'\llB>~.QlO6l'll. • , '
db~rftllonl!lO.l6WmQS (db~rftll~ on@clbu3 1ll:l\.Ill'laKil'~UXT\l~6T'IX\q. ~Clll, .'
Alell'iEilC.ooom l~~Q@ uoll\Ji4..UOOlblnJ'otml/US~1c61.oo1CT'Ol. ~1mi)..s1 ....6lt'li>16lSc&>1~. JhlOl'lll. ~" tlIM'il<U3ml. CT'OlIlldl4l6l~lIll'lJhlon 1ll'l:l<U3.oo:le!lJh,tUt'6I.t\OOm.'ml~.ooeJ~ m'O olc~31<U3 nuS. QcOO:l~41ll1.oo10'0lll'l~, mm" c&>~rall~. <t\XIlI
d'neJS<OOon~illOOlll 6l'lJC1\OO~ SCll6'l"OOullc&>:l1ll1c&>u3,~ffi)alll'l6m olIocM1x&. 1,(O)1aneJ~ __ I1J0Ul1Jh~m. <IO:lmit1ll'lfQ~,~cM. ~Cmlll'l:ldl6luS. ~ ol1o
...:~0.~;.,oJ!~(1)'. ~~~~, Ql~ABu3
, ~~Q~,.~~.~~ sr&~ m~'. ;<Ill6~tU01.oo61'1lo.~ ~ Ulll~l.
, l~c&> ~~u3 mlOOJUll socnr.e;'.. :,~"m>lc&>u3 ~<n.oo»1 ~ ~~
iQJ~lcmm6m~ ~~" Jh131 Ql:l<T\loft4>~'m.'leu~ mmlnJ6lIll ~,~ QleJq. l~Jhu3
'. '"dl,J~'kp>1~1~. ~~ Ill:l\.~ •. /ll&~rJ ~ 6llJ~ ~as3.~ .
. ~m..l<U3 Ql~ ~1l:I ~lIlt\lildlQlon,:~l~~Jhl~onmMlJlum,.~ .
.' '~~';" (I\lQJQ). ~l. ~m1~11i1' .~ ~la:»1eeJ<Dl'dlQ" ~QeJ uoll\Ji4,~Jhu3.B,~. n4)5l.00003 CUeJ1«» ~.cnJ6ni •. ~ c&>),@l~" ~c96ml1m~Jh~:lc&>Illllll'l~
I}.4h~::::=-~~.. f, 'ij~r:.•,;,' dlQ:lmU~l~lnJ:lc3UOJhu3 nu3Qdl6l:>llmon
I :'r; .','; 1llQ'B:>~1<U3 ~c~ tMc3ra:lldb onnJ6'mm ~l~lml. ttmIll'l1q nJ),
'." J "~'l . :C<, ~/•.' . .-. '.CJr1?I~. Ol~. ru@M,'clb51db31'<rixl6m': .
m.\(l'rall£'.JlfJf! Olc~~ QlmCWImimml1nJeJ~OIc3laml <lJ:lCIllIl!.l:l<ll3lll'l6lonI\RJ Ullln..OOUll
.' dbm61salll. <l\\~ ~llm.6Iams onuodldbCll6mm3uS cru4mlO1ml •.. <lJ0<m:l~S
.'0\l011ll'l1(/l1ll'l1.dbt!l61S.Q(l111'!.lnmnl<U3CrlUll'ka>nJunJ:>_eJ_l<U3 OclbtD@db~c3rftl'clbm.(/l.mm1m3 ,n...JQ<l1ol1Cl1X'QQl()dl6l1m:>. CURlIll'llcrulllo. .
1179..J'I_. 27' --(i)um.,--------------
~ ~~:> ~~',.;~~~~)(~~~/~"llll'l, 19'1a51- 50 ~Qmm) 0c9>Illi c&>:lc3rA:lldb <T\XTlJ()bt\rumm»iQS ~leJlfJf!~O\lOlm ruldbO'\X'OmmIlm"nlomlscal6TB <Nll"!-!w:>m aOOuXnc~l mml61eJ 18 Ullll\Ji4<IOdb6l@~. 160 CnJll2lfJf! m'l> 01~16lm~. m:>odb:>6'I1l6l'O•. Ulil~t!lce.J<I»dl6l" dbScOOla/lll03rJolc~ooA' 6lnJ:lIll'llffi)SOOI. QlITl
••-,.\.~•••.;.~.~.'."\.~
•••••••••••••••••••••••
. . ~.:"
_._ ....-,-~---------_..-...
III!JW&.-..;....;.------------. 1179 AJil&llBo 27•••••
.,~.- ',' .
...-._--------_ •.-,.._._. ~-
32
,\I
! \I
1
,..--
, II
'''1-\--. !'; ,.,i'l
i',.1,
, I
•. .~. Ij ,
i.; ~ i
. ' \I
i " !1 .i;
. \I:.\ ' !; '\
';' . \,! '. :'
I,I
; I:f.' I:: \
.II1
,' \
\1I
\\
\\,
11 .\1l !
\I
I
W@ <mLO<mI)(Q)tZl~WEJcruJ:a~ 'ot<m'Glt<99'Clli9t<mW9Q)C(T) ~W ~Lot<99'<m(9ruLu.u(Du Ql)Em9'GlSffiu u.ut<99'LW
~mcrcw <m(9ruQID) 'OWM'GllfU S(9t~Em9W@ <mL(Q)tru S(9troll.lll.l2)W9~I.Q)LW <mCtZltZl~tM ~tFi-Lot<99'<.ll.lll.l(9
\mLruru(9(9 S(9U~'Gl~lfU 'ot<m'Glt<99'L(f)C<mI)LWlfU owruCWI) S(9t~Em9(Q) ~L(Q)u.ut<99'~Q)oM ormlfUru(9(9
S(9t@'Gl@Lru 'Gll,RiUQ>c~ 'tu.ut<99'LWl.mCrCW urnClllQ)ruW9t(f) ot<m<.ll.lll.ll)ruC~CWl)lllW9~Q)OCW ot<m<.ll.lll.l(9
mCrU9l»)ru<.ll.lll.lQ>'GlS(9tQ)'GlR)UQ>'Gl~u.ut<99'croL<m(]{U)ru)ruMCru<Qrn> 'GllfUC~CrM OW9~Q)OM S(9t~'Gl~lfU
'tu.uts~(9<99'~Q)OM otrurmlfUru(9(9 ro(9L~'Gltl~Mw~
ot<mon..ururruMCru<Qrn> 'Gll,RiUQ>C'GlW(9Em9QID) 't(1)tlfilru(9 ot<m'Glt<99'C<.ll.lll.lruroou OW9~Q)OCW L<.ll.lll.lQ>Lw
roLw w'GllfUC~CrM S(9 t~Em9'GlSffiu'Gl(Q)LW~ '0 tcm'Gl t<99'Clll(ll){PQI)Offi.l)IU9Q)ru.(WQ)ru 0 tcmS(9 t~Em9roc~rul.~
tBlll otcmS(9t~Em9rMM otcmS(9t~'GllfUl.~lll~tnu ot«DS(9t~'Gltffi>tw~ OrhQ>Clll a.6:'3 ~tlli9C'Gl(9tFi-~
Q)OCW LcmClllW9Q>tru ~(9'Glcm.ururrucwcru<Qrn> '~C(llJUuru(9tu.ut<99'LmCM QUC<.llJ.ll.)Q>rotruOffi.l)1U9 'GllfUc~crcw
~tcmClllt<mrucmLEm9St(Q) 'cm.ururrucwcru<Qrn> 'QI)(O'tlYl.>tw~ t8111 ~QI)'Gl~lfU -oW~C<ml)rul tQ)C8(9111~(9L(Q)
u.uts~(9(9gl~Q)OM u.u(9(Q) gIDL~'Glcm.ururrucwcruCQ1fl) 'GllfUC~crM S(9t<mruQID) QI)'Gl~Lru 'GlLRlUQ>C'Gl'tu.u
t<99'L<mL~W(9L6iru uO!JVtI..Jasuo:J n1!s-u[ ~L<.ll.lll.lWCW«JllfUu.u(9(Q) S(9t~'Gltffi>tw~ <mL(Q)tru W(9aa9QID) 'tu.u
t<99'LmCCW otwc~C<99'(9Q1)~ orutQ) <mLwtru otWC<99'UtLSC{Jlrul Ql)aa9W9t(f)ruc~rM frLQ)cwtWQID) otwL<.ll.lll.l
8Clll C{JlL(Q)Lcm.uLQ)cru'ot<99'<mL'GllrullllCW9LQ)ru \lflC1Wllt<.ll.lll.lSW oW9~Q)OM gIDL~C{Jlcm.ururrucwcru<Qrn>
C{JllfUc~crcw S(9t<mruQID) ',V.l9C<mruu.urutFi-lf"crul OO)(IlUcrutQ) gIDL<mL(Q)I.Q)u.utC{JlCrulltu.uQ>fUl) L<mClllt~aa98Clll
C{JlLwLon..uLQ)cru~Lu.ulf" QI)'GlQl)EJmLrulfU ~(9L<.ll.lll.lIOCill9LQ)ruu.u(9Woc~(Du QI)'Gltffi>tw~ C{JlLR)UQ>C'GlQUscw
;,OW9S~(9<99'lW9'Q)Oew
gmLG'EPcrru> ru f ru ew cru U 'EPlfUCl!.!crew S (9t «Dru QJJ» ~c 'EP (9 t (Ql)(Bu gn 'EPGlfU 'EP1ftiUg> C'EP
'~9~ ot~aa95C'Gl1O ot~'Gl{ZJ..)llll)<mC(Q)~I)LWQID)ot<99'QI)'GlL(Q)~Q)tlli9Q)a.6:'3 .tu.utcmoru.\W(Du U0!leAJ~SUO::>
nl!s-x~ <m(9L(Q)I.Q) u.ut<99'~Q)oM gIDL<mL~ru(9 ~JP.'lcm.ururruMcru<Qrn> C{JllfUc~crcw S(9t<mruQw
Ql)C{Jl~lfU gIDcu.u@u 'tu.utsP6(9<mLOu.u@U UOlleAJ;)SlIO:l nlls-UI orhQ>Clll u.ut<99'~Q)ocw u.u(9(Q) gIDL~C{JlcmJJ. , ,
ru r rucwcru<Qrn> C{Jll,RiUQ>C'Gl'GllfUc~crcw u.u t<99'LQ)LW9CC{Jl(9t (Q)JP.'lru(9l,RiU~'Gl ruQID) Ql)C{Jl~lfU ''Glt<99'~Q)ocw
L<mcroL<mL~ru(9 tWL<.llJ.ll.)WCcm.u'GllfUc~crcw S(9tcmruQID) Ql)C{Jl~lfU C{Jllf'6UQ>C'Gl'~Q) 'C{Jlt<99'~Q)OM u.u(9(Q)
[email protected] C{JllfUC~CrM S(9t<mruQID) QI)'Gl~lJU C(JIlf'6UQ>C'Gl'.\WE9 '~u.ut<99'lJU9ororuQID) 0cw L<mCWL(Q)~
o t<mclllwcmrul ',V.l9C~aa9rhQ>ClllW9~Q)OCW 0Q)(Q)tw.9Q) 't u.u t<99'LQ)Llli9CC{Jl(9tFi-lf'6UQ>C{Jl<Qrn>O(9<mK>Q)(9~ruCWQl)lC{JlCrolO.\W~ ruLu.u(Du o(f)c<mI)LwlfU 'OW9~Q)O(U) S(9t<mruQID) 'oQ)I\9Q1)I)'Gl(Q)LW~ S(9t~C{Jl~lfU 'Gllf'6UQ>CC{Jl
go!S LQ)tp> 'IJS
otrufwcmcrul otG'EP<l»fmcew:OW9 ~ Q) o(U) fm lfUrt)<9<9 tg)«»LW ~ S<9tEi tg)EilfU tg) l.f6Uwctg)
6ID3~~6lS o1ldhCTUmmmlmo<Df1 nJro'cfb9::l6TT)6ID3uOmsmmom l(uOrJcmroOdh~dhw~o 6l!l.J~~em~. dhcBn.'Mdhro~o
<llrlUO'W ~'m 6TlJOllh~dh~~/2lowl m~ 6TlJCTUlo mwonfltOOAruom nfl~dh~~6lS CTUJo@oo1ldh OU!lQJmm~~
CTUorodM16mo ru\916lcm~1t66lAem~. CTUJo@oo1ldh ~ruocn)() J,\nJmwdh~lam cm6l<m dhocB~dh o1l~dhuO CTUoro
<£M11t66lAruom~~ wcmmo lnJO<Jl3uoldh artClslmwom()Ql61Jf.~dh~~6lS o1ldhCTUm6lmm cmJrolcm6lrMslmmleml.
artCl<llcm<llrlJ06lf!J<llrluolw ~'m6TlJollhl dh~1/2l0Wl~ ldhlwommdh CTUnOdhro6TT)mmlf!Jl6ls ~eJrlJorlmcfb9::l/2lcm<llw
olw [Qm6ID3~l6lS o1ldhCTUmo, dh~~ nmem1ru dhcBn'l1dhdh~S~06TlJmml6l~ CTUomJmmldh o1ldhCTUmmmlm~o
ru\916lCll'l~1t66l1em A. dhcBn.'MdhcB CTUoro<£M11t66l~em @mGlJnuO rlJro'cfb9::l6TT)mlro'cfb9::l6TT)6ID3~lf!Jl6lS ~eJnJorlm
<llUO~ rucBIID1?dlt66l~emcm~0 [Qrurol6lS artCl@lru~lIDlmfl<llp.J.m) m<nJ1t66l10. dhlS06lcm, ~mlcmdh 6l6lruo1lw.\
CTUorodM16ffimmlmowl dhcBn9::ldhcB 6l!l.J~lem <llCTUrumo CTU/2l1nOo o1lf!JdheJn1It66l1dhW10 <llrlUO'W ~'m6TlJOllh~dh~lQlowl <llmro13~6TlJCTUlO mwon1lt66lom dhcBn'l1dhmoo artClruCTUroof!J@lt66l~dhWlo 6l!l.J~leml. [Qcm
~mlCll'ldh o1l@ru6ID3~lam artClrum dhlslcmam artClrudhouoruAo BJ@.\cmw~o ~o~lrurolmmleml.
dhocB~dh rul~dh~~6ls 6l6lrunflw.\ CTUorodM16ffimmlmowl CTUJO@Oo1ldh~ruoCTUru.\rumwdhuO CTUoro<£M11
<006l~s~emCll'llf!Jl6lS mlroruwl nJorolCTllillCll'lldh <llCTUrum6ID3uO ~0rM~rurolmmlruom dh\91Wlo. ~rlonOro6ffi
mmlm 6lm~lm6ID3~~6ls 6l6lruo1lw.\o CTUoro<£M11<ooom 6lmamruwf!JldhuO CTUoro<£M11t66l6lrMslem~. CTUJO@O
o1ldh 6lmamruWf!J~dhuO ~f!J CTUo@ro6ffildh~owl lrlJrucBmml<OO~dhw~o 6lru~6lrM0eB6>O, ~f!Jcfb9::l0/2l0 nmem1ru
wlam mlm1' CTUorocfb9::l6ffiomeJdh~dhwlo 6l!l.J~~em~. artCl<llCll'106ls0rM0/2lgmruwl nJorolCTllillcmldh <llCTUrum
6ID3uO <llmro131o artCl~06lcmwlo 6lmamruwf!JldhuO CTUQllnOmm1ml meJdhleml.
@oo1lwl6lf!J ~<ll(J)0~ @cfb9::l.\CTUlrocfb9::lmlf!Jm1eJt66l1 emcm dhocBn91ldh 6l6l~ru6l6lruo1lw.\ CTUorodM16ffimmlf!Jl 0
6l6l~ru CTUO<llllhCll'lldho1ll3.\wlf!J~/2lornJ. rucB1ID1.g.j1ruroAem ~mCTUo6lJ.\6lW cm'gl<llrM0glruom ~eJrlJol3mdM1Ql
Cll'l<llwolw [Qm6ID3~),6ls o1ldhCTUmo artClmlruoro.\Qlo61D. n(j)emoam ~eJnJol3mcfb9::l/2lcm<llwolw [Qm6ID3~),6ls
o1ldhCTUmmmlm 6l6lruo1lw.\/2locBem ~mlcmdh <llU06WOo amJell),\ml)o<llrlJ<£M11cmQlornJ.dhocBn9::l1dh nIl~dh~l6lS
CTUJO@Oo1ldh<lldhlm6ID3~l6lf!J CTUorocfb9::l6TT)o6l6lruo1lw,\l1lomem ~mlcmdh()uo6lJro CTUmJrom) lnJrlOmo 6l!l.J~~em
<llCll'l06lS0~0, ~mlCll'ldh6l6lrunIlw.\ nIldhCTUmru~o, nJro16moOlCllm>1f!J16lSWlo, rlJorolCTllillcmldh naJsmw~6ls CTUJO
w'mo /2l1f!Jru),0 nJ),cmlw [Qm6ID3uO rolnJ6l~3), ruro),n J:JmA~~ CTUOnO!l.Jro.\ru),o CTU~n91s1t66l),em),. [Qcm @onIl
wl6l f!J @dM1.\CTU),rodM1W cB()) dh15), cmam lnJ<llwo~ m 6)(kllJ3 w'Sdffi)00. artCl<llcm<llnJ 06l f!J CTUJO@onIldhQlowl nIldhCTUl
.g"I),rum),em dhocBn9::l1dh[Qm6ID3uO dh~~6l~.~),ruorm ,fl'Aohl/lTm (lJ~ru),o dh'smouolmldh~),o Qlcmlwodh),o. @cm
6l.aJf!Jru rlJro/2loruwl dh),oWt66l),ruom),o CTU),CTllillro/2l(){uldl,amn'4fldh nIldhCTUmo CTUOw.\/2l0t66lom),0 artClruCTUroo
CTU~n91sl<oo), em),.
In-situ conservation; CnJOCOOailZlc9.l00
dhocBn91ldh CLfl~dh~~omm rum.\ CTUCTU.\~m)'~Adl(')PIA6)~; CTUorocOO:l6ffi/2l0rnJ lnJwomQlowAo In-situ
conservation-f!Jl6ls CTUorodh91lt66l6lrMs),emcm. Reserve fill'est, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserve cm),s
6m31wruwlf!J16lswornJ [Qruw),6lS CTUorodM16TT)[email protected],~lAoImAmmAemcm. dhocB~dh nIl~dh6l~ CTUoCO<£M11t66l),
.1
.1-I••••••••••••••••••.,•••••••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
ruooO ~B~cfhoe.J6m3~lam [Q'D Qlom<[Jo <iJr3m~rum<'llTID1'2ilm~(m1~. o{j)(ffioam In-situ on-farm conservation
6)cfho6TlS~agutl1t66)l(ffiro) cfhom~cfh ru1~cfh~~6)S CTUJOlSOOn<o,acfhlm6m3~lam al'l6)(ffiCID~~ CTUomdM16mQlo6Tl').
CTUJOlSOnIlcfh~OJOCTUru~ ru<TUDCID1amCTUomdM16mo mS«lTOll aOlJOUO CTUolSnIlt66)Oru~(ffi tJle.J ClnJomocriJQlcfhUO
utlOmJlal'le6TmoOQlOm !1JA6TlS1t66)03l (ffi~. [QlnJcfhomo cfhomn'l:ilcfh [Qm6ID3uo CTUomcfhg{lt66)6)eMs~aOlJOUO «mlru(O)l
m1.!2l01CIDomlo, ~ruutl~Ql~~ @mo o{j)~~~<'llTID1ame.Jlil~Qlot66)lruom~o lnJCIDOCTUQlO6Tl').[Qro) CTUCTU~lnJ~mm
nIlcfhCTUm6)<'llTIDlnJal'llcfhAe.JQlOCID16TlJow1t66)~o. «mla(O)(JnJ06)P-I [Qm6m3~~6)S CTUJOIilOnIlcfhal'lnJA1>~QlO(D.n m1e.J
m1m<'llTID1CID~~CTUomdM16mo [QnIl6)S mst66)6m6)Ql(ffi1~. d})om6mo nJom1<TUD1al'llcfhQlog<'llTID1mlOnJml6ffiOQllnJ
lcfh1CIDcriJt66)~oru1awCIDQloCID1 CTUJlSoruneJsmCID1am Qlogo Olmoo. o{j)(ffioam ex-situ conservation ~ nJmlQl1
al'llcfhUO (O)m6mo 6)!1J~l(ffi~. CTUomdM16mo mS<'llTID6)'Ms~m) mO~~6)<'llTID6TlJow1t66)~(ffi o{j)~o lnJal'llcfhle.JneJS
cfh6m3~~o in-situ wnservation -amCID~o 6TlJOw1t66)oo. UlJ~rwo, rumuo.!2l, 6)ru~6)eM0t66)o o{j)(ffi1ruCIDlo,
CTUOQllnD~CTUOOlJ<'llTID1cfhQlog6m3~lo [QlnJcfhOmQl~~ (fUoIO,lh'l:16m lnJlcfh1CID6)CID CTUJOw"lm1t66)000 o{j36)O
CTUOW~al'lCIDlGffi.
cfhom~cfh nIl@cfh6>@ «JT/)(1J(D)! 6>S ~OJOCTUOJ~ OJ<TULla» ceQ 6>OJ@1<D>1m8
CTUomcfb9:11c8Q!cm m'an1 (Ex-situ Conservation ):-
lnJaal'l~cfh utl"lal'l"lcfhm6m CTUonIlwom<'llTID1e.J~o, ~"l00 6llJOubl,f),p~le.Jlo, a6TlJ0306m1<fb' (J)om(U)m~cfh~le.J~o Qlg~o
~mal'llcfh6)6)runIlw~o CTUomcfhg{lt66)l(ffial'll6)mCIDo6Tl')c.'(-sllll ('onscrvation o{j)(ffil nJOCIDl(ffiro). «mlal'lOCIDro)
nIl~cfh~l6)S CTUJOlSoru1cfh acfhlm6m3~le.J~06)(O), Qlmln'H~ m1ml2l2l1al'lQloCIDm1CIDlC'TID6m CTUonIlwom<'llTID100
cfh"l~lam CTUomdM16mo @0eM0t66)l(ffi m"lal'llCID06m1ro).
o{j)~O CTUnIlautln9::lal'lcfh~lo cfh~al'l~QloCID1Clm6U6)eMSl<'llTID1CIDOJl~cfh~06Tl') 6)nJOal'll6)ru [QlnJcfhomo CTUomdM11t66)
6)~S l (ffiro). «mlal'll6)cfh06TlSl al'l6)(ffi [QnIl6)S CTUom~<66l6)fr\ls l (ffi nIl~cfhUO o{j)~l eM<'llTID1am (0)1m1.!2l01CID000
CTUow1t66)~o. [QlnJcfhomo CTUAdM11t66)6)eMS!(ffi ~m1(o)cfh6)6)nJnIlw~o Clmm13! mlCIDlC'TIDlt66)ooOCTUow1t66)lo
cfhOm6mo «mlrucriJt66)mlaCIDO~~QlOCID [QsClru~cfh~lam ruoutloJmrwmru mS<'llTID!(ffial'l!QlAe.Jo [QruCIDl6)S ruoutl
moutlo al'ls6TlITlff CTUomdM16mo @0eM0t66)!cfhCID!o 6)!.lJ~Oo. 1il0nIlCIDlam ~ruutl.\o rumooO CTUOW~(o)CID!~
o{j)~o<'llTIDmommlal'lcfhnIllilru6m3~~O [Q6m36)m CTUom~t66)OoO mQl!~ CTUowlt66)lo .
o{j)(ffioam [Q'D CTUonIlwomo cfh!gQlg 63(ffi~; cfhOm6mo «mlal'll6)nB CTUJOlSOnIlcfhClcfhlm<'llTID1amml(ffi!o Qlogl
lnJal'l1n9101t66)! (ffial'llm oam nJml6mOQllnJlcfh lCIDcriJ~ nIlaWCIDQlOcfh06)al'lCID!° QlOO!(ffi nJoml<TUDlal'llcfh neJScfh6m3
~~QloCIDl [Q6m6m306)al'lCID!o rum!(ffiro) (SonIlCIDl6)e.J nIlmlaCIDo(J) CTUOW.\al'l nJmlQllal'l6)eMS!<'llTIDl(ffil. cfhAS06)al'l
@'D CTUonIlwomo ru~6)m 6)!1Je.JrulcfhAS1CIDal'110CTUAcfb91QlQlOCIDnJml!1Jm6mo ~ruutl~Ql!~al'l~Qlo6Tl'). [Qro)
lnJaal'l.\cfh l~ 6)6)mruCTUOlJ(ffiQlOCID, rulcfhCTUJm mOn91lS6m3UO~ «mlm!rum<'llTIDlt66)ooO 6TlJlrwlQll3l~ 63ml
m"lal'llcfhAslCIDo6Tl').
~(3.) m6YT5! mJomcOO16TTll2loro<&6ID3~!<l:5m>!O<l:l2lamam030 CTUrocB6loamo l2l<l:g~cmmJldDa~o m5Clml'l!<l:cruouB
~mdD"lm> mJoCOcOO16TTl12l0roC{;l6ID3uB«JT1lm!ruroClml'llcB6l!m)m) oJlro6QJl2lom>!O ~m6ID3uB an61emm>o6Tl'l. mJomcOO1
6TTlaClml'1061SO~O «JT1lanl61nR uoomJlan"lm>l2lom> n.flmla<DJQ(fJ(lll[l)leJl61S mJ!<TUDlm ruldDmJmo ~ro~lcB6l!
ruom!o @an1eJl615 m12l1.e6l mJOWlcB6l!O. nJcocrumoCDcll)C7lowl moo dD~nS11 6lDJmJan!61dDo6YT51mlcB6l1em
dDoronS11dD ~OJOmJru.)()J<TUDdDuB, ~DJocom!o9:10am601.1(mt66)0m>1 mleJmlroClml'llem n.flUO!rwrum6ID3uB,
n.flClml'l!dD~!615 mJomcOO16TTlo @O~OcB6l!em mJ012l10.01<OJWnCO,\6TlIOlfb!dhuB n(j)emlrum>leJl615 ~mdD"lm> mJoCO
cOO16TTlo@O~! ruCO!Clml'lOo.
al2lam mJln.11?Jl~ m6YT5!anmO mJomdM:!6TTl 12l0roC{;l6ID3uBcB6l!OctmlanlanRanom> am36ID3~!O adD036ID3~!O @~.
~mlrmdDrul@ru6ID3~! 615 mJomdM:!6TTlo nfleJruClml'lOcB6l!emrmlm ctmlru61m> m6YT5!m"lanlm>leJ! 0 mJOmdM1lcB6l61~
5 6TTl° n(j)em rm06Tl'l mJ an.)o. 63err) 12l61~?O
emlamos I2lmrumlcB6l!cman~061an. nJmmJnJmnJlmdDl2lom>l oJro(llTml~oam 12l0lanal2l mJomdM:!6TTllUOI2l6ID3uBmoo
@a~uolcB6l!em nfleJ6ID3uB mQJcfbl. aQlmO mJln.11?Jl~ m6'l'l5! mJomdM:!6TTl l2loroC{;l6ID3~!OmJoam>o~l?Jl~ ~m
dD"lm>mJomdM:!6TTlm"lanlm>o6TD nmgru! 0 nfleJruClml'lOm> mlomdD916TTll2loroC{;l61I2lerr)61lnJO nfl. n(j)o. n(j)mJ. mJJOl2l1
mOLDcm ctml@1LnJOm>61~5!cm!. «JT1la~o.Oo n.fl@orumo 61n IWlrm mJomcOO16TTlm"lanl rm061\9 61dD05!Clml'llmlcB6l!em
n.11lrmClml'llammlrrn I2lm'h\lleJOcB6l00.
Zoological Parks
Gene Banks
Botanical Gardens
1Ex-situ Conservation
r
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••------------"~
Sacred groves
CONSERVATION METHODS
Community Conservation
I.• ~ IE .• t
n~sltu on arm X-Situon .arm
LAgro ecosystems.
Reserve Forest
Sanctuaries
Biosphere Reserve
In-situ Conservation
•••••••••••••••••••.-•••••••••••••••••
6>ng)UDJ<Oc\0 nIlcma»c86>AcmmosnS nIlamnlm6m3u6~1. (f)1m1~rm
CZlm~o9:l~rmrum6lfB~1am m1em~0 auo6lJm1~ nIlamn~c&uO nIlCID<IiSc66>~ruorm(l»~s6lfB1Qlla(l»06>s c&oroo9:l1c& !lJm1
lemamn1m em~Sc66>CZlOQll1.[Qcm nQ3c&aBUOo 7000-m~0 10000-m~0 ruroo9:l6lfBuOc66>~CZl~mJ06TD.ae.J0c&amn16>nR
nIlnI1w @0(f)6lfB~1e.JOQll1306TD [Q<rO moo c&~n9fI 6>!IJ~nem nJe.J nII~c&~~o nIlc&CTU1~~ruemcm. C&Oron9fldh
!lJm1lCIDamn16>nR nIlnI1w ne.J36lfB~1am, ~Qll1maamno~0 ruroo9:l6lfB~~6>S nJm16Tn0CZllnJldh1QllQll1e.J~6>SQll~0,
dhroo9:lc&m~6>S lnJO!IJ"lmCZlOQll 6>emm6>6l'lml)S~c66>amm"lCID1Qll1e.J~6>SQll~0~6TD nJe.J mosrm nIlamn1m6lfB~~0
m~nJomnm6>?d3~ruemcm. 630amo lnJaBUOamn16>nRQll~0 nJom1CTUll1em1dhCTUnIlaUOo9:lemc&~~6>S CTUJOw"lmo [QlnJ
c&omo m~nJ6>?d3 ru1~dh~1am mCZl~cB6lBrouo1c66>orm CTUow1c66>~0.
n(j)emoam ~Qll1maamno~0 ruroo9:l6lfB~~6>S nJm16mOCZltnJldh1QllQll1e.J~6>SQll~0, mQl2l~6>S nJ~ro<)dc&roo9:ldhro «3T/)ru
m~6>S «3T/)o1nI1anRQll~0, m1m"lcfb9:l6Tnamn16>nRQll~0 «3T/)S1CTUllOmamn1amnIlc&CTU1~6>~S~ amn ~ mosrm nIlamn1
m6lfBuO @m1 nJe.Jemmamn1e.J~~ @"Io9:l6m1 amm13~6>(fu06TlS1m1c66>~em~. @aJnJOBmcfb9:lCZlemaQllo1Qll nIlamn1m
6lfBuO lnJ!lJm1c66>~ruorm em~s6lfB1Qllaemo6>s mosoB @m6lfB~~o «3T/)ruQll~CZlOQll16llJCTUl6>?d3~ dh6TlS1m~em
rum~6llJCTUl~c66>~~o lc&aCZl6Tn c&roo9:lc&ro @anJdh9:l1~~ em~s6lfB1. [Qm1 nIlce,CTUJm mO~~6lfB~16>e.J !IJ~m~c66>o
!1..Ile.J CTUlle.J6lfB~1am CZlOlemCZlO6TDmosrm @m6lfBuO lnJ!lJomamn1e.J~~cm. !1..Ile.J c&6mc66>~c&uO CTU~!1..Il~c66>~
emcm ae.Joc&amnOdhCZlomo @6TlSoQll1m~~ mo~rm @m6lfB~1am 85 uoemCZlomaamno~o @~CZl1Qll1amm1em~0 «3T/)lnJ
em~cfb9:lCZlOQll1n(j)emem06TD .
mosrm nIlamn1m6lfB~~6>s CTUomcfb9:l6Tno,mosrm c&~n'l1l nmem1ruQll~6>s lnJowom~o [Qm1 nmemaamnc66>O~~o
nQ301rum1dhQl106TD. CTU~CTUll1mc&~n9fIQll~06>6>mrudh~...gflQll~o mosrm [Qm6lfB~~6>S lnJCTUcOOl)1nQ36>OnII~1a~0
em~em~.
mosrm [Qm6ID3uO lnJoaBuo1dhCZlOQll nJom1CTUll1CID1dbClJ~em1Qllom6ID36>~ «3T/)em1~"InI1c66>~dhQll~0«3T/)CID~CZlOQll1
6>nJom~amn6>?d~ 63m~ m1uW1em @aJnJOBmcfb9:lCZlemm1alm1roamn~c&Qll~0 6>!IJ(9nem~. CTUll1mCZlOQll63m~ @BJnJO
Bmo maJdh~emaem06>so?do CZl~, C&Oe.JOruCTUll, [email protected]@~em, dh~n9fIm'em1 nmcm1ruQll~6>S «3T/)S1CTUllOm
amn1am @'D mosrm [Qm6lfBuO m1mruw1 CTUnIlaUOo9:lCIDdbuOlnJc&s1~c66>~em~. @Qllroem amO(f)lnJem1amowauo
n9f1, rumuO~aQllQll~O 6>ru~6>?doc66>6>amnQll~o «3T/)CID1stlnIlc66>am,c&'S6lfB6>~ lnJem1amow1c66>am, cfb9:IomooUOCZl~
~aCIDO, «3T/)gJooUOCZl~~aemo ~Qll CZl~1am ru~IO~(ln(m, @?d~6>ru~6>amn «3T/)(l»1~"InI1c66>~emcm, c&s~amn
6>ruQll1eJlamQll~0 em6meJlamQll~o «3T/)em1~'nIIc66>~m)cm em~s6ID31 womo~o CTUnIlaUOo9:lemdhuO [Qru<IiSc66>~~ .
[Qem16>m~00 nJ~oaCZl CTUJOB1~SCZlO6TDmosrm @cfb9:I.\~m6ID3uO .
mosrm [Qm6lfBuO c&~n9fI 6>!lJc!y~emem1e.J16>S mOCTUru~c&'smouo1m1 lnJaQllO(f)o ru~6>m c&ls~emam «3T/)~nIIam
ifb ~o<IiSc66>~ruom~ 0 «3T/)lnJc&omCZl~6TlSOc&Oru~em nJom1CTUll1em1c& B~mmn6lfBuO 63!91ruoc66>oru~emem~CZlO6TD.
n(j)6>mnemoam mosrm @m6lfB~~6>s c&~n9fIcB6l ru~6>m dh~06l'lml) «3T/)~nIIam CZlOlemaCZlru~lnJaQllO(f)o ~ClJUO~
Qlow1 ruetl!<Tn!~!, cmaem! em6)<TnloJO<JI3Ull1tfhQlocoflf:!Jg1dl6l!<Tn6)6)SlruOruUll1~S6ID3~1f:!J~6)S cruoW1cB6'loru!
<Tnem06'f1).cmalrutfhOetlo oJl~tfh~l6)f:!J Slmlemtfh6)6)runJlw.\o ~dM::!.\ cru!etldM::! ~0t;tj0cB6'l!tfhW!o, l3oetlll13amn1m
CIDIlo~anlruetl!amn~tfhw!o, oJetl1cru.oleml cruoetldM::!6Tno~0t;tj0cB6'l!tfhW!O 6)!1J~!<Tn!. mosm @m6ID3~~6)s @'D
crunJlQUlln9:1cmtfhuOcru~cru.oietltfh~o9Jlcoflam ru~6)etl lnJWOm6)t;tj3 rullh! runnlcB6'l! <Tn!.
mosm @m6ID3~16)f:!J mmlemtfh6)6)ruoJlw.\amnl6)nR cruoetldM::!6Tno @cm n{j)<TnQamncB6'lo~~o lruowom.\o
CIDIlmnn1cB6'l!<Tn~. CIDIlQl1cmQloWSlmcruo6lJ.\O rumlWmru! 0, !1J!etl!6ID316)cB6'lo61"B1etl1cB6'l~<Tn tfh~o9Jl~1Ql1w! 0 tfhOf:!JO
ru(TU()O ru.\cm1wom6ID3~!0 @cm ~w!mltfh Qlm~n9:1.\m CIDIl~1Ql!6lfltfhetllcB6'l!<TnlruWOm6)t;tj3 lruuOm6ID3~O
6'f1). etlOSl.\6ID3uOcruoeruamn1tfh oJ!Qetlou>eml ~meeil1cB6'l!<Tn<Jcmo6)Sot;tjo Slm6ID3~~6)S cma~letl~Ailw!o ~ru
Ull.\6ID3~!o rumIW1cB6'l!<Tn!.@'D ~ruUll.\6ID3uO cruoW1cB6'l!<Tncm1mru~6)etl ~Wm<Tn <Jemocm1am@alruOl3mo
ms a amn61"Blruetl!<Tn!. tfh~o9Jl~1Ql1w!6)s oJetllQllcm1@wm<Tn @alruol3mdM::!Qlemw!~ oJlamn1m6ID3~!6)s oJltfh
crum6)amn cmam1ruoetl.\QlocB6'l!<Tn!.mmlemtfh cruallhcmltfh nJll3.\ ~ruQwou>l~ @cm aetloU>/tfh'S lrucmlQetlow
QUllo9JlW!~an ~° cmaQcmcruQlWo cmacm.\!aloJol3ma Ullo9JlW!~an!QlOW nJlamnlm6ID3uO nJltfhcru1?Jl6)~s! cB6'l!
ruom UllOmJlcmamn1m tfh!916nrnl>letllcB6'l!<Tn!. ru6)dM::!@amnetlo nJlamn1m6ID3~! 6)S oJltfhcrumamn1m 6)6)runJlw.\
Qlom<Tn crunJlaUlln9:1cmtfhuO @~ mosm @m6ID3~A0 CIDIlruW!6)S rum.\ 6TIJCT\.U!cB6'l~!0 cmaan.\OruUll.\QlO6'f1).
mosm @m6ID3uO m1f:!Jmla1QcB6'l61"Bcml6)nRCIDIlm1ruo(O.\<mw1<Jf:!JcB6'lo6'f1)@m) oJletlam !1J~61"B!<Tnm).
tfhomn'l:fltfh@m6ID3~! 6)S Slmlemtfh n(Btfh'tfhetl6Tno CIDIllrucm'dh9:flcmQlowruf:!J cmaoJtfhS6ID3~!0 nJl~1~! ruetl!amn!
<Tn!. oJl~tfh~!6)S 6)6)ruoJlw.\o ru~6)etl tfh!OW!!ihWAo dhcBn9:1tfhm6Jaetl @mo cm6)<Tncfb~n'l:fI @OcB6'l!cfbW!o
6)!1J<!y!aeruouO cfb1saetloU>6TlJOWcfb1S!eJcmocofl ru.\a" Odl6l!cfbW!O OJmacmoemlam oJl~moUllo ruetl!amn!cfbW!o
6)!1J<!y!<Tn!. 1845-am cmawmf:!J61"B1amol<Jt;tjocB3! 6)n ,wan @etl!~cB6'l1!96ID3aetlou>o ru~6)etl Qruu>o ru.\on1lcB6'l!
cfbW!o ~etl!~cB6'l1!96ID3@mo em6)<Tn ~ etlOSl.\~ @~ocmoru!tfhW!O 6)!1Jwcm!, @acm em!smcm 10 f:!JdM::!
aamno~o aoJm ru316TnlQl1eJo QletllcB6'l!cfbW!O15 f:!Jcfb'l1oarum etlOSl.\o oJl3~aruoru!cfbW!O 6)!1Jwem!. 1943-am
@mn .\w1am cruo~oJl~ •6TlJoU>OuOdM::!OQl'amnlm! n Om)1eJ!0 Slm1ancfb 6)6)runJlw.\aUllOn9:16TnQlO6)6Tncm tfhetl!
cm!<Tn~. n{j)mn1m!Qru6)o,@'D cmaS!amncfbOf:!Jo ru6)mWAo ruwmo31am ~61"BOw1etl!<Tn Qlw!(!)mOetl6ID30cfb~o9Jl
oJ1m6pJQlow1 mUll1~cm!0, acfbetl~amnlf:!Jo6)tfh tfh!etl!OIA~tfh1m<Jruetl!!1J'wamaetlou>o oJsm<Tn!n1ls1~em!0 cfb'S
aetloUJlrucm1aetlowa Ulln'l:flcofl~oamn ru~6)etl tfh!°~~ppm6ID3uO QlOlcmo cfb~n'l:fI 6)!1Jwcmcm!6)tfh061"B06)6Tncm
CIDIlm!Qlom1cB6'l!<Tn~,
m1mo.lw1 cfbomn9:11cfbnJl~cfb~!6)S mcmmoS06'f1) mam!6'lS etlOSl.\o. @l3onnetl6Tnamn1m 6)m~, CIDIlamcfboruwm
@m6ID3uO, 6)ru~etl1, Qlamnm @m6ID3uO, tfh!etl!Ql!~dh. n(Bf:!Jo, Qloeru!9o em!s6ID31wru @'D loJal3Ull<lfrn}@etl!
amn1etl16nrnl>!ru<Tncmorn)'.cmaaem<JoJ06)eJ Qlg! etloSl.\6ID3~lam @S6)f:!JSAamnoJl~cfb~!o moo cfb~o9Jl 6)!1J<!y!<Tn!.
tfh0?Jlw~o. o6'T1l0!,O,Qletl~mlw!o @em1m Ailf:!J @l3onnetl6Tn6ID3~o6'f1).acfbetl~o @<Tn!0 mosm @m6ID3~oam
crueru<TnQlO6'f1).~dM::!.\-mo6Tn.\-cru!U>CT\.UoJl~cfb~!6)5 6l6lo.lnJlw.\QlOm<Tn mosm @m6ID3uO @<Tn!0 mam!6)s
wls(16)f:!J cruowom6Tn cfbmn9:1cfbm6JetlQl1f:!J.\crueruamn ocofl cruOetldh9:fl-?Joj! amnm cmf:!JQl!OW<B()) 6)6)tfhQlOO!
<Tn!.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
oc~IDu QJ)illl9W~ QJJSCW GJ~ WJft9a'$,IDWlfU O)oJ/onlf)u(? "fWJfsAJ(9lU9Ccg> of~illl9w~ QJJSCW S(9fcroru
LWJIDu oraff)u 'If{Q.l9~ oAJCS(9C~Dilll9W~ QJJSCW WJ\VclO\"mlfUru(9(9 ~(9LC{Jl~flZlfQ)fcg>gJVL<.lllO>~Q)cg>Dcrocscw
S(9f~illl9\"ruEJ1(Tu)(nf(U) "fWJf/tDfU(9 lfliU~cg> gJVL(lll.o)r~Q)(g>DLcroc~cg>fal9c8tw QJ)illLqW~ QJJSCW lillg>ClZl
\"mlfUru(9(9 s(9fcroruLWJ(J}u QJ)cg>~lfULOt9a'f'i;ru 'gJVtfUCfg> '!,WfUD 'g>croru 'Q)LwflZl '.v-ufdi~ '~IDu 'O~CfUD
'LOC<.lllO>flZl'WLw 'lZlCfU "~ccroWJ(9W gJVLlillflZl owcurw s(9f~illl9W~ QJJSCW ofraL~cg>~lfU Q)WL~W(9
'oft9a'Lmc(U) ~flZlW
QJJClfufU(9 lfliU~cg>LcroclZlQ)cg>~cra gJVwfstcg> ofcroruLlilllVu QJJcroL~ru(9 'raconcg>Q)I.~ 'raconcg>CTWln "~ccroQ)(9ru
rutQ) 99 gJVWflZl rutQ) 9L ~LlZlClnlcrag,Lcg> raLru ~(9lFclWl'J Q)ruw gJVL~illl9~CfU)Dcg> cg>LonEJlOcrul.v-u~ 'Ofcg>ClZl
lZlJ~g>wfru fQ)E9 ~lfliU~cg>gJVW(9 lillfsLQ)WIO ooncw \?OlccroL<.lllO>al9(9cg>LlU9rulfUsl~cQ)ClOUQilll ,\lllilJfsra(9wflZl
ofcroClZlffigg>tru w\"mc(U) GJ~ "~ccroLmlfULwrul fQ)E9OllUW ~QJ)illl9n.9f(u)Qilll LmruwsE9 l.illl9sfw Ol]\.llZlDrul
'QJ)illl9lnCQ)10CTUJru90(U) Q)EJ~ 'ffuon g>Qilll 'o<.lllO>l.fU 'O(OJCru "flill fQ)LsAJ(9/tDfU(9on g>Cru fon lill (9Wft9a'gJVWflZl
oracC{JlwwcQ)fru ~WJft9a'ClZlral.on LlQlll.l9cg>Q)ruw ~J.)LWlillf<.lllO>g>LwraLWowfUGJcro '~cwsf%J(9Wcmrul
Q)(9~ru owcmw S(9fcroQ)ruw ofraL~illl9croCEJfU)l(U)C(UQ)Lcg>UU QJJSCW f8lZl ofraL<.lllO>EJrulOg>tcro<Q.w"~CWScg>D
fQ)ruD ~L<.lllO>\"~tlZl mRil'GJE9 OW~ QJJSCW lillfsf%J(9(Q)Llilllf)u ,Q)rullll9, crumQilll ,Q)ruw, ~L<.lllO>lU9Q)l]\.ICEJ~
"fWJft9a'LQ)L(Q)Lal9t9a'DLlnC(Q)DLWlfU gJVLcroLWI.Q)(Q)C(Q)LQ)onof(Q)LW~ ocw
of~wcg>Ril'ong,lfU(U) ~(9LWQilll ofru\"mlfUru(9(9 S(9f~£ill9W~ QJJSCW GJ~ "f~fWJfsAJ(9lfufU(9 LRil'~cg>(Q)DClZl
fUg>truQilll t9a'(9C ~ (9EJ.n9WL<.lllO>lfUGJ~ g,IDClill IDu "flill ft9a'C lZlCW~lZl(U) ~ (9EJ.n9U)~ QJJSCW 5 (9f lZlZlU) 0mcg>f<.lllO>
lfUQ)cg>(Q)LEJ.n95 fW QJJ<.lllO>fOcg> WJ fQ)Wfru~lfU lill f t9a'!ftLWC cg>(9 W(9C5 t CW 'QJJcroL~ru(9 (Q)ClZlw.(Wonrul g,IDL<.lllO>
\"Q)Ccg>S(9f(Q)UUfQ) !.f~@ru(9lillSru, '.QJJemffU, ',QJJraDCfUD, lillfQ)w fru~lfU ~U) ofraLralU9W !,QJJal9CWruD,
, .LSClOUfU(9, lill ft9a'lfU I.~LWQilll <.lllO>(9t9a'C f%J(9~ru(9 !,f'i; sc E9, " cg>ru5 IDu, croc lZlW.(Wonru 1 0 (9ff)u ~Lw lill
f<.lllO>g>LWL8CWQilll~(9EJ.n9SI.cg> 'fWJ fsru(9 gJVL~EJ.n9W~ QJJSCu) 0fcroruLWJIDu ,QJJfUcw(9, •,QJJSClZlg,SCW,',QJJQ)
C(Q)LS~ CW, lill ft9a'lfUl.~Lw Qilll cro(9f'i;QJ)Q)ru "fWJ fQ)ru fW$,IDfU(9 lfliU~CW0fdid\') g,~ g,IDL~EJ.n9onEJ1OQ)I.W<.lllO>(9lnC~
g>tffigcw QJ)EJ.n9U)tfcJW(9~fracrug, ,QJJ\"Q)CfUCfU(9, ~fruLdicg> QJJcrufQ)~ru ~lfUl.~LWQilll <.lllO>(9~ru(9ff%J~
"~ClZllillfU)(U) oSlfU~ ofal9CCW(9ru(Q)LEJ.n9sfw ~lill(9fU(9 'Q)ruU) ~flZl\"ratlZlmRil'GJE9 "fWJfsf%J(9lU9CCW g,IDL~
EJ.n9lnC~ mlfUlfU ~(9LSCWcroru ofWJ~ ruLlillIDu .rdCQn(g>Q)I.~, ',raconCWCTUJln, croc~EJ.n9wtfcJU)(9CTUJlnf(U)
"fWJfQ)LcroCWWJg>ClZl\"mlfUrul,)l,) O)l,)~ru QJ)C{JlWRil'onDlfU(U) s(9f~illl9WL<.lllO>Lru GJ~ 'fWJ
fQ)LW$,IDfU(9lfliU~cg>Q)(9ru oraccg> <.lllO>fsQilllGJ~ QjJI1Il'lWl.(\l..lO.JlfUgJVW(9oQ)~ gJV-!lL OonEJDcg>ff)uOW1ClZl gJVLcro
~L~ RCwcroru "fWJfQ)LW$,IDfU(9 LRil'~cg> ofraL~f.l1l.'l(I)<:I%IIu ~(9L<.lllO>~Q)cg>DQJ)illl9wlFclw(9 croClZlW.(W\"W\"ru
~Lt9a'lU9cg>fotw 0~Q)cg>g, fWJfQ)LcroClZlWJfU)(U) gJVc{dl1lll)w~'fJW(9 QJJscw "Occrooru .v-ulU9(9CraLcrolfliU~cg>gJVW(9
~WJ ft9a'LQ)LcroClZlW~cg>I.EUlcg>D0 fcroo(9ff)u o\"Q)fU)OJCI" flU f ('){J'If6'g>Q)o(U)QJ)illl9WL<.lllO>lfUQJJscw ~U(9L<.lllO>~Q)cg>D
'ofcg>
C1ll~Qf) (>rUC IIICW LCIDCIIIf 00'.(tD<lllil> 10Ull(9ll)u L5 t cg> 0)' mlJUru (9(9 cg>(ll)LW~ Ull t 00'lf5U Qf)IOruQ.ij)) g.QJL'GICID(9C~
lfULmcCUl ofwcrufcg>!,Ow olOOUL(ll)rul ofwCOO'LOlcg>~(J)oQ.ij)) ~(9Elfl9WruCUlIO a.~ ~(9L<lllil>UUflllCUl ,tUllfOO'cstcg>
g.QJ(ll)flll $PL<lllil>WEJcru!,O~ 5(9f~cg>t<lllil>1JU Ol'GI(\1) ffli[fli'9'OlOCUl Q.lru~ ruCIDLE1fl95f(ll) Qf)cg>~LruLOOO'fT;ru Qf)Elfl9
)'ruEJ1(T\j)(J) fCUl 'Qf)cg>fE1fl9dlLcg> 'Qf)cg>f~w(9 mH>ua.E9 CIDC~Elfl9Olf\9Qf)IOcg>(ll)LW~ sft(9wcmrvl Ol(9~ru ',\li9Clll
t OlClZU~ f Olfru~ (ll)1,(W W9 ~lllC(J) 1 0 f ~ cg>LCUlCruLEJW JP.> Ull t lfuru (9 0 f CIDcg>f OO'[fli'9'OlOCUl 0 f CIDcg>f 00' f 5(llJJll9 (9Ol(ll)(9
Qf)Elfl9W~ gu5CW CIDClllf(ll)UlltOO'lJU~~L(ll)Q.ij)) QfCID{~()flD95~ cg> ofaD~IOElfl9(J)cOlIO 'ot(ll)Ull fOO'L~CCIDIO LCIDClllf~cg>
L(ll)LonJ.)LOlru cg>LQf)EJlOcrul ',\li9CllltOlClZURlufOlff U ~Wl~Ul (ll9~lllC(J)l ot~cg>LCUlCruLEJlQw OfCIDO(9£!)u SPJUlltSFt(9Qf)~
g.QJL(ll.lQ)(J)c~Lru <{P~QJcg> UllfOO'[fli'9'OlOCUl Qf)E.W9WLlllllVlJU gu5CW 'OW900'CftOij Q.lcg>~Q.lcg> ~ll)u oW900'LOl
LCIDClllf(ll)UllfOO'tf6L5cg>rul Qf)Elfl9W9f(J) ~Ull(f)u olwlfn)con.u '(ll)cg>£!)u 'Of(ll)Ullf<lllil>Q.lLWIOLW lllLW(ll) of(ll)~fCIDlll
f (ll)tru Qf)Elfl9WL<lllil>1JU ~f IIIOlCcg>rul~ '0 f OO'LOl\,CIDC(l)() uQ.lQ.ij)) 0 t OO'Qf)E1fl9Qf)Ccg>ru Q.ij)) C~ (f)u Ull f OO'L~RJ $P O)Ccg>
(ll)l,(WcQf) ww ~ru 1 )' CUlCUl t OlE9 gucg>~Q.lcg> Ull t (9{Jl f sfl;- (9tf6LCUlcg>1JU Qf)E1fl9WL<lllil>1JU 0 W ~ CIDL(ll)fru (ll)(9C 5 t cg>
'0 f5ft(900'LRi'9'OlOCUl Qf)Elfl9Qf)Ccg>ruQ.ij)) ~tllltwCt9H'LalJU 0 twcru flfuru(9 08Clllcg>(9(9 '0 twcru tOO'L(J)CCIDlOrU~
ofwcrufOO'[fli'9'Ol0CUl 'ofwcruflfuru(9 lfbU~cg> ot~E.W9W~ c~ll)u fmtlOlJUlOLW ~OlCOO'L~~cg> -OlllCIDLW a.~
',\li9C (ll)Ullll)u L<lllil>5 W 0 ill9C IZIVQ.lLWIIICIDLW
fmfIOL<lllil>Ol(ll) UllfOO'lf1icg>OlOCUl Qf)E1fl9Qf)Ccg>ruQ.ij)) (i,f~ o)'~COl 5(9t1ZIVW LCIDClll)'EJCIOL<lllil>cg>CralO (ll)t(ll).(Ulru
f OlE9 CIDClZlOlcg>~C UlJ.) 10CUl 'f (ll).(tDru (9 0 fCIDcg>f sl\'.,19MJlLOlcg>~(J)0Q.ij)) (ll)cg>)'Qf)rulQw ~(9L(ll) al9cg> IDLa W oOl Ccg>
~(J)0Q.ij)) ~fOO'Qf)Elfl9WruCUlIO 5(9 fOlruQ.ij)) ~l.lU1U)/( 1'10 t5 tcg> cg>~Q.lcg> Ull tOO'~OlOCUl 0\ mLruru(9(9cg>(ll)Lm~
OfCIDcg>fOO'tslO(9S~ OCIDQf)IQ1l» Ullll)u ••Qf)E1U9Q1)C'IJ'1UVIUJ S(9fOlcg>~Q.lcg>" W91111Ocg>1'SPJUllrutW.9C(9Gl(9L(ll.lQ)\pCID0
g.QJL(ll.lQ)1O(ll)CID~Qf)EJID\pUlJ.)Q.ij)) Qf)E1fl9Qf)Ccg>ruQ.ij)) S 19tid UD951 £liUCOl OlrCUlcg>1JU Ull f OO'LRi'9' OlOCUl 0)'mLruru (9(9
cg>(ll)LW~ ,\li9CW~~IZIVcg> fT;LOlcg>~tOl LCIDCWCIO\piQlfCi(9 gumCWLlllcrCUl ',(Wll)u 'oll)u 'oucru1(9 g.QJ-£B6~ 'SPJ
CIDL<lllil>Q.lCIDf 1ZlEJJ:U9Qf) LCIDClll)' EJlQw LCIDlQw 0 f WLUUlVOlC'(J I~U) 0 Q.ij)) 0 f OO'Qf)E1fl9Qf)Ccg>ruQ.ij)) S (9f Olcg>~ Q.lcg> Ull t 00' LRi'9'
Ol0CUl SPJQ.ij)) otWL(ll.lQ)W9Ri'9'OlOCUl )'mlJUru1919 '(J)(U)III)~ rd(9L~Elfl9W~ guSCW ,\li9CCIDW5rauoCUl'Ri'9'~cg>CIOID
OEU1'<P1D)(J)1IOf U19(9ru~(9(9 cg>lf5UQ.lCcg>)uutlllCCUl IO(9LCID~L~ ~CWCIDru
,\li9C 1Zlwruc onJ.) Ull f OO'L<lllil>Q.lrurul g.QJL<lllil>rw~(ll)(1)() ~u 19OlC WLlllcrCUl •~ ll)u •oll)u .oucru 1(9 guc ru f OO'tf6lfU
Ccg>10£!)u- Qf)Elfl9W<lllil>Q.lruru 1 10 (9L@cg>@1JU cg>lfbU\pc <H> 0 t~lfbUQf) IOIJU- Qf)Elfl9W<lllil>Q.lrurul W9 Ri'9' OlOCUl)' mlJUru(9 (9
cg>(ll)LW~ g.QJL<lllil>IO(ll)lllC(J)l 'fUll fOO'L<lllil>Q.lfUru1 0 t ~qpLllW')'ru 0 t~cg>WSlOuoci..u mLruLru 0 tIOL<lllil>IO(ll) CID~Qf)
EJIOQ.lUlJ.)Q.ij))'0 tIOL<lllil>IO(ll)CID~Qf)EJIO'ofIOL<lllil>rBWIOCufl ~~ gucru fOO'cfto~ OW9Ri'9'OlOCUl S(9 tCIDru~ ~LWClll
CID(9(ll»)'OlcruLWQ.ij)) ~(9lfU!'oLWIOLW S(9tcroLQf)COl)'~6UfwlZl 'fUlltOO'LOlcg>~tlllL~Q.ij)) <lllil>(9Qf)CW ~~ Ull(9(ll)
r •
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
dbO3 01OJ10dbO31 db1~6tf810 dbO~mom> fOO(O 10rul 6W02..ldhJo!J16mrrB & n{j)o. 6Jdh. (f)(lJ)1o!J1 moaX)W6mrrB
nmdhaf3UOo 7000-m!o 10000-m!O rucB~6ID3uDcft6l15<DJleJa6ffi (2lm!~c\crn dh~~ 6)DJqyacrn ~coogl~an .
~f3 c\6)aml'l dhcB~dhcrn rumaml'llam ml<m! 0 gdb91c\(J<DJD(f)~(2la<DJerueru c\aml'll6)nR nIlmrn)' a uo6Ucol~ «man (2l!~
?Jl~anleJl6)S<DJa6ffi ~anl6)nR ~COogo. 6)ancft6l!nJsl6TllTll)aocrn nm~c\<DJl6)eJ dha~ nJ!~am ml<m!o
6TlJacB~l<DJ!o (J(f)aanffiJ!o @S6)eJS!aml'l!. 6)(2lcfberul(J<6(,la dhas!dh~lam ml<m!o (JDJa~ru!o, dh!CO!(2l!~dh!o,
6Tll"lcrneru!O, 6)nJO!nII6)eJ rumamf)co6ID3~lam ml<m!o p)co!~cft6l1~6ID3 ~f3c\(2la<DJl dhacB~dhnIl~<DJa<DJl @CO!
aml'llcol6TllTll)!ru<m~. «m6ID36)m aeJadhaml'll6)nR nJ~lg:l(/)(.im3~lam mao ~crO dha6TD!<m nJeJ dhacB~ldhnIl~
dh~!o @S6)eJS~(lllO)~.
(2lm~~c\crn 63CO~dhaeJamil ma<DJasl<DJ!o dha~ nIlg0J6m3uD gdb911~!(2la6ffi ~"lnIl-2flco~<man. ~<m~o (JeJadh
aml'll6)nR nJeJ ga(f)(lllO)~o ~6ID36)m ~"lnIlano m<DJlcft6l!on 633mruwl ~f31(2lmlruaCTUldhuD @GTE. «manlmaam
an6)<m ~cft6l13cB<OO' 63CO! CTUCTUc\(lllO)lamml<m!o n())6m(l6)m nII(lllO)!6l'l3adh!6)(2l<m!O ~ nIlamil (2l~~~ n(j)
6ID316)m nfl6l'l3!O «m(Jananco(lllO)leJ!~ CTUCTUc\(2la<DJlQlD()~6)(2l<m!O m<ma<DJl «molCD>ao. @2aml'lCOo«molnI1m
(2lm!(J~c\aamnJ(lllO)l<JCD>a~o nJ~cft6l(2l!6l'l3adh!o. ~U)~oil,o, dh~~l CTUlffiJf3aCD>6ID3uDruco!<manlm~o n(j)lan<J<DJa
~CD>lcoo rucO~6ID3uD<OO' (2l!mJ an6)<m dh~~CD>!6)S (GT~()~nJa06ID3uD (2lm!~c\crn mlanc\~"lrulaml'llam 6)dha6l'l3!
rucoacrn lUO(2lo mSaml'llCD>lco!<mlcolcft6lao. rumc\gdb91c\(lngru6m3~lam nmgru!O 6)(2l~6)'M3an 6)anC06)6TllTll)S!cft6lacrn
n(j)<maa6TDa (2lm~~c\crn an!scft6lo dh!ol~an «mcrO (2l!anamcf)6) ~W!mldh dh~~l CTUlffiJ(3aCD>(lllO)l6)nR
uoamJlan"lCD>an @col(lllO)lcolCD>acrnan!s6ID31 n(j)crO aru6TDo «mm~(2lamlcft6lacrn .
rum..\~ cfbit..\ n1l ~ ru 6t313u6 / ru m..\6TlJ CTW1c96'l u8~<m!dha6TD!<m n(j)fipancoo lnJQL!)(2l1dh dhacB~dh nII~dh~!o @col(lllO)lcol6TllTll)!ru<man «mruCD>~6)S rumc\aru
ouoCD>lam ml<ma6ffi. n(j)<m aam @2crO @2ruCD>lam JJJleJanl6)nR6)CD>1IbleJ! 0 rum c\6Tll<TUl!cft6luD<OO'ruouomauoo
eruogrul~lcolcft6l!<m!. nmo1CD>dhlO!O @2m6ID3~!6)S rumc\6Tll<TUl!cft6l~!O ruouomauo g"l~6TDCD>leJa6ffi. rumc\6Tll
<TUl!cft6luDcf)6) (wild relatives) nJcol6TDa(2laml'll6)nR nfleJ(2laCD>l nJeJ (2log6ID3~!O CTUogrul-?zflcolcft6loo. «manl
moam an6)<m @2ru6)<DJ,«mdh<m rum c\6Tll<TUl!cft6l6)~<m~ 0 «mS~ (lllO) rum c\6Tll<TUl~cft6l6)~<m! 0 «mruCD>~6)S ~ml
andh6Tll<TUlo (Genetic ralatedness) ru~ nJOCD>Oo. @2(lllO)COorumc\6Tll<TUl!cft6l6)~~Oo ruCOuD~, 6)ru~6)c;\:JO
cft6lo, «manc\!~6TDo, «mwldho an6TD!~, an!s6ID31CD>CTUQl2lcBrw6ID3uD(stress) anC06TDo 6)DJqyocrn dh~lru!~ru
CD>o6ffi. dhlS06)an nJeJancoo <JCOO(f)6ID36)~CD>!Odh"lS6ID36)~CD>~o«manl~"lnIlcft6l!ruom~ dh~lru~o @2rum>cft6)~
GTE. «manc\!e1nJa(3m(Juo~lCD>~~ @2m6ID3~!6)S nIldhCTUmaml'llm ~w!mldhuoomJlano @2crO rumc\6Tll<TUl~
cft6)6)~ ~lUOCD>lcft6l~<man ~ruCD>! 6)S @2aml'lCOo(f)!6TDnIlaUO~6ID3uD 6)dh06l'l306ffi. .
cibO~l cib1!96m316>eJ 6>6>run1lw..\o~'..
adhco~aml'llam rumCTUffiJaml'lOam nmgru!O CTUffiJ!n'l1SQlalDJ 63CO!~l~CD>o6ffi ruCD>mos. ru~6)COcft6l0eJo 6)ano(J3
~nIlS!6)aml'l ~f31(2lmlruoCTUldh~OCD> dh03!mom)cft6lcB, nJ6TD1CD>cB,«mslCD>cB, dh!O!(2lcO, dhoscB, dh!ol~c\cB an!s
6tJT3l(I))()JmOJmnilg()J6tJT36)~ ~tutlCDJ1.!!zj06T11 ~'nil'!-lA ()nJOCTncm.n{J)CTnoarn OJmQ utlOn9:l6ffiOJ~0 <l'ffi)QllanQlo(I))
~meru06)J~o()JmrwmOJ~o QlglcfbOm6ffi6ID3~~o nJQJCll'lmo()JmoJlgOJ6tJT36)~(I))~O ~cm mouoamnl6)rrR OJcB6)l6)QJ
amnl-2f]colcB6)~CTn~.. ~OJCDJ1arn n{J)Slamn l nJo(J (I))6mOJ ,(II 03A<ih119600~db~ l6)S OJoutlm0 utlg'n9:l6ffil(I))o6T1'l. 63,!)n9:l
wU/l6ffiQlA~anAo, gdM:l~(J(I))oU/~Qlo(I))anAo, nJln9:l00UllOlAP~~Cll'lAQlO(I))nJQJCll'lCOodhl196tJT3AOJm<[J6tJT3uOOJmamnlarn
dh06ffiOOAGT'B.eruAQJgOJlo 6)6)OJnilw~QlomCTnctf)AQloCOJ~'D dh03Adhl196lJBAdhuO~B1QlmlOJoeruldh~l6)S gdM:l~
eru~COdM:lCOJA6)S <l'ffi)seruoomutllQJ(I))O(I))lmlCTnl. ~nilsl61arrll) ~B1OJoeruldhuO anlcol-2l0l6mTlJ) @nJ(J(I))oU/lcB6)lCTn
dho-2f]QJAdh~~61S OJm~6TlJCTUllcB6)uO,utlano()Jml, mCTnool, ()nJm, a!1JmJ QllanQJo(I)) dh03Adhl196lJBAdh~larn n(Bol
(I))dhlOAo OJouomoutlg'n9:l6ml a mmlsldh(I))06T11. ~OJCOJlarn lnJwomo n(BdhaButlo 20 OJ~Cll'l~eruo ~m6lJB~l~
cf}jO~ dho-2f]QJAdh~06T11. ~OJ6)(I)) (U)(I))m)adhool(I)) (Dioscorca) n{j)CTnSilmlandhmoQlamnlarn <l'ffi)ol(I))6)~Sl
CTnA. (U)(I))m)adhoola(I))eru' (Dioscoreaceae) dhlSAo6TlJamnlarn @~OJCOJ06ffilOJ. ~amncoo dhl196lJBAdh6)~
nJQJa nJC01QJ06T11nilnilw ~B1OJoeruldhuO nil~lcB6) ACTncm. (U)(I))m)acB6)ol(I))(I))A61S oJInilw SilmA 'h\jlarn
6)n.lsACTn ~OJ61(I)) dhO~ mowcB6)m 'ml0cB6)~m)' 'mo(OcB6)~eru', '6)OJ6I;JJlcB6)~eru", '61nOcf}6) dh~m)',
•61UlloCMllcf}6J~m)'•• n{J)6)mcB6)~eru" n{j)CTnl6lJB6)m (JnJ(Ol~ on~lcB6)lCTnl. <l'ffi)anlarnan61CTn n.1lQJ SilmA'h\jAcB6)
~larn oJInJlw ~m6lJBuO anlml.!!zjol6mTlJ)@nJ()(I))oU/lcB6)AoJomAO~cB6)13mcB6)ol(I))oo. @BOnOC06ffio 'mlo' n{j)CTn
Silml'h\jlarn6)tMsACTn QllCTnlQJwldho ~m6lJBuO (varieties) @GT'B. ~OJ6)(I)) •6)dhOO6ffi' , 'mlo61cB6)OO6ffi',
•61nOnml6)cB6)006ffi " n{j)CTn"lanJmlarn anlml-2l0l(I))ACTnA.
ruoUD'<D>rum<&'tEb«l6m nllBwwm (Ethnotaxonomists)
~amnmo dhl196lJBAOJm<[J6lJB~l6)SOJ~l(I))lo ~QJdh~Ao anl2l2llarnOJQfl(I)) OJan~oeruo ~Eid06TIml)13AO<l'ffi)OJ6)(I))
Cll'llml-2l0l(I))AOJomA~ cfb03lmowcB6)col6)S dhcglQi lnJuooerum"l(I))QlO6T11. Sil"lOJSilOQJ6lJB61~ anlml-2l0l6mTlJ)
utlOm)lCll'l"l(I))QlO(I))ancooanlmlcB6)lCTn utlom)lanutlO6)J(I))06T11 OJm<[J"ldhC06ffiutlom)lano <l'ffi)l.OOJOTaxonomy.
~arrmcoo ()Jm<[J"ldhC06ffiutlOm)LCtl>e6Tll'lCIDOmQnJOQJlo nllcmCll'llml(I))lCTn<l'ffi)OJerucoarrmlarn<l'ffi)anl6)moml nDQJ()J
arrmO(I)) nJmlnOocoo «mlolnil6)nR m10dhlS6lJB~O(I)) ~B1OJoerul eruQlln06ID3~o6T11. «mlanlmoarn an6)CTn ~cB6)l
361COTribal taxonomists «mll.O()JOEthnotaxonomists nfj)CTn anJmlarn nil~lcB6)oo. eruOWOC06ffi erueru~Sil"l
OJSilOQJ6lJB6)~OJm<[J'dhmlcB6)lcman «mlOJ(I))l6)S nJA061Ql(I))A~ «J~dhomamnl6)rrR (Morphology) <l'ffi)sleruoom
arrmlQJ06T11. 63oacoo lnJaBUOaamn(I))lo dhOQJOOJeruo oJ,\anl(I))om6lJBuO 61dhOGT'B colnJamnlm «JTIleJnJOeJnJo
Qlogo eruogOJlc66llCTn 63Qmanmo ~m6ID3~06T11 dbD1dljl196lJBAdh~larn «mlwldhOJlo. ~B1OJoerulnilgoU/o
~OJ6)(I)) anmOCll'llcolcB6)ACTnan «mlOJ(I))l6)S nJQJancoarro)Ir>JA~~ U/l6ffi6lJBuO dh6fficB6)16)QJsAamno6rn. ~cm lnJWO
mQlO(I))lo dhl196lJBAdh~l6)S ~cfb~anl, OJ~m-2l, m"l~o, OJ~COACTnBlutl, coln.1l, nJOdho 61!1J~lCTnanl6)QJ OJ~Cll'l~
eruoCll'l Cll'lAS6lJB1(I))OJ6)(I))~lutl(I))l!~06T11. ~arrmcoo oJm<[J'<6,co6ffi co'an1 OJ~6)m(I))wldho utlom)lan"lCOJ <l'ffi)slamn
O(I))~~Cll'106T11.dhomn9:!'ldh nil~cfb~l6)QJ Silmlancf},616)()10nw~{) eruocodl~cB6)ACTn dhmn9:ldhCOA61s(I))Ao~B1Qlml
OJoeruldh~A 61S(I))~0 'lnJOJmClllmm6ID3uOcf}6) «JTIloU/"ldl,O(/)(tIA() lnJCll'llnDeJOJlO meJdhA CTnanlmoCOJl OJ,\OJeruo
61!1J~ACTn- erueru~~m6ID3~l61s ClUoCOdM:l6ffiOJAOdl,(i\,,'11,O,ffiA61S<l'ffi)OJdhOU06lJB~Ao(Protection of Plant
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
- d
@nJC<D>ocnro'cm1db03~cfh l\96ID3Adb~~6lS ~nJaCDJo(J)co"lal'l1 ru~6lCO lnJowomJjo «mlmnnl<66)Acm 63cm06Tl1. o{j)~a dbl\96ID3~Adb~~o
g~Jj(JCDJO(J)Jjl2l~. !lJleJcID rul~oouoo «mlS6ID31CDJruCDJ~o I2lg n...fIeJcID 6l!lJoo1-2J1<ll8 ~6TlSO<66)~cmruCDJ6121a6Tl1 .
cfbO
cfbO
.aJ~S
cfhO , nJ~!I'~6GT3arn-
cfbol
cfbO
cfbO
cfbO
cfbOClJ!2l
------g~.\()(O)o(J).\m~
-._-_ . ._-(S~.\()(O)o(J).\m~
6lCTU-;.Jg06llJm-=-(nO loMllm g~.\()(O)O(J).\o .aJ~S
moro..jJ::: Sll61612J (S~.\()(O)O(J).\o .aJ~s--_ ...
mo !2l - Sll61618.1 (S~.\()(O)O(J).\o cfbO
-----mo !2l- Sll6161eJ (S~.\()(O)O(J).\o
6lCTUnJg06llJm-=--mClJ 0 6Tl1m (S~.\ ()cIDO(J).\0.._-----
mo - Sll6161eJ (S~.\()(O)O(J).\o
mo !2l- Sll6161eJ g~.\()(O)O(J).\o
-----mo !2l- Sll6161eJ (S~.\()(O)O(J).\o
-----mo - Sll6161eJ g~.\()(O)O(J).\o
mo !2l - Sll6161eJ (S~.\()(O)O(J).\o
6lCTUnJgo6llJ - -mOJo6Tllm --- (S~.\()(O)O(J).\o
6lCTUnJgo6llJ -mo IO-6nJm- (S~.\()(O)O(J).\o
6lCTUnJg06llJ :..-eriC)J0611jm---- (S~.\()(O)O(J).\o
mom~-- Sll61@eJ---(S~.\()(O)O(J).\o
mom!2l - _Sll6161eJ (S~.\()(O)o(J).\o
6l~go6llJm-::- 010 J()6nJm~ g~.\()(O)O(J).\o
mom~- Sll61612J (S~.\()(O)O(J).\o
6lCTUnJgo6llJ - mrucimlm--- g~.\()(O)O(J).\o
6lCTUnJgo6llJ - ciiruo6llJm---- g~.\()(O)O(J).\o
moco
6lnn~ 6lnnomo
6lnnom::iffii
~_.- -_ ..
6lcfb006ffi
6lcfbO mlo
ml cW61ru~1 --
cfboeJ6lru~I--
6lnn-.it6)
mlo61<66l00 6ffi
6lnnmn161cOOoo6ffi
3.
2.
20. . ma>
5.
nJeJ lnJ()BU()((rr(l)~~ dbO~ mOcWcfl6>m al'l61cm ~(lml)COo dhl\96lJ13 rum<&6ID361~ nJeJal'lCOo anJcol~ oJl~1<66)6cm~ .
~BanDC06TTlo •@l~l<66)rueJ61CDJ' 1216Clmfl6ID3CDJleJ~~} ,e)D~1 mOcW<66)m «ml6ID361m oJl~lcfl6>AaffiJOuO cmlco~61m~
CDJl6leJ db03AmOcW<66)m • dbAffiJ~ U>~mJ' o{j)cm Ix"J((iilOiI ()Jl~l.ooAcmA. l2lAdb~l<ll8 6ldbOSAClmfllco1<66)~cm 21
~mo dba~ dbl\96ID3~dbuO o{j)~Oo al'l61cm 63(JCO<TUOPJalm) ~~OClmflcID dbOC06TTlo 63CO~ lnJaBU061Clmfl db13mce6)
o{j)~ogl6lmCDJAO cmlcol-2J01CDJorrB nJg1 o{j)cmArucol~J
4 .
7.
9.
8.
14.
6.
10.
11.
12.
15. n(j)61CO
16. 6lUOOMCU91
17. 6lnnnm"fco161ni>- 6lClJ~
18. 6lnnmnico16HUl -~~ClJ~
19. - CTUO-e'j
13.
Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act-200l) o{j)cm mlCDJl2lClmfllrrB db"l\91<ll8 mlm1 db03~mOcW<66)(O~61S ~'D
db \91oJlm l2lal'llCDJa CDJ lnJ cmlnDeJo eJg.\ I2lO<Xcfl6>6TlSal'106Tl1.
c8>OaAmo<D>cfl6>m CO'l1CD1~o16TOTll)rum.\c8>o~<ll8 (Dioscorea) mm6lmuO al'106l19 6lc8>OSACOTll'l1co1cfl6>AcmA.
lc8>Ql. anJco eJg1cfl6>Acm QlOCTUo f:1nJ<X<DlOU>o CD al'l1
mmJm
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• dh3" (ffi()6>~1Ihlam • l2l.a61' n{j)rrO loJOQl3~ldh mOOJmTll)lrn'B 9Tl'D CTUJ@oru6>aml'l (ffi()Ol<D>6)';tj5},nn),. oJ!2l.a61
(0)lcm orm nJg), em <o,ll96lfB},dh~lam D.1leJemo6Tl1 dh rueJ. 6lnD.a61, 6>uo 0CMJl n{j)emlru. m ~0. 6ldh 006Tl) em},5 6lfBl
<D>ru 6>nJool!2lczm @~o<B6l},emcmlffioam loJQem.\dhco'(O)1cr1fleJ},~ uo},!l.lldhC06Tl) co"\eml~ruUO.\l2l06Tl1. @ru6><D>
Ql},ol.9J dhn916Tl)6lfB~0<B6l1 eml~~~ 6>ru~o @'Dgl<B6l~6l'll1'ID @nJa<D>0(J)lQ<B6l~cmO<D>13},6T13. mom n{j)em
<D>lmo m"\~ dhl'96lfB},o n(j3dhQl3UOo 5 dhl'96tm},dhuO 63g ru~l<D>lam mlem},o @~oru},emru<D>},l2lo6Tl'l. @ru
<D>},615dhl'96tmlam womo~o mom},dhun dho61ll},emem1moeJo6Tl'l mom n{j)em QoJm em6>em rueman. @ru6><D>dhol
rumJ<B6loamo nJ},~~6lfBoamo 6>dho~},emem~. (ffi()emlmoam nJ},3emlm},Quon910 !1Jru.9J mom em),~<B6l~<D>},em},.
dhO~ mOmJ<B6lm 63'91!2l}'~ ~l31ruOCTUl oJ1@o(J)6tmuO @dh91l<B6l0aml'l co~lml2lo6Tl'l '61dho3},m},o' (D.
hispida) .CTUOeJ (f)~mJ' (D. tomentosa) n{j)emlru. @oJ<D>lam •6ldh03},m~0' ru~6>CO oJ1~ooUOo (ffi()56lfBl<D>
(O)o6Tl'l. @an CTUowom6Tl)(J)<ml<D>lam dhl91!2l0am l2lC06Tl)o OJ6>m CTUo@oJ1<B6l},O.n{j)emoam dh03},ffiOmJ<B6l1O
@(O)l6>m 6>nJo},emo<D>ll2l},ol~ 6>ru~aml'l},61ll1<D>lam 6>dh31 61'9},dh},em 6>ru~aml'llam n(j}dhQl3UOO 24 l2l6Tl)1<B6l~1O
rumJ <B6l),em},. (ffi()em1m},a:UO~O QlOlemQQl dholrumJ <B6l00W~},. (ffi()eml61nB Ql.a61/ dh ~ dh '9},dh1<B6l~ <D>om o61111an .
•CTUOQJ (f)~ CTU"CTUow om6Tl)(f)emlmf1am dh191<B6loaml'lan(ffi()cmlp.IS6lfBl<D>lco1<B6l},em 63co},lnJQ em.\dh emmo mom 161nB
(ffi()ouoru},o. nJUO<D>},odhOC06Tl)QlO6Tl1. 6>!1Jol<D> dh},31dhul'l (ffii)m) dh'91<B6l},dh<D>0616Tl)1Ihlam (ffi()emmo~aml'llam
dh},5},6tml QlC06Tl)o ru61CO [email protected]<B6l00n{j)emo6Tl)lruci\ oJow},eman. dh03},momJ<B6lco},615 (ffi()@llnJO<DlC'OTmlam
m~e.fI6>nB (ffi()oUOo @emlam dh15},emeJo<DlemlmoQJo6TTl 6ln In(ll)},6>oI @em},oJQ<D>o(f)l<B6loaml'lal). n{j)emoam
•6>nDnmlml(U)orm' (D. bulbifera) n{j)emo1<Dl6>';tj5},em ?1HOo 9"Q<B6l131O@dh91l<B6lo01~. @ru ru~6>CO<D>Wldho
6>nJool.gJlam @~0<B6l},0 n{j)em<m},cm6>em<D>o6Tl'l@(O)l6>nB <fh[}(l)6Tl)o.n{j)emoam oJ6Tl)l(l)) oJ1@O(f)o ~l31ruOCTUl
dhuO @ru6><D> •nJeml6><B6lo~' (D. bulbifera) n{j)em QnJCo'lr~lo6Tl'loJ1~l<B6l},eman. @<B6l13m @'D dh1'96lfB161m
6lru~"\(l)leJl~ nJ},'9},6m31 @dh91l<B6l0rm @oJQ<D>o(J)l<B6l},ml~. 9}?6m36>m aoJ(l)l~}, 0 ~nJQ<D>o(J)aml'lleJ},0, (f)},6Tl)
(Qlll)leJ},0 ru.\ (0).\mJ emem oj},eJlOaml'l},em 63CO}, rum.\@<O,'I1.\nJlfil ru (Qlll)16>nB dh13 l2l06Tl'l dh o~ dh1'96m3},dhuO
(Dioscorca)
dhO~ dh1'96lfB},dhuO ru~CO},em ~ruOCTUru.\ ru<TUDdh~},6)~, m :JUOo loJdh~ <m1<D>},6>5 CTUo<m},e.fI<moru<TUD6><D>
<mdh150 l2lo1<B6l},emQ<m06>50e;tl0 Ql2lame;tl06rnm> mmoJ1(!WCf)6tm~},6>5 @dM:!.\CTU},COdM:!6><D><D>},olnJ<m1dh~eJl2l0<D>1
6T1JOW1<B6l},em},. 6>nJoemollh6I;fJ1<D>},0, dhO~ dhO.gJleJ},0, nJ},co~1<D>},6>l2l06><B6lru<D>mo316>eJ nJ},<m1<D>(o)eJl2l},o<D>},6>5
l2l},em1am 63CO},(ffi()oJ~IO'1l rumJ<m},ruomf1 l2l001<D>lC01<B6l},dh(l))o6Tn.@aml'lCOo ruffi.\@dM:!.\ oJ1@ru6lfB~},6>5<D>},0
(ffi()ru6><D>dh},ol!2l)'~ (ffi()Olo..fl6>nB<D>},omouoo @ruCO},6>5 ~dh(IWT\)},COdM:!6><D>ru~6>CO<D>w1dho loJemldh~eJl2lo<D>l
6T1Jowl<B6l),em},6>~m) .emlcol!2l016rnm>oam ru<D>mo31am @fTJ<D>16>5<D>},~O<D> oJ316Tl)1 l2lC06Tl)6lfBuO.a61dhOC06Tl)o
(ffi()QmJn911.9J ml2l},.a61 (ffi()wldho m5Q<B6l~lrucol~. @rum (ffi()@1l2l},61J"ldhco1<B6l},eml2l6>goco}, lnJwom lnJuOmo
dho516>m<B6l},ol!2l},0, oJ1@ru6lfB6>~<B6l},01!2l},l2l},~ (ffi()oloJ (fu},31dh~lQeJ.a61 6>6>dhl2l0g6>e;tI5),eml~ n{j)em(O)o6Tl'l.
@(O)l6>nB 63CO),lnJwom dhOC06Tl)o ~muoeJ.\o dhOC06Tl)o (olnlcO,6>~ ~rum dh031QeJ.a61 6>dhO~},QnJodh},eml~
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
.•ir.
'MccmqprruClVUJUlJ"'EJCrv:o rQJccm<9l1CJ1o ~lrWrlV 5PLtQlll)UUllVrw epru@ ill.lr(9fP~LW tt'qpru
~LrwrlV r(9fPLW9LSru ~ft<9S£liUW orscw 'orscqp 'otWl:lO} l~d~'~LwraLw ~epru@ ~L<gjW9<9CraLSCW '.!,U9ccm
qprsft<9S£liUW orwcrQ/)Lru %rSCW:OLSCqp ~ep(9fP!!DC(J)I;cro) 'rU.urQJru tt'LQJLlQ) OrQJraru S<9c{fu:oqp<9<9 ororu<9
~raraLscqp orwruLEJ OrfW..l9QillJ orracw 'S<9lJULUl9CtOl u:~O(\l)'(Q)LW rQJf.9 Or~Eill9W9lVqpl<Q.l.!lJ S<9rcmWCSCqp
'or~Eill9W9QJlV %rlVrallV j,QlQillJ Or~Eill9cnCQJ:O 'ot((J)I.W9I.l;ru 'rill.ll(9fPClQ)C~@ cm<9wrwcru qpLfheprww<9<9
%llVrWC(9fPcnCcm:oru~ OlWCl!llQ.)W9<9qp QJ)Eill9ru:vlJ ( )rl,C'{p !-!2>CI9 'lill.l rqpcru:o ll!llQ.<9LOltO ill.l<9(Q) O((\l)ru.9
%lcmClVrSCqp ~QJ)qpL(RQ)epC'EJLru ill.llqpcrU:O I.((\}(:cI)I.IULU)(\l)C)~C'f)lfO ~L~Ell)9ra(Jru)QJ(9Yf) '.!,U9C(Q)ill.l~U
••
\.
"'9''''111'''''0''; , ..•.•.,.""" ..•,.•!""'.,.,..~:~•.1t.,I.\'.<.~'_"_ '-::;'W,""~ •..' .....
'-,"
.....•...•.-,..._..".,"''''_..._, .....'''~''_.....,',....,.,_.'.._M.- ..---- .....------------ ••..•.•...•..••............•-,,;.,,~'
------------------......---~q.--_._--------
\ '
\
@) ••••••••••• : •••••••• : ••••• , ••••••••••••.••• , •••••••••••••• , I!"'If':'ld)U£0 0>:
1P'0'"'tOQllO_l"lJIIlUl'l_Il"'I'>";' ",c....<:T';'i"\fU "'~ "I<OClul,,,,,,,,,"'.o<Ull';"j,U>ru;';,S";O~~,~~u;.:~''!.,""" "",.TOJ)ru
lillu,IUllj,U>IOi"I,S"'/~lJ" ,~.jsull", •• \0>1'>"'. ,,', '"' ':'i': ~"""iIIi s.l"'~~}' ...•
~K.'D\16Q)ot(,lJJ\SU5(9,..UOQ.1lll~. ~'9'.rtP.~'9' UlU!l(9Q/).. ~f)rul SPl?<IDQlJll , ,.' :,' 'OU19(9(PLQ).lfVlfBO"Lllllr':'l~Lmili>Ill«1)L~ ¥<Ou. '1': \
. .' .' .... ,:' .. .. OOJ)O_iJiilwIl"WlI."IIJra "t"__ set_i>"".lru,-"""""", •••I~' IIUllj,U>rui"\.sul i~ IC"lnul","GlJ"~~,,~oi • ~"cnu" .tB. 'IG""OJ)rii>i'L'"111'~lru ,""""I"'I.'oKil'I<.W'. . f. .' .,., .'" '. .fI,u~l'>siui> .lriD,uUl~Ull"O'" I••••L.1JO>\I"'""""'"'~ '1"""""~o.llill"'U,,o.ul •••••Isfl\•. ' .!.~'••""~ .••1I"'0••••W'•••• 0o"ru
1ru"'l11'I<"<.WI""'S'"i"t"""'" ",.l<" L",o.lru~"," .••,,,,,,rolOnu'<.Ol""""o<UlTmlJ"ru"" \
I'<U\U'I."'!:""'U" ~IUllIl"SC""1> ~ t...,.,t""" .. rut"." 'II"O","'lJV<PT"Oc<m>IUll""",1ii to>t""'T••••••• IG :'. :., _llillo>tUll<.Wlui.D>sili •••••• ~I""" ,,, •.•~"""" ubloo'iv>cii>lllP>i\UIl"'CUlL-"' •••••••• Two." '" i
"'L'" 11"'",,1"'''''''''' .1<.WI<"i"L""""""con.c."'OTo>t•••••"'.. . '~''''L.,u1C'''''ldlJI"",-~"'''oOW '.(hi"" .I~ . '. t.,.'. ,.. .. i .. '.," . , :'one"""."" iiill"""!,I",,C!U . L''''o'~'10s.I" .••lrut- ~1'I.\lUln"t",o",I"'ru"" .Iolt"'" .!
f."1PO(O"~.o",,l"''''S!!,,''' .1"'CItlt""'lP,'WlG,"LiIIi'~i;''''O '. <.Ol,,,,,,•• nu' S.tG""TriDiu>.:WlI••••t"'~O ••••IF'LOJ)"'.'Il""" ii"1""""W" iOJO'l'l.'<JlC""'''''''''.nuI'G1YIe<J'\l""'"1;'0'" ':." ....• . .' ','''' .: : 'iu'I~If'.t"""lI"!. s.lrat""""'L••••ts~"iJlru" iflC"'iJiil~II"'~W•.~;,;O~ ••••I•••toJou,,' . ",.roL'"",1ii~'(;o>y\iu>.,;"o.unlW""""" I." i"L."'O WltDvL"''''' crv,,,UlI"JU'onu""""OJ)o,,,"!'''''''''''''''' ,0~ounui09"nD.:".l"'""~'" ",("",i>l..e<>I!DCItlI~ oratJUt",Molwen>""".ru
8." sol" .••lnu
l"''' .••tf"'~''''.~""."'L"""t!;I'I.(nc"''' '. !(;o>Loi.••,m-"",.."rt><Ul
o'<9liDrutW>tDv•••••jsulcrulP
lilIu
.", "," I""rul••••lsF"'ll'\nu .••.lJ"j,U>1"'••!liJ'>~"""',.U"I"'I.~ ,,,,,,,,""'Ii!"''''''- iWl)il"'"0»1"",,-" UJ)\~'" imllJ"".,... , '. '. . '. ," '";'" ;,.(,;,.",o"""","@0Ym """",1rt><UlC1\>1ilIu•••1_ .""""'~ ..~~,,_""" ••• U"I.."'s!!,,'"i"""L ••••""'G ~1ii llill"'~wcm '.• t""",I",IUlJQ"'L~""'" .loaJiu"L~~J1J <J)OlCf"1~Iru t'llJlC""""il •••••!nulwiO•• t_i>"". . ."",,"''''''''' ~ ••Wly~"".nu OOlC'"
.., .•1••••Lot"'''''''1.01) ••••''''''' 1"'">1'!"'\l!'""PCU"t",f"S ""w" ,'" i1ii'. !/,,,,,, •• !riiL;,.ru1ii
I"Wlls~~""t •••••• nu 'ru"'ll"' .. 'otuuLw~L~SG ~(9LllllQln>...!,90'. Ql~.j>.' '9'0.0>."""",to>l...t%"t~" 51"".iJi",,~lo •••• '.-flUO~ ••t~CItl ,iJi••••
I
•
I
••••
llbtDv
l'I""",t""", ~ iJ1••••••""~l'.OIl<;'ll'''''''' e<J<Ul"sil 'iJ1"'"UOL"""''''''' '"",," 'iJ1'll"u\i>fO""",,,"i"Il"O"" 'iJ1'll"\\>"1."'''''i"""'l-" _olwt"",i""'~ l!"'1'" ~Iwrsl." .. .. m@l"'. ninPa;il:";C"",rtJ)<Ul"'Ullt
uf•• Trii!",,,,,"'iWllIilrV
O
. , . , ''''O .••ru'''' iJiilo>t"'ubl••••\"'" •• 00" .1",.••I.-1l""'Il" I""t_"'" ~ Wllo>J01fGt
nu
t."'S""," ~.L•••fI,.umt"'i"'" """"",(,"~"G nul","GlJ" '.' ., ...••lJ"L«J>ClllI,.-l<J)Ollli~"1..""lruL~ '<J'I9I1.. ", .,: , .' '11",,,,,,,,,,,,,,liilil :,eifo'~"""",1a Il"'~"', OOCf'"of'UCS~,.;- ~rui"JOl '!I""'"nPi>""WlI"l!'"L- j,U>lwrsl.- ~ i"""'1""'"""t<n . .tll'O'V<ll1i)ll.m"'LriD::.," :',~' ;: -~""•••• S.Y"'l~~ru l\J<olnulOl"'iUlli"""'I'>"'''' cruIl,1ilIu,,1.llJSl."''''''-' " . E~"". toill',.••I"'L""""111'1<"iJ1'"1",,1"''' 'J'l'lUllI",: WlI''';. ,,1"'0'"'" em'"1. ~"''' .. ,Is"",,Ill\\lUl""lJ"otWlU!>i"t~ iUl••• blilli•••• ~8l\J<ol"'" .. nPi"" (lll\~~' ..~., "ImlJ"ru".ru ••• ~ ..llill"'W""•••IilIu..","Ul"'T••• "PlmlJO"'''.' •• ,,''"'' .••.'''L'"•• ;,.,(J .. .. ". . ': " 's.IG""",umGlJ" 'l"'I",onC"'ru"" 'i.i"IIl~"'1'" L"""'""'!'" ~<.Ol~< ;.. • :1-' , '.,.
lia.lil :lIllJll1U1>I~L""~-'i"O' f'l't""im!~q<w: .~~mlJ"ru.~,":'Wlt"'l'll!'l\'''''o/.li"\"';' ::t: . . . ':,-..,~k;t~~IJ,lD,~Ci"UllI.a;(~~P~ ••.!I1I\-Ol\Io"':~Ift)(ii9l'!i,Ij>("'"~•• ;. i< ,:-,...", ; .', .¥l~": :""IP'lil\IlnjO~J1J$"t" •••!'l!)lOi",:!"l~ ••,I!l':o'I""lI""'.~1' ..: ~lUll ~'..~ \'" cOlW'!!i~, ~~"."\~.~~~'I
'.W'''''''''"' "'WtJ1lUll'!J\'Il1'U'OlI'"iJiit<nTw'b\l)6M"'L"""o",,,T,o \1~,,''" ""IJi>'. •0
lUll!r":. ,.. .~' , ...•~,.1~:'~~~!;i;l.':1;'\ ..:,.•~~,~w9WI8f\\'<P.~ ""Ii"(:-: iJ1d.'"'til~~~~:.~"': '" ;. f{J.. f,lJ"ooW',\1Ill", •• I"L"""ruF' .••lP~!~1!i'"IW.""""'~o"" •. '; ..'d"lllJl'<'\lU ..,;#Ii1ii'U'''''I'f. .:t:.
~~I",:l,.,' '. . . :' .', ,.~t0~Iil,'!P'l""""""" .IIUlii)'Io.ulli!fv~ ".,,\pcfli;'. ":I'lr '..'';lOut_,.I"'.C"""","" .)~~;U\l~~IW" ",,"""'; 'i 0 ",,,,I.'" "~\i.tIin""l,tj;rJJ 9 ~\iI
Wlt•••.L.t-Ol'! 'I"t"""O"''''' .,.\0'•••••••• 11"".,"':U""~o:", _'l'\'", •• T••!l"':'.. ,~ .•.. '1'1~ WltO<J'\i>lllIl\<9i>\D<I:io>~""'" ,li",•• I!lGo' I'" ""'" iIIi' nrl' '" ~/ ' ' \\1.f.$!' .,~-_.1"""",I",ruS.I","!""'I",~_Ini>tw ••T~~._Cl.' I"" . _~..ut•••" I'" ,,,jI; :i;~llill"'I"'tl"'!""~'~!~'-'~ ' '.' l$tt~"",t(U)"'tltl:~ .... ~~".(.i!':, ''1*
, •. ,c, •. ". ... . . '.' 'f.""""",I=~ ••"""",I~ • '" t'" 111'1.lQ)t ,"",',\:;1',." '"." ~'" .. , • ' ..,..' .. •• ••. """"oc ..., -","' ..., '.... , •• iI~ ,,'Jl.1il\/~",j;"L' . ...
'. Il"'Q'JUO'l'II'L""",IIilrV"~ •••••1<\ll1<Jl1l\T'lIi""~1",If" :.,(ii,," ..,. 'l"~ t.,. ".'1' .,~'ti'\Ill"" . ,I: tllJrutQ) ~<e'(IlU(9~tllll~t.Ill{l,ll). ljtDco:nu.:.,".~.~.~.itDcClj~LQ) ..t",ToiIUll.!' "".••,,,,~IOo'inoru\.I[,Oiw3uu:"",,"(li~j!l!'Ul!'.':'tl&rV. ,(900).U19,...:
","IftLnu"'lJ"c"''''''c.~~, ""olJlllO'lru!."""'1il",;, .".f"IIOt'<J'iO"'i~~ ,,?,,~~t""':~~._"" llil!OlI.UllWlI~rr~~",,~~Il""d ••.:(t ....•1••••"'"'. Wl•••••ra"" •.•"Wl(U).lol"LUllfUl!lllIIl'.qot,,,,,,~ra.'. . .. ." I' .. .:,.. ","'.: "I.::;},p',,< ....: .'c";':.'.'::. : ,.. ... ,01. ~n '.' "'''Oru'' 0•••101\111\. ,..;" o. ft''''-t .tfI\C.f •••••iltlii,y~I<t't.;\. Il:-.-c;..' ...,. ' ..., ,."",.".".,;.".,..".':'i .",,,.. ,0L"'0" ._ ,., ~W'~OJ) -- ww '" ~ ~ ~.~ • ..- - •
. V~i" ••••to'I!"~~t<ilil~iOJIi!u'Ii,~.~~.~I~~ ·,'."'00/ ""I",,"""'" 1.""'II""!l'i~)~" l\Jcru'Ill"euJi'I" .~I,!L~t~O"':"l1""un''''~~ .~",lBP~~~~[\\~i"L""" .\...~t.>~ •.••ru"" 1"~~I\Ot"'Wlt"""s", ",1'Ii"lJ" 'lwll"'Y'Y:°8tJ1l~_~~0ll!,~,~}.""!\t,~~~~11!!~1~,!". . •'..WlINjiI)l",~6,,!,,"'.~ .1<il(•• (w\Ii>'f.If"'I .••S.'wlJll1WlI••••uP t!"t.i:~.•.""~"""",.~,I:,,,y!~~~",9"""~~.nu. '..•••••.•II\i»C?lJQ~IW"',~~o •••OllI•••.t9'Il""'O.••~~d!"':{i~~~:"''''IOl~;I,'~?''''iry'' "'o ••••"''''~')2JOJ><\ll,!......',f.tr~t":~f~:;:r~.:;,:~~&,i~~;,;~~!~i~f~~;ifq~~;;~~r.,'.
Wl!"""'''' wl'li"uo .IUlCItlt!li<""q&.o'O""'~!U>Cll'I""'-""""";:l'i."i<""g~"""'.,"'.~"i'\k'i'.',,';'W~~"', '.'1','IWlloL'".. '. :'" .". .:.' ,:.-" .' , . . .. , ., .., ,." ,,,.." ..•.."." .. ,"" . " ..,..,,,,.,","':"'. .' .'• • • •• • • • • .,. •• ..,;~.. • • • • • • ~ ( ,p'L"" "" "', CI,Ull co .""~;:,gO,'" I":'.\!''''
iI
\ \
r"- _.' '..="",,,-,__'W\., _.....-'~"'..-.._•..- _ m __ ".:' . ." , .. C.:..;:;/;. .' '.. ~.~"'j: 1)lll1f"1'D': £00" .••••••••••. ". ~'.' •••., ••••••., ••••• •••,.•••.~..,y .•~!;~•.';,'~••• • • •, ".(E( '.4k1'. 0 .... 'lil'I~~"'" OOtill'"',""~'; ;;,~~~~~4~jo;Dp !;'SI~:;]<
•' 'r i . _lJ''' 'ml" ~o"""""c" 'illl"'l.l"",l.a otw>~'.l""'''' i"~U~"""~ ",....~~~nix\Jl., ..".: '.:
: . e<UlIU~1O~l'(ll"",ilI "",,,,11"II'l"""""t""" w>lll1If"ff.~.O(\l1 .'. .' .' ..,' : : ..f'. )"i.' .::' ",I.'-W""'" ......
•
• :.: "'''''' fllll•••"""C"'rmlglollll""'ISfll."'.O 'i"'\.QIll\IJ'I.~muo \"'~s:.<'o"""" l-~ •••uiiPlili
•••••••••.•tllllOllll'-"!Il
1
,•• p7 .ii' .. . "","10""" oillill "'" ",c"",lst""tJvUO''''1JO OWIP'ollll",tro.• t,ou«J"'l (loilI'~ ~~ """""".!~llilt_ .."
•
~:: .'.' ... -W'cQ){9 otlCJ,'GIQ).<9CQu»(otICL'GIf\lJ<9Q1lllotIC.c<mC~(Q)!!D.1"1'<9~R'D ottWlf.l) ~Q)_lIOOU••~(]tJ. ~m>.. t~u>.'~JWC..~.,.'.c(\.\)t~. (QltQ.ull.lPI'~.: ;.. ,:...•.; '" . •••• \_) !:"l""",,""'''~~- <iiltr.ll((lllllQlllllll 'U",',..<Do)I"I""~C<UlO\.O:l"IllWl"l!ocJ'!oli"'.".""~"" ","";" ., :'" . . . . '. ..: .~••••••",ill ot••••l. ,,,,.W 'Q>5:!,Oolll"".ofll.$~~,~:!!,ll90"'''''-.1''''' .o1i"'''o''':','
• \ : "",.",illitollll"""'wCOlUl~"'" "'''I0"", •• ",t • ..,-'llI'l1'0 ""'llJ" •• olUl"''''IiI''.)I~.~OQ.O,!!",IJO..•~l •• ,~""""wlib' .
•
• . .l- k""'lJO 'llll\.1l>f"••••.QI)IJOCf"lllOtlOllll5w_0"'''''' "'l",tl" 1lO""'!,?,!. fIlI!l"!-"'t~0"'.1I""'51lll)ll1J'l. iJ' .' .'. . ClUllO~1O.l<lllO••••••• "",.~0l0lUl ~tw •• '!.U'L<J"'lP1l1I'WCIO.'. • .,.; ',(~~ l!Jl~""IO""SlO1}ll1lll., •••.:., .
•
.0.?" ••••l.lolllcr,Jl""'illCOlUllS~ VO"llJC•••• !." "'00 ,"C'illO ,~, •••) !,ll9c<Jll""•••~w.l!Jl~"J' .\lilmll'('i>",,",""'IlI/lIlll'II''''':.,..1
tlDr<" ""''''''. ~olo9l<o1""'1lIDCflUl !I'lUl>UJl!••••••• ""'" slo\)llllll•. "'I ••••~ ••••••""'IfO 1lIl<8<ll>~~0...1
•
llJl\fO",e<U'IOflO
",",,",ilI5<9l,,",,'" !I"' ••••••.,"'" ~ ",,"l"l."'llJl ,r.c<JlllOliJ'0",,_ 1'l"'!lOtiI"''' <W"~0Ii .
\
t",ilI !I"'~ s"I""""'''''' ",.w><Dv'o"'-!""'" _ IOCWC••••••~~IO ~ ••••lO\."'~Rl~wlil w!I"""""!'<'t .~"'olUl •••1flPWCIO•••1", "'1J"IlIl.Il1.~uO>•.•••••"t"'llOtUlJlll~llJlollOlllJlv"""~"""""'-"'.~.~.,....,.." .• "lW ", •••s10~0"'. ~'o<U>tlD"'''~itI>•••• """" ;l"'" ~lUllUl. . ",oot.t. VO~l1""'wilItd>•••• ~oil<p,...'iO'f'510!!Jl1Jll.,•••••"""' ..'
.': ",' .o!••••ts •••••••.g\W llliP"'- qIl,,". lfVlf\\t9ltl"o~.~'"i)iOO'.!iu 1••••.tmtwllJ •••. i ; ,.
• Sl(;(\1l\1ll.l<lllOa,"'"a,liI""" •••••l.O
- ""'" ""QIlOO'!lUl: ."'l"'''n><W a,liI.",,,,,,,,,,,,,Il'"'!'''''''1l! !,ll9••• l""'O.OUOO....'
•
\
YW~~lft,lO~IUIVi~.~ .. tlo>rw.<9otl9O'.•••••••••• \'IO~O! ••••Wi'" T"""f'.io~."." ..... «DL<9G'CU..'C«D~:~~o.C(ll)OQlD).:e'... (ll)U:Ob1~.eu>nu!:.<!'.
Irw!Ill'" ,,,~~IO !l""'C"'''''' .tllGtolll•••t••••l.lOtw ••• '.0",1 •• " .',',i'...<".f'). l_~~ ""'. •
•
. t•••~~~~l i'J'O'Slo\)llIIll. "",,-"'" 'ot-.olll"'" . :" ..':' ,r!.' :,i.:;' ',',.'OW!~ •••!~lllIij .t.,......." "., ..... ' . ' .. <." ',". • ,. .'. ,! .,' . .... . . . . .' ,.:.c;'. , ,.,~''''!•.•.'~m',"' •.,_,,"UUlOetDO ;: '. . . . . ,,' ..' ,. ~ . ~~" .•. _~~.~ .'Ii ~, ""..:t~~"' "I"ijo!~""t"",~t",rmt.""t ••. '
~ Lh,. ~"':'SI:'~~"~..~;,? -""I ,~' ,.e,,,,, (.' .".l?~f:llN': _.",~,.;>c.~""Rl""':!!""IJ"\I>~l""'" '
•
. . ')i('/ 'I~ ,{ii""""" , ,.' ",' 'Ilt:~'" .~.'( .\OilI «J>Illll!'"::!P't•.••••"1'\./JG<D ",til I, .••• l,. ..,.,... ." '. • .• ' • ,. "', _w.~"...",,"'IS .",,()IlIlO!'<I'Cf"O.
: , •••,. ,." .,. ",.' . ,~' ,.. ;j' , •••'_ ~ .V'
~
:.: . t' ,. ~ ~.., .!., ." ., 1.':1: . , . ,.'. ~~ ,," '".~..."1j<9G'JQO~..'otlZllClJl)uiulltsQlJl>otUJ).lf..O~uro .... ',. i: . · . " " '..' • 1lIi..' iiO!~••im.t'oiio~~""efV\>IlIO"o",,:: 'i :.'\ ' '.•' .. .' if.!' '~",,:t.~~t!,\", ...~~!~1#C~io(.iJ9<9G'. i
• i' •, . •__~ ' .\\,""""ciiJl..i~~rail~~c~~\!Zlllijl). otOO'w>CO' ....., .' , . !'/l'~~~1Ui!'U'<l"J'to!llOijQ~;
.,; .'i ,.1;~Iil&ii."«Jlb~:~ ".;'; '. \" ?Al<lllMiql~f.'ItQ)!~~(,9Dl1)imm':'.""'.1'•• '" Ii" ' ,." ."",' ~"""I.''''''''.,. ..;.:l~'.'"'.' •\~~,:.i$..~.~f~n~~i~~~I'\'.~~..sr.V1J~.,'~t '.'1'
•
• ' 1 ,). .'."~ .•."""~. ,i'~' .ww •.
~
'.'. ".. I •...•''' !" .•••••• Y':.'""!''':. lJJ' l~t "~Il~~...'u "1."1:.' .. iIf' . '''.'..... " . , _'9"'-... ."'''i\00.'~.",wlJO Jr;...'\." '<tQ.ull':''!i~;~..~':''~:;i\l'n.rt''ri'J'.'''SQ1/l)... ,"",.~t~wO: .
• • ;: ~.~~~~~l~'l: . ::1
1
iv..' .,l~:-;;l!.j .••."'" . . •. ! (Jo' ~
•
" ' . ...fltW!""'11O'1" ,,~~.,\;/V~~'UllQl S .', I'I'.. n ' . 1~;'_O!.•••j,oWU~•. 'jjOtjlliJ)lII'IUot~J',.. ' ~ .,)I"~".i,., .."... "."JP ..... ,.'... "'.• ' .' .• .! l" ••_ ••••••• ..- '
• ," i ' .." ' . ,...... .•.•.•"... ~ 'j' .' .... ,!::',"~""", ,.-=, ., '\, ,..... '.' .'. ,.' ,;:'i, i,:" '..' ';,r:o""""l.~~~lOlO'L01",,,rRl.A'lfV,~1l'"i. •
_i~;' \ oYroRP9lJU !i.l!.W'~.O't(\l)t(1)m ijUU.. 0.trunP~ro 8l ~w>'O't(\llt(1)bJ otUllLW~l~cEPtc\ut~b1,.Q)'Ull~t6~t~~uv.:.i0~~lPto>((Q)tfV ..:,,',>i I •••.I!o lmlO
c•••••• U",.~.olUl illit ••~~•••1"""'slol!Jl.... '. ". '. ., .""""""."",""':'1'\10",,,,,,1"" fllll••••I'/t~••• ,9\lllOUQ, I
" .I .' .' ' ." 'o"""cOlUl "",",'000> "'U"'~.'" !~..,;~~6lliM~.w,:f5I:• %.! ot"l- w>1i:l'-"""'_l~ ouxu'" ,q, • lllilil'''~~ ~\IO. jllll•••!\!!!~,!I'\~''l'9:'''''''u»'''''••••llOtS .!" ' " ,:'" . • .... • : '.' . . t"""I,o. (1I".nlI ~r<IJl'f'l, ••••• ~~m>llII ioul\lI •.••• O I,
• ~.I'., toc&.o "'l"",!sfo"",,,,,,trv ""OolllCut"""""",,,,,,•••••~''''''''' flIofuv" ,l\lil/!l.:.r...uo>ll">"I"1ij.•IIllQ'G'\i>QO"'llJl"'~((ll\lrv) ·
t ,: 'co>o"'IlPI'''''''''' fllll•••I'b~••••• ~olllCut.lUl"'lfI"~C'~'c."'~ \~~)~/~~imJl>\ ..'• .':! ' ""~.•.'CO>O'~'''''''' "",ts"'~U~UO''''1JO owill "'l"'!1" ., .5UlwllltolJO~~ .toIl\lJllU1lt~ ••• II"".i,: \\ . '. ...... 'l-~'o locll~~ rmlg1J'i'l"'u••••l'Oi"'I"",,'}iDl~~SW;/ ~~tu,",,;:o~•••.\iJIi:o~cUi1lJ>Yr-.'''',•..• \,:;~; O~OU()CR7O'rut)Q.llllUlJt'O'~(llll) u,sw..~IU.tn'l\,.UIU»S.U>owwr,,!""{' .. UJ)t<9O'~Q)lf..OlCu.o£l)"",.51°~.1P.!~~,~;;W~lZl~tI!C«DO~.c.«i)~,,?.~~.'"
...,ii . 'l"C",,"lfo
s.I",,,.:.<'11O ••• "'l •••I'/t"""'l~\'O nol. '.•••• oto••• wliI-t#,,~1Ii' ~t~~l!II\l.<uliI}• ~ \ i. (11"",""""", l",c,ro""l""'51U OillW,,"'ll!Jl!Ul••ldOlU' .• . ~ll'Rooli>ro~ ~ •.• ttlllIO<J>IIll\IlJO!;'SI_""'. ".;;' I! t'~.,...t"C""" •.••.-.'. ,',:'.','.i:"U\"Ci{" )j'm' ~~ ;.~;
_It! ..r. a19<9O'OC~b1C'.~Ul?t.O'~y,c~~) ~l>l,?LBl9O'.. ~O\l~.~)(U)5l,?t~S:~:~~~~~~ ~'. cw,~.' ~ot':'~.~J:,.r'.or~'t .. ,~.:w.;~::'.~w:• .jl_ .,.....l ••.Il"~l~.\OlJlvrmlli""C'""'Il""rool'" ,.""'l''''''.''lUl . 0\lJlo~~ a,liI !1"1l""'!~~~'IlY>ua.,l!Jlt~ ~t""" •• ' %:'p.rP U
l1
)1;Ve> h.iro ru"".. Wi q,. W' W.a.' ••• • • '. ~.• '. •• ,;.; '~'ii:tt"J~~::':"'O';~c,~,,~C:'''.'~'.'. ,~"~~,,~a:;c:r';~ .,.,'j'*"'$2-.& -
.'~tt••
r •••••••••••••••••-e-e••••••••••••••••~ ~0
~\"~~-."----------... ,j "t
"",.li,N J;;;'_i:,;;f::~. ~;;j~.'"",",~:t.:... -_,~;;"~..:i:ii;; " -~:~:;~.;.;,-:.,:~,-",--.
faLwcru ••• WJ'Il'truLO(Q)l1»f"V<9
\"r.,~~' ;.."
~~)..•..
",'f;tr'~."-~,f;.l>'; ;.Ii
L!1~l
BVlllDl'S<.9 pccwra7f,OJll'S(I./fJ)
faLwcru .•4 WJ'Il'truLO(Q)l1»fV<9
"
fJ
If~1•
~.•.;r
9L
;,
(-i-f' .}1.~\/!
l' /"\" «;rUt;:f I"~'f;:u i ,.
, " trJri ._ ,.- ." ~!!.<~.': 'I'
T -" .,. " I'j l '. ' '.\ ' ;'." ; • ' ,"",' ' \ ,.1! "I.:{'><:'" " .'J'" ./- '. • r-
'l.i<~\ -I'" " ,1,:,1": .. ', ~ ../ ,",'/;;,,~../ - .'/' ...:;;,.. " 'f/' /'-..~.. . v., .",d; ../;:,". I .:' .
:~;:(;<t~~~;tl~i;~~'I:~~:'.~~.l' ,.••.1.. -. <'.E-V"'j;-0~. f..'l' ~• -. .<~'~,,~ .•. ,b~~.':>,.;, ..,;,;.r,YI -j :-~>,.(.;:.~:.':,~,.~,--'~_,~ ,.:,., _., ,\;;;""., .~ ,:.;.1 _ " :;~ ~"' ;2-,,' ,"
':\~;,-. ~;;,~,:~~~~.-~:':~~)
I
~(ll) L(l) f (QIID (J) C:lJ 5 <e'
.tOO'LoflZl lZlD(J)C:lJ ~~OO'
IO:DL~ <e'flZl ORiUQIlDall L<O.lQ)
glL(l) O(J)C:lJS<e' ofaIl~<9LS
lUfru CQ)Dca gncrwDfOO'
LoflZl '~(ll)fOO'fsc,u<9CSW
oRiUglru8:D[fU ~Cr;LoflZl
go.>L<O.lQ)~LW LSrnJ..9Q1fl)~
fscro<9LOO'~@ OlUgltruCmJ
QIl1 ~m 'ofOO'LQJL(ll)gl~ru
o flO L'6l1O t9L(QIIDQ)aIl@ LSQIfl)
09-0!> OfSlUfru CQH)Ca
~C<e'<90~gllU fQ)a
'ofOO'
LEilU ~(l)QIfl) ~ C<e'cru D fill)
gl~lU ill)<9(Q) f OO'IODL~<e' ~lZl
Q)D(l):D rum 'f(ll)fOO'LQJLS(l)
0~IOL8fru frac(l) '~C<CD
<e'fOO'LQ)UtIlL8aIl<e' IOLWCiU
all<90LW ofraL~f.lll9Q)lZl~ru
0~IOL~f.lfl9Q)0~cru c~IDu
~fIOL<O.lQ)SC(Q)8) '~C<CD
<e'fOO'~LEicru~@ ocror(U)
Rf)<e'L~lU croc0'QIlrocwLIOI.S(l) "~Loc<O.lQ)fQ)ru OflUOf<e' oflOOO'
LQ)a ~gnElfl9<e'~cru:D at9lU:D gJ..lCQ)~lU LaIlC(ll)W Q1)rufmf0
~~ruill '~(ll)fslJUL8<CD<e' ~clZl(Q)LlU L~rulOLwClU fl\lll9Q1fl)
LaIlClZl f(ll)LWf<O.lQ)Qf) lU c~IDu of<tDs<9 faIl (ll)C<e'<9 cQ):Dca
'0 f Q)~lU (ll)C<e'<9 .?ru f ru OQ)LaIlCa.l9Q) s,owlOrnu> gl<99'QJ:Da
W<9f.lll9Q1fl) "t~f aIl0Dra <e'QIfl) O(Q)IJU LS(Q)Q)IOcw:o flO UZIZJ(Q)Rf)<e', "Q)L(l) oflOUlJZJ(Q) gn<e'fSlUfru fat9Q) '~Cr;~~SQIfl) W)lZl8)(Q)QJC(Q)
~(ll) f S(l) gn<e' flO COO'(ll)C<e'<9 go.>C(l)L(Q)aIlCaIl LRiU~<e' ~f<CDcaIl
~LlUL(l)(Q) "ofOO'fsc<e'<9fsw gn<e'L~ru ~flZl~Lw LSQIfl) ~tQwr-
l:llR9Q1fl) s<9faIlIOL(l)ClU L<CDcrwflZl fWL<O.lQ)~gllUIOC<e' go.>C<.lll.QJ.9
Lm<e'fr;LS[fUfQ)lUD LcroC(ll)W lUm '~(ll)fsw ~c~<e'flOc<e'
LL
(Q)f 5 t <e' L(Q)EPQI)m CQJ:DL(Q)ru 1 lU:D ~(Q)Cf" <9 go.>c(l) L(Q)(ll) ~00' L~IO
LaIlCcroLmJ~ll)(U) of~f.lll9~lUlUal<9<9 ofR1)cfUm<e' "O~OO'~sc<e'<9fSill
OflU~lUfU19cruLal (ll)IDu 5,UlCU19C0<9CCTU:ot\(U) 0)QJ)lUcru1 fat9QJ
go.>L<O.lQ)RiUglru10 <9Cf":D f(Q) QIfl) "0 f 00' f 5 C<e'<9fr; L~(Q) 0(Q)LQI)1L0
CCTU:DglCfU9:D~f0)Q)LlU 0(l)C0(Q)QJ) fQ)a (Q)<9Cf.lll9Sf0' 0~lU(u)C0
c~ IDu •~ C0 U19Q)ru LQ)ft;' <O.lQ)c8c(Q)<9 sL <e'fs<e" go.>C(l)L(Q)Q.Ul}
'0 f 0 «ri:D (Q), m c(u) (J)CQ):O go.>C(l) L<IDall CaIl ~ ~<e'(Q)tal6lgl w@
'ft.u>f<e'cru:o
~IO:O Lcro(Q)~f" 0 ~(Q)QIfl) gncrw:o f 00' o@ gllUru S<9f all (ll) C<e'<9
'~c(Q) ~~(l)CS LaIl(Q)fru oc~cro<9lUL(ll)IDu gn<e' foruru~~ru
'gn<e'LS(Q)~Cf" 0:00~ru fOO'~lU@ "~c(Q)~(l) Q)<9~lU f(Q)@
gJ..lC<O.lQ)glL(l)~r;LSlfO o~glw@ 'OflUCat9~SLaIlLOO'fsQIfl) ~c(Q)<9
go.>LSlUfru s<9faIlIOL(l)ClU LaIlC0QJLrnu> '~(ll)~OO'fS(l)<9CSLaIl(Q)ff"
go.>L<O.lQ)00'5 f (Q) ~C0 f at9C(Q)<9 S<9faIl f.lfl9(Q):O 0 f ~<e'IOLaIlOO'U19 @
'of 00' fsc<e'<9 fs LaIl (Q)fru LaIlC(ll)(l) go.>(Q)f0 f (ll)QIfl) (ll) fS(l)
"ofOO'LQJL<.lll.QJ.9L(Q)Cf"t9~c<e't9f(Q)@ go.>cOO'(ll)c<e'<9 Rf)crw:of<e'
c0(Q)LruL~lU frlO.19Q1fl)"0~OO'fscOO'<9L5<e't9 f(l)LSQJru ~glru:D
fSCaIl:D(ll)c<e'<9ra(Q) 8:D0 ORiUQf):ocroLstll)~5Lffi9ll) 0(J)1Q1fl)croL~f(l)
IO@ '~(ll)~S(l) L~ruIOL(l)ClU ~c<iDc0f(ll)L(l)f<O.lQ)QI)lU ~IOC(l)
~t9Lsrufr;(ll)c<e'<9 go.>LcroL(Q)LQJ(Q.lQ)C5~0 f(ll)cs<9c(l):OL(ll)a
'0(Q)1Cll)
go.>L~<e'flZl f~L(Q.lQ)QJClU OC~lZl<9 fcro(l)(l) 0~IOSL0~lU ofrasLcro
(Q)~ru 'O(l)cmW o~cros<9f~<e'raL(l)ClU o~aIlSt9~aIl(ll)c<e't9 ~cIOL~
<e'flZl f(l)L(QIIDQ)cro 'of<e'ccrolO<9cru:ofracru 0SlJUQIfl) gncrw:Df8clZl
fffi9lZl uroC(l)L(QJ.Q)Q)ClU otOO'(QIIDDQf)ru ~Q)m ~L(l)go.>LcrosLOO'Rf)<e'
QJL(l) fat9QJ '0f <9EPLQJL<O.lQ)f 5IDu oQ)ClU go.>L<O.lQ)~L(l) go.>L<O.lQ)QJaIl@
LS<CDQJQIfl)~ tft ccro<9QJL(l) (ll) f <9EPLOL(l) (ll)C<e't9 lRiU ~<e' ~C<O.lQ)
fSlZl<9flOCfV ofroQJClU go.>LaIlL(Q)LQ) ~faIlrut9f(Q)cru<9 go.>LSC(l)
aIlIU 'o~OO'fsc<{P<9fsL<9EPra:DLSlUffV ~lZl of"LOQIfl) ORiUQJ):Dr;ro
L<CDClZlQ)(Ql)C\Zl(u)fWL1l'l90 !;WglfV:O fSC(l)8)UaCOO'UDC<e'<9 O(J)C&-'
will 'oWclZlL~fw o(Q)LfOram !;Wtw ra<9LSlUfru ofcros<9fcroL~ro
CQJ:Dca <.aWfs~<9LOf0 go.>L(QIID~LW LSrtlll9Q1fl) LaIlCWL(Q)(ll)fsw
.0 r~ ero f (Q)5,UllUgo.>Ls W W<9f.lll9Q1fl) of OO'(QIIDDRiUgllU
<O.lQ)fsQIfl) 'of~c<9€P<9Locro<e'fUDgl~ru Lscru<9 frwcw ofat9LlU
v»j;."\ gIl'lJ'trauuo>ws<9'lJ' t(Q)WUl) s<9fQ)<g>RP'iP~••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•I---.-•-•-•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
The medicinal property of riceh~s been known from ~ncientdays onwards, with its first
reference in some of the Indianclassical liter~ture and Ayurvedaliterature. According to Pharmaroj>nt;aof India the rice-water of any tralli.tional variety is an effective demul-cent, refrigerant drink in febrile andinn~mm~tory st~tes of the intestineand other affections.
Peuple of many rural regions stilluse rice for some of their medicalre(luirements. Fur example, women inPomlicherry use a local variety of ricecalled Chtngtlpaalu Simman; immedi.ately after delivery to incre~se milkproduction. The rice varieties that aresaitl to have medicinal (Iualities areearly maturing (110- t 40 days or 90days Bml less). No,'ara, ClJrmltl/l/.u.ru",akkari, Ka'{jJllngl/m pl/llJl/d".1(,mllha til,,,,",,,,,,, and KI/nji Nrl/I/ aresome rice varieties Ulllt are cultivatetlin Kerala, entirely for medicillalI'll/pose. However. only Nar¥lrd andChtnntl/u are witldy known among the
tr~ditional healers, where the formerone is used more commonly forClttcrnal medicin~1 application in theform of a Irithi (material taken in acloth and tietl-up in the form of asmall bag) or as a paste and Ute latterused only u a food during sickconditions. Na','tIrtl rice is kn.;wn incultivation only in the state of Kerala•anti people of this region consider itas a precious gift tn them from God .The waim are of less aperient qualityUlan 'Ill)'olher grain, and is,therefore,invariahly advised as the safest foodfor the sick I'ersons. best in the formrice gnu'l in all tl~'senteric eOlllplaintll.Ayurveda slateS utat the rice grains,eSI'('ci~llyof early duration varietiesare nt:ritl, sweet. oleaginous tonic,aphrotlisiae, fallcning, and diuretic.This rice il1ll,roves taste and is uscfulill hiliftllsness, alltl reliel'e thethrillusllll' ~'ala. Pi/Ila, Kaplla.Europc'lIls med rice for curing lungtlisl'as': ami spilling of blood as inl'"hlftnllfY consumption. Specially1"I'"a,c.1 tice Krains were used asme.lidnc illChina and Mala)":!.
Elvmologv 01HavaraIt i~ not known since when the
name Na,."", has heen in l1~e,Thi~rice variety is being called by at leastseven <Iifferenthut c1o~c1yre~l'mhlednames such a~ Navara, Navira,Njavara, Njal'ira, Nakara, Namnra.Naknra Puncha in different rCl~ionsof the stnte.
The n~me Nfl/'f,r" an,1 theSanskrit name for wiltl rice Ni"rlmclusely resemulc~ eaeh othcr, It alwresembles to the Telngu name forwild rice variety NtI,;,,; nr nt/widlJrI'!l'a.Our oh~crvaliom ~how ,"althe grnins of Nfl/'IIIlI, like its wildrelatives, nre earh' maturin~ ami veryshattering in nature, AI\ thesc wi'"varietie~ are employed in I•••:almedical s)'stems.
It may uc or worth '0 s!lul!' theetTmology of ,Ilt'~c n:lm('s ami Ihcrelationships hclwecn rhcse ,irevarieties, This will also throw li,~"1onthe ev"lution of cllltivatc' I rice f,olllits wild form~,
1••• 1
••••'I••••,•••
- ---- - ..-
tot1servatlon concerns
Non-availability of quality seedsadapted to local conditions and the cllmallcfluctuation that arrects the culllval/on of riceIn a severe way are other prominentcauses. The changed panern of rainsarrects seriously In the timing of seedsowing and transplanl/ng. Heavyapplication of chemical fertilisers resultedIn the loss of several beneficiarybiodlverslly elements from the paddy fields.and led to the degradal/on of soil fertility,Shortage of organic fertilisers and organicpesticides In the market Is another problemfor the failure. Lack of encouragement forfArmers from the governmenlto cullivatp.the traditional varlelles also augmented Ihefailure.
The Inlra.speclnc varlabl1llyIn rice(Oryza sal/vEl) was evident In Kemla tllliherecent past. The peasants here had ,adapted various farming techniques thatare eco.frlendly nnd sustainable to prolectthello varieties. TM Kerala Stale has 105tnOllrlyabout 50 percent of lis paddy fieldswllhln a span of 40 years. In 1975.76 areaunder rico accounted for 30 percent of thegross cropped area. This declined to 24percont In 1985-86 and to lust 15 percentIn 1995-96. The paddy fields are recklesslybeing converted for the cultivation of thecash crops, which are economically moreellractlve and loss labour absorbing. InKernla tilers wero not less than 300lrndlllonnl vnrlelles of rice being cultlvaledbefore the advent of graen revolullon .
There are several reasons for thedecline In the cultivation of lraditional ricevarieties In Kerala. The foremost, beyondany doubt Is the non-availability oflabourers In lime and lhelr high wages.When rice cultivation was a family activitythis was not atoll felt at this score.
'an,gri', a dish made or n~vara nour ~11l1dried banana powder of a varietyc~\Icd 'kunnan" much before' thei'rfirst feedin~ ritu~l. 'nlis rice is said 10
be very nutritious, balanced and safefood for babies. It is recommendetlfor consumption for the people of allages 'n il1cre~sc rhc vit~lilr. al1ll as an~turnl encrgi7.cr:
rIDilrnlil15 J•• ,tnb 2003
Kerala do not even know about thevarielYof Navara widl black glumes.Their's is the slender, golden. glumedbeautiful grain without awn. Yet allthese varieties are being used in localhealth care systems as well as inAyurveda for many ailments. It isemployed in treating mainly rheu-,malic pains and associated diseases. Itmay be noted dlat N'lI'arn was neverbeen ill usc lIS a food grain for rebt1Jlarconsumption by the farmers, andhence there were no large-scalecultivation. They consider it as a non-food grain (rice is slighdy sour in taste)consumed only during the time of badmonsoon season to improve tesis.lance. It is however, recommcnt1ell torl'CIIIhc newborn ""bies in the rorm '
Navara In local HealthCare Systems
Navara is a precious grain for thefarmers. It is like gold having aroma,which is readily marketable at anyseason. Therefore, dley conserve itwith great sanctity and care. Amongthe two strains, dIe black colourellstrain without awn is claimed to be thegenuine strain and considered to bemedIcinally more useful according tothe farmers and healers of Calicut,Kannur and Malappuram districts innorthern Kerala. But the farmers ofThrissur and Palghat region considerthe black glumed awned variety as thereal Navara. Invariably all the farmersin the state harvest it exactly wilhin (,0days. Farmers of dIe south and central
•• !.1
• J
~LCJ.)Cru t>«£ WJ'9'lruL°(Q)!,lJlr<'<9
..•.:'~/ ..•..">~
IOLwcru ~ WJ'9'lruLO(Q)!,lJlr<'<9i'
8L
£102DblU9 ~Lme:e> ~(Q)Q.lfl)'o~OO'LmJQI)l (Q)<9C<mO~'e' fOLwrvC(Q)
~<9LlQ.lQ)OOru<9 5,QlQl<mW(U)G..rn '~UD~SL<mL<ge'~W2WL(Q)rn ~LWL(l)
~Q)f9 LS'e'<9LmL'e' 2WLlQ.lQ)glClQ.lQ)g)mLQ)G..@~Q)f9,)'w~blU9 fOLwcru
'~~W~W<9 UD(l)<9C<mLOQ.lfl)raLwrvC<ID UD<9(Q)2WCetl:lLOO'CWg)
~(ll)LWQ)<9f8 2WL(Q)m UD~OO'LQ)~lftoC9 Letl:lC(l)Q)Lmw '~UD
~OO'L(f)C<mg)ruC9~CQ.w £l8bWCWg)gl(Q)<9 QDC(JUg)OO'2WCQ.w~C<ge'
~Q.lfl) L<mCW\<ID~'e' ~fru '~UD~OO'csfru ).W\m->2W(u)<9 L(f)lLCTUOL
oooru<9 2WLlQ.lQ)(Q)lcru ~Q)Cetl:l<9Lraru L<mcw LlQ.lQ)W9Q)'e' ).W0(U)
'o~SL'e' IOLru 2W<ID~sf'e' 2WC<mLlQ.lQ)SWwmglru
\lOtW fi"LQ)e:e>£100(U) 'oC<ge'!?Lru C~g)LQ)'e').U>o(U) Cetl:lg)C<m~rv
£102D1.fU9 'OW9R>e:e>1O~<9L(Q)<mCW'e'crv ~Ft t(l) Sf19C(Q)UD~llil9 5~(Q)
2DCOO'lf"C\ru OOLW<lllill9W L<mC(Q)~oru<9 5,illLW2WLSru~ru 'f<ge'
~sru<9~lfU wg)<IDlcw £lO~bfU9 <mLlQ.lQ)Ft<9tw ~WLlQ.lQ)'e'crv
'o~OO'L(f)C<mg)rul QD'e'LWLQI)CWQDL(l)~'e' W<9llil9
L(ll)@U 2DL8Y>lfUCIU9 2WL'€ll(ll)<9~W9Ce:e>2We:e>~mQ.lfl)~Cal9C'e'g)
2WL'€llPa <9Q.lfl) 2DlQ.lQ)g)CTU<9<92DSC9 2WCal9'e' m CIU9 ).WCWg)~
C<.Ql.)lCQ.w~LlQ.lQ)W9Q)(}'JC8C9 'o~<ge'LQ)L(Q)j,IDru<9 LmLruL(Q)rvl
~j,IDruQ.lfl) 2DS~IOCal9e:e> 0W9Ri'e'IO(f)CQ)g) O~IOL'€ll(Q)<9HJu'~~IO
6L
ralf" !,DLmcwrulru '~(jJ,,.o(f}o <mcwe:e>Ril'£le:e> n9~wrul ~Q)c8<9w
ra<9LScw<mru ~L<T\J)IU90(U) lQ.lQ)<9WW9rulfU s<9~<mraLwcru
'!,DL8C(U)rul 5PJLl!fiQ.lfl)~CWRi'e'ru (ll)<tJ.)<9
LtQ)w 2WC<lllill9LW~<ID~cOO'LQ)e:e>£100(U) L<mCWW9£ltru 0<IDlcw
oRil'Qf)g)f~lOru L<mC(ll)W 'e:e>~<ge'crad~Lww L<IDbQ)~<9L<IDQ.lfl)~LQ)
e:e>).W0(U) &'},<9og)~e:e>° \ 8CQ.w 'e:e>~<ge'LQ)e:e>£100(U) ORi'e'ru lQ.lQ)CPa Q.lfl)
'o@cra ~c(Q) (ll) ~OO'!? Lru (ll)<9lQ.lQ)L<mc<m~ru 2WL'6l(ll) <9~s Le:e>
~WL(U)~blU9 ~ru ralfU ~(ll)cra<9LoCQ.w ~<9L(U)2DbfU9 <mLOO'W9@
'5PJ(ll)~OO'LwCW~Q)I.(Q) ~(ll)(f}o CW9g)rug)~~LQ)e:e>).W°(U) CW9g)rug)
L<mC<ill~ru oWW9ruLru ~C(l)m->QI)g)~Loru oQ)cruraLw raLru
').W~brt.l9 ~LQ)e:e>).W0(U) ~WLlQ.lQ)e:e>cru
Sf19c(Q)rn 'o~<ge'LQ)L(Q)j,IDru<9o~<me:e>~e:e>cru~8~W Paw 'o~lQ.lQ)ra<9
L<mmwruQ.lfl) (ll)~ruc8~ru o(U)c<mCWQ.lfl) 2W{ZlJg)LraQ)LruLllil9W9C9
2WLlQ.lQ)OLW~SLru<IDO~Se:e>ruQ.lfl) QDcFtg)Q.lfl) 'o~OO'j,ID11) O(U)C(l) ~Q)f9
LlQ.lQ)Q)Lw(Q)<9cs(Q) ~(ll)c8<9(l) 2W{ZlJg)L(ll)f9QDe:e>~(U)2D 1.fU9 ra LWcru
2W(l)g)~wL(Q)Q.lfl)~LQ)lfU <mcFt2W~ru 2WL~e:e>~S<IDS<9~~e:e>~CJV2WRil'<9
~L(l)glLW ~al9ce:e><9 LS<ID '~(ll) ~SJru<9 YJ.'lcra LOO ~OO' LO~(l)
lQ.lQ)cs(Q) ~stru ~SLQ)Wg) 5PJrn 'Sf19Cra<ge'W9C9 LSru (Q1Q)~SQ.lfl)
'o~lQ.lQ)SW 2W<ge'lftgl<mLru L<mC<m~£lS~<ID o(U)ruL8
~lQ.lQ)ru2WUmL(Q)I.Q)(Q)g)rn '2WumLsFt<9LS<ID ~L<IDcru<9 2WL<mL~
Lrwe:e> ~L(Q)~ru<9 2WL<m<mcFt2W~ru o~al9bru 'o~OO'LOOCe:e><9
~raumru<9 £lfOO'LW9W ~Q)f9~~slQ.lQ)<9ofru O~al9bfO ~WJ8g)lf"
'o~OO'j,IDru LOO'o
LraL<mLsFt<9LS<ID~Q)f9 L(Q)cru<9 G..rn 'o~OO'<mg)C<mSLWCOO'~S~<9
Lra ru ~LfO LWcru L~Lrwe:e> £DcFt g)ra lf" 2WC<lllill9L<IDcru<9 (ll)<9 (Q)
'~ce:e><9L~Lrwe:e> ~LQ)wg) '~UD~<mL(Q)cru<9 o~al9l.ru ~ce:e><9
L~Lrwe:e> lQ.lQ)lOe:e> ~Q)f9 ~Q.lfl) ~L(Q)cFt<9LOO'~SQ.lfl) 2WL<m
<mcFt2W~rv ~Q)f9 ~b(ll)lf" '~UD~llil9W9C9 £ltOO'LW9W ~Q)f9 ~L<m'
LlQ.lQ)Q)LwraLwcru ~LQ)lfU ~rwwrv ~Q)f9 2WL<IDQ.lfl)'~(ll)~OO'LQ)L<m
LOO'Cal9C9 OOCCJVg)~cf\fJ ~Q)f9 ~ce:e><9LS<ID 2WLlQ.lQ)Q)<mC9LSQ)f9
2DC<ge'LQ)L(Q)cQ)ru O<ge'glrw(U) ~LQ)Wg) L<mcw~ffi9w QDcrwg) ~OO'
LQ)Lru L<mcWL<IDrn 'Sf19cra<ge'lftgletl:lLru LscruLQ)ru lQ.lQ)~SQ.lfl)
'~llil9
~m~ru ~C(Q) rn .~UD~<m~ e:e>~lQ.lQ)glcru ° ooru <9 5PJ.ID~5 lQ.lQ)<9ofru
v,J~V.'" -;:
'JI}'U'trcHII.lJl)WS(9'U' ~(Q)UJ(Q)S(9~Q)'U'RPg>'U'•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~,
------
---_
._---------
--~
.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • --." • • • • • • • •0>
•S> ~.
a ~ ~.
9 ~. ~.
~ ~.
l!!• 1. ~
NGO
,
•a•••••••••.'
•••••-e----'-~---~~.._""'_=
.~~.;r-----...-----
-_.
•••••••••••••••••••
Medicinal Rice VarleUes o' Korala WI.,. VlI1 r.r.la culUv.UonlName Duration Place of Cultivation Remarks
(days)
Erumakkarl 120 i. •.; , Ernakulam UplAnd rlcf!, IJ~Ad toThrlssur cullillulu III (;o(;onut
gludons.Jaatthl 5uggl 120 Kasaragode IIsellson crop. Highly
Karnataka border preferred variety forconsumpl/on as wei! asmadlclnA' purposes, .
Jeeraka 120 Thlruvananlhapuram Vory SIIIIIIIand slenderChembavu grnlns;k.nnol white.
Hlllhly prllferred forconsurnlll/on.
Kamaal 120 Kannur Cro'l or one season(vlrlppu) .
Cull/llalod only formedh:lnal requirements.
Karutha 120 Thiruvananlhapuram Enl/ro gmln Is blrlck InChembavu colour, Including husk,
bran and kernel. Used inplace of Navara
Kolaran 85.90 Kasaragode Dark purple grains. UsedIn place of Navara Ifillsnot avalloble.
KunjlNeliu 120 Kannur Uplond rico; scented,highly prererred forconsumpl/on during sickcondition.
Nalla Chennellu 120 Kannur IKernel red. RiceI flakos ara medicinal
Naron 60 Kannur I Upland rice. Used In place
Navara 60.90 In plains and10rNllvara.IAD "'''",rop(purple &golden)' midlands of Kerala Upland and medium.Iowland. Widely knownas medicinal. Employed
lin Ayurveda.Vadakkan 85.90 Kannur Upland rice. Grains
i purple .Valton 90 Thrissur, Palghat and ! Very similar to (purple&golden) Malappuram ~Navara but grains are
! slighl/y bold. Used In place1of Navara.
.1!I
"'\, \, ,
,,'J " ~" .
Navara is usually used for extern,,1application such as nat'arakki:;;jJi, atype of "warm sweating" treatmentand Novara thaeppu - applying thebody with hot navara rice. An oilprepared out of navara bran namedSashlika thailam is recommended in "IInervous diseases, 'body ache,numbness, sodalities, wasted musclesdue to poly myletes, myopathies, andmotor neuron diseases. Thesemethods are meant to remove all thewasted material from the body andthus clean and rejuvenate it.
The roots of this rice is said to becooling, diuretic, febrifuge, and arcuseful in burning sensation, dyspepsia,bilious fever; strangury and diabetes .
Navara is not the only variety withmedicinal qualities known in I(erala(Set: Table Medinnal Tit'e l'aTirties ofKrrala). Still there is no other varietywith that much preference by theherbal industry to compete with thisgrain. Experiments conducted tounderstand the amino acid composi-tion in the two known strains showsthat the total free amino acid compo-sition in them are more whencompared to other high yieldingvarieties. Amino acid content variesunder different agIO-ecologicalconditions. Me/hionine might be theresponsible active compound for themedicinal quality. Methionine is thecommon amino acid with etherlinkage and is important donor ofactive methyl groups. However, thereare no solid studies to explain themedicinal properties of this rice.Studies are to be undertaken to provewhat exactly the medicinal compo-nent, whether or not the medicinalproperty and sourness of the ricc :Irerelated, how the yield character andmedicinal properties are linked, whatare the different vitamins presend
The authors are from Commullil)'Agrobiodit'miry Centre, M S !in'amina/hanRurart'h Foundalion, Wly'anad.Em!,il'[email protected] (Ourluy: By authors.
fiJiilmljJllI JIIfI reb 2003
believe Sashtika Sali is Navara, andattribute its medicinal quality to its lessstarch and high protein contents.Some of them believe that this is thegrain that was suggested by sageChyavana in Ilindu beliefs for keepingyoungness and longevity. Navara ricehelps in the growth of muscles andstimulates the nerve endings and so isused mainly in di~f1rdcrs like muscledegeneration lind eervic spondylitis.The grains which arc u~ed in treatingrheumatislll lire ~weet, acrid,oleagenous, aphrndi~iae, diuretic,carminative, :Inlidysellterie and tonic.
Navara InAvurvodaAyurveda when it refers about rice
postulates Sashlileo: vrihishu: sreshtaha:,which means among the vrihi kind ofgrains that matures within 60 days(shashtikam refers 60 days, vrihi refersto a rice with red kernel, and'sreshtammeans superior or exceUent) is superbfor meeting the medicinal require-ments. This implies all the rice varietiesthat mature within 60 days havemedicinal qualities. However, onlyNovara is being used from timeimmemorial in Ayurveda. TheAyurvedic physicians of Kerala
••••••••••••••••••••••••I •
••••••••••••_..•----------------------------------------
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
con'
,:,. ,
hun,~'l"S
is rchi "I,lessonlyIll"'!mnselhnlocayet t
'prOI
prerreli,'I,,;.vali.heinhas 1
c",IiIntli
/~,/ .fit',.,.~,1"' ;r,
.~.~.j
~
IAiAI A. .. , .' .
•_ ... __.__ .... _~1!llmll"gn In d!tr%,,' $1'11"0'
properties. The luller is boiled inwater and allowed to cool; if thisdecoction is takcn thrice daily, it isan excellent remedy for dehydratioll{Iue to vomiting and dysenteq', A Is"the intake of a concoction ofNi/""'I11!~"mixed in I'asle forlll wil hcow's llIilk in the e:llly morningcures jaundice within three daysl 'Ibcurc ear- ache, internal applil:alionof the extract in luke warlll ~in~ellyoil once or twice a Jay is capable ofrelieving lhe pain, EXlern,,1applicatifln of Nil"",,,n!.,, pastemixed wi;h buller is an excellentbalm flH curing botly abscission.The surface application of tJlis pasteis an effiCacious treatment for
•Uses of ""UamanDa"In elhnlc sVSlom
The ethnolllltanicitl sh"lksreveal that Ni/"",,,nl'.." is l~ffcet.ive forcuring a number of nihucnls such ascar-ache, stomach pnin, deh)'dralionand even stomach l'a'Ker andjaundice. Different 1:"IIIIl1Unitiesbelonging to both !lillal and non-tribal groups arc usin~ this intraditional medicine systems. ThePaniya and Kurichia trillal womellare more familiarwilh this speciesand usc it against diarrhoea in mostparts of Malabar, specifically in theWayanad region. According to thenatives it has exceptionallypromising anti- diarrllOeal
From India, out of. 3000P.IUSmushrooms, only very fewAre reported to have been
studied for their medicinalproperties. Species like Agnrimsr"m/'uIriJ, CoprinNs m",nms, GnnoJtrtn"IlIndllflt, A,gdriml bisjlnrtll, Bolt/III ,dllliletc arc the most widely knownlllushrooms in India for theirmedicinal properties. Variousrl"seard, rcplltts shows the rural andlrillalpe"ple in this cOllnt.r)' know.tJ,e medicinal usage of very many.mushrooms. Inventories for suchuseful species is now in the priorityarea of research in the hotanicalwealtJ. of all biodiversity in richcountries. One such inventory has"een unclertaken among the tribaland rlllal habitMions in the northernpan of Kerala (Malabar region) todocument the fungal remedies intraditional health care practices. Fewsamples of an interesting species, .locally calle,l "Nil"",nn)Zn" (perhapsStltrolill'" sli}ilnlll"') had beencollected during the study fromWayanad and nther places ofMalabar with vital information on itstraditional uses.
•..
mrvth
---------------------------------- ...•-----_._-------- -~----
_______________ ~I.l.!'~n.I:U1g:9 !lplll Op'onOI
cancerou~ ~rowth. esp~dally breastcancer. The Kurichia tribalcommunity use~ this species toprepare medicated oil, which canrelieve rain {Iue to a fall from aheight. It is also effective in treatingvariou~ nerve weaknesses in human..beings. The usage of this materialhas not been described in any of thecodified systems of medicines inIndia.
Nild"''''tgd is one among thehundreds of fungi found in theWestern Ghats. The Western Ghatsis renowned for its rich property ofbiological diversity, harbouring notless than 4000 species of fungi, butonly a few arc known for itsmedicinal properties. Thoughmushroom scientists andethnobotanists have explored the
. local uses of many of these species,yet the discoveties of any newproduct fmm these plants Il,at can
contrihute to Ihe well beingof IlIlIllanily is III1'agre.Medicillal mllshrooms of thisregion so far have not beenIhoroughly inv{'sligaled.5lUdies 11ft. 10 I.,' IIl1llerh.kento specify ti,l' Ille,licinalcOmpOnl'llU in il. It needssillc{'re ..ffolts from IhesciClllists 10 unvl'ilthe secretof Ihis fungus. NilamdllJ!.a hashil:h pOl,'nlialto yield newdrugs of commercial value.Moreover, Ihis species isccoillginllly vllillahleconsidering Allrihules likerestricled spatial occurrence. distinctcompolwnl of a species, verynarrow hahitat preference and asp"cies slIhicc,,',IIO greaterpresslln's lIf fIver exploitation andhahitat destruclion. There is anurgent lIeed for thorough researchon pharman,l"gy, taxonomy. allliIhe biodll'misllY of this fungus. The
possibility of using this sped,'s f"rwide commerciali?alion shollid alslhe explored.- ...__ .. -,----_ ..The aUlhors art fl'o", COfllfHllllilyAgrobitlilJel'sity em"-,. 1\' .1' .I'".""i,,,,",,,,,J{ma,...h Founddlio". 1/7tryaflfld.E,,,!oil,(obt@sa{yofll.nel.in
Picture courtesy: Authors
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••ej
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
r •
•••••••,••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.'
A Gender and Community Perspective
Case study III: Ve/iyan and other traditional rice landraces of, Wayanad, Kerala
The Western Ghats is one of the richest biodiversity spots in India .. The valleys ofthese hill ranges, use,d for cultivation are rich in agro biod,iversity. Wayanad districtis locatea on a high mountainous plateau in the Western Ghats of Kerala, with ageographical area of 2131 sq.km, dotted with peaks ranging from 700 to 2100 m andhome to 6,72,000 people (Census, 1991). The district is bound by the district ofNilgiris (Tamil Nadu) and Mysore (Karnataka) in the east, Coorg (Karnataka) in thenorth, Malappuram district (Kerala) in the south and Kozhikode and Kannur districts(Kerala) in the west. The district can be divided into two distinct ecological zones,the southern wet evergreen forest zone and the northern dry deciduous forest zone,which is largely planted with eucalyptus and teak: The southern zone receives highrainfall while the northern zone receives moderate rainfall .. Wayanad is J:ich inbiological and agro biological diversity. The agro biological diversity includes richgenetic resource of rice, legumes, wild species, horticultural and fruit crops, manymedicinal plants as well as differe~t breeds of domesticated animals and birds .
Agriculture in Wayan adWayanad has a long history of agriculture. Two tribes, who are among the inhabitantsof this region from early times, and associated with earliest cultivation of rice invalley wetlands and rainfed millets in uplands, largely by shifting cultivation, are theKurichiyas and the Kurumas. The agro-ecological cQnditions of the area, vastly differentfrom the plains and the virtual isolation of the area from plains due to lack of propercommunication and other 'factors restraining' early migration from the plains, theagrobiodiversity conserved and used by the native tribes evolved several uniqueadaptive properties. Selection of these traits eventually evolved many landraces ofrice and other crops unique to the region. later, which is more recent in historicaltime, huge migration from the plains and domination of these migrants in influencingthe cropping pattern in the uplands led to the total decline of millets and rise ofplantation crops. However, the land use pallern In lowlands changed very little, thushelping the retention of many of the unique indigenous landraces of rice. Betweenthe two early cultivator tribes, Kurumas lost out to the migrants and became landlessfarm labour, while Kurichiyas retained land ownership and associated agrobiodiversitywith the historical continuum, at least in the case- of rice. It is thanks to theseindigenous people and their penchant for conservation and innovative agriculturethat landraces have sustained a place in the midst of improved varieties. Wayanadhas a rich repository of rice genetic variability, not only suited to hill agriculture, butalso distinct in many 'other ways.'
77
?'!'=""""' .•._---. __ •••..•.•......,
According to the Kurichiyas, who are more knowledgeable on this variety and itsvaried forms of cultivation, Chettu Veliyan has many useful economic and adaptivetraits preferred by the local people. These are the bold and red coloured grain,nutritious and tasty rice which gives a feeling of fullness when consumed, resistanceto various biotic and abiotic stresses, high fodder yield along with good grain yieldand thick straw used as thatching material in olden times, and a ~ombination oftolerance to water logging and moisture stress. Chettu Veliyan is cultivated only
Many of the farmers realise that time has led to the erosion of several local landraces.Local farmers recognise the existence of about 24 landraces, although a recentsurvey by MSSRF could locate only 14 of them. While migrants also do cultivatesome of these landraces, it is the Kurichiya community, which gives solid anchorageto conservation and cult,ivation. Among the local people, this community stands outfor its knowledge on these landraces and their specific advantage in the localagriculture. SQme of the landraces more common now in Wayanad are ChEmnellu,Choma/a, Gandhakasa/a, Jeerakasa/a, Njavara, Kaima, Karuthan, Thondi and Veliyan.Among these, Njavara, Gandhakasa/a, and Jeerakasa/a. have unique medicinal andculinary properties. With the object of highlighting the agrobiodiversity based traditionalknowledge and'the skill of its conservers in using this knowledge in their agriculture,the Kurichiya connection with one of the popular landraces, Ve/iyan, is described.VeJiyan
Veliyan is a long duration (8.10 months) season-bound variety, largely cultivated bythe Kurichiya community since historic time. With possible circumstantial and otherhistoric evidences, it also appears that this community is responsible for the selectionand continued conservation of this variety in this region. Kurichiyas are spreadacross Wayanad district and the adjacent Kannavam in Kannur district of Kerala.Over the long history of existence, this variety appears to have given derivation todifferent forms,' as is normal in any farmer seed selection process. Knowledgeableelderly Kurichiyas. hold that the initial variety for all these derivations is the originalChettu Veliyan (translated as the Veliyan most suited to muddy fields). Thus the nameVeliyan has become generic with the evolution of the following related landraces,the Chettu Veliyan or Mannu Veliyan, Pal Veliyan, Kodu Ve/iyan, and Mundon Veliyan.Possibility of the latter three landraces as essentially derived forms of the initialChettu Veliyancannot be ruled out. Going by the meaning of their names, thesederivatives are distinct from the initial land race in specific grain quality or adaptivetraits. Among these, Chettu Veliyan is most popular and extensively cultivated by theKurichiyas.
. Kurichiyas' knowledge. on landraces
------_._-- ..- -_._---------------Farmers' Rights' & Biodiversity
78
II
I
If
~------'-"--"- --_.
---------------- .••••••••.,•.1•••••••••••••••••••••••••=
during the rainy season (nancha). It is more suitable for low-lying fields with waterstagnation (kundu vayaO or soil having high clay content (koravu vayan. Seedlingsare transplanted .at 90 -110 days. Manuring is largely with farmyard manure andgreen leaf manure with Paragam (Ficus hispida), which is believed to havebiopesticidal property. High rainfall and topography of the region makes the rice-growing valley vulnerable to sudden flooding during rainy season and moisturestress during summer. Veliyan has exceptional capability to adapt to'thesecontingencies. It is also resistant to pests and diseases common in the region. Therobustness of the variety and its high tillering capability helps in controlling weedsand resisting squally winds during monsoon. Moreover there is no grain shatteringeven after lodging. Rice of Veliyan is used for ceremonial purposes and. communityfeasts, when Chennellu is not available. In the past Veliyan was used in brewinghome liquor. The burned husk of Veliyan is used as homemade tooth powder .
Kurichiyas'skill in using the advantages of genetic diversity in agricultural practicesis manifested in the Valichal method of Chettu Veliyan cultivation. Under this practice,seed is directly sown, instead of the normal transplanting method. When the crop isabout S - 6 months, cattle are left to graze on the field and then a traditional. fieldleveling implement, Pakka, driven by cattle is run on the crop. The rice plants alongwith all the weeds are trampled into mud. While weeds get decayed, the trampledrice plants regenerate because of the profuse tillering capability of Veliyan. Eachnode produces at least 5 - 6 tillers to re-establish a good crop stand. This methodof cultivation with direct seeding, no major cost on weeding and availability ofquality green forage during mid-stage of the crop makes the method more profitablethan the transplanting method. Skill for Valichal is largely confined to Kurichiyas andis slowly receding .
Kurichiyas believe that growing a crop of Veliyan by mixing the seeds of ChettuVeliyan and Mundon Veliyan, both having identical duration, offers a kind of cropsynergy leading to big harvests. The excellent seed selection sense of the Kurichiyasis reflected in their choice of not making any seed selection or saving from cropsraised through varietal mixtures. The Kurichiyas select seed of' a variety from itsindividual plants based on panicle size. They follow lunar cycle for seed harvest,which is done during the fortnight prior to full moon. Kurichiyas believe that seed isprotected from pests, if it is collected during such periods and dried day and nighton an open ground for fourteen days, until the rise of the new moon and thencleaned and stored in airtight containers Kutta or Mooda (basket like containersmade of bamboo and paddy straw) kept on a wooden base. within the house. Beforesowing, germination is enhanced by dipping the seed in cow dung water for aspecific period. Their solemnity to the faith that these landraces confer householdfood security is evident from the strong custom that the Karanavars (head of the joint
._---------_ ..- ...•....•..._-_ .
---------_ ...•..._ - .
r •
•.'
•• I.1
••••.:.!I.,
••••••••••••••••••••••••
A Gender and Community Perspective
79
80
farmers' Rights & Biodiversity
•The metric: values of agronomlc/ morphological characters of Veliyan are subject to normalvariation across sites, seasons, years and different systems of crop management.
----------_ _-_ .•.......
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1
Box 3: Descriptors of VeliyanIndicative values of agronomic / morphological characters.
Seasonof seeding: Mid Juneto Early julyModeof planting: Nursery raisingand transplanting75 to 80 days
old seedling156days185daysVeryGood.137.2 em5525.20 em12630.50 gm2.92 t
5.0 tBrownMedium oval7.75mm3.50mmFlood and drought tolerantGrain - Rs. 700 • 8001 qRice - Rs. 1200 to 1500/qStraw - Rs. 12/bundle
Days to flower: .D~ys to mature:Synchronyof tillering:Plant Height:No. of tillers/plant:. No.'of panicle/plant:Panicle length:No: of filled grains/panicle:1000 - grain weight:.Grain yleld/hectare: .Straw yield /hectare:Colour of the grain:Shapeof the grain:length of the grain:Breadthof the grain:Special character:Market potential:
.patriarchal family) are not to dispose the grain of Veliyan by sale, even if there ismarketable surplus,. .
Kurichiyas follow a patriarchal tradition with defined gender roles. Traditionally allagricultural operations are performed by men and women together within the defineddivision of responsibilities. Families prefer to share labour among each other inagricultural operations rat~er than hiring labour. Women are skilled in transplanting,weeding, storing grain and seed, milling, and cooking; men attend to ploughing,other operations like field preparation and sowing, while harvesting, threshing andgrain cleaning are done jointly. .
••I.••I •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
________ • •..- ... - ... ------ ..M-
A Gender and Community Perspective
Important rice landraces of Wayanad in the context of the PPVFRAct, '
Promotion of conservation of agrobiodiversity by the community and continuance ofits traditional practices in seed selection for sustainedenlargement of genetic diversityare one of the important objectives of the PPVFRAct, inter alia the farmers' right'iprovided therein. 'Hence the Act recognises the rights of community of farmers inregistering varieties collectively evolved and/or conserved by them, makes' themeligible for benefit sharing arising from the direct or indirect commercial use of suchvarieties and seeksto promote conservation by Individual or community of farmersthrough ,rewards and recognitions. The cluster of rice landraces .qf historic antiquityin Wayanad, most of them possessinga variety of traits of economic, nutritional,ethnical and adaptive importance, evolved or being conserved by the local' farmingcommunity can be an illustration of a fit case for recognition or reward under theAct. The delineation of the community profile associatedwith one of these landraces(Veliyan) made by MSSRF illustrates how a specific group of farmers (Kurichiyacommunity) Is distinguished from the larger Wayanad community of farmers, for thepurpose of benefit sharing in ~heevent the concerned variety is used commercially,either directly or indirectly or in determining the definition and entitlement of thecommunity in registering such farmers' varieties. These processes reiterate the equalrole being played by women in the household and at the community level in seedselection, conservation, and cultivation .
81
'-------_.-.•._._ ..,._-.-- ..-..•.•.•_ ..•..•.....
-
I
'; !
ot<tDCIZl<tDIW>LWw>crwDtUllWra19~Q)LW gID<tDru fi'lJlit'9' WW9L'9' gIDLUllW<tDCfV1L@ew>519tQ)'9'R)UWc9> 'kll9tUllt<tDlJli'9'
2UCrutW9C'9' ~Ullt<tDOt'9' oEmru19 ra19L@'9'toW9L'9' Em~UllW~5ew> 519CU»IlUllt'9'CU»Cf!l~ W>C9'~ra<tDrugIDw19 '~Ull~Q)
~Luuru ~fV wcmfVl o~raLU»UlltUllWWLWraLW oWCU»lfU ra~ ffi19L@'9'toW9LC9' ra19L@Elfl9Q1)EJllfVlfVl.lZlC\JJo<tDIZlC\JJ(ll)Ilew>
~UlltQ)L<tDL(99lCIZl\"mCC\JJ 519traL(ll)~ f!lLUll~Q)L<tDCIZl(ll)lCIZl'9'tUllW~Q)ru[\JOG u»\"eJrara2S <tDCIZl\"Q1)ruC(99lW>Elfl9grau mlfUlfU
519t <tDLRP~C9' ,t Ull t Q)ru tFVLUllWWru gIDL@Elfl9Q/)EJllfVl oQ)UllWQj UtDcl\1>(ll)CC\JJlllra2S <tDClZlraCQ1)lfU ~Q)E9 iWWrv Il fi'LIZlt Q)E9
ot@'9'tra<tDru ot@Elfl9Q/)EJllfVl [\Jt(ll)rv Ullt(99l5L'9' U»19C5~19ltDrV19 LRP~C9' EmtfVLm.ulU9tW5CU»Il~ '519lfULW9C<tD'9't(99l
LQ)UtDLUllWt5~198clZl L(99lC@C9'tra<tDru U»19CUllWt 5~195 £liUW (ll)'9'lfUCeJC1C\JJ ~19LU»llIfl) W>Elfl9Q1)EJllfVlUll ~CU» Ull t UllWcm19
L'9'tcliE9 orma fi'LOIZl '~Lu.utW9C'9' fi'LUllWWrutWew> 9lllLUllW@Q)'9'1l LU»I.Q)Ulltlml'V19 LRP~C9' L(99lcg(ll) tgu» J:ULQ)J'W919ralZl
~C@Elfl9Q/)EJllfVl [\Jtu»I'V UlltQ)L<tDcewtcmC\,,(ll)~'9'fVl otot'9'<tDL0lf}u W>'9'~racmru ra19L@Elfl9Q/)EJllfV1Q)C<tDllrcJlZl'tUll~lmrv19
ot<tD'9' t(99lLUllWra19L@'9'cli~fV Ll99'tcliE9 519traL@'9't5cUllWIl'9'I919 Ull ~Q)UtDcewtFVLm.ulU9tW5CWlllJCl<tDru W19LU»<tDCIZl'9'Lmew>
O~<tD'9'tlmrv19 oW9Q)I.(f)CQu» Q)19ruLmLQ)fV tQ)E9 oEmru19 u.utUllWcm19L'9'~cliE9 oratlZlclilZl UllWWC9' "~CUllru19~Ullt(99lLUllWWru
L<tDCIZl!7>WCIZlWIZl(f)WLWra~ tQ)E9 Em~cmC\,,(ll)~'9'fVl W>'9'tra<tDrugIDW19 ~Ullt<tDLcliC9' 2UcrutW9C'9' gIDLCGlW919C<tD'9'
~(99lLmCQ/)IlLQ)fV o\"Q)CC9' 519tcmLRP~'9'gIDW19 ot<tDraIlL@'9't5CW5Qj 'otcmraIlL@Elfl9Q/)EJClfV1Q)C<tDllralZl Ull19(ll)ra19CfVll(ll)19ew>
"kll9tu.u t(99lL<JUru ~fV wcmfVl gIDL(ll)UlltUllWWLwraLW u»tt19WI.CGlC\JJS19~cmOlUlru \"ruC\JJcruCfuID
UllW19t5lfU~ W>C9'tgC9'19 2Ul.lZIllI'V19 Emtu.uWS tU» <tD19LRP~<a' a.~ 'tUll t (99l t Q)ccm19lJliru gIDL@Elfl9Q/)EJllfVl oQ)(QJJl)~ W>C9'
tracmru 0t (99lLRP~(99lL@C(99lCfV19 EmtewCC9'19 t (QJJl)~5ra19(ll) ~1Zlo(99loUtDL8cm'9' ~19L(QJJl)GEjru19 [\JG Ull19U» ra19CfVll t (ll)ew>
'tu.ut(99lL<JUru ~fV wcmfVl W>C9'tracmru otraLu»u.ut(99lLQ)<a'I.IZl<a'l [\JQ)LW ra2S ra19LGElfl9Q1)EJDfVl a.~ (ll)19CSt'9' "tu.u
tQ)ru tU»i1Drv19 UtDccmL(f)oeJ LRP~(99lgIDW19 'gIDLGElfl9raonb (QJJl)C(99lLmcC\JJ 9J.)crutlml'V19LRP~C9' otG'9'GlfU tQ)CU»19Ccm
~1Zl 'gIDLGElfl9Q/)EJllfVl GEjt<tDra19CfVD ~cwg~'9' GEjtcmcli19CU» otu.uLW 9lll1f6Q)LWEJltlZlC\JJ~L(QJJl)W9Q)<JUCEJij "~Ullt(99lLOJ;iU
tWllIfl) W><a'tracmru W>Elfl9lZ1llWC9''9'LU»LOlUlLQ)CfV GEjtFVLQ)C\JJtW(99lW>C9'U»'9'\,,(ll)llfVl u»l,(WCQ1)LlZlt@ 519t<tDruew> ocf!lra19
LGElfl9Q1)EJllfVl <ll.IJU9~a.~ "~craL(99lru ~19LUllWQ/)CW 0t cmCIZltt19WtfV iW~ LRP~l99'gIDW19 ra19L@Elfl9Q/)EJllfVl Q)Ccmll
ralZl 9lllL(ll)~ "tUlltQ)Lu.uru tU»i1DI'V19 LRP"(99lgIDW19 gIDLijElfl9Q)cru~C(ll) ot<tDra19Lij<a't5CWS~ 'otcmraIlL£$Elfl9Q/)EJllfVl Q)C<tD1l
ralZl U»19CStC9' '~craLGElfl9Q/)EJllfV1Q)1.(ll) u.u~cu» ~u.utQ)ru~g~l9lmrv19 gIDu»tst'9' otru8lf}u LRP~(99lgIDW19 gIDL(QJJl)GQ)'9'Cl
'W''9'(ll)R)UQ/) IllfUC\JJ 'O'L(ll)
LOlUlLQ)CfV s19tcmLRP~(99l9111W19 ~C(ll)Ull~(99lL<JUWIZl\"wcmCfVl otru8lf}u 9lllL(ll)~ "tu.utQ)(Q) t(,ll)i1Drv19 otijElfl9W~CcmllfVl
GEjtraL(QJJl)Q)(ll)rafV ~1Zl LQ)fVtraLu»u.uru19 tUll t Q)(QJJl)L(99lt Q)E9 oraOlUl GEjt wcru tlmrv19 LRP"C9' $.96' tlZlW W>'9' tracmrugIDw19
'ot<tDLcli<a' 2Ucrut(99lCrat?&wlZl iWlZl19t'9'cewtgL<ll.IJU9ot'O' ccm19(ll)lt6u otu.uLW 9lllLU»~ 9lllL'GlW919C<tD<a't(99lt5(99l19
W9<a' tQ)E9 W'C~IlQj "~CUllru19t<ll.lJU90tC9' L<tDCOS~<JU19 OlW'ra lB"£ ot(99lcliDC~D<tDCQu» B6-l66L W>'9'tracmru W5~<JU19
OlW'ra ££'8 UlltQ)UtDCewG 9llllfUGcmraC'9' ~l-£l6L ~u.utW9C'9' gIDLCGlW919ccmC9't(99lLffiCQ1)DLQ)fVW'<a't(99lW9<a'
"tFVLeJoQ)CQu»otruWU»fV S19tcmLRP~<a'gIDW19 gID(ll)tlZl t(ll)<tDl,E.Ifl9st(ll) 9J.)crutW9CC9' 9lllL<tDL(,ll)I.Q)Ullt6u o!7>WCIZlWCIZl~Q)ru
tQ)E9 LRP~C9' 9lllCUll(J)u "tu.utQ)UtDccmLewrull ~L(QJJl)W9lW'eJ cmclZlt(ll)GEj~cmlZUlZlllW9t(f) 'otruo£liULEJCIC\JJ ~UlltQ)LUllru
tu»~rv19 . LRP~(99l9111W19 W'lZIllW 9lllLGElfl9raC'9' <ll.IJU9Lcli<a''t GEjt Ull t (99lCew t (ll)i1Drv19 LRP~C9' S19lfU~ 1Zl19U»lclZl cli19C(ll)
9lllLUllWWCIZlU»Q1)0 l 519t cmLQ)f!lW19 GEjtlZl\"Q/)ruC(99l ~IZlW '~u.u t (99lUtDQ/)lCQu» ~ccmij19Elfl9(JJCOlUlOC\JJ 9W<tDlI.lDJ0tot <a'
cmL0(l}u W>lZIllWgIDL(QJJl)\"Q)CC9'S19tcmLQ)llIfl) u.ut(99lL<JUru ~fV g~19wcmfVl otru8(1}u 9lllUtDW9'Q)tC\JJ\"W9'eJ 519tcmLGC<tDralZl
gvW7~rvQJ 7,5 f gJCflJf'l1' gJJJLUJetf}) 'gv(f)uofwcmcrul CEPLU»LOMLO>cruS<9tcmlf6U~(99)W»W<9
-'":",'
st(ll) uaC(99II)9lI.W 'otcql~ru(ll) u.utUl9C'G' glllL~<e'tracmru '~C(lI)al9cml)oru ,\lllll>ts(l}u ~ru ~t(99lQll'G'tracmru glllL<lUll.>Ul9
<lWlcmLWSI.'G'ruS(9(9 <e'IJUCli!crcw u.u(9(l1)ra(9crul)(lI)(9C1.lfl)'tu.ut(99lLOlLcmc(lI)c~~ ot~<e'L(lI)I.Ol 1OlrwOlcru OOl<lUll.>~S(9C(lI)1)
fVLQJ)WQIl<e'tracmru '~u.utOlL<lUll.l90ru tu.u(l}u ,glllS'G'(9 J;UCSlfU, ,VJ9ccmW(9L(lI)~ 'tu.utOllJ'CDcmt<lUll.>9lLWO~C~I)Elfl9n.uCULf)
W»L(lI)CI.lfl)L(99ICal9tcmLS<e'(9uarul) W»L<lUll.>SCU~c'G'(9~tm W»L~Elfl9(J)Cli!mlJUlfU s(9t~'G'tracmru S(9cuiul>l)st'G' ~(9'G'uac'G'tu.u'G' IftDCWL(lI)~ glllL~Elfl9QJ)f)l)rul ~tcmra(9crul) ~cwcmru 'tu.utOlLcmL(99ICm1mccw. otruUl9<lWlcmLW otcmSl)t~Elfl9
(J)COlI) 'otcmSl)t~Elfl9SI.<e' 'otcm(ll)mWG'Wf)crujpij S(9t~'G'~1JU Ol(9CULmLOlrutOlE9 '~m(ll)lcm ~ru(9tu.utOlLcmL<lUll.>9lLwraLw
otcmwsrau 'otcm(ll)o~Lcmtli!ra{JU ~(9Lffi9m QIlElfl9(J)ccml)rul~CUCUS(9(9 oOl<lUll.>~ 'tu.utOl!fVlf6<e'Olon.u 9lCU~ otcm~l)Elfl9
1n.un.u u.utcm~'G' gucrut(99lcm<OXPtcmruij ~QIlElfl9~ruralfVru 'otcm~(9'G'uac'G'tu.u'G' 01rt90CWCl.lfl) LcmcwL(lI)~ '~u.utOl
Lu.uru f&L<lUll.>9lcutwCI.lfl)9l<e'AiU9l'G' 1OlrwOlcru ~C~Elfl9(J)Ccml)rul~cu 'G'lfUcli!CrCW ~~"<e' S(9t~Elfl9WL<lUll.>1JUoOl<lUll.>~
'tu.u tOlL(lI),(IDru(9
~"'G' ot~'G't<lUll.>lfU sFt(9W»L<lUll.>W~ guscml) W»LaElfl9QJ)f)l)rulOl'G' 'ot~Elfl9WL<lUll.>lfUW»W(9 ~tm1wcmcrul mf6UC1E9
cml,Elfl9st(ll) ~u.u(9ru(9 'gusru 'Olruw W»La<e'tracmcuLwt'G' 'otaElfl9WL<lUll.>lfU~tm(99lcru(9 cmLElfl9st(ll) gucal9l)tm 'gucm
Laru(9 W»La'G'tracmru tal9t<e' 'rucml,Elfl9st(ll) QIl'G'tracmcuOl'G' <lUll.>O(99lW»LwOtSE9 o~ru(9 'gn<e'tracmcuLwt'G' ~tcuot'G'
W»L(lI)CI.lfl)'QIl'G'tracmrutal9t'G' cmcmt(ll)u.ut(99lW»LW~'G'(9 'ot(ll)u.ut(99lLli!ra oras W»(lI)tst<e' ~L<lUll.>Ul9Ol(]\JCf)ij 'otralIDru(9
~"<e' ~t<lUll.>tS<ll.1llJ9(9Ol(lI)(9QIl<e't<lUll.>lfUcmcm1sccml)twWL(lI)CI.lfl) 'otra(99lLOlL(lI) OOl(lI) s(9ta'G'tracmcu ~tcmL<lUll.>tSFt(9
WCOTWLSCl.lfl)ot~'G'L(lI)I.Ol u.ut<lUll.>cm(9L'G'tdiE9oras 'otcmcmL'G'lrulUl9OlL(J)1Q.iw~(9L(lI)CI.lfl)'otcm(ll)1li!raras ~CCULa(ll)(9 ~L(lI)
u.uCU(9tu.utOlLcmL(99IcraLffi>wm om~tcwn.u 9l'G'AiU9l'G' 1OlrwOlcru S(9tlZlZJW EVLot'G'<lUll.>(91Wcmcrul oOl<lUll.>~ s(9t~'G'tra
cmcu 'tu.utOlcu (lI)(9c~m1cwcn.u gucrut<lUll.>tsFt(9WSCcml)f'Jl ~tmw QIl'G'tra(99l(l}u oOl<lUll.>~ S(9traL(lI)u.ut<lUll.>'G'LWQIl'G'
tracmcu w»cu.u(l}u 'tu.utOllfV~LCW9lru LO~lJ'CDtli!ra{JU ~(9Lffi9m L<lUll.>9lLw~S(ll) 'ota<e'toruru.!,tru 'otffi9mW»(99I(I}u
u.utllllJllfV(9uaE9 ~raC(99Idim otu.uLW glllLSC'G' O<lUll.>LmLW~u.utlIDru(9 L(lI)LOTWW»L~'G'truLOlruguLu.ut'G' QIl'G'tracmcu '(lI)
o~Lcmtli!ra{JU 'G'lJUcli!crcw ~(9L(lI)CI.lfl)~ccm(ll)AiUQJ)l)lfUn.u tOloB(9m s(9t~'G'tracmruw»w(9 ra(9L~Elfl9QJ)f)llrul Olccml)ram
'tu.utOllJ'CDL(99ItOlE9o1Olru(]\Jcn.u ~twcrutlIDru(9 OWCf)rul oraai ~<lUll.>l)rac(99IOl(9~ru otraccmLBru ruotOlI.W oc~cm(9
ru~ 'tu.u tOllfVlf6<e'Olocw QIlElfl91CWCW cml,Elfl9St (lI) LWru I) 'cu t(99lffi9ru 'LWLOl(99I,(ClCW'(lI)<e'(9(9 u.u t <e'Cm<OXPt cmruCi guc CU
t(99lru(9 EVlf6<e'Olocw O~CU(9 glllL<e'LOlCI.lfl)otcmsl)t~Elfl9at'G' otcmsl)ta'G'tsc(lI)1l oOl<lUll.>Qj'tu.utOlL(tllL<lUll.>9lLWraLWOTWru
C(lI)uat(ll)on.u 'G'L(lI)LOTWLOlCruCUai(9(9 ra(9L~Elfl9SLcm~"'G' OOl<lUll.>~~c'G'(9 ~9lrul) Oc~m(9t~Elfl9QJ)Ell)rul !,tt(ll)ru
ot~'G'tSC<lUll.>I)'G'(9(9 'ot~<e'tracmru 'ot~Elfl9WCmlfU0n.u OOl<lUll.>(jju.utOlLcmL(99Icm2S6icw gucrut(99lLOlrt9QJ)1) oEmCU(9dim
'tu.u tOlLcmCal9ij QIl'G'LUl9Olli!on.uras cmLoru (9 f&LCTWrtl9tWS CWI)lfOcmcu W»LOlru() u.u(l}u ,gnElfl9~t (99Ira(ll) I W»L~Elfl9QJ)Ell)
rulQ)ccml)ram Emtcmra(9crul) ~cwcmru 'tu.utOlLcmL'G'W»W QIl'G'WCUO!)On.u <lUll.>W<e'otaElfl9~t<e' fVLCTWrtl9twscWI)L(lI)CI.lfl)
'ota'G'tsc(lI)1) OOl<lUll.>~W»L(lI)u.ut<lUll.>tOlru!,toij (lI)18ra raai cmom1QJ)cuc(99l~"<e' ra(9crullt(ll)fV~lfVtcw <lUll.>(9OlWI)
(lI)(9cst'G' 'tu.utOlIftDL<lUll.>9lLwraLw L(99IcraLffi>wm o1womorul UU(9L(lI)CI.lfl)9l<e'AiU9l<e' QIlElfl9QJ)Ell)rul OOl<lUll.>~ ~rw
n.uCUS(9(9 EmtraL<lUll.>Q)(lI)O'G'WI)CI.lfl)'tu.utOllfVL(]\JCU ~ru womrul W»L(lI)u.ut<lUll.>9lLWraLw(lI)'G'IJUCli!rn.uCUS(9(9 otcmSI)
t~Elfl9.QJ)Ell)fUl !,tt(ll)ru 'otcmsl)t~Elfl9QJ)f)c>rul~C'G'(9 u.ut(99lsL'9' ~Ft(9CTWrtl9 Lcmcmtracmru QIl'G'tSC(lI)1) C1~ (lI)(9cst'G'
'tu.utOlLcmCal9t(99ltdiCOl(9I.W cmcm1QJ)rulQ.iw ot<lUll.>rac(99I(I}u QlllLa'G'tsC(lI)1l OOl<lUll.>Qj'otcm~'G' gucrutUl9C<e' ~tmw
QIl'G'tSCllllJlll)<e'(9(9 cmLoru(9 cmLoru(9 u.ut(99lLOlLsFt(9(991LlZlZJ9lLW.lJ'CDcm(ll)(J)COlrwOlru W»La~Olrt9QJ)llscru cmcmracQJ)lfU
'tu.utcm~'G' gucru
t(99lL<lUll.>9lru~QIl'G'tracmru Lcmccmrart9mllUl9WG'OlOn.uras tOlE9 oOlc'G'rul~ '~c(lI)u.um(9tcm~'G' guCrutUl9C'G' oEmCU(9
•
6tml<D> SiCTllllc96l~Ho Utricularia Qn.J06)e.J<D>l~ In.Jo6mla@OSil<D>o<D> CT\.lm)~6tm~lo db1sml<D>lCTlll6mo CT\.loUJ~f2loc96l1
<D>l<o1eml. ~CllTm<Oo CT\.lCT\.l~ Simn 1 SiOe.J6tmun n.Jalcrun.JO<OOlUll<D>aCllTmO6)S Si1o.1l-2/l ClJ<O1em ~OJOCT\.lru ~ClJeru.o.oo @CllTm
Qf2l013on!)<06mf2l06T"O 6)mamClJ<D>e.Jlcfbun. ~cmlm n.Jl06)f2l f2lg «Jlllamcfbo In.Ja<D>OSimln.J13f2l0<D> CT\.lCT\.l~SiCTllllSioe.J6lffiun
ClJ<D>e.Jlcfb~le.Jlo CT\.lf2l1n.J 6)6)cfbaCllTmoslcfb~le.Jlo rualmJ ruc96llcfb~le.Jlo dbo6m6)~Slemlri. @13on!)al6mCllTmlm n«lo.
n«lcru. CT\.lJof2l1mol1lm <?lCT\.lm~ nO'DQliT'Bn9::l6)nR 61<01 n.Jomo cfbo6mlc96llema». ClJ<D>e.Jlf2lo<Dfl6TlJm.u6)~~ 30-amn.Jalo
6l'Dn9::lUJCT\.lCT\.l~6tm~Ao,16 6l0~o QlamCT\.l~6tm~lo 15-610~o n.J~cfb~lo, «Jllllcmcm6)em 6)!1.l01 Si1o.1lcfb~lo. n(jlcfba13Ullo 10-
6l0@o @~~Q<D>O(J)~QlO<D> fl2e.J6)~s1cfb~lo db06m6)~Sleml6)ruemcmo6T"O. ClJ<D>e.Jldb~l6)S moUllo fl2CllTm<OoCT\.lCT\.l~SiCTllll
Sioe.J6tm~l6)S mOUllClJlo «JlllcmlClJlJl ClJ<D>e.J1Qlo<D>16TlJm.u6)~3l Si1o.1lc96llem mmln9::l~ o.1l@o(J)6tm~l61S @~~, !R1ru.
n.Jo<oleru.olcmlcfb CT\.ll<O~<D>lo fl2ipcmoc96lleml.
6)mamru<D>e.Jldb~l6)S «Jlllln.Jcm~~~QlOcfbe.Jlo «JlllClJaUlln9::l1l!zl ru<D>e.Jlcfb~l6)eJ «JlllQllcmQlO<D><OOCT\.lrucrucml cfb1smOUlllml
In.JQ<D>o(J)6tm~lo ~cm n.J<oleru.olcml<D>l6)S CT\[email protected]\.locmleIlcmorueru.o6)<D> ClJ~6)<O CT\.lo<OQlO<D>l6TlJoUJ1~alri. ru<D>
e.Jldbun mlcfbCllTmlcfb<D>lO m06m~o.1l~cfbun cfb~n9::l1 6)!1.l~lcfb<D>lO ClJlJl Sie.JCT\.lCTllCllTlll(J)6m~Qlo<Dfl cfbl06TllTll'l13l~cmo<D>1
dbmn9::lcfbm n.J<oocml6)~Sl eml. 6)mamClJ<D>am n(j)em ~ClJ OCT\.lru~rueru.o<D>l6)S CT\.lo<O~6mo CT\.lOUJ~QlOc96l1<D>lal1emcm
mQl2ll6)s n.JOalCTll<O.\ cfbmn9::lcfb<Ol6)s mOaolrulcfb~l6)S In.Ja<D>o(J)CllTmle.Jo<D>lalleml. ~UJlmlcfb cfbslodb~n9::l1 CT\.llCTll130<D>
6lffiun fl2'D mOa01ClJl cfb6)~ nJ1CTlll~lc96l~ 6TllTll'l1.n.J<oleru.olcmlc96lm 1Q<D>O!R.\Ql~OCllTm cfb~n9::l1<o1cmlcfbun «JlllClJeJo mIl-2/cml
moam mlalruUJl ClJmn9::l6tm~o<D>l cfbmn9::lcfbm CT\.loal~~l rueml<Olem n.JeJ In.JUJom6)~a n.Jo<OCTll<O.\6)mamo.1lCllTmlm
6tm~lo mpQloruQUlln9::lQlo<D>l<olc96lleml. l(J)oQl16m Sim6tm~l6)s oJlaUlln9::l1~ ~131ClJoCT\.llSim6tm~16)s @~.\CT\.llal~.oo
cfbocme.Jo<Dfl ClJmCllTml~al 1em ml<OClJUJl CT\.lCT\.l.\SiCTllllSi Oe.J6lffiun Qllmcfb oeJ6tm~lam 6)mamClJ<D>e.Jl db@lam CT\.l1e.J@Qlo<D>l<Ol
eml. fl2ru<D>l6)S 13'Dme.J@.\o fl2cm n.Jal6m1 Ql<06mCllTmlae.J~ ~rllruOmflcfb6)~ cm~lo.1lslem~. ClJ<D>e.Jlcfb~l6)e.J ru~On.Jcfb
QlO<D>cfb1smoUlllml In.JQ<D>O(J)CllTml6)nR«JlllmCTlll<OnOe.JQlo<Dfl cfbAolc96lm Qn.J06)e.J<D>l~ ClJeIl<D> !R1o.1lcfbun Qn.JOeJlo
«Jlllln.Jcm~~f2lo<D>l6)cfbo~lallc96lleml. db1smoUlllmlcfb~16)s ru~On.JcfbQlO<D> @n.JQ<D>O(J)o Qlllcmcfb1s6tm6)~ mUlll?Jlc96ll
db<D>lo Ulllcmlcfb1s6lffiun~ «[email protected]]dQlo<D>«JlllcmlSi1rumaUlln9::l1 @liT'Boc96l16)c96l0Slc96llcfb<D>lO 6)!1.l~lemcmo<D>l 6)cm~l
6TllTll'llal~. cmamnOeJQlo<D>l n.JeJ n.Jlcml<D> aalo(J)6lffi~lo mouncB6lAmoun In.Jcm~~6)~al6)cfboliT'Bl<olc96llemcmo<Dfl cfbmn9::l
dbm «[email protected]<D>6)~SAeml.
6)mamc96l ~n9::l16)<D>n.J<Ola n.Jon9::l1?Jl~<o 1em @130CllTmQlO<D>CT\.lOoCT\ldhoalCllTmlm cfbt916TllTll'lcfb16)0 dboe.J6tm~o<D>l CT\.loGlo.1l~l
6)cfboliT'Bl<olc96l~em «Jllln.J!1.l<D>QlO6T"O6)mamcfb~n9::l1 «Jlllm~o m1cTOl 6)cfbo6m1<olc96llemcmlml~ Ql6)go<Ol In.JUJomcfbOal6mo.
n.J<OCTll<OO(J)cmdbmn9::lcfb CT\.lf2l1n!)6tm~lam dbomn9::l1cfb ru~CllTml<D>lQlO<D>l6TlJm.u6)~~ nJ1mCO"lsmeml ClJeml<Olem n.JeJ ~!1.l0
<oml~oom6tm~lo ~cm «Jlllln.JCT\.lcean6tm~o<Dfl<olc96lleml. @CllTmalo ~!1.l0alml~oom6tmun 61<01 cmn.JCT\.l~<D>o<D>lc£hall
cml<D>l<Olemcfblol~. cfbl01Ql CT\.lQll130<D>6tm~lam an.JoeJlo cfb~n9::l1<D>lQlo<D>l6TlJm.u6)~a @crnJClJ6tmu3c96llO Qlg CT\.lQll130<D>
n.J1Sicfbu3c96llo ~cm In.JoUJom~o cfbam?Jlc96l~emcm n.J19<D>cmeJf2ll0QlOlcmf2l06T"O.n.Jt9<D>cfboe.J6tm~lam ~rum mSCllTmlrueml
<Olem 6)6)13ClJo cfb06mam, cmle.JO~CllTlll. @-2/o<oam. cfbcmlallcfb<D>gam Qllcme.JO<D>!1.lS6tmlcfbun ~em6)CllTm cme.JQll0.oo 6)ruolo
acfbalQcfbu3o.1l QlOlcmQlO6T"O.
cfb~n9::l1<D>lQlO<D>l6TlJm.u6)~a mOaolClJlcfbun fl2~o cme.JQll0<D>l6)S f2lmrwlQeJ~ CT\.lemlaClJUlll?Jlc96llemcmlml~ 61all
In.JUJom @n.Jcfbal6mQlo<D>l ClJmCllTml~allema» ~CllTm<Oo cfbomn9::l1cfb@crnJru6tm~lo ~!1.lo<ooml~oom6tm~lQlo<D>lalleml.
6loa<oo «mlml~oomClJAo n(jl6)cmllble.Jl6)Qlo<Ol dbomn9::l1cfb o.1l~<D>lQlO<D>l 6TlJm.u6)~alaA~cmo<Dfl<OlemA. Ql6)g0<OA cmal
CllTmlam n.J06TllTll'loam filOQ<OO CT\.lQll130<D>@crnJruCllTm1eJlo «Jlllacmosml6TlJm.u1-2/1 mSCllTm6)~31<Olem cfblSlo6TlJ CT\.l13~
-l••••••••••• I
••••••••••••••••••••••••••
r.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
-----------------------,,----------------------
<DlleJlo n(j361<mlB>leJl61QlOCOlnil@ruo LnJWOm61~3 nil(lllll)lmQlolDllcolrml. @13onOco6m(lllll)lm cfblol~COl61S nJl(lllll)colcfb<Dl
gam !Lls6lffilm LnJWOm61~3 6lm'illmo 6l!Ll61rm~o<DllC01rm1. etmllll161cfbO~ llll61rm ~rum 6lt>J61rm~ 6lm'illm6lffi@161S
~s<Dll61eJ coomoruo616mCl'TI cfbcol<mlrml. nilruonOlT\)13.\~ ~rum nJOeJQlCOo61cfb06ml~ t>J3lcfbo @6mocOO1<Dllco1rm1 .
«ml<mlanJ061eJ(lllll)61rm IT\)13.\ nil@mJom ~rum~ t>J6pJcOOl ru<Dl1615 ~eJCJru6mo. llllleJO~Cllllll cfbl916llmllOaJB mO<Dl03lm
anJOcfb6m61QllB>lam [email protected]<Dl nil~ aru6mo. «mllllllm Ql6meIlQlco(lllll)l61nR CJ<moam n.Ocol~16mOcOO1<Dl
6TlllO~ aru6mo. 6Tlllo6mlam a<mcOOom 6lt>JmJco(lllll)161~sl<Dl161S PI>eJ<Dllo nJ1rulo CJru6mo. «mlmIlm <m1ruaJB61rucOOom
«ml(lllll)lQlCO(lllll)l61nR cfboaru6mo. @ru61<Dl~Oo aIleJ @13onOco61n6lffiuBQlOLllllQloom. ~LnJcfbOCOo IT\)Qll130<Dl «mlm1~oom
6lffi@1Qlo<Dll Qllmcfboe.J6lffi@lam IT\)lT\).\ mrrml SioeJ6lffi@l61S 61co1 IT\)nOrum(lllll)l<mJo mleJmlrmlcolo;><mo<Dll mQllcfl6'l
cfb616m(lllll)Om cfbl91<Dllo. 61oacoo cfbom~cfb IT\)Qll130<Dlrulo 61co1 a6TlJowm CJcfbLCl3QlO<Dllcolrm1.«mlrul61s ~<mco IT\)lT\).\-
mrrmlSioeJ6lffi@lam mlrmlo aruo130<Dllcolrml~ cfbmn'l::lcfb61nR (QlCTl1n'1::l.\61nR)<TU!lomo. ~am~o13mOlT\)ow.\Qlo<DllCOlrmail
Qloml~cfb LnJ<Dlailm(lllll)leJl61s QlOL<mQlo<Dllcolrml~, Qlo1.f2l cfb~~<Dlls(lllll)l61eJ m'rumoeJ6lffi@l61S nJCOmJnJCOOLuol<m
LnJrum(lllll)m(lllll)leJ161s<Dlo<Dllcolrml. 61col nJoouooeJ<Dllam nil13.\omanolcfbuB nlllLnJcfbOCOQlOCJ6mOCJ6TlJowm LnJLcfbl<Dl<Dllam
nJlB>o@lcfb@ocfblrmail, «ml<mlanJo61eJ<DlO<Dllco1rm1 «mlcOOOeJCllllll cfblSlo6TlJ(lllll)l61eJ ~6TlJoeJru~rwo mm6lffi@lo ~(lllll)COo
«mlml~oom cfbmQl2l6lffi@lam nJlB>o@lcfb@o<Dllcolrmail .
6lmamcOO~n'I::ll<Dl161S IT\)oco~6m(lllll)lm ml13omQloCDl1 rum(lllll)l"'.!Jlcolrm ~'!) IT\)omJcfbOCOo ~Cl'TI IT\)QlleJQlO<Dl nJcolrum(lllll)
m(lllll)lm nilaw<DlQlo<Dll61cOOo6mlcolcOOlrml. QllmcfboeJ6lffi@lam 61col m'nil<mt>Jco.\<Dlo<Dll cfbom~cfb ru~(lllll)lcfb61@
mQl2ll61s nJocomJco.\ cfbmn'l::lcfbm cfb6mlcolrml61ruablam @Cl'TI 6lmamcOO~n'I::ll<DllCJeJm61~Slrmail 63'!)A1l<m.\Qll~oWQl<Dlo<Dll
306'n1 cfb6mcOOOcOO1rmail. «ml<ml61cfb06m lllll61rm cfbl916llmll 40 rumn'l::l(lllll)lmlsce6l mQll ce6l 50 UO<mQlOmo ru<DleJl cfbuB
m~s61~3l3l~. ~ail ru<DleJlcfb@l61S QlOLllllo mouoQl~, Qlol.f2l «mllllllQlo<Dll 6TlJm.u61~3 ananJlm<1lQlo<Dl 6l61mru6161runil
w.\(lllll)l61nR cfblsl mouoQlo6'n1. ana<mlCJeJoeJQlO<Dl<mlo Ql61gormlm10 nJcfbCOo 6lrucOOomoruo(lllll)llll1QlO<Dl 61co1 ~ruOlT\)ru.\
ru<TU!l<DlO6'n1 6lmamru<DleJ1 cfb@1CJsm). ana <ml61nR IT\)JO@Onilcfb<mce6l nil co1rwQlo<Dll IT\)O@nilcOO1rm n(j36lllll0CO1 6TlJonO.\
~S61nJSeJ1cfb@10 13lcoru.\onJcfbQlO<Dl LnJ<m.\OneJo<m6lffiuB @~ruocOOlo .
5
mClJmcfb~~ (l\)OW~<m6~nO nJ~1m1<m1cfh@~O
nmcro. ttrrbm1m861alo<&, sal u11m1sa~
mCutlocml6l.JQlO~ QmarnnJOS6t1l3~Uo. «JIllm.\o m1cml61ethomJlm1c&6)lcm (j)marncfb~n9:il nJomOlJm.\rulo n(J)cmccma»d)(i)l
Qlo<Dfl~~o/lllocfbAcm mosn5 Qmiflm6t1l3~lo ruCIlJmos1QoA BAmC1lllethoru.\o nJlc8~QlOd)(i)Acml. CT\lOlJcmQlOCDl6lml QQnJ/Ill~cfbo
«JIllrucfbOutlQ?dS0nJAcm Qmarncfb~~ ~cm nJkrUQl~/Ill1<DflcQJ~ ~611t' CnJOcfblcm/llloCDlo~ cfb06TT>Acmal\'. Qmarncfb~n9:flcCDlo
sml6rumJJ1~~ ~DJomOmA~oocri6t1l3~Ao. ethe.Jc£b~lO, CT\lOQllnO.\ 6lanmlCDJmeJleth~lO Ql61'T8QlO6TllTOl16lcfbomt\m1c&6)lcmA.
6lanolP1eJl~oco'l'Ql, Bom1lB.\o, nJa16TT>1,nJcfb~-sd OJ.\OW1cfbu6 nQ)cm1OJ ~cm' OJCDlmos1QnA CT\lJC1lIlom1OJo~1cfb6l~ Bl6l.Janm1e.Jo
.~anm1<Dflm1d)(i)lcml. 6lmm,8OJCIlJarn cutlo~6TT>anm1QnA CT\lOQllnO.\OJAO <TUOOlJanm1cfbOJAQlo(D)nJm1Ql1an1cfbu8 B~utl.\QlO<Dfl anlS
6lII31CDlCanOQSo?do, nJom1CTU01an1cfb BAmC1lll6t1l3~l° mQamcfboanm1m1d)(i)A cml. IReJdh9:lOQlo, QlmrU.\CT\l0lJ.~16loA «JIllnJDJ(D)o.
nil~cfb~1Q.e.J IRm1ancfb 6lQOJnJ1W.\CutlO~6TT>o. 8dh9:1.\CCDlOU>.\CT\lCT\l.\6Ol3~16lSCDlloQlg «JIllcmeth 6l4J01IR'ruIRoeJ6lII3~16lSCDllo
an1cmowomo. Ql1lan rfh'S6m3~lQSCDlAO nJmoU>6TT)CT\lOnflocnneth~OCIlJ nJ10lJo~cfbu6. nJcfb9:llethu6 anlsm3ICDlOJCDll6lS moutlo,. . .Ql~1~ nOe.JB1<Dfl~O<ll)QCIlJ CT\lnOoCDllcOOAcmCT\ll~Qlm'lnilcfb~lQS OJoutlmoutlo nQ)cm1OJ cmm1cao am'ijooancCDlo 6lmarnOJ
CDlarn CutlO~6mOJ1QloCDJ1 U1lJmJJQ?dalcold)(i)lcmA'
Qmarncfb~n9:il ClJIllcn,\Om1cml cnJocfbAcmanlm mlmOJw1 ethom6TT>6t1l3u6DJ1milce6>o6TT>1ce6l6l'klslcmlri. !!CDl~cm !!aDnJO
Bm6l4JeJOJlo 6lmifl6lnA lfDA06TllTllln1leJCDlAO ~6rO ngJ~OJlO n(J)SllUTll\' nJOCDlAcmaD. cfblS06ltlll U>16TT>CQlcmCCIlJo1CDlnilanml
cfb~AQS dh9:IOQlo, cfbOe.J0<1JCTUOoOJ'\<ll)lCDlom6tJl3u6.IRe.JB'tlc8QJs.\o, 6ltlllof/llll8 lnJUtlmo nQ)cm1OJCDllo Qmlll8cfb~n9:flCDll61S CutlO~
6TT>QClllllllBl/lll6l?dS1ClllllllcmA. Qm~ QlClmlmld)(i)Acmco\' S2CDlc8cmQJOIIO mlll8cfblcm ruOl!' anAS6tJl31CDlnil~cfbC~OS06rO. 0J0l!'
db~n9:fl ngJ"c&6)olm' Qll?danlmoCIlJlmClllllllmAo moe1nJ<ll)lmo<DflmCllllll1mlo mlnJco'l'~ @s<Dfllll8 eJOlJo anmlcmJou6 6lmifllll8 mlem
ngJ01CDl0lll8 dJTll<9l0<DflmomlnJOJQm eJOBCQlO ClJIllQ~lIh1ll18 6lcmlo cfb1~OCllllllClJIlle.JCTUOQCDlO~ethoo lnJan'db9:l1Cd)(i)6maD.
@'tl CT\lonOA.lm.\mmlll18 Qmlll8cfh~n9:flCDllQS nJAmmlcwom6TT>O <TUOOlJCllllll1cfhlnJowom.\Qll~canO S2co\'nJOBmCutln9:fl
.CDll~C<ll)O ~CDl CT\lnilC(J!l~ 6lm~m6tJl3Q~ ~lutl<Dfl.!2llm1d)(i)lcmA. !!co\'nJot3mo cfblSACOlJOu6 <ll)6lcm mleJnile.JA~ nile.J
. d)(i)loru ClJIll<ll).\AllI8nJot3m cutl~lCIlJA~ nilmmlm6t1l3~A6lS eJOIICT\lOW.\<ll)6lCDl@~O<ll)Oc&6)Acml. nQ)cm~<ll8 eJ080 ru~/11)l?d'\
d)(i)061<ll)Qmlll8cfb~~ mle.Jml~CllTmAruon5 mQll<66> CT\lowld)(i)lcfbcnn~. CT\lOOlJanmlcfb lnJowom.\Qll~ <TUn1lCutl~ Qm'illm6Ol3
~OCDl mn.Jm, 6lDJ6lcmiT. U>ffi.l)cfbutlOe.J. ~'mcfbutlOeJ n(J)cmlOJCIlJAQS lnJ<TUce<mlcCDloAcmaD @'tl CT\lonfll1Jm.\mmle.Jo6rO.
mOJmcfb~n9:fl @.m) [email protected] mOQlQlOl<ll)QlOWCTUOeJ6tJl3~1eJow1 DJlml6tJl316ld)(i)o6mlml.e6l1cml. mrum (6Tll>ru
m) Qll?dlcfblO6TllTlll mosn5 @mQlo6T'O. 60 Qll<ll)llI890 B1OJ(T\Jo OJQm OJCIlJm06lsolP16lcfbCDll~ [email protected] 90 QlA<ll)asS110
B1OJCT\lo OJQm OJwmoal.eJAo @<ll)lm Qlle;tlA~. CT\lOWom6TT>mosn5 @m6t1l3u6<66> ClJIllmlru~CllTmld)(i)Acm db~n9:flm'<ll)1 QlOlan61Ql
mOJmCIlJ1QS ethom.\Cllllll1eJlo~OJutl.\Qlo<Dfl OJmlcmA~l. @aD tJleJ<Dfls6llT3@1asS dbmdb~n9:il(D)QCIlJ10 6l~oolri. nQ)lIb1arndbls1
OJ.\OnJcfbQlO<Dfl lnJD ..lOmCllTmle.JA~ OJwllI8 ( !!CIlJ~cm ruCIlJllI8 lnJCButlO) cfb~n9:flW06T'O.
mOJm 6lnJO<ll)l6lOJ cmmlaA nil<ll)a»d)(i)Acm (T\JlOlJBOCIlJQlO6TT>l~an~ cfb~utle.J.\o dbloOJA~ cfb~6lIT3~1arn nil<ll)<ll)6lcm. .
S2CllllllQlo. cOJU>Cllllll1e.J1@~ OJ~m-9dCDllo 6lnJOd)(i)d)(i)lSl<ll)eJlo cfbl!!cfb6i~ lnJ<ll)1cmow1c&6)1n.ion5 mOJmwce6> dblSl<ll)llI8 cfb(l)lemm
lnJBomo Qa..J~lcml. @<ll)AQlleJo <ll)6lcm nJol-9zlAmslll8. cfbl!!nJold)(i)llI8 <ll)lS6tJl31CIlJnJ6TT>l6l4Je.JOJlcfbu6 nJ(l)Qloruwl 6l1P1OJOd)(i)1
OJon5 nJglcfbCDllo eJOSCT\low.,\/Ill ethlalcfbWAo QA.l~AcmA,
n(J)cmoasScfhlsl OJCIlJmoa1Qe.J Ql6pJ1QQCIlJAO OJCIlJeJ16loACIlJAOCT\lnncutl~/Illo.'bu6 nJml(J)6TT>~ nJql.!21lmslcmanlamwlo
alnJOClmlonOl?d'\c&6)Oolri .. -:.~(l)QloOJwl ClJIllcfbe.Jo 10 X 15 6l(T\J,Ql1. nQ)cm (l)'anlCDlleJo6rO m1mc~utll.e6lo01~aD. nJ1an~ 18
QllanasS 21 t31ru(T\JClllllllml~lae.Jo, 6lA.lslw<66> moce.Jo <llTllanlQJwlcfbcQlo t!2e.Jcfbu6 (l)lnJ06lcfbO~lcmJOCl!'O ~OJ nJol~m
••••••••••••••.1•••••••••••••••••••••••
,.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
~~~I
SOo. Q(l)l lnDmJJ60QJnflClffll)O<Il.lan1 6>d»ori WO(l)O@o mJl(l).\ln.JdbOUOo OC'lJ6m 6>4.ISl<Il.l06ffi mC'lJ(l). nmc96lo1m n.J(l)ClloOJw1,
35 db10QJ; nJlmn» Cllan1CDl0610. Q(l)ld»O(l).\o In.Jaan.\cfbO lUOIW1oc96lmi~ mC'lJ(l) nflarn»16>1 ~.j~ouon!!&l ~~ CllOmJo OJ6>(l)O<Il.l -m1cu6c96loo1Ul n(J)cmano~ .
4.I06TT>dbo, n.J~QJC'lJ@O an~s6lm1 6>6>~C'lJC'lJ@6lm@06TO mJOWO(l)6TT> ~n.JaCDlocn1c96loo1U~. arnls1OJ@0 o4.lmrorm 5-6
<lllC'lJ6TT>memocnfl ~l'i<llllCllo1~ db6T'liarn»1al8 mC'lJ(l)db~n!!&l 6>4.I~Oo. 6>n.JO<llll6>C'lJ6>OJ@!!o db1oruluanlo, Cll6TTlasSn.JglcfblSlCDl
<llllQlO<Il.lC'lJ<Il.lQJldb@1QJlo mC'lJ(l)db~n9:fI 6>4.I<ylOo. cfbO(l).\cfb9:lQlQlO<Il.lIRQlnflm1oCDlocnarn»1QJl6>Sj nfl@nl C'lJmiW1~c96l00. 6>4.ISl~ IItlJTIl61mJOCll61Clffll)eQJ C'lJ(l)lcm~ C'lJ6>(l) cfb106mll>~ (l)mf 6>mJ.al1. 6>C'lJU6>Ql&1QJlo C'lJ<Il.leJlal8 6>db~m1marn»6TT>0. n.Ilcm'~
mt'l'riocnn .db6m 6>n.JO~lcm~ C'lJ6>(l) tlJTIl6TmJ6>mJ.Cll1. 6>[email protected]!o 6>db~mlmoClffll)6m<lllo~: e~ 20-25,I1IOJm>ClfflI)1ml@!!lal8
,OC'lJ6TT>o.arnlanlmlOUO~o arRlWldbo ~QJo aOJ6m6>Cllcml~. A1lQJcnnS6lm@lal8 db@m1t(lO)6TTlClffll)lmocnfl 6>C'lJ@!!0 6>db~1mlmClffll)~
, cfb<Il.l1oQWlruOc8Q1cfbCDllo 6>4.I<;11cm n.JanlOJlmf. 6>dbO<yllcmanlm Q<tlO~4.1 ClllmJ 6>OJ@!!o Qll191C'lJcm C'lJomClffll)lcfb@CDl6TTlo•
~eln.JOBmcfb9:lCllan dbl06TD'Cl» mmCl106TO mC'lJ<tl. ,nmc96lolal8 UO<tloUO<tll10 Clllanal8 15 dbilcmgainC'lJ6><tl<Il.lO~ aCllm1
dbl~OOl@!~. ~~n.JOBm 6>4.IQJnl Cll~ 6>mfillm6lmO@c96l0u6 dbl0C'lJ10 ~orn .
m(lJ(D - aJlf116mm tnlOWJ emcNOWO<tl6m 1icfb9:l6m0C'lJUO.\6lmu6c96l1n.J<tll Q'Dn9::lWln.JOl,Ulocn6lmu6c96l0CDlO6TO mC'lJ<tl ~n..JO<Il.loin1c96loo1U~. n.Jl<tlO,
<lllm dbOQJcuml nfluol~s' C'lJ.\ceanldbu6 arRlOJ<tl~6>SQO~rwlo CDl'DC'lJmC'lJlo mlQJm1marn»lcmanlmocnfl mOJ<tlc96l6mll>1 cfboil~(l)l
cml6>C'lJ~ nJO<Il.l6>';\:js1cm1. In.JOClln.Oo, arRl15uoCW, ~B<tlm>o611JCTWO<tlocn6lmu6 n(J)cm1ru ~UC'lJm~ ~arn»Cll ~n.OO(l)QlO6TO
mC'lJ<tl. mC'lJ<tl<D1~ mem nfln.J6TT>1CDl1al815 (l)ln.JO ml(l)c96l1al8 n(J)o.n(J)mJ. m>Joal1molOCl6 cnOC'lJn!l:I6mOcfbllT3arn»16>1 ~ ,ti1al8
In.JC'lJmClffll)lc8Qlcm arRlCD~an mJJOlutl<Il.l m>Cll1anl dbmn9::lcfb(l)1al8mlcm1o C'lJ06lm1cm~. nflQJ<Il.ll6>S dbo<tl.\arn»lal8 anO(l)<lllCll.\o
mSClfflI)locruou6 mC'lJ<tl al6>g~o 6>mal8cfb~n9:fla<Il.lc96l0u6 QJOIiQlO6>6m~ an06>19 d»o6inlcm' n.J~1dbcnflal8ml~ almrw1QJOc96l00 .
mC'lJ(l) Qlgl61m~16u6
~eJn.JoBmo nmc96lo1al8 10 - 15 cfb.n1al8 20 - 25 cfb.fI1al8
UO<tlOUO<tllnflQJ cfblaQJOlcnoCll1m 15 <tlln.J 5 <tlln.J
UO<tlOUO(l)lC'lJ(l)lalomo 18,000 11,000 I
~eJn.JOBm 6l4.lQJo1I
6,000 8,000 I:
QJOlio nmc96lolm 12,000 3,000 IQlgl 6>m~~cfb6>@ arRlOnJcfh9:j17l ~CDlmcm QJOCialO6TO mC'lJ<tl db~n!l:I1<Il.l1al8m1crr'> QJCi1cB6l~cm~~. l~m>JcfbOQJnflarn»OCDl
!I
an1moal8 C'lJmn9:lClffll)lal8Clllon anC'lJ6TTlcfb~n9::l16>4.1<;100. arRl6lm6>m6>CDlllhlal8 Q<tll rumn9::lo nQ3c96lolal8 mlcm~o 36,000 (l)1n.J ru6>(l)I
QJOlio omsoo. n.J6>cfb9:l~QJomJAJm m>'Dd»<tl.\6lm@l6>S arRlliOC'lJo mlQJnflQJ1U Cllltkl dblSl<Il.l nflClffll)lnJaCDlocnl~l@.@ d»~n9:fI,
cfb'S6lm@l6>S<Il.llo n.J~d»@~6>S<Il.llo tlJTIlm>Cll<Il.lClffll)l@.@arRllcfbal6TTlo n(J)cm1C'lJ mru(l) cfb~n!!&l6><Il.ln.1locmo~ anUlcml. ~<tl1
n.JOSOU06lJ<tlo Clll191C'lJCl6mC'lJ(l) db~n9:fl 6>4.ImJanoal8 mln.Jd»O(l)Cll~@!! Bl~.\C'lJU06lm@lal8 mlon OCl104.lmo omsoo .
mgJ rroall (J fJD nJJ em tIJJ (f8 .
mC'lJ(l)6>mi1 Cll~n 6lm~1~uB
II 90- 110 Cllltkl 120 - 190 Clll~
C'lJmn!:sarn»1cu6 all err') db~n9:flc96l1U tlJTIlC'lJm><tlo ., C'lJmn9::larn»lal8 Qacmo" <tla6TliOI: , nJOl~ms6T'li nJo1-9Jl mS6mo
[email protected] [email protected]
, dbl06TD'Cl»ru@o alanl cfbls1anam ~@o OC'lJ6mo
db106mll> 6>C'lJ@.@0alan1, 61 sl anal8 6>C'lJ@!!0 OC'lJ6TTlo.
").I. l\.
'''-'-'
" .. '
. ..,.... ,.•...
-~
•••••••••••••••
••••••••••
r.,,'
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••,.•••••••I~.
l
1.I:,.•••
,.1;. '
! I'i. 1
•i.
".
,', .
; " .... \
. .
'.
'.•••••••
• !
•..I.~'_I~.:•
• I
.1•
,
. .(f \i~ \,
. .\.t~
.J,'\'';., :1'" "~ d,.,1"
;~~\~~fc..,',
m>RBfileJoml Q.o.ocdlllJllJl..e.\ll1mm» m>1m>06ll'lOQ5 c8>16lllm0"lJlnf\ ;.
Qo&() QA.lOl)JO<D,\03.o.1..nl1eOO1nn(l101ll0omll.m>101l)f1l0(Ql1.e.~n'tll8illJ1mn~OllJlll) mot}nt'l.'llIm.ClleO'lil nl,!u"nSl'lP1.l c8>6mlU8cOQoSl .'mSlllJlll)0611l Qm'i:J .0.1•.••11Q." Imllllfl<Dicmlill•. ,dh61ulll3.o.aslc8>f11m8 ollllsQ"ISP-ll' llJOSlQ~cml nI1PJ.ool<D111ll1cOQlc8>COlomJI0\\:l0uS..nJm.ClIc8>l~]. llnQo&() nJcOQl;!lllW <manJicSt1.I'mm. lllI'Om,\.mlClJ8cOQ0Clli1lDlcOQoo3nJ1~OtUlo.(116)llJllI)nJ1QsQ(1))lOJ1eJl.dh~..nll.oo mamn1~<DfIs• .o.lfjlOlllOQl11lcm1omocOQ1.o.l11lom'i c8>1mm»<Tl.Il. ..~
.,
..
.,
.".tflltfN)()!I1tJmD6J tJA/t6n'D ,,!fJslfIiqr f)AJDtJlD(OJt76. Jb,JfIfI1. ""'Jmrt1IrnlJ (Il1t76f)mJffItfII)
~6l(£))nD'5a(gnJJ~a01la'. 'I', \'. ... , '.. :." . '
6lJ1J~,QI.~,~!(I)ao....nJ~lll(1JllQ~. Ill~ri.i: ~~~nlliZllmi'.6J~l . ,.oII. 6TlJ:JQJc9\\09JlmJad6lmil1m. c8>i~"nn,~iZl.\cUt1~.O~~; I!~, ''llllUllJlll)1lll3 nl1eUDc8>l&qiolD1' c!b.\~ ' ;'miJ~rznmolO03 nO'DOmln.'lI03. c8>m8i\J .QA.lcgjOOJi<tnQA.I~C)lOl&lnanQ)~ mmQ)oml ....e.omamn1Q03o dhiQllJllI)Ol'ldl6i1lU8m01oMm.\' , . . . '00c8>i<mllll. G~~~ml~lll3 ~ClIi1tQ1nf\ ',: f2~Q<'UmJ<tI'I1J)l(lJ3 ' i.
oll6lo03 'dhoilOJltm .Qm'lJlm~loml.Qi\JO,:\" OJQmooS '.o.'.9I<'U11W. 'oll6loIf11IGSClJIJIfIlll3, .o..\fdll,'QAJlYllcmm\'. .', '.nd)cmom3 QnJG.oooUl mm&lJBoft0'kl0Qm :Q~0<:Y0~~cr3nQ)m)<malllnt1.l.\OnJc8>0002l1dh.\rtifI QA.lcgjollJlll)llnl" Q(1')~(1')o <m(1')~o
nG)nnolU8 I!\\JlQ03() <ma.<ID.'ro~ oanGClIi1~ :' ••<03Uukloll6lOlWoo& lIb~ilW~10om'J QAJ()()p . ~ •. , e0611mll(11,.\03.<mallnion.lo~m :Q'AJlJlnflRnIll'l'IG)nn . ';1\ .,!,'.,' '::: '.' .. ',mmllllllliml •• ':\lltJ.\ ..,r,,;,;,.\llnl\l:/.!';'1I7'i:,,,),~. : ..,; .!.,,', ,', ....." '; l.
6"WlcS,llIIlftJ5ml• ~~~~., . l8llI(II1l11liQSmil'. ClJl&ml~~~ AJlnJ'll. c8>()l.e.nlll3.ooo!:Oomosi OAJ~ml QAJo9lG(IIl03 ~,.J tAl nd)m1li5llBM'l Ill""'i 1ttl(llf1liml. ('U(!6)111.e..\fdll "a.i<9lini'llttlocpl1 llI(DmolJlQ~" ""'i ~lll3 t1.IU(IIim'lill'lt1.lnnllnGmllJl6)~()(Ili'aJlO'llc&t1.I~e11~I:"tr\)Jo.'Ql'mo:io~, n.O'!:> : ,(1'\)nf\O<IDn.'lJaI).mi()i rfIt1.1(1'\).f1li':tlllUl (Q'DOCTRntimldb ~~lll3l/Ut1.Ic&amn1oll6linn 6'l6'ltQt1.I' nf\lllIlIl ~lft':tP~ OClI6ll'l. nJlllncDl.oooo3. I!\\:\.lQQOJnflw,\ oc8>unamn1I1'l03() nJoO?llJllI)1m8' QClIIlft. nJos.llJllI)l AlDI()lm)lllfIml ltIlm1 nil.o.QQl!I~cD1~icmi: 1l1l:fl~03~ 'l8llI~<ID.. lIJIlJlnf\anaJcOQ6ll'l •• "d)tDOrllot 20 @2S6lJl),.q ..o.mcScm" nJiI'O(DO~ .oA.ll8cmiu ';'oslllllll~:;. OJIamnl oOI6T'F.f1OJ<Di',.o..\rtifI m()dl6i1cnn(llitmllll t1.I~nJ561T'l' nJoijl " 1ll1Dml"'"~m)l'Il11lanur n'llll1'lOllm'ml0l&~ nfllJl6'l~ lln~03 dhi6lllmmJlt1.locnn . : c8>l11lrill11lom3n.flQm'l 1lI1UnJail~ nd)cmom'i(II1nn1. ,'" . I:'" ..:,.:' ;,: ,',:. ,,' I . :,' .','. dh16lllm<Tl.llnf\II'l03()<mamllit1.l•. n(/)cmom8 n.fl.' nJOQ(IIIll,lB1eJIllOtD ClJl&~l11lom'iII'lA.l09l0 'nn1s1fW OIUcS1.lcdl.oo QnJfJfI. ~an.\onIUll.\<D,1003()Qllncmc8>lmm»<Tl.Ilnf\Q03()m>0eOa1U.. 'Il106ll'llllnoml" 6JOl/)m)~- Qm>nJg.mJ(S IllO
:' . '. , "..'. .~. .
_______________________________________________ 11°_
.. _.
,.:
-'--------_._:.- .... :...._._--_ ...-_...•........_ ....._ .....- '." ..._--_: ...-" .•........... - -_: ,,'-
,
.'j .1'
...: ..WW' .0.
r •••••••••.,
-I••••••••••••••••••••••••••
r •
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••h •
J
~_._--
-~-------,----~-~=-:..I. &d)'r.-A
~k-v.'~ ( •
.Ir-,~f\L'" •
•••••••••••••••• 1
••••••••••••••••••• 4
