AAPG Memoir 60 - GeoScienceWorld

AAPG Memoir 60

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The Petroleum SystemFrotn Source to Trap

edited by

Leslie B. Magoon

Wallace G. Dow

AAPG Memoir 60

Published by The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A. 74101


Copyright © 1994 The American Association of Petroleum Geologists All Rights Reserved Published 1994

ISBN: 0-89181-338-1

AAPG grants permission for a single photocopy of an item from this publication for personal use. Authorization for additional copies of items from this publication for personal or internal use is granted by AAPG provided that the base fee of $3.00 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970. Fees are subject to change. Any form of electronic or digital scanning or other digital transformation of portions of this publication into computer-readable and/ or transmittable form for personal or corporate use requires special permission from, and is subject to fee charges by, the AAPG.

Association Editor: Kevin T. Biddle Science Director: Gary D. Howell Publications Manager: Cathleen P. Williams Special Projects Editor: Anne H. Thomas Production, Design, and Layout: Kathy A. Walker, Editorial Technologies

Dust jacket photo: computer simulation of seismic and well data with interpreted stratigraphic horizons in color. Photo provided by Steven P. Buck, Senior Staff Geologist, Mobil Exploration Norway Inc.


FOREWORD

For years, petroleum geologists, whether working for themselves, small or large companies, or research, academic, or governmental institutions, have struggled to come up with a more reliable and logical way to judge and describe the petroleum potential and attendant exploration risks of undrilled prospects, plays, and basins. The volume you are holding, The Petroleum System-From Source to Trap, finally solves this problem. In a collection of individually authored papers, including case studies and analogs, it describes the petroleum system approach.

While not a panacea, this exciting, if not totally new, approach can significantly help geologists evaluate and communicate the petroleum potential and exploration risks involved in an area of investigation. Perhaps equally important, it can provide both the data and a logical basis for constructive discussion among petroleum geologists knowledgeable in that particular area.

As a petroleum geologist with over 40 years experience, I have seen this approach successfully employed. It is my hope that more and more petroleum geologists around the world will not only embrace and use the petroleum system approach but will build upon and improve it.

Jack C. Threet Retired Vice President Exploration Shell Oil Company, Houston, Texas

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The editors and authors dedicate this volume to the worldwide community of geologists I geophysicists I geochemists I and managers who have applied the scientific method in their search for petroleum.


CONTENTS

Foreword Jack C. Threet .. . . . .......... . . . ....... . . . ....... . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Preface Wallace G. Dow and Leslie B. Magoon .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

Contributors' List .................................................................................................................................................................... xi

Part I. Introduction

Chapter 1. The Petroleum System ............................................................................................................................. 3 Leslie B. Magoon and Wallace G. Dow

Chapter 2. The Petroleum System Logic as an Exploration Tool in a Frontier Setting ............................... 25 John T. Smith

Chapter 3. Petroleum Systems of the World Involving Upper Jurassic Source Rocks ............................... .51 H. Douglas Klemme

Chapter 4. Genetic Classification of Petroleum Systems Using Three Factors: Charge, Migration, and Entrapment ................................................................................................................. . 73 Gerard Demaison and Bradley J. Huizinga

Part II. Essential Elements

Chapter 5. Applied Source Rock Geochemistry ........................................................................................... ....... . 93 Kenneth E. Peters and Mary Rose Cassa

Chapter 6. Siliciclastic Reservoir Rocks ................................................................................................................ 121 David G. Morse

Chapter 7. Carbonate Reservoir Rocks ................................................................................................................. 141 Clifton F. Jordan, Jr., and James Lee Wilson

Chapter 8. Hydrocarbon Seal Rocks .................................................................. . .................................................. 159 Marian W. Downey

Chapter 9. Overburden Rock, Temperature, and Heat Flow .......................................................................... 165 David Deming

Part III. Processes

Chapter 10. Diagenesis, Catagenesis, and Metagenesis of Organic Matter ................................................... 189 Brian Horsfield and Jiirgen Rullkotter

Chapter 11. Assessing Natural Oil Expulsion from Source Rocks by Laboratory Pyrolysis ..................... 201 Michael D. Lewan

Chapter 12. Secondary Migration and Accumulation of Hydrocarbons ....................................................... 211 William A. England

Chapter 13. Hydrocarbon Traps .. .................................................. .......................................................................... 219 Kevin T. Biddle and Charles C. Wielchowsky

Chapter 14. Preservation, Degradation, and Destruction of Trapped Oil... ................................................... 237 Philippe Blanc and Jacques Connan

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vi Contents

Part IV. Identification and Characterization

Chapter 15. Correlation of Oils and Source Rocks-A Conceptual and Historical Perspective ............... 251 Joseph A. Curiale

Chapter 16. Correlation of Natural Gases with their Sources ........................................ ... .. ........... ............. ...... 261 Michael J. Whiticar

Chapter 17. Maturity Modeling: Thermal Indicators, Hydrocarbon Generation, and Oil Cracking ....... 285 Douglas W. Waples

Chapter 18. Modeling of Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Systems .......................................................... 307 Douglas W. Waples

Chapter 19. Volumetric Calculation of Hydrocarbons Generated ................................. ........... ............. ... ....... 323 James W. Schmoker

Part V. Case Studies-Western Hemisphere

Chapter 20. Overview of Petroleum System Case Studies . ........... ..... .............................................................. .329 Leslie B. Magoon and Zenon C. Valin

Chapter 21. Ellesmerian(!) Petroleum System, North Slope, Alaska, U.S.A ..... .......... .............. .......... .......... 339 Kenneth J. Bird

Chapter 22. Tuxedni-Hemlock(!) Petroleum System in Cook Inlet, Alaska, U.S.A .................................... 359 Leslie B. Magoon

Chapter 23. Heath-Tyler(!) Petroleum System in Central Montana, U.S.A ................................................. .371 Gary A. Cole and Richard J. Drozd

Chapter 24. Point Pleasant-Brassfield(!) Petroleum System, Appalachian Basin, U.S.A .......................... .387 Richard J. Drozd and Gary A. Cole

Chapter 25. Green River(!) Petroleum System, Uinta Basin, Utah, U.S.A ..................................................... 399 Thomas D. Fouch, Vito F. Nuccio, Donald E. Anders, Dudley D. Rice, Janet K. Pitman, and Richard F. Mast

Chapter 26. Identification of Petroleum Systems Adjacent to the San Andreas Fault, California, U.S.A . ...................................................................................................................................... 423 K. E. Peters, M. H. Pytte, T. D. Elam, and P. Sundararaman

Chapter 27. Soda Lake-Painted Rock(!) Petroleum System in the Cuyama Basin, California, U.S.A . ...................................................................................................................................... 437 Paul G. Lillis

Chapter 28. Simpson-Ellenburger(.) Petroleum System of the Central Basin Platform, West Texas, U.S.A . ....... ... .................................................................................................................... 453 B. J. Katz, V. D. Robison, W. C. Dawson, and L. W. Elrod

Chapter 29. Petroleum Systems of the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela ............................................................. .463 Suhas C. Talukdar and Fernando Marcano

Chapter 30. Petroleum Systems of the Neiva Area, Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia .... ...... .... ... ...... .483 Jaime Buitrago

Chapter 31. Selected Petroleum Systems in Brazil... ............................................................................................ 499 M. R. Mello, E. A. M. Koutsoukos, W. U. Mohriak, and G. Bacoccoli

Chapter 32. Petroleum Systems in Neuquen Basin, Argentina ....................................................... ................ .513 Carlos M. Urien and Juvenal J. Zambrano


Part VI. Case Studies-Eastern Hemisphere

Chapter 33. Mandal-Ekofisk(!) Petroleum System in the Central Graben of

Contents vii

the North Sea ......................................................................................................................................................... .537 Chris Cornford

Chapter 34. Petroleum Systems of the Lower Saxony Basin, Germany ........................................................ .573 Franz Kockel, Hennann Wehner, and Peter Gerling

Chapter 35. T6tkoml6s-Szolnok(.) Petroleum System of Southeastern Hungary ...................................... .587 J. L. Clayton, C. W. Spencer, and I. Koncz

Chapter 36. Northern Delta Depobelt Portion of the Akata-Agbada(!) Petroleum System, Niger Delta, Nigeria ................................................................................................................................. ........... .599 C. M. Ekweozor and E. M. Daukoru

Chapter 37. Cambay-Hazad(!) Petroleum System in the South Cambay Basin, India ............................... 615 S. K. Biswas, M. K. Rangaraju, J. Thomas, and S. K. Bhattacharya

Chapter 38. Bampo-Peutu(!) Petroleum System, North Sumatra, Indonesia ............................................... 625 Steven P. Buck and Thane H. McCulloh

Appendix A: Petroleum System Calculation Sheet ..................................................................................................... 639

Appendix B: Standard Abbreviations and Units . . ....................................................................................................... 641

Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................................................................ 643 Jennifer A. Miles

Index ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 645


PREFACE

Wallace G. Dow Tie petroleum system concept was first eveloped in 1970 at the Amoco research

aboratory in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In my first major geochemical study, I described three "oil systems" in the Williston basin based on analytical data generated by Jack Williams and the geochemical research group, headed by Jim Momper. The purpose was to reduce risk by predicting the most likely places where oil would be found and where it most likely would be absent.

After graduating from Rutgers University in 1959 with a B.A. in geology, three years in the military, and receiving an M.S. in geology from the University of North Dakota under Wilson Laird, I took a job with the Pan American Petroleum Corporation (now Amoco) in their Denver Division office. I was an exploration geologist, alternating between project and well site work in the northern Rocky Mountain area. Jim Momper, a senior geologist I knew in Denver, had been transferred to the Tulsa geochemical research group and asked me to collect crude oils whenever possible because they needed samples to analyze. I collected over 250 oil samples between 1966 and 1969, about half of which were from the Williston basin. Because of my interest in geochemistry, Jim offered me a transfer to the Tulsa Research Laboratory to help him bring geologic insight into the then new science of petroleum geochemistry. I accepted the challenge and arrived in Tulsa with my family on a snowy New Year's Eve in 1969 with little idea of what the future would bring. I have been involved in geochemistry ever since.

Jack Williams analyzed the oils I had collected using techniques that were far less sophisticated than those in use today. The Williston basin oils were clearly divided into three major genetic types with several subtypes and mixtures. The oil compositional differences indicated that three separate source rocks were involved. Cores from all available organic-rich rocks in the basin were solvent extracted, and the extracts were analyzed with the same techniques used on the oils. Ordovician rock extracts positively correlated with the oil found in Ordovician and Silurian reservoirs rocks, Bakken shale extracts were very similar to the oils in Mississippian and Devonian reservoirs, and extracts from Tyler shales compared favorably to oils produced from Pennsylvanian Tyler reservoirs. Extracts from other organic-rich rocks lacked similarity to any of the oils I had collected. These

viii

analytical results and our interpretation demonstrated that oils from different source rocks can be different and that oil-source rock correlations are geologically meaningful.

In the early 1970s, it was generally known, but largely ignored, that traps, reservoirs, seals, and source rocks were all required to make an oil accumulation. Most geologists knew a lot about traps and reservoirs, little about seals, and virtually nothing about source rocks. A few source rock papers had appeared in the 1960s by workers now accepted as pioneers in the field-Hunt, Philippi, Tissot, and Vassoyevich-which served as a foundation for our work. We did the best we could in an era before biomarkers, vitrinite reflectance, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, capillary gas chromatography, and most of the analytical techniques we take for granted today. Despite these difficulties, Jack's oil-source rock correlations have survived the test of time.

My job was to find ways to make this new geochemical information useful to Amoco's exploration effort in the Williston basin and eventually to all petroleum provinces around the world. I reasoned that if we knew where the oils came from and how they migrated, we could better predict where they would be found in the future. Geochemistry could then be used to high-grade areas in which to concentrate exploration activity, thereby reducing risk.

The first step was to map the stratigraphic and areal distribution of each oil type. We were fortunate to start with the Williston basin because the three oil types are distinct here and the accumulations of each type are isolated by evaporite seals. I identified three source-reservoir packages that I called "oil systems" and named them after their principal source and reservoir rocks. Each oil system had an area of mature source rock, migration pathways, reservoirs, traps, and seals. The concept depended on the ability to separate oils into genetic types, correlate each type of a specific source rock, estimate the quantity of oil generated and expelled from the source rock, and map the vertical and lateral migration pathways through which the oil moved. This study led us to conclude that the combination of geology and geochemistry would become a powerful exploration tool. We did not know it at the time, but our work had predicted most of the successful Williston basin oil plays of the 1970s and 1980s and that little or no oil would be found in areas that we considered high risk.


After presenting our work within Amoco, we were granted permission to share our concept with the petroleum industry. Jim M omper and I organized a session on "New Ideas: Origin, Migration, and Entrapment of Oil" for the 1972 AAPG Annual Convention in Denver, Colorado. Jack Williams presented a paper on "Characterization of oil types in the Williston basin" and I followed with a paper on "The Application of oil correlation and source rock data to exploration in the Williston basin." These papers were later published in the July 1974 AAPG Bulletin. Our approach of combining geochemical data into a complete geological framework formed the basis for the petroleum system concept. Subsequent work by Perrodon, Meissner, and Ulmishek developed these ideas further and set the stage for Les Magoon's rigorous definition and application of the petroleum system concept, beginning in 1986.

Don Mathews, vice-president of the Superior Oil Company, heard my Williston basin paper in

Leslie B. Magoon

Hr the editors, this book has a two-fold purpose-to describe the petroleum system

nd to provide a mechanism for evaluating migration from the active source rock to the trap. Wally and I developed the petroleum system for different reasons.

After graduation, I went to work for Shell Oil Company in Los Angeles as an exploration geologist with emphasis on petroleum geochemistry. Although I lacked previous experience, because I had more chemistry than most geologists I became immersed in source rock geochemistry to carry out my assignment, which was to participate in the evaluation of the offshore lease sale area in the Santa Barbara Channel. When I entered Shell, the company was taking the geochemical research work of Phillippi from the laboratory to the field. Since little published literature was available, I relied mostly on company documents and a small cadre of Shell geologists and geochemists who understood source rock geochemistry, such as John T. Smith, Adrian Maaskant, Marian Downey, Archie Hood, and John Castano, all of whom willingly shared their knowledge with me.

The source rock study of the Ventura basinSanta Barbara Channel area was completed in 1968, and I was transferred to Farmington, New Mexico, then on to Denver in 1971 where I carried out similar source rock studies to support new plays in both the southern and northern Rocky Mountain states. In addition to getting well site experience, I also had the opportunity to develop a play and evaluate prospects that could be drilled. With

Preface ix

Denver and offered me the opportunity to start a geochemical group at their research center in H ouston. Superior had just acquired a new kerogen maturity technique called "vitrinite reflectance" that was being used at the time only by Shell and Tenneco. One of our biggest geochemical limitations in those days was the lack of a reliable way to measure thermal maturity of organic matter independent of kerogen type. I immediately recognized the potential of this new and largely undeveloped technique, and after considerable soul searching, I reluctantly left Amoco in the fall of 1972 to begin a new adventure.

The petroleum system concept blends petroleum geology and geochemistry together in a way that can substantially increase exploration success. It is a tool that has evolved during the past 25 years and will continue to be improved in the future. This book makes our current state of knowledge available to every company involved in the search for oil and gas, and we hope many will benefit from the ideas it contains.

company training classes, my experience with exploration tools and techniques, such as paleontology, wireline logs, and geophysical data, grew quickly. In 1972 while in Denver, I attended the AAPG session on "New Ideas: Origin, Migration, and Entrapment of Oil." Wally Dow presented one of two papers on source rock geochemistry of the Williston basin. Afterward, my colleagues at Shell and I commented on how similar our approaches and interpretations were for understanding the distribution of hydrocarbons in the Williston basin. At the time, I was working a little farther west in the Big Snowy trough so I could relate to their interpretation in the Williston basin. In late 1973, I was transferred to Shell Pectin and moved to Houston.

In 1974, I took a job with the USGS in Menlo Park, California, and had the opportunity to work on the Cook Inlet area in Alaska. My first assignment was to evaluate the Federal OCS of Lower Cook Inlet in preparation for an offshore lease sale. In 1977, I was assigned to work on the North Slope in the newly named National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) on an evaluation effort of the previously named Naval Petroleum Reserve no. 4 (NPR-4). With George Claypool, we carried out an in-depth source rock and migration study. Around 1981, my involvement in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) began. During this time, I was involved in both national resource assessments and the third was being organized.

I had the privilege of participating on Leg 77 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) in the Caribbean in December 1982. Here, I was able to reflect and read a great deal about petroleum


x Preface

geochemistry. Because I was involved in the national resource assessments of undiscovered oil and gas and because I realized how difficult it is to incorporate geologic information into the assessment process, I felt it would be worthwhile to develop a scheme that would better serve our purposes. Because our organization was without reflection seismic data that could map potential hydrocarbon traps, we needed a method to evaluate the entire country systematically without seismic data. In addition, our geologic staff was much smaller and less focused than in industry. Obviously, a different approach than industry used was needed to get science into the assessment process.

I began by reflecting on the way evaluations were carried out while I was with Shell and the way petroleum geology and geochemistry were being presented in the literature. Through many discussions with colleagues, it became apparent that basin studies was a catch-all phrase for any type of work relating to sedimentary rocks and petroleum and that source rock and migration studies were poorly defined. In addition, mass balance calculations seemed to be the best approach to determine the upper limit of petroleum available to trap, but it was unclear which factors should be included in the mass balance equation. With the problem outlined, I presented the solution in several ways

In 1986, I circulated internally a brochure about the petroleum system and how it could be used to set up the mass balance equation. That same year, I presented a poster session at the Gordon Conference on Organic Geochemistry where Wally Dow reminded me that he had already defined such an "oil system" in 1972 in Denver and that he had published it in the AAPG Bulletin in 1974. From

1987 to 1991, I developed the petroleum system concept and presented these ideas as a poster session during the 1987 AAPG Annual meeting in Los Angeles, at the 28th International Geological Congress in Washington, D.C., during 1989, and in the 1990--1991 AAPG Distinguished Lecture tour. Wally Dow and I teamed up to co-convene the successful oral session (by the same name as this volume) for the 1991 AAPG Annual meeting in Dallas. Over this same time period, I have edited three U.S. Geological Survey Bulletins on the petroleum system. During 1992 and 1993, Wally and I have visited many oil companies to acquaint their staffs with the petroleum system concept.

The help and support of many people, those mentioned above and others, are acknowledged. Ken Bird and George Claypool have always been open and direct in their suggestions and criticisms during the development of the concept. I thank Gary Hill and Don Gautier for approving the USGS petroleum system project so that I could develop the concept. The authors and co-authors of every chapter ensured the success of this book by allowing the editors sufficient latitude to incorporate the petroleum system concept. Zenon Valin is gratefully acknowledged for his help on proofreading each chapter and with other duties as well. The editors appreciate the reviewers, Gerard Demaison, Miner Long, John T. Smith, and Peter van de K amp, who read and made valuable suggestions that improved the volume. We thank all those geoscientists who spoke up and criticized the petroleum system concept and made it more useful. Lastly, the petroleum system concept will evolve as more case studies are published, which will undoubtedly require that the concept be continually improved.


CONTRIBUTORS

OONALD E. ANDERS, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center Box 25046, MS 977, Denver, Colorado 80225, U.S.A, Tel. 303 236-9381. Fax 303 236-3202.

G. BACC:X:::COLI, Petr6leo Brasileiro S/ A Petrobras Depex, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

S. K. BHATTACHARYA, Basin Research Division, KDMIPE, ONGC, 9 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun 248195, India, Tel. 0135 23193, Fax 0135 25265

KEVIN T. BIDDLE, Exxon Exploration Company, P.O. Box 146, Houston, TX, U.S.A., 77001-0146, Tel. 713 973 3049, Fax 713 935 6031.

KENNETH J. BIRD, Branch of Petroleum Geology, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 999, Menlo Park, CA, U.S.A., 94025, Tel. 415 354 3006, Fax 415 354 3224.

S. K. BISW AS, Director KDMIPE, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, 9 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun 248195, India, Tel. 135 23193, Fax 135 25265.

PHILIPPE BLANC, Elf Aquitaine, CSTJF-L2109 Avenue Larribau, 64018 Pau Cedex, France, Tel. 33-59834000, Fax 33-59834369.

STEVEN P. BUCK, Mobil Exploration Norway, P.O. Box 510, 4001 Stavanger, Norway, Tel. 47-4-568294, Fax 47-4-568071.

JAIME BUITRAGO, Exxon Exploration Company, P.O. Box 4279, Houston, TX, 77210-4279, U.S.A.; Tel. 713 591 5254.

MARY ROSE CASSA, State of California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Ave., Suite 200, Berkeley, CA, 94710-2737, U.S.A., Tel. 510 540 3771, Fax 510 540 3819.

JERRY L. CLAYTON, Branch of Petroleum Geology, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 977, Federal Center Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225, U.S.A., Tel. 303 236 9379. Fax 303 236 3202.

GARY A. COLE, Badge 197340, c/o Saudi Aramco, P.O. Box 11987, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia, Tel. 9663 878 1896, Fax 9663 873 7766.

Xl

JACQUES CONNAN, Elf Aquitaine, CSTJF-L2109 Avenue Larribau, 64018 Pau Cedex, France, Tel. 33 598340 00, Fax 33 59834369.

CHRIS CORNFORD, Integrated Geochem. International Ltd., Hallsannery, Bideford, Devon EX39 SHE, U.K., Tel. 0237 471749, Fax 0237 421700.

JOSEPH A. CURIALE, Unocal Inc., P.O. Box 76, Brea, CA 92621, U.S.A, Tel. 714 577 2312.

E.M. DAUKORU, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Lagos, Nigeria.

W.C. DAWSON, Texaco EPTD, 3901 Briarpark, Houston, TX 77042, U.S.A, Tel. 713 954 6086, Fax 713 954 6113.

GERARD DEMAISON, 1575 Prospect Avenue, Capitola, CA 95010, U.S.A, Tel. 408 476 2903.

DAVID DEMING, School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-0628, U.S.A, Tel. 405 325 6304, Fax 405 325 3140.

WALLACE G. OOW, DGSI, 8701 New Trails Drive, The Woodlands, TX 77381, U.S.A, Tel. 713 363 2176, Fax 713 292 3528.

MARLAN W. OOWNEY, President, ARCO International Oil & Gas, 2300 West Plano Parkway, Plano, TX 75075, U.S.A, Tel. 214 754 4002, Fax 214 754 4057.

RICHARD J. DROZD, Westport Technology International, 6700 Portwest Dr., Houston, TX 77024, U.S.A., Tel. 713 560 8530, Fax 713 864 9357.

CHUKWUEMEKA M. EKWEOZOR, Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Tel. 234 1 400550.

TIMOTHY D. ELAM, Chevron U.S.A Inc., 5001 California Avenue, Room C211, Bakersfield, CA 93309, U.S.A., Tel. 805 395 6330, Fax 805 395 6304.

LEWIS W. ELROD, Texaco EPTD, 3901 Briarpark, Houston, TX 77042, U.S.A., Tel. 713 954 6278, Fax 713 954 6113.


xii Contributors

WILLIAM A. ENGLAND, BP Research Centre, Building 1 01.141A, Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex, TW16 7LN, United Kingdom, Tel. 932 762855, Fax 932 763824.

THOMAS D. FOUCH, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center Box 25046, MS 940, Denver, CO 80225, U.S.A., Tel. 303 236 7064, Fax 303 236 8822.

PETER GERLING, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg Z, D-3000 Hannover 51, Germany, Tel. 0511 643 2631, Fax 0511 643 2304.

BRIAN HORSFIELD, Forschungszentrum Jiilich, ICG-4, Postfach 1913, W-5170 Jiilich, Germany, Tel. 2461 61 3670, Fax 2461 61 2484.

BRADLEY J. HUIZINGA, ARCO International Oil & Gas Co., Plano, Texas, U.S.A., Tel. 214 754 6077, Fax 214 754 6687.

CLIFTON F. JORDAN, JR., Integrated Data Services, 6878 Cedar Lane, Bonne Terre, Missouri 63628, U.S.A., Tel. 314 431 0425, Fax 314 431 2933.

B. J. KATZ, Texaco EPTD, 3901 Briarpark, Houston, TX 77042, U.S.A., Tel. 713 954 6093, Fax 713 954 6113.

H. DOUGLAS KLEMME, RR1, Box 179B, Bondville, VT 05340, U.S.A., Tel. 802 297 1821, Fax 802 297 3221.

FRANZ KOCKEL, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg Z, D-3000 Hannover 51, Germany, Tel. 0511 643 2631, Fax 0511 643 2304.

ISTAVAN KONCZ, MOL Rt., H-8801 Nagykanizsa, P.O. Box 194, Hungary.

E.A.M. KOUTSOUKOS, Petrobras R & D Center, Petrobras/CENPES, Cidade University Quadra 7, Ilha Do Fundao 21910, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tel. 21 598 6460, Fax 21 280 0226.

MICHAEL D. LEW AN, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center Box 25046 MS 977, Denver CO 80225, U.S.A., Tel. 303 236 9391, Fax 303 236 3202.

PAUL G. LILLIS, Branch of Petroleum Geology, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 977, Federal Center Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225, U.S.A., Tel. 303 236 9382, Fax 303 236 3202.

LESLIE B. MAGOON, Branch of Petroleum Geology, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025, U.S.A., Tel. 415 354 3010, Fax 415 354 3224.

FERNANDO MARCANO, Maravan, S.A., Edif. Maraven, Chuao, Caracas 1060, Venezuela, Tel. 2 908 2479, Fax 2 908 3150.

RICHARD F. MAST, Branch of Resource Analysis, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center Box 54026, MS 937, Denver, CO 80225, U.S.A., Tel. 303 236 5330, Fax 303 776 5448.

THANE H. McCULLOH, 7136 Aberdeen, Dallas, TX 75230-5407, U.S.A., Tel. 214 951 3089.

MARCIO R. MELLO, Petrobras R & D Center, Petrobras/CENPES, Cidade University Quadra 7, Ilha Do Fundao 21910, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tel. 21 598 6460, Fax 21 280 0226.

JENNIFER A. MILES, Optimisers Limited, Halfway House, Asthall Leigh Road, Ford wells, Oxon OX8 5PP, U.K.d, Tel. 0235 811237, Fax 0235 811237.

W.U. MOHRIAK, Petr6leo Brasileiro S/ A Petrobras Depex, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

DAVID G. MORSE, Environmental Quality Div., Watervliet Arsenal-PWQ, Watervliet, NY 12189, U.S.A., Tel. 518 266 5731.

VITO F. NUCCIO, Branch of Sedimentary Processes, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 939, Federal Center Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225, U.S.A., Tel. 303 236 1654, Fax 303 236 0459.

KENNETH E. PETERS, Mobil Exploration & Producing Technical Center, 3033 Irving Blvd., Dallas, TX 75247, U.S.A., Tel. 214 951 3272, Fax 214 951 2265.

JANET K. PITMAN, Branch of Sedimentary Processes, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 939, Federal Center Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225, U.S.A., Tel. 303 236 7745, Fax 303 236 0459.

MARGARET H. PYTTE, B-2224, Chevron Overseas Petroleum Inc., P.O. Box 5046, San Ramon, CA 94583-0946, USA; 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road, San Ramon, CA 94583, U.S.A., Tel. 510 842 3586, Fax 510 842 3442.

M. K. RANGARAJU, Exploration Business Group, SRBC, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, MMDA Building, N. 8, Gandhi Irvin Road, Egmorem Madras 600 008.


DUDLEY D. RICE, Branch of Petroleum Geology, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center Box 25046, MS 971, Denver, CO 80225, U.S.A., Tel. 303 236 5771, Fax 303 236 8822.

V.D. ROBISON,Texaco EPTD, 3901 Briarpark, Houston, TX 77042, U.S.A., Tel. 713 954 6355, Fax 713 954 6113.

}DRGEN RULLKOTTER, Universitat Oldenburg, ICLM, P.O. Box 2503, Oldenburg D2900, Germany, Tel. 49 7983262, Fax 49 7983384.

JAMES W. SCHMOKER, Branch of Petroleum Geology, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 970, Federal Center Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225, U.S.A., Tel. 303 236 5794, Fax 303 236 8822.

JOHN T. SMITH, Shell Development Company, P.O. Box 481, Houston, TX 77001, U.S.A., Tel. 713 245 7569.

CHARLES W. SPENCER, Branch of Petroleum Geology, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 940, Federal Center Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225, U.S.A., Tel. 303 236 5761, Fax 303 236 8822.

P. SUNDARARAMAN, Chevron Petroleum Technology Company, 1300 Beach Boulevard, P.O. Box 446, La Habra, CA 90633-0446, U.S.A., Tel. 403 234 6211, Fax 310 694 7178.

SUHAS C. TALUKDAR, DGSI, 8701 New Trails Drive, The Woodlands, TX 77381, U.S.A., Tel. 713 363 2176, Fax 713 292 3528.

J. THOMAS, Basin Research Division, KDMIPE, ONGC 9, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun 248195, India, Tel. 0135 23193, Fax 0135 25265

Contributors xiii

JACK C. THREET, Tealstone, 150 Gessner, #9D, Houston, TX 77024, U.S.A.

CARLOS M. URIEN, Consultant, Paraguay 609, Buenos Aires 1642, Argentina, Tel. 1 312 7645, Fax 1 312 7645.

ZENON C. VALIN, Branch of Petroleum Geology, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025, U.S.A., Tel. 415 354 3012, Fax 415 354 3224.

DOUGLAS W. WAPLES, Platte River Associates, Inc., 2000 W. 120th, Suite 10, Denver, CO 80234, U.S.A., Tel. 303 469 7765, Fax 303 469 7770.

HERMANN WEHNER, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg Z, D-3000 Hannover 51, Germany, Tel. 0511 643 2631, Fax 0511 643 2304.

CHARLES WIELCHOWSKY, EXXON Exploration Company, P.O. Box 146, Houston, TX 77001-0146, U.S.A., Tel. 713 591 5407.

MICHAEL J. WHITICAR, Centre for Earth and Ocean Studies, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, B.C., V8W 2Y2, Canada, Tel. 604 721 7334, Fax 604 721 7715.

JAMES LEE WILSON, Consultant, 1316 Patio Drive, New Braunfels, TX, 78130-8505, U.S.A., Tel. 512 625 6612.

JUVENAL J. ZAMBRANO, Consultant, Du Rioja 489, San Juan, Argentina.


AAPG wishes to thank the following for their generous contributions to

The Petroleum System-From Source to Trap

Amoco Production Company ARCO International Oil & Gas Co.

Chevron Overseas Petroleum, Inc.

DGSI

Elf Aquitaine Production-France

Mobil Exploration Norway

Petrobras S.A.

Shell Oil Company

Unocal

Contributions are applied against the production costs of the publication, thus directly reducing the book's purchase price and increasing its

availability to a greater audience.


Documents

AAPG Memoir 60 - GeoScienceWorld