Ad ines imperii Romani

Studia Thaddaeo Sarnowski septuagenario ab amicis, collegis discipulisque

dedicata

varsaviae 2015

published by

Institute of Archaeology, University of WarsawKrakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawawww.archeo.uw.edu.pl

editor

Agnieszka Tomas

assistant editors

Miłosława StępieńTomasz Dziurdzik

graphic design

Piotr Berezowski

cover design

Agnieszka Tomas

cover photo

Michał Pisz

Copyright by Instytut Archeologii UWISBN 978-83-61376-46-0

9 Tadeusz Sarnowski. Curriculum vitae

21 Jerzy Kolendo †, Tadeusz Sarnowski. Quatuordecim lustra optime peracta

23 Agnieszka Tomas, Tadeusz Sarnowski in universitatem studiorum et studentium

Roman army 27 Yann Le Bohec, La logistique de l’armée romaine sous le Principat

39 Michel Reddé, he Layout of a Military Shrine in Egypt’s Eastern Desert

47 Tomasz Derda, Adam Łajtar, Tomasz Płóciennik, hree Lists of Soldiers on Papyrus Found in Qasr Ibrim

59 Edward Dąbrowa, he Roman Army in Action in Judea (4 BCE – 66 CE)

Middle and Lower Danubian Provinces71 Zsolt Visy, Ripa Pannonica – eine römische Flussgrenze

81 Ioan Piso, Les listes de centurions de Potaissa et la participation des légions daciques à la guerre parthique de Caracalla

93 Doina Benea, Militärische und politische Massnahmen während der Herrschat des Kaisers Hadrian im Südwesten der Provinz Dakien

105 Calin Timoc, A Fragmentary Inscription Bearing the Name Gordiana Discovered in Tibiscum (Dacia superior)

111 Livio Zerbini, Les cités grecques du Pont Gauche sous Auguste

117 Emil Jęczmienowski, he Fortiications of the Upper Moesian Limes on the Eve of the Trajan’s Dacian Wars

135 Mateusz Żmudziński, he Production of terra sigillata Potery (Local Samian Ware) in the Middle-Danube Roman Provinces

141 Lucretiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba, Prosopographic Remarks on the Population of Troesmis (Lower Moesia)

147 Rumen Ivanov, Valeri Stoičkov, Bricks with Stamps Discovered in the Defensive Walls of Almus (Lower Moesia)

151 Michail Zahariade, he Scythian Section of Notitia Dignitatum. A Structural and Chronological Analysis

173 Martin Lemke, Marsigli’s Moesia: he Limes Sites in Bulgaria as Seen in the 18th Century

Contents

Novae195 Evgeni Paunov, he Portrait Glass phalera rom Novae Reconsidered

201 Piotr Zakrzewski, Architectural Order of the Portico in the Courtyard of the Legionary Headquarters at Novae (Lower Moesia), in Light of Recent Discoveries

209 Pavlina Vladkova, New Data on the Cult of Iuppiter in Novae (Lower Moesia)

219 Tomasz Dziurdzik, Sacerdos legionis? Roman Army Priests in Light of a Fragmentary Inscription rom Novae (ILNov 32 = IGLNov 51)

227 Agnieszka Tomas, Martin Lemke, he Mithraeum at Novae Revisited

249 Jerzy Żelazowski, New Examples of the Name Stamp (Sarnowski Type XXV) rom the Legionary Fortress at Novae (Lower Moesia)

257 Agnieszka Tomas, Liber Pater or Dionysus? he Evidence of the Bacchic Cult at Novae (castra et canabae legionis) and in its Hinterland

277 Adam Łajtar, Another Greek Inscription rom Novae (Lower Moesia) Associated with pastus militum

289 Jerzy Kolendo †, Tomasz Kowal, Iron Components of Agricultural Tools Discovered During Excavations at Novae: Are hey Always Ancient or Early Medieval in Date?

TAURICA303 Bartosz Kontny, Maria Novičenkova, Spurs rom the Sanctuary at the Gurzufskoe Sedlo

in Crimea. On the Problem of Hook Spurs

325 Radosław Gawroński, Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski, he Role of Early Empire Roman Cavalry in the Defence of Tauric Chersonesos

341 Ludmiła Kovalevskaja, he Farmhouse at Plot 363 in the Chora of Tauric Chersonesos

353 Michał Pisz, Non-destructive Archaeological Survey in the Rural Territory of Tauric Chersonesos

359 Elena Klenina, Ceramic Production of Tauric Chersonesos in the Roman Period

375 Viktoria Nessel, On Some Categories of Ceramic Tableware rom the Kadikovka-Kadikoi Setlement (Crimea)

381 Wojciech Nowakowski, Brooches rom Balaklava-Kadykovka on Crimea (Ukraine). Season 2010

391 Danił A. Kostromičev, A Brooch rom Tauric Chersonesos with a Dedication to Sabazius

405 Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski, Adam Łukaszewicz, Language in the Private Life of Roman Soldiers in Taurica

Varia417 Andrzej Biernacki, Valeri Yotov, Aleksander Minčev, he Origin of the Marble of the

Architectural Elements and Details rom the Early-Christian Church at Cape Sveti Atanas near Bjala (Bulgaria)

437 Elżbieta Jastrzębowska, Remarks on Pseudo-opus reticulatum in Warsaw

449 Marek Olszewski, Les Cadrans solaires dans les mosaïqes romaines et byzantines (Ier siècle ap. J.-C. – IXe siècle ap. J.-C)

469 Krzysztof Jakubiak, he Last Days of Hatra: he Story Behind the City’s Downfall

Professor Sarnowski’s interests are focused pri-marily on the Roman army and the archae-

ology of the Roman borderlands, especially the defence systems near the lower Danube and the Roman army presence in southern Crimea. he idea behind this volume was to bring together texts on various topics of interest for the Jubilant, writen by his friends and colleagues — all aca-demics equally fascinated by such subject mater, as well as by his alumni and current students, as a means to celebrate and honour this birthday anniversary.

his scientiic interest resulted in broad con-tacts among various scholars from Eastern and Western Europe. Our intention was to arrange this book in such a way that it would express this diversity, but also create a forum for a meeting between the East and the West in a literal sense: the bibliography, provided both in Cyrillic and transliterated, is a nod to the readers, who — we hope — will ind this useful.

It was not possible to invite all those who would like to express their esteem and gratitude to Professor Sarnowski. We were overwhelmed by the amount of papers sent to us and this in itself shows how much we all owe to Him. While we apologize to those who were not invited, at the same time we would like share the hope that the next anniversary will be honoured with yet another such book.

We would like to thank all those who par-ticipated in preparing the book and the Jubilee. We would like to express our gratitude to the

Directors of the Institute of Archaeology, who supported the Editors and organized the Jubi-lee. We should also thank Konrad Uhma, who arranged Tabula Gratulatoria website, as well as those who helped to prepare the Jubilee celebra-tion: Emil Jęczmienowski, Michał Pisz, Tomasz Dziurdzik, Anna Mech, and Piotr Zakrzewski. Special thanks from the main editor should go to Miłosława Stępień and Tomasz Dziurdzik, who did a large part of the translations and editorial work, but also to Tomasz Derda, for his advice in typeseting and editorial consultancy, as well as Tomasz Płóciennik and Adam Łajtar who made valuable suggestions. A great part of the texts were also translated or proofed by Martin Lemke, Mariya Avramova, Lyudmila Kovalevskaja, and Tabea Meurer. A great efort was made by Piotr Berezowski who prepared the typeseting of the text and the graphic design. However, most of all, we would like to thank the Authors for their par-ticipation and patience.

his book also contains a very special text by the late Professor Jerzy Kolendo dedicated to Tadeusz Sarnowski (Tadeusz Sarnowski. Quatuor-decim lustra optime peracta). It was dictated very shortly before his death, as a special contribution and expression of his admiration and respect for the Jubilant’s academic achievements.

We hope that this volume will constitute a git which will not receive negative reviews from You, Dear Jubilant, but rather will serve as an expres-sion of our gratitude and afection.

he Editors

Dear Professor

Dear Readers

tabula gratulatoria

Wojciech AndrzejewskiDoina Benea

Piotr BerezowskiMarzena Berutowicz

Dorota BielińskaPiotr Bieliński

Andrzej BiernackiMirosław Blicharski

Yann Le BohecKarolina Bugajska

Andrzej BukoGerda von Bülow

Roksana ChowaniecAdam Cieśliński

Renata CiołekMaciej Czapski

Patrycja Czarnocka-DzunEdward Dąbrowa

Michał DąbskiTomasz Derda

Marta DomańskaKrzysztof Domżalski

Michał DuchPiotr Dyczek

Dorota DzierzbickaTomasz Dziurdzik

Mikołaj Gałązkiewicz Radosław Gawroński

Ewgenia GenčevaWitold Gumiński

Marcin IwankiewiczRumen T. Ivanov

Krzysztof JakubiakPaweł Janik

Elżbieta JastrzębowskaPiotr Jaworski

Emil JęczmienowskiBarbara KaimJoanna Kalaga

Jakub KaniszewskiRadosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski

Paweł Karbarz

Elena KleninaBartosz Kontny

Danil A. KostromičevLudmila Kovalevska

Tomasz KowalOskar KubrakMartin Lemke

Kazimierz LewartowskiAdam Łajtar

Dorota ŁaweckaMarcin ŁukaniewiczAdam Łukaszewicz

Marzena ŁuszczewskaWiesław Małkowski

Florian Matei-PopescuBartosz Matuszewski

Ryszard F. MazurowskiLucretiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba

Aleksander MinčevKrzysztof Misiewicz

Jerzy MiziołekJolanta Młynarczyk

Iwona Modrzewska-PianetiMonika Muszyńska

Karol MyśliwiecEduard Nemeth

Vika NesselAndrzej Niwiński

Maria NovičenkovaTomasz Nowakiewicz

Magdalena NowakowskaWojciech NowakowskiAndrzej Olsienkiewicz

Marek T. OlszewskiRadu Oţa

Krzysztof PakułaEwdoksia Papuci-Władyka

Evgeni I. PaunovIoan Piso

Michał PiszJoanna Pisz

Tomasz PłóciennikAndrew G. Poulter

Michel ReddéMonika Rekowska

Andrzej RokoszewskiWitor Rutkowski

Teodozja RzeuskaIvo Sabljak

Michael SailerMarjeta Šašel-Kos

Tomasz SchollSiegmar von Schnurbein

Małgorzata SiennickaMałgorzata Sołek

Arkadiusz SołtysiakMichał Starski

Zbigniew StasiakTeresa Stawiarska

Franciszek M. StępniowskiValeri Stoičkov

Karl StrobelPaulina SzulistCălin Timoc

Barbara TkaczowAgnieszka Tomas

Konrad UhmaAgata Ulanowska

Lyudmil VagalinskiZsolt Visy

Pavlina VladkovaMagdalena WarownaMonika Wesołowska

Tomasz WięcekWiesław Więckowski

Ewa WipszyckaGeorge Yacoub

Valeri YotovMihail ZahariadePiotr Zakrzewski

Livio ZerbiniDobrochna Zielińska

Jerzy ŻelazowskiMateusz Żmudziński

Marta Żuchowska

195

a portrait glass phalera from novae reconsidered

Besides the conclusive evidence of early Roman coin inds from Novae discussed

elsewhere,1 another single ind of the Julio-Clau-dian period atracts particular atention and con-sideration. his particular piece is a fragment of a military medallion (phalera) cast in blue glass, with preserved dimensions 2.5 × 2.5 cm, thickness 0.7 cm (original diameter 3.9 cm),2 kept in the Municipal Historical Museum of Svištov, inven-tory number I-1974 (Fig. 1).

he phalera from Novae depicts a male cuirassed bust in high relief, together with small busts of three small children set on the shoul-ders and in front of the male’s chest. Two of the babies are missing in the Svištov piece because of a modern fracture.3 It was published long ago by Alexandra Dimitrova-Milčeva,4 who identiied the bust as Drusus Minor (†33) and his children.5

* his modest text is dedicated to Professor Dr. Tadeusz Sarnowski for his 70th anniversary. I am very grateful to Dr. Agnieszka Tomas for her kind invitation to contribute to this volume. My thanks are due also to Marin Marinov (Svištov) and Dejan Dragoev (Russe) for their assistance.

1 Paunov 2013; 2015.

2 Found by chance in the mid-1970s while digging a vine-yard some 150–200 m west of Novae, see Dimitrova 1979: 17, note 1.

3 he piece was obviously broken during the discovery, if not before.

4 Dimitrova 1979: 17–21 = Dimitrova 1982: 97–100, ig. 1a–b.

5 his historical identiication is preferred in the older Ger-man-language (Alföldi 1951 and 1957) and in the English-language literature: Toynbee, Richmond 1954: 40–48; Henig 1974: 82; accepted in Rose 1997: 18–24; see also Boschung 1987: 193–194, table 1.

Respectively, Milčeva dated the phalera to AD 19–23 under Tiberius.6 he same interpretation was repeated by Evgenija Genčeva in her book on early Novae7 and again most recently, in the exhi-bition catalogue for the Limes Congress at Rous-se.8 In turn, Professor Sarnowski assumed that the Novae phalera was “given to a soldier of the legio VIII Augusta when Drusus visited Pannonia”.9

he glass medallion from Novae actually belongs to a relatively large group (at least 43

6 Dimitrova 1979: 17–19; (1982): 98–99.

7 Genčeva 2002: 67.

8 Genčeva 2012: 86, no. 224.

9 Sarnowski 1988: 26.

A Portrait Glass phalera from Novae Reconsidered*

.

Fig. 1. Glass phalera of Claudius from Novae, a fragment. Historical Museum of Svištov, inv. no. I-1974 (phot. by D. Dragoev, Regional Historical Museum Russe)

Обр. 1. Стъклена фалера от Нове, фрагмент. ГИМ–Свищов, инв. № I-1974 (фот. Д. Драгоев, РИМ–Русе)

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pieces known by 1987)10 of similar phalerae from the Early Principate with numerous specimens published throughout Europe. hey are mainly found in or around legionary camps, with most inds concentrated along the Rhine border of Ger-mania: at Vindonissa (3 specimens),11 Rheingön-heim near Speyer12 (Fig. 2), Novaesium, Vechten, Cologne (2 specimens), Xanten,13 and Nymwe-gen; from Dalmatia / Pannonia: Poetovio,14 Emona,15 and Burnum; from Italia: Aquileia16 and Rome (2 specimens: from the villa of Livia at

10 Divided into seven types — Boschung 1987 (with a com-plete catalogue); about the extant provenances; ibidem: 198–199, Abb. 5.

11 Boschung 1987: 252, cat. nos. 2, 40, 48, 54.

12 Claudian-Neronian occupation — Alföldi 1951: 70, Taf. 2.1–2 = Boschung 1987: 250–251, cat. no. 36, Abb. 8, 11.

13 Boschung 1987: 254, cat. nos. 43, Abb. 92.

14 Kept at KHM Vienna, AS-XI.B.8 — Alföldi 1951: 70, no. III 2, Taf. 2.5 = Jucker 1975: 52 = Boschung 1987: 250, cat. no. 35, Abb. 83–84.

15 Noll 1968: 82.

16 Jucker 1975: 50–51, ig. 1a–b.

Prima Porta17 and Esquiline); as well as a couple from Britannia: Colchester18 (Fig. 3), Leicester19 and Carlisle.20 here are also other specimens, all of uncertain provenance: one in the Metropoli-tan Museum in New York,21 one in the Corning Museum of Glass,22 one in the State Hermitage,23 etc.

hese insignia (once mounted in a metal holder with a round frame)24 were intended to evoke personal loyalty to the Emperor and mem-bers of his family. It is assumed the medallions were produced at Rome and were distributed to the major military camps in Pannonia, Nori-cum, Germania, and Britannia. hese phalerae were usually worn as military decorations on the

17 Boschung 1987: 198, cat. no. 20.

18 Harden et al. 1987: 22, no. 2 = Boschung 1987: 252, cat. no. 37, Abb. 7, 86.

19 Harden 1972: 350–352, pl. 76a = Henig 1974: 283, pl. 70 = Boschung 1987: 252, cat. no. 40, Abb. 89–90.

20 Toynbee, Richmond 1954: 40–48, pl. 1, 1.3 = Henig 1974: 275, no. 747, pl. 54 = Boschung 1987: 247, cat. no. 32, Abb. 80.

21 MMA 17.194.18.

22 Whitehouse 1997: 26, no. 21.

23 Neverov 1971: 91, pl. 83 — inv. no. Ж272, from the Casa-nova collection, acquired in 1792.

24 he manner of mounting in a metal holder is best described in Boschung 1987: 201–203, Abb. 10.

Fig. 2. Glass phalera of Claudius from Rheingönheim. A. Front side; b. Back side. Historisches Museum der Pfalz, Speyer, no. 3985 (phot. by Peter Haag-Kirchner)

Обр. 2. Стъклена фалера на Клавдий от Rheingönheim, Германия; А – лице; Б – задна страна. Исторически музей на Пфалц, Шпайер, инв. № 3985 (фот. Peter Haag-Kirchner)

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a portrait glass phalera from novae reconsidered

Fig. 3. Glass phalera of Claudius from Colchester. London, British Museum, no. 1870, 0224.2.

Обр. 3. Стъклена фалера на Клавдий от Колчестър. Британски музей, Лондон, инв. № 1870, 0224.2.

©Trustees of the British Museum

oicer’s armour as shown on a number of 1st-cen-tury. AD tombstones (Fig. 4a–b).25

As a mater of fact, the phalera from Novae (Type III ater Alföldi)26 features a frontal bust of another member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty

— Emperor Claudius himself with his three chil-dren: Antonia, Octavia and Britannicus.27 Based on the iconography and the extant specimens (ive specimens cast in the same die named by

25 Maxfield 1981: 187–188, pl. 2b.

26 Alföldi 1951: 75 f.

27 Boschung 1987: Type III, die 6a, 213–217, Abb. 23–24, cat. nos. 35–39.

Fig. 4a. Tombstone of Q. Sertorius Festus, centurio of legio XI Claudia pia idelis, from Cisolino, ca. AD 42–50. Verona Museum, Lapidarium of Mafei, inv. no. 28160. (photo ater htp://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=4146)

Обр. 4a. Надгробна плоча на Q. Sertorius Festus, центурион на legio XI Claudia pia idelis, от Cisolino, ок. 42–50 г. сл. Хр. Lapidarium Mafei, музей на Верона, инв. № 28160 (фот. htp://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=4146)

Fig. 4b. Tombstone of Marcus Caelius, centurio of the legio XVIII (CIL XIII 8648, from Birten/Xanten), Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn. (photo ater Wikipedia, htp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Caelius#mediaviewer/Datei:Epitaph_des_Marcus_Caelius.JPG)

Обр. 4b. Надгробна плоча на Marcus Caelius, центурион на legio XVIII (CIL XIII 8648, от Birten/Xanten), Областен музей, Бон. (фот. за htp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Caelius#mediaviewer/Datei:Epitaph_des_Marcus_Caelius.JPG)

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Boschung as 6a were known by 1987), this series of phalerae with the portrait of Claudius is now dated to around AD 43, probably related to Clau-dius’ campaign in Britain28 or the reorganisation of the provincial armies. Actually, this interpreta-tion perfectly its the historical context of Novae.

A brief discussion on the provenance of the Novae piece is also worthwhile. Since it was reported to be found by chance some 150–200 m west of Novae’s city-walls,29 a logical question would be what precisely was located in this zone of the site? As pointed out by Boschung, all other such inds came either from graves or from rub-bish pits in legionary camps.30

28 Boschung 1987: 218.

29 Dimitrova 1982: 97, n.1; and note 3 above. Further infor-mation from Mr. Marin Marinov (Svištov Museum), to whom I am most grateful.

30 Boschung 1987: 199, Anm. 31–32.

herefore, the glass medallion from Novae must be re-assigned to Emperor Claudius and re-dated to the period ater AD 41–43. How exactly and from where this military phalera arrived in Moesia is hard to establish. But one can specu-late it came to Novae ater AD 45/6 as a personal award of a high-ranking oicer of the legio VIII Augusta when he was relocated from Poetovio31 in Pannonia to the Lower Danube.32

he Claudian glass phalera discussed above provides further insight into the earliest history and archaeology of Novae and Roman Moesia, a research ield to which the respected Professor Sarnowski made so many valuable contributions.

31 he presence of exactly this type of glass phalerae is already conirmed by the Vienna KHM piece found at Petau / Po-etovio in 1826, see Boschung 1987: 250, cat. no. 35, and note 12 supra.

32 Riterling 1925: 1647–1649; Reddé 2000: 120–121; Ferjančić 2002: 166.

Тази кратка статия предлага напълно нова иден-тификация и датиране на един фрагментиран

медальон от синьо стъкло (фот. 1), намерен слу-чайно още през 1970-те години в лозята край Свищов, на 150–200 м западно от руините на римския град Нове. Въпреки че е публикуван отдавна (Dimitrova 1979; 1982), той представлява значителен интерес за ранната история и археология на Нове. Наличието на серия от подобни находки в Средна и Западна Европа (фот. 2, 3) и новата хронология на тези фалери с образи на членове на Юлиево-клавдиевата династия (Boschung 1987), налага и пре-разглеждането на находката от Нове. Всъщност, образът на фалерата не принадлежи на Друз Млади (починал в 33 г.), както е интерпретирана и датирана досега съгласно по-ста-рата литература (последно у Genčeva 2012: 86, no. 224), а е на император Клавдий I (Boschung 1987: 213–217, Abb. 23-24, cat. nos. 35–39). Императорът е представен в идеализиран, почти младежки образ, с броня насреща, главата му е в профил ¾ наляво. В лявото поле, точно над дясното рамо, преди счуп-ването, е запазен частично образът на малко дете, а другите части от композицията липсват (фот. 1).

Една портретна стъклена фалера от Нове в нова светлина (pезюме)

Аналогични по-добре запазени екземпляри показват, че това са трите деца на Клавдий – Анто-ния, Октавия и Британик Цезар. От точно същата матрица за медальони (6а по типологията на Boschung 1987) са известни още шест фалери, наме-рени все в легионни лагери в Панония, в Германия, и две от Британия. Прието е, че тези инсигнии са про-извеждани в Рим и са връчвани като военни награди (phalerae) на висшестоящи офицери и командири на легиони – в знак на вярност към императора и цялата Юлиево-Клавдиева династия (фот. 4a, b).

Следователно, медальонът открит западно от Нове трябва да бъде свързан с император Клавдий I и пре-датиран в периода след 41–43 г. от Христа. Може само да се предполага, че фалерата е донесена в Нове от собственика си, когато legio VIII Augusta е бил прехвърлен от Poetovio (дн. Ptuj в Словения) на лагер по Долния Дунав.

Evgeni Paunov Independent scholar, Vienna epaunov@gmail.com

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Abbreviations

ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, H. Temporini [ed.], Berlin – New York 1972–1998.BABesch Bulletin van de Vereeniging tot Bevordering der Kennis van de Antieke BeschavingRE Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschat, A.F. von Pauly, G. Wissowa et al. [eds.],

Stutgart 1894–1980.

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schichte der Schweiz 21, 80–96. Balsdon, J.P.V.D. 1981. he Principate of Tiberius and Gaius [in] ANRW II 2, 86–94.Boschung, D. 1987. Römische Glasphalerae mit Porträtbüsten, Bonner Jahrbücher 187, 193–258. Dimitrova, A. 1979. Stăklena falera ot Nove s portret na mladija Druz, Numizmatika (Soia) 11/2, 17–21.— 1982. Portrait romain en verre de Novae, Archeologia (Warszawa) 31 (1980), 97–100.Ferjančić, S. 2002. Setlement of Legionary Veterans in Balkan provinces, Institute for Balkan Studies, Special edi-

tions, 79, Belgrade.Fremersdorf, F. 1935. Glas-phalera aus Vechteni, BABesch 10/1, 1–5.Genčeva, E. (Генчева, Е.) 2002. Părvijat voenen lager v Nove, provincija Mizija (Severna Bălgarija) / Първият

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