The correlation of skeletal and molecular data: concordance of cranial, dental, mitochondrial DNA, and Y-Chromosome DNA

*Brianne Herrera, BA, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, San Marcos

Tsunehiko Hanihara, PhD, Department of Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Saga Medical School

Kanya Godde, PhD, School of Natural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced; Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Goals – Correspondence of Biological Data•Investigate why different patterns emerge

from different biological data▫Cranial, dental, and molecular data

•Peopling of the New World

Population N Location Source

Aleutian 137

Unalaska, St. George, St. Paul, Bering Island, Akutan, False Pass, King Cove, Nelson Lagoon, Sand Point Zlojutro 2006

Alaskan - Yakut 150 The Western and Southwestern region of Alaska Davis et al. 2011

Alaskan - Inupiat 151

The Northwestern coast and the North Slope Borough region of Alaska Davis et al. 2011

Greenland - Inuit 70

Inuit males from six different location in Greenland (Nanortalik, Nuuk, Ilulissat, Uummannaq, Upernavik, and Ittoqqortoormiit) Bosch et al. 2003

Greenland 272

Aasiaat (23), Llulissat (29), Kangaatsiaq (3), Maniitsoq (34), Nanortalik (25), Narsaq (16), Nuuk (50), Paamiut (12), Qaanaaq (6), Qaqortoq (12), Qasigiannguit (1), Sisimiut (16), Tasiilaq (41), Upernavik (2) and Uummannaq (2)

Hallenberg et al. 2009

Y-Chromosome Data

Population N Location Source

Aleutians (Mixed) 198

Atka, Umnak Island (Nikolski), and Unalaska (in the central and eastern Aleutians); St. George and St. Paul (in the Pribilofs); and Anchorage Rubicz et al. 2003

Aleutians (Pribilof Islands) 78 Pribilof Island from the village of St. Paul Merriwether et al. 1995Aleutians (Bering Straight) 35 collected in 2001 from Bering Island of the Commanders Zlojutro et al. 2006

Greenland Eskimo 98

Western Greenland, Greenland Eskimos, from the west coast (Nanortalik, Nuuk, Ilulissat, Uummannaq, and Upernavik) and from the east coast (Ammassalik and Ittoqqortoormiit) Zlojutro et al. 2006

Siberian Eskimo 90

Sireniki) Eskimos in Chukotka, Nganasan of the Taimir Peninsula, two Ulchi of the Lower Amur River in Siberia, Chukchi Peninsula. 66 Chukchi and 79 Siberian Eskimos were collected in New Chaplino, Sireniki, Provideniya, and Anadyr, of the Chukotkan, Autonomous Territory. Altai from central Siberia. Zlojutro et al. 2006

Pre AD 1000 8 Umnak Island Smith et al. 2009Post AD 1000 12 Smith et al. 2009Living Aleuts 58 Smith et al. 2009

Canada 96Cambridge Bay on Victoria Island in the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut in Canada Volodko et al. 2008

Greenland 385

Ammassalik, Aasiaat, Ilulissat, Maniitsoq, Nanortalik,Narsaq, Nuuk, Paamiut, Qaqortoq, Qasiqiannguit,Qeqertarsuaq, Sisimiut, Uummannaq, and Qaanaaq(Thule) Volodko et al. 2008

Alaska1 (Yupik) 25 Akutan, False Pass, King Cove, Nelson Lagoon, and Sand Point Zlojutro et al. 2009

Alaska2 (Inupiat) 255Kodiak Island (Old Harbor and Ouzinkie), St. Lawrence Island (Savoonga and Gambell), and Southwestern Alaska Eupik Eskimos Merriweather et al. 1995

Asian (Siberia) 12639 Naukan of which 33 are samples collected in the village of Lavrentiya (Chukotskiy district, Chukotkan autonomous Region) Volodko et al. 2008

mtDNA Data

Population N Location Source

Alaska1 135 & 146

Alaskan Eskimos (Yup'ik) from: Togiak; Mumtrak; Tanunak; Bethel; Hooper Bay; Iliamna Lake; Yukon; Kwichak; Nushagak and Kuskokwim River Basin; St Lawrence Island Hanihara

Alaska2 107

Alaskan Eskimos (Inupiat) from: Seward Peninsula; Shishmaref; Wales; Postolik; Nome; Little Diomede Island; Point Hope Hanihara

Alaska3 81 & 125Alaska Eskimos from Point Barrow; Utkiavik; Nixerak (near Barrow): Northernmost part of Alaska / NMNH; SI Hanihara

Siberia 23 & 21Port Providence; Plover Bay; Puoten; Indian Point / NE Siberia / Eskimo / NMNH; AMNH Hanihara

Canadian 30 & 28

Pond's Inlet; Sculpin Island; Labrador; Manico Point; Southampton Island Cumberland Golf; Buffin Island / Canadian Eskimos Hanihara

Greenland 112 & 115Smith Sound; Port Foulke; Western District; Nuussuaq; Ikertok Fiord; North Star Bay; Saunders Island / Greenland Eskimos Hanihara

Aleut1 102Amaknak, Unalaska, Unga, Umnak, Wislow, and Shiplock Islands / Fox Islands of Aleutian Island chain / AMNH; NMNH Hanihara

Aleut2 71 & 60Aleutian Island: Samalga Island Quad; Kagamil Island / NMNH; SI Hanihara

Aleut3 13Kanaga, Amlia, Adak, and Atka Islands; Andreanof Islands of Aleutian Island chain / NMNH; SI Hanihara

Aleut4 18 &29Amchitka and Kiska Islands; Rat Islands of Aleutian Island chain / NMNH; SI Hanihara

Aleut6 16 & 20 Aleutian Island Chain / locality unknown Hanihara

Cranial Metric and Nonmetric Data

Dental - MetricPopulation N Location Source

Alaska 66Nunivak Island; Bering Sea / Alaska Eskimos

Hanihara

Greenland 58

Smith Sound, Port Foulke; Disco Island; Upernatic; Wolstenholme Sound / Greenland Eskimos

Hanihara

Aleutian 78

Unalaska, Unga, Umnak, Shiplock, Amaknak, Kagamil, Kanaga, Amlia, Adak, Atka, Amchitka, Kiska, Attu, Agatu Islands / Aleutian Islands

Hanihara

Dental - NonmetricPopulation N Location Source

Alaska 80

Alaska Eskimos from Point Barrow; Seward Peninsula; Kialegak; St Lawrence Island and Southern Alaska

Hanihara

Greenland 54

Ikertok Fiord; Smith Sound; Port Foulke; Mugsuak Peninsula; Disco Island; Wolstenbolme Sound; Upernavic; Sepulchre; Issungvak / Greenland Hanihara

Aleutian 76 Aleutian Island Chain Hanihara

Dental Metric and Nonmetric Data

Background - Populations•Aleutians•Alaskan Eskimo•Greenland Eskimo•Canadian Eskimo•Siberian Eskimo

Map created with Google Earth (2013)

Methods•Cranial metrics and nonmetrics•mtDNA and y-chromosome DNA•Dental metrics and nonmetrics

•Had matched and unmatched data

Methods•Found R and kinship matrices•Mantel Test•Procrustes

▫Graphed eigenvectors produced by Procrustes analysis

•Correlation matrices

MantelP values

Matching

Cranial metric and nonmetric0.0813

Dental metric and nonmetric0.4715

Not Matching

Cranial metric and nonmetric 0.0097

Dental metric and nonmetric 1.0000

mtDNA and metric 0.0689

mtDNA and nonmetric 0.0642

Y-chromosome and metric 0.4865

Y-chromosome and nonmetric 0.0500

mtDNA and Y-chromosome DNA 0.3527

Correlation MatricesMetric Nonmetric mtDNA

Metric 1 0.5344 0.7089

Nonmetric 0.5344 1 0.4185

mtDNA 0.7089 0.4185 1

Correlation matrix of matching cranial metric and nonmetric with mtDNA

Correlation Matrices  Metric Nonmetric Y-chromosome

Metric 1 0.4947 0.4202

Nonmetric 0.4947 1 0.9681

Y-chromosome 0.4202 0.9681 1

Correlation matrix of matching metric and nonmetric with y-chromosome DNA

Correlation Matrices  Metric Nonmetric mtDNA

Metric 1 0.822 0.7633

Nonmetric 0.822 1 0.6991

mtDNA 0.7633 0.6991 1

Correlation matrix of non-matching metric and nonmetric with mtDNA

Correlation Matrices  Metric Nonmetric Y-chromosome

Metric 1 0.8972 0.6931

Nonmetric 0.8972 1 0.8629

Y-chromosome 0.6931 0.8629 1

Correlation matrix of non-matching metric and nonmetric with y-chromosome DNA

Graph of procrustes analysis using matching metric and nonmetric data, with mtDNA

Procrustes

X – mtDNAΔ – metricO - nonmetric

Aleut 1

Aleut 4

Alaska 2

Alaska 1

Aleut 6

Canada

Aleut 2Aleut 3

Asia

Greenland

second component of

average eigenvector

first component of average eigenvector

Graph of procrustes analysis using non-matching metric and nonmetric data, with mtDNA

Procrustes

X – mtDNAΔ – metricO - nonmetric

Alaska 2

Alaska 1

Greenland

Aleut 1

Aleut 2

Aleut 4

second component of

average eigenvector

first component of average eigenvector

Graph of procrustes analysis using matching metric and nonmetric data, with y-chromosome

Procrustes

X – y chromosomeΔ – metricO - nonmetric

Alaska 1

Alaska 2

Aleut 1

Greenland

Asia

first component of average eigenvector

second component of

average eigenvector

Graph of procrustes analysis using non-matching metric and nonmetric data, with y-chromosome

Procrustes

X – y chromosomeΔ – metricO - nonmetric

Alaska 2

Alaska 1

Greenland

Aleut 1

second component of

average eigenvector

first component of average eigenvector

Conclusions•Procrustes shows high levels of

correlations•Nonmetric and y-chromosome DNA shows

higher correlations than metric and y-chromosome DNA

•Metric and mtDNA correlation was much stronger than nonmetric and mtDNA

•Possible sex bias

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male-biased Scandinavian admixture in Greenlandic Inuit shown by y-chromosomal analysis. Hum Genet 112:353-363.

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•Hallenberg C, Tomas C, Simonson B, and Morling N. 2009. Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in males from Greenland. Forensic Sci Int 3:e145-e146.

•Merriwether DA, Rothhammer F, and Ferrell RE. 1995. Distribution of the four founding lineage haplotypes in Native Americans suggests a single wave migration for the New World. Am J Phys Anthropol 98:411-430.

•Rubicz R, Schurr TG, and Crawford MH. 2003. Mitochondrial DNA variation and the origin of the Aleuts. Hum Bio 75(6):809-835.

•Volodko NV, Starikovskaya EB, Mazunin IO, Eltsov NP, Naidenko PV, Wallace DC, and Sukernik RI. 2008. Mitochondrial genome diversity in Arctic Siberians with particular reference to the evolutionary history of Beringia and Pleistocenic peopling of the Americas. Am J Hum Genet 82:1084-1100.

•Zlojutro M, Rubicz R, Devor EJ, Spitsyn VA, Makarov SV, Wilson K, and Crawford MH. 2006. Genetic structure of the Aleuts and circumpolar populations based on mitochondrial DNA sequences: a synthesis. Am J Phys Anthropol 129:446-464.

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