АЛЕКСАНДР С. ГЕРД — СОЦИОЛИНГВИСТИКА ● ALEXANDER S. HEARD — THE MAXIMS OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS

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):(IDI mseH:uapneB HeMellKHH: 113bIK - 3TO oco6DIH aapHaHT - lDBHuepnoTm. B .n:enoBoH: ·ccpepe, B c4:>epe rocy.n:apcTBeH111>1x opraeos a OCHOBHOM HCIIOJILJyeTC11 HeMel.{KHH JIHTeparypHbIK 113bIK, pe)l(e IIIBHl.{epTIOTIII, B 10ro-aana.nsoif IIIseiin;apHH qame y1101pe6AAeTc.si <l>pamzyJcKHH j{JLIK. B IIpHHU.HIIe, B CT])aHe qen,1pe Hal.{HOHaJibHLIX H3DIKa, H IIOJIHTHKa B o6JiaCTH o6paJOBaHIDI HarrpasneHa Ha TO, qro6E..I K3)1(.ll:blH qenoBeK OBJia,neJI .nBYMH'I'peMH Jl3DIKaMH.

B f epMaHHH npo)l(HBaeT CBhIIIIe 4 MJIH rypoK-MYCYJibMaH. B Hcmtmu1 (HaceneHHe cahlme 37 MJIH qen.) rocy.n:apcTBeHHLIH KJLIK

HCIIaHCKHH. IloMHMO :noro, pacnpOClpa.HeHLI: 6acKCKHH - OKOJIO 2 MJIH, KaranaHCKHH. - 7 MJIH, raJIHCHKCKHH - 2 MJIH 400 TblC. qeJIOBeK, acrypHHCKBH - 300 TI,1c. qenoaeK. CospeMeHHbIH HcrraHCKHH mrreparypm,1ii HJbIK - apHMOH Hacne,n;HHK KaCTHJibCKoro HJLIKa, HJhIKa CTapoii KacTHmm. O<l>HU.HaJihHLIMH 'iJLIKaMH B Hcnamm HBJIJIIOTCH HcnaHCKHH KaCTHJILcKHii H perHOHaJILH1>1e: 1<aTa.JiaHcKHH: - B KaTanOHHH, 6ac1<cKHH - Ha ceaepe C'IpaHbI, raJIHCHHCKHH.

B 3croHHH, OJUIOH HJ Ca.MhIX MaJieHLKHX c-rpaH Eapon:r,1, JCTOHUeB -68 %, pyccKHX - 25 %, yI<paHHues - 2 %, 6enopycos - 1,3%, <l>HHHoB oxono 1 %, ocTaJIE..HDIX MeHee 1 % - naTbIIDH, nHTOBIJ.bI, eapeu, HeMIJ.LI, rarapbl, IlOJIHKH H .lJ.p.

B JhoKceM6ypre CBLIIlle 360 Thie. qenoseK roaopu Ha oqrnuHanbHOM rocy.n:apcTBeHHOM JIIOKceM6yprcKOM HJLII<e; ocpHU.HaJihHaJI ,lleJIOBaJI JIHTeparypa - Ha cppaHIJ.Y3CKOM H HeMeUKOM H3bIKax.

B H11.nepna!U(ax (foJIJiaH.llHH) (HaceneHHe CBhnne 15 MJIH qen.) HH.n:epnaH,UCKHH - oqmu.uanbH.bIH HJ.hIK. Ha <l>PHJCKOM jfJLIKe so <l>pHcnaH,llHH roaopu OKOJIO 400 TblC. qenoseK; Ha cppH3CKOM fOBOpHT TaK>Ke B fepMaHHH. B <l>HHJIHH,llllli (HaceJieHHe CBLIIIIe 5 MJIH qen.) c 1919 r. o4>nII;HaJibH.bie H3blKH - cpHHCKHK H I11Be,ncudl; Ha caaMCKOM roaopu 5700 qeJJoBeK.

8

B Ilopzyra.JIHH e l 998 r B KatiecTBe aroporo 04>HIJ;Han1>Horo H3LIKa 61>IJI o61>'1BJieH H3bIK MHpaHJJ.e3e. Ha HeM roeopHT OKOJIO 15 000 qenoaeK Ha ceeepe C1]JaH1>1 Ha rpamru:e c McnaHHeit

B MHJJ.oHe3HH npoxmeaeT oKoJio 300 Hapo.uoe. Oceosm,re H3 HHX R:Ba.Hllbl, cyHJJ.aiu..u,1, Ma;zypl(LI, Manaih.u,1. B ClpaHe oKoJio 400 H3LIKOB H ,llHaJieKTOB, rocy.z:r.apcTBeHHbIH H3hlK - HHJJ.OHe3HHCKHH.

<l>HJIHIIIIHHhl, <l>HJIHililHHCKaH pecny6JIHKa - 3TO 7 100 OClpOBOB. OcHOBHoe Hace11eHHe Cl"paHbl 6HcaHro>1 (35 %), TIITTlJlbI (25 %), a raIOKe 6HKOJILUbl H pH.U .z:r.pyrHX Hapo.z:r.Hocreil. Ha <l>HJIHilIIlfHax HacqHTbl.BaeTc.sI .no 90 .11J1>1KoB. O<l>HUHaJILHbIH .s131>1K - Tilra.JILCKHli. RJLIKH Me)f(HanHoHanhHoro o6meHIDI - aHrJIHHCKHH, HCilaHCKHH H Tara.JThCKHH, cymecTByeT TaIOKe p.si.z:r. MeCTI-ILIX pent:OHaJibHLIX H3bIKOB (H1IOK3.HCKHH, ce6yaHCKBH H T . .z:r..). ,D;o Haqana XX B., .z:r.o Haqana aMepHKaHcKoii OKI<ynamm, poJIL o«t>uUHaJILHoro .SI3bIKa BbIIlOJIHHJI HCilaHCKHH .sI3bIK.

B Yraime B 06HXO.UH0-61>1roeoli c«t>epe HCIIOJlb3yeTCs H3hIK cyax.HJIH, apa6cKHH H3hIK BbicrynaeT KaK .sI'3hIK MycynLMaHcKHX o6num. OcHOBHOe o6meHHe ocymecTBmi:eTc.si Ha aHrJIHHCKOM H HJLIKax raH.D.a H cyaxmIH, npH 3TOM aHrmlHCKHH .sI3bIK - H3blK cy.z:r.a, .z:r.enoeoro H o«t>HUHa.Jll>HOfO o6meHIDI, BbICmero o6pa30BaHIDI.

Ta.KHM o6pa3oM, OTMeqemn.1e TeHJJ.eHllHH xaprucrepm,1 .ll.JljJ acex CTJlaH. K 3TOMY cne.z:r.yeT .uo6aBHTL, trro eo scex CTpaHax 3arra.n:Holi Eepom.1 npo)l(HBaIOT MIDIJIHOHhl HMMHrpaHToB H3 Cl"paH A3HH H A4>pHKH.

IlpHBe.n:eM npHMepbI no Pecny6mnce Ka3axcTaH (Co.zq>~ecTBo He3aBHCHMLIX focy;n:apCTB). Kapnrna 3THO.H3hIKOBOfO MHOf006p3.3IDI B pa3Hble nepHO.ZU,I coapeMeHHOH HCTOpHH KaJaxCTaHa H HarJIH)lHble H3MeHeHIDI B tJHCJieHHOCTH HacemnomHX ee Hapo.z:r.oe npe;n:CTaBne:m,1 e rn6n. l (no JlailHhIM 3.,D;. CyneiiMettoeoli).

B cospeMeHHoli PoccHH ttacqlffbraaeTC.H CBLime 140 .113hlKOB pa3JllAHl>IX Hapo.n:oe. HanpHMep, TOJILKO e ,D;arecTaHe cero.n:H.sI HMeeM IlHCLMeHm.1e H3hlKH: asapCKHH, .n:aprHHCKHH, K}'MbIKCI<Hit, Jie3fHHCKHH, naKCKmi, ra6acapaHCKHH, HOfaHCKHH, TaTCKHH, pyccKHH H OKOJIO 20 6ecnHCbMeHHhlX HJbIKOB, HanpnMep aH.llHHCKHH, 6oTJIHXCKHH, .D.H.D:OHCKHH, pyry111>cKH:M, u:axypCKHH, 6y.n:yxcKHH, XHHaJIYfCKHH, arynLCKHH H JlP.

)l{H'feJIH cena AHJJ.pIOmKHHO B .SIKYfHH sna.n:e10T IDITLIO HJLIKaMH -HK)'TCKHM,pyccKHM,IOKarHpCKHM,~BeHCKHM,1.J)'KOTCKHM.

TaKHM o6pa3oM, Bo Bcex crpa.Hax, r.n:e ecTL pa.3H03THIRHoe HaceneHHe, MLI BCTpeqaeMCH c CHryaI.UleH 6HJIHHfBH3Ma, pe)l(e IlOJIHJIHHfBH3Ma.

9

Ta6RUl.(a J. ~HHaMHKa 'IHCJJeHHOCTH naH6onee KpynHblX nuocos s Pecny6nuKe Ka3axcrau (197~1999)

1970 1979 1989 1999 IloKa.JaTerrb ~CJleH- Y11.. qHcneH- Y11.. ~CJleH- YJJ.. '1.HcneH-

HOCTh, eec, HOCTb, eec, HOCTh eec, HOCTh, TbIC. % ThIC. % TLIC. %• ThIC.

Bee HaceneHHe 13013,0 100 14688,3 100 16199,2 100 14953,l

l. Ka3rurn 4238,4 32,6 5293,4 36,0 6496,9 40,1 7985,0

2. PyccKHe 5521,9 42,4 5991,2 40,8 6062,0 37,4 4479,6

3. y KpaHHUhl 933,5 7,2 898,0 6,1 875,7 5,4 547,1

4. Y36eKH 216,3 1,7 263,3 1,8 331,0 2,0 370,7

5. HeMQLI 858,i 6,6 900,2 6,1 946,9 5,8 353,4

6. TaTapbI 285,7 2,2 312,6 2,1 320,7 2,0 249,0

7 YiirypLI 120,9 0,9 147,9 1,0 181,5 1,1 210,4

8. JierropycLI 198,3 1,5 181,5 1,2 177,9 I, l 111,9

9. KopeifULI 81,6 0,6 92,0 0,6 100,7 0,6 99,7

10. A3ep63H- 57,7 0,4 73,3 0,5 89,0 0,5 78,3 )J)KaHUbl

11. TypKH 18,5 0,1 25,8 0,2 49,5 0,3 75,9

12. Iloruu<H 61,4 0,5 61,1 0,4 59,4 0,4 47,3

13. ):(y1mme 17,3 0,1 22,5 0,2 30,0 0,2 36,9

14. KypJlbl 12,3 0,1 17,7 0,1 25,4 0,2 32,8 15. t{eqemn.1 34,5 0,3 38,3 0,3 49,l 0,3 31,8

16. T 3,lJ)KHICH 16,0 0,1 19,3 0,1 25,3 0,2 25,7

17. Eaun<HpLI 21,4 0,2 32,5 0,2 40,9 0,3 23,2

18.MOJIJJ.OBaHe 26,0 0,2 30,3 0,2 32,4 0,2 19,5

19. MHryurn 18,4 0,1 18,3 0,1 19,5 0,1 16,9

20.MopJJ.Ba 34,4 0,3 31,4 0,2 29,2 0,2 16,1

21. ~yrne 240,0 1,8 273,7 1,6 256,3 1,6 142,0 HapOJJ.bl

6Mm1HrBM3M, Bbl60p Sl3b1Ka 0604eHM.R M H3blK·nocpeAHMK

Y11.. eec, %

100

53,4

30,0

3,7

2,5

2,4

1,7

1,4

0,7

0,7

0,5

0,5

0,3

0,2

0,2

0,2 0,2

0,2

0,1

0,1

0,1

0,9

EUJ1uH26U3M ~ 3TO cnoco6HocTL qenoseKa K ynorpe6neHHIO .llBYX .83hIKOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CHTya1urn, o6cTaHOBKH. HanpHMep, Ha pa6ore, B

oq>HIUfa.JlbHOH o6CTaHOBKe qenoBeK MOX<eT IlOllb30BaTLCH 0.ll.HHM 113blKOM, a

.ll.OMa B ceMbe, c .upy3LHMH rosopHTb Ha ,ll:pyroM. 11epexo.n: c OJJ:HOfO 113bIKa

Ha .npyroH: B 3aBHC.HMOCTH OT CHTyauHH H TIUia co6ece.n:HHKOB, yqacTHlfl<OB

.n:uarrora, IIOilIDIOra Ha.3blBalOT TaIOKe «Me HOH KO,Aa». ,l{JUI 3THOJIHHfBHCTHKH

10

BIDKHhl HMeHHO He co6cTBeHHO BH)'TJJIDl3hIKOBhie npouecChl .ll.BYj[Jl>IqIDI, a re ycJIOBHJI, o6CT0j[TeJihCTBa, B KOTOphIX OHO npoTeKaeT.

K rrpo611eMe 6HJIHHfBH3Ma OTHOCHTCj[ H BOIIpOC 0 TOM, KaKOH H3DIK B KaKoii CHTYamrn npeo6naJJ,aeT - B ceM1>e, B Mar33HHax, Ha pa6ore HT . .lJ.. IlpH 3TOM oqem. qacTo sa)l(HhI TeMhI 6ece.zu,1, Kpyr )'11aCTHHKOB .nuanora, B KaKOH CTeneHH qeJIOBeK BJiaJJ,eeT BTOpbIM '13LIKOM.

Mo)l(HO roBopIITL o 6mnrnrBH3Me OT pO)l(.LJ.eHHJI, KOr.LJ.a pe6ettoK pacTeT B CMemaHHOH ceM1>e HJIH cpene H c )l,eTCTBa CB060.LJ.HO BJia.neeT .nsyMj[ ULI

KaMH. HanpHMep, ecmt pe6eHOK BOCIIHTLIBaeTCJI B ceMLe, r)l,e O)lHH H3 po.zurreneH: HBJij[eTCJI pyccKHM, a .LJ.PYfOH TaTapHHOM HJIH rpyJHHOM, H Ka)l(.ZU,IH H3 pO.ll.HTeneli qacTO rosopHT c HHM Ha CBOeM pO.llHOM j[3b1Ke, TO TaKOH pe-6eHOK HeH36e)l(H0 c )leTCTBa 6y.neT rosopIITh H Ha Jl3h1Ke MaTepH, H Ha '13hlKe OTua (Ha R3LIKe CBOHX 6a6ymeK H .ne.zzymeK).

}.:(pyroii, HaH6onee pacnpOC1"paHeHHLIH, THil .ll.BY-'13blt{HJI - 3TO TeppRropHam,Hoe .ll.BYH3blqHe, KOTOpoe B03HHKaeT B pe3yrr1>raTe Me)l('bH3LIKOBOH HHrep<t>epeHI.J,HH y HapOJlOB-COCe.ll.eH, npmKHBal-OIQHX p'1,nOM H3)l,aBHa. HanpHMep, pyccKne, npmKHBaIOIUHe B 3a6aii:Kan1>e, cso60)1.Ho rosopHT no-6ypncKH, a HX cocemi-6ypHThI - no-pyccKH.

B1>1,neID1eTc.8 TaK)l(e col.J,llan1>Ho 06yc11osneHHoe .ll.BYH31>111He, KOTopoe, CKOpee, MO)l(HO 61>IJIO 61>1 Ha3BaTL nparMaTff\leCKH 06yc11os11eHH1>IM, COUHaJILHO BhIH)')l(.neHHI>IM .l1.BYH3I.PrneM. TaKOB 6HJIHHrBH3M scex HMMHrpaHToB B pa3Hl>IX CTJJaHax Mupa. Ee3 3HaHHJI o<t>HUHaJIDHoro .83DIKa crpam,1 OHH He MOfYT YCTJJOHTl>CH Ha pa6ozy, B oco6eHHOCTH B c$epe npecTIDKHI>Ix HJIH HHTeJIJieKTYaJILHbIX np0<}>eccH:ii:. C10)la )Ke cneJl.YeT oTHecrn: Heo6xomiMOCTL OBJia.n:eHHJI o<t>HI.J.HaJIDHhIM H3blKOM BO MHOfHX c-rpaHax 61>mmero CCCP.

Oco6bln nm COUHaJibHO 06yc11osrreHHoro, nparMaTHtfecKoro 6HJIHHrBH3Ma npe.ncrnsJIJ1eT co6oii o6peTeHHOe B npou.ecce coJHaTeJihHoro o6yqeHHH H yrrorpe611eHHJ1 H3b1Ka .ll.BYH3blqffe 6oJibllleii qacTH HHTeJIJIHreHUHH ( CBo6o.n:Hoe BJia,neHHe aHrJIHHCKHM, HeMeUKHM H .npyrHMH H3blKaMH).

CosceM oco6oe HBJieHHe - HayqHoe H xy.n:o:>KecmeHHoe .ll.BYR31>1qHe. HanpHMep, Ha 6e11opycc1<0M, no111>CKOM H naTHHCKOM H3hIKax nHca.JIH KJiacCHKH 6enopyccKoli nHTeparypi.1 C. EyAHI>IH, A. PLIMIDa, Ha y.KpaHHCKOM H pyccKoM - E. OneliHHK, Ha 6enopyccKOM H pyccKoM - B. EMKOB, Ha Ka-3axc1<0M H pyccKoM - 0. Cyneii:MeHOB, Ha asapcKoM H pyccKOM - 3. KaIIHeB, Ha a3ep6aiiJPKaHCKOM H pyccKoM - M. 116parHM6exoa, Ha Mon,nasCKOM H pyccKoM M. ):Wyue, Ha TarapcKOM H pyccKoM - P. Kyzyli, Ha HHBXCKOM H pyccKOM - B. CaHrH, Ha HaHaliCKOM B pyccKOM - r Xo,Zl)l(ep, Ha MaHcIDicKoM H pyccKOM - IO. Illecranos. B OceTHH Ha pyccKoM jlJhlKe n11ca.11 KJiaccHK oceTHHCKoM: nwrepazypDI Kocra Xe:rarypoB.

11

B IIpOllIJIOM Mbl TalOKe MO>KeM HaHTH HeMaTIO c.rryqaea, KOr)la TO IUIH HHoe npomse.uemte npHHa.)l.Jle)KJIT .nBYM u 6onee Hapo)laM. RpKHM npHMepoM MO>KeT CJIY>KHTh mrrepaTypa Hapo.LJ.OB Cpe.uHeH: A3HH.

KaI< IDBeCTHo, nocne 3aaoeBaH1UI Cpe.aHeif A3HH, Mpatta apa6aMH B VII B. mrreparypm1M H3bIKOM noscio.uy CTaII apa6cKHH:. Apa6cKHH JIHTepa-1)'PHblH HJhIK - 3To HJhIK Xope3Ma, CaMapKaH.D.a, H3bIK no3TOB-cor.z.umues H3 Mepsa, repaTa. HanpHMep, A6y-n <l>aTX EycTH IIHCfill CTHXH H Il03Mhl Ha '13bIKe .uapH H no-apa6cKH. IlocreneHHO Il033IDI Ha R3bIKe .uapH .llOCTHrna csoero HaHB1>1cmero pacuaera npH ,ZI;Bope CaMaHH)lOB B Eyxape. Benm<He cpe,ZU1ea3HaTCKHe no3TbI IX-X BB. lllacxH,LJ. Ea.JIXH, Py.uaKH IlHCaJIH noapa6cKH H Ha .uapn.

Apa6cKitit H3LIK 6Mn u H3bIKOM Hayxu ecero apa6cKoro xanH<t>arn B VIII-XI BB. ABHUeHua nucan CBOH TPY.LJPI no Me.zuumHe, ac'I'pOHOMHH noapa6CKH, Ho Iurnry MY.LJ.POCTH HarrHcan Ha .uapH. Tpy.z:u,1 no <t>HJioco4>HH, MareMaTHKe, Me.znu.urHe, aCTpOHOMHH eoo6me qame co3)laBaIIHCh Ha apa6-CKOM H3.bIKe.

KaK mBeCTHO, BX-XVI BB. TeKCTbI 6onrapcKOH, cep6c1<oli H pyccKOH IIHC.bMeHHOCTH Bo6paJIH B ce6H noqTu Bee OCHOBHLle pemffH03Hbie H <t>HJiococpcKHe IlpOH3Be.neHIDI BH3aIITeHCKOH JIHTeparypbI. 3TO nepeBO)lbl H3 .HoaHHa 3JiaTOycra, BacHJIIDI BenHKoro, Att.npes: KpHTcKoro, EcppeMa CHpmra, <l>e.n;opa Cry.unTa, fpHropru1 HHccKoro, BHJaHTHHCKHX >KHTHH CBHTLIX, a raJOKe noeecTeH o npeMY.UPOM AK11pe, o BapnaaMe H .Hoacacpe, 06 AneKcaimpe.

B ,[(y6poBHHKe, B )J:a.JIMaUHH, Hc-rpHH B XV-XVI BB. no3Thl IO>KHOCJiaBHHCKoro npOHCXO>K)leHIDl IIHCaJIH CTHXH H IlO-HTaJibHHCKH, H nonaTHHCKH. TaKOBbl HBaH l{ecMH11KHH, HrrIDI I.ijJHeBHlf, IOpaH: lllHmropM, Kapno Ilyl(Hr, )J;aMHaH EeHelilWI, )J;H.LlaK IlHp, MapKo MapymN.

PyccKHe 1IHcare1111 XVIII B., KaK H3BeCTHo, OTIOO)lb He qy>K.D.aJIHCL cppamzyJCKOfO '13bIKa.

Ha1<0Heu, o6paTHMCH orurr1:. K cospeMeHHocTH. Cero.n,HH B A<t>p111<e HeMa.JIO BLI.LJ.aIOmHXcH lIHCaTeJieH 1rnmyr He Ha po.n,HOM R3blKe, a Ha aHfJIHHCKOM HJIH <l>paHll)'3CKOM.

Aarno'IJhllfHhle ITHcarenu ClpaH AcppHKH: IlHTep A6paxaMc, IOAP (1919 r p.), Bone llloiilmKa, HHrepIDI (1934 r p., Ho6enescKru1 npeMIDI 1986 f.) H .z:q>.

<l>paHI<OHJl:tlllHLie IIHCaTeJIH CTPaH Acl>pHKH: CeM6eu Y cMaH, CeHerarr (1923_r. p.); EeIDKaMeH MaTHTI, KaMepyH (1932 r p.).

CnHco1< no.n,o6H1>1x npHMepoB MO)l(ffO 61>mo 6b1 npo.uoIDKHTL rro pa.3-HhlM cTpaHaM (.Hu.aHH, <l>HJIHIIIIHHbI, EupMa).

3nt npHMepbI rropo)l(.ZJ;aIOT, no Kpa.HHeif Mepe, TPH Bonpoca, 1<0Topb1e

12

npHHa,L(Jle)KaT, c O.ll,HOH CTOpOHhI, HCTOpHH JIHrepa'fYPbl, a c ,apyroH, 3THO

JIHHf'BHCTHKe, a HMCHHO:

I KaKoH: HaUHoHanbHOH JIHTepaTYJJe (K)'JlLTYJJe, K)'JILT)'PaM) IIpHHa,n

Jie)KaT BCe TaKHe opHrHHanbHble, He nepeBOJUU>Ie npOH3Be.QeHHg?

2. KaxoH: THn 3THoca (3THffllHOCTH) penpe3eHTHpyeT TaKOH aBTop?

3. Kaxoif THII K)'Jlh'fYPbl (KYJih'fYP), MCHTaJIH'feTa penpe3eHTHpyeT ra

KOA aBrop?

IloCKOJibKY B mo6oM pa3BMTOM coapeMeHHOM o6m.ecTBe OCHOBHhIM

cpe.QCTBOM KOMM)'HHICal.(HH jlBJUleTCjl He .n.uaneKT, a CTaH.n.apTilblH HOpMH

pOBaHHI>Iii IIHCbMeHHhIH "3blK, ICOTOpbIH peanIDyeTCg B TilKHX <t>opMax, KaK

"3bIK xy.no)KeCTBeHHOH nureparypLI, Jl3bIK ny6JIHUHCTHKH, pa.zum, "3bIK

HayKH H TCXHHKH, BOIIpOC 0 IIpHHa.QJie)KHOCTH IIpOH3Be.QeHIDI K TOH HJIH

HHOH HaUHOHaJibHOH K)'JlbType OKa3hmaeTC'1 He TaKHM IIpOCT.bIM. IlpH pe

weHHH 3roro eonpoca Heo6xo.QHMo yqHTLIBaT.b PM MOMeHToB, rnKHX KaK

Ha.I.UIOHaJI.bHOCTb IlHCaTeIDI, ero 3THHtleCKaJI npuHaAJie)KHOCTh KaK OH CaM

ee OCOJHaeT; oct>HU.HaJibHOe rpIDK,llaHCTBO, IlO.ll,llaHCTBo; po,nHaJI C'I'paHa nu

caTeIDI; «HepO.llHCUI», ti;pyraJI CTJ>aHa .llIDI IlHCaTeIDI; po.n.Hoi, «MaTepHH

CKHii» jf3hIK IlHCaTeJUI; Hepo.QHOH BTOpoH: .Jl3hIK, qam;e ocf>HJlHaJibHLIH '13bIK

,apyro'H CTpaHLI.

IlHcareJib MO>KeT, coxpaIDUI CBOIO HainmHaJibHOCTb, rpa>K.QaHCTBO, IlH

CaTb Ha o<t>HUHaJibHOM H3bIKe ti;pyroif ClpaHbl, HanpHMep, TypKH (HMeIDm:He

HeMel.(KOe fPa>K.llaHCTBO) - >KYPHaJIHCTbI, ITHCaTeJIH B COBpeMeHHOH rep

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13

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Ta"l'apcKlfH 17,8 7,15 10,0 9,9 3,25

Ta-rapcKHH 59,7 45,0 54,0 73,l 63,5 H pyccKHH

Ta6J1u14a3. Bb16op H3b1Ka o6meHHH e ceMbe (e %)

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1-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20 H Bl>Illle

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14

KIDK.IU>IH -rpeTHH )l(HTeJI1> Ka3alilf cocTOHT B cMemaHHOM 6paxe mrn npoHCXO.LlHT OT Hero. BeJIKKo quc110 cMelllaHHhIX 6paKoB B ropo.aax Tantpcnrna: l>yrynLMe 27,5 % B 1991 r H 28,1%B1992 r., B Ena6yre-cooTBeTCTBeHHo 32,5 u 34,9, JleHHHoropcKe - 37,4 H 38,8, Ha6epe)l(m,1x qenHax - 32,6 H 33,9, KaJam1 - 26,7 11 27,8 %. ,ll;IDKe B ntKID<. qHcTo -ra-rapcKHX palioHax, KaK ApcKHH, ATHHHCKHH, AKTaHblllICKHH, l>anntcHHcl<HH, MycmoMOBCKHH, e)f(ero.uHo pemcrpHpyeTc.JI OT 4 .uo 8 % cMeIIIaHHD1x 6paKOB (OT o6mero lJHCJia).

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15

Ta6Jlu~a 5. Cl>opMbl H cnneub BJJaJJ.eHHH 6ypHTCKHMH y'-latUHMHCSI

6ypHTCKHM H pyccKHM Sl3LIK8MH (e %) ·-·· I

IJo-6yp11TCKH Ilo-pyccKH

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2 WKOJibI

ea Jhmeii .M! I 29,5 46,2 12,1 11,0 - 73,7 32,l 1,1 1, I ~ ,

= Ilpilropo.z:un,re ~ DI1COJ1bI

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...___. JbmeH:N2 l 14,3 42,9 29,7 12,1 - 58,3 33,0 6,6 I, l

16

~ r::: Cll II) ::r:

-

-

-

-

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--

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2,0

-

-

-

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0,4

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-

-

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-

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f opO.LJ.CKHe WKOJibl 0,6 7,8 17,5 27,l 45,2 50,1 37,9 10,2 -;a., Jluueii N2 l 7,7 36,3 33,1 18,7 3,3 30,8 48,4 17,6 2,2

a IlpHrOpO,llHhle 5,5 21,9 26,5 26,5 17,2 28,1 46,l 20,3 3,1 ::s: mKOJibl

= 0rJJ:aJJ:eHElble 11,7 38,3 26,2 19,5 3,9 25,2 54,2 17,3 2,9 mKOJibl

ropo.n 8,1 14,3 18,7 24,l 33,2 47,5 39,4 10,8 0,6

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B OCHOBHOM, B OCHOBHOM, Hao6o-

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17

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18

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cpe)lHHKOB y:>Ke CJIO:>KimIDHec11, BhICOKOpa3BHTbie .83blKH .zi:pyrHX HapOJlOB,

CTOHilJ.HX, KaK npaBHJJO, Ha 6onee BbICOKOH cryrreHH o6m.ecTBeHHO-IlOJJHTH

qecxoro H KYJII>rypHoro pa.3BHTHJI.

19

B JraqecTBe TaKHX .ff3blKOB MOryT BLICtyllaTh KaJ< .R3blKH c 60JibllIOH JUlTepa'I)'PHOH TPaJlHl.{HeH, aeTOpITTe-roM, rrpHHHMaeMLie no eceo6meMy cornacmo (aHrnmicKHif, 4>paaey3cKHli e A<l>pHKe, pyccl<HH B PoccHH), raK H

IlpOCTO TOT .Jl3bIK, KOTOpbIH B CH.JI)' HCTOpHtleCKHX o6CTOUeJILCTB 3HaeT B

TOH HJIH HHOH c-reneHH 60111>1I1HHCTBO npe.n.CTaeureneH: pa.3m.IX HaURomUILaocreH, npmKHBaIOIIUIX B 3TOH C'I'paHe (pyccKKM: .113LIK Ha KaBKaJe ). IIpo-611eMI.1 6HJIHHrBH3Ma H '13bIKa-nocpe,ZI.HHKa TeCHO nepeIIJieTaIOTCH.

B Act>pmce pacreT polll> MexoTHHtieCKHX H3LIKOB, TaKHX KaK cyaxHJIH B

TaH3a1urn, KeHHH, Yrae.ne, 3aHpe H .zq>yrHX C'IpaHax, xayca B HHrepHH, HHrepe, EeHHHe, Toro, raue, Ka.Mep)'He.

AurJIHHCKHH DblK DpH3HaH o<t>HIJ.HaJibHblM .Jl3blKOM nlM6HH, f aHl>I, Kemm, HirrepHH, Ilanya HoBOH re1rneH; 4>paHeyJCKHH - ra6oHa, 3aHpa, KoHrO, Mrurn, HHrepa, Toro; nopzyra.JlbcKHii - AHrOJIDI, fBHHeH-l>Hcay, Mo1aM6HKa. B pH,Zl,e C'I'paH «TPeT1>ero MHpa» 4>YHKl(HOHHpyi<>T .u;Ba o<t>Hl.{HaJIDHLIX DLIKa: HanpHMep, B TaH3aHHH, KeHHH - aurJIHHCKHH H cyaxHJIH; B IlaKHCTaHe - yp.zzy H aarJIHHCKHH; B HH,Z:Ullf - XHH,11,H H aHrJIHHCKHH. ECTL rocy.napcTBa, r.ne .®YM JDblKaM-nocpe.n;HHKaM npHnHcaH pa.3HblH 06-mecTBeHHD1H: crazyc: 0,11,HH CtJHraeTC.11 «Ha~HOHaJibHblM)) H3b1KOM, .n;pyroA - «ocl>HUHaJIDHbIM». HanpHMep, B MaepwraHHH crazyc «Hal.{HOHaJihHoro» DLIKa npHHa,nJie)((HT apa6CKOM)', a <<Ocl>~HaJibHbIM» K3blKOM npH-3HaH cppaHJlY3CKHH.

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20

qeHHOCTb, OHH HCilOnb3)'lOTC.sI TOllbKO A.JUI u,eJieH Me)f(3THH'leCKOrO o6m.e

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B MenaHe3HH: B HX OCHOBe 061>NHO Jie)f(aT o.n1rn-.D:Ba eBpon:eHCKHX .R3b1Ka

XVI-XVIII BB.

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CTpa.HeH e C1>eppa-Jle0He, .R3bIK .l{)f(arrnaTaaK - Ha RMalf_Ke.

21

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.mc OH CTaJI HCIIOJih30BaTLC.SI B IDKO.nhHOM o6yqeHHH H B pai:umsemaHHH.

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22

B MeTO.n:onorH'!ecKoM ruiaHe cne.zzyeT pa:mwrnTh peK0Hcrpy11pyeMyro

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23

npouecc nocTO.S:HHOH cMeH1>1 O.llHOil K)'JibT)'PbI .D.pyroif. Ha onpe,ll,eJieHHoii

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Cnae11:He-MYcy111>Maue 6a11KaHcKHX C'fPaH - 3TO HTor HacHJILCTBeHuoii

HCJiaMHJaUHH, rrpoucIIIe.zuneH: e 3noxy zypeuKoro ura Ha Ea11KaHax B XIVXIX BB. B Eo11rapH11 3TO noMaKH; po,llorrcKHe HapeqIDJ 6011rapcKoro J13LIKa

rrpe.u.crasm110T co6on oco61>1H. .llHaJieKT, uac1>1meuH1>1H: 6oJILIIIHM qucnoM

TlOpKI13MOB.

IlpH 3TOM HMeHHO H3blK H pe1rnrIDI HrpalOT e,lJ.Ba JIH He OCHOBffYIO pOJib

8 npouecce CTaHOBJieHIDI 6HKY1IL1J'Pbl H rrepexo,lle Ha HOBYIO MOHOKYJihT)'

py. TaKoea eo MHOroM 6HK)'Jih'fYpa Kapen, eerrcoe, IDKopuee. Hepe,llKO 3TO

nepexo.n K npecTH:>KHOM)' H3bIKY H npeCTIDKHOn K)'1Ibzype ( CMeHa H3LIKa y

Hapo.n:oe KpaIDlero Ceeepa H ,[{a111>Hero BocToKa Ha pyccKHii .sl3LIK, a y

a6opureHOB AmlcKH H KaHa,ll,hI - Ha aHrJIHHCKHit).

B pH.ne cnyqaee B 1pe110M B03pacTe 6HKY1Ibzypa HH)J:HBH.na B03HHKaeT

HCKYCCTBeHHbIM nyreM, rryTeM Y:>Ke C03HaTeJILHOfO OTKa3a OT .ff3b1Ka ceoe:U:

24

MarepHHCKOH MOHOK)'JILTYJlLI, OT CHCTeMLI CTapLIX HauHOHaJILHLIX ueHHo

creR H C03HaTeJILHOH a.namamm K HOBOH K)'Jibzype (TaKOBa 6mcyJJLTYPa

o,nHOfO H3 qJieHOB ceMLH B CMelliaHHOM 6paxe ).

B KOHeqnoM Cl:feTe B nepBOM IIOKOJieHHH B ceMLe o6LftlHO .n:sa, pe)Ke

'IpH R3b1Ka o6meHIDl, .n:eTH - THIIIAHLie 6HJIHHrBLI OT pO)K,ll;eHIDI. CTaB

83pOCJibIMH, OHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cpe.ll:LI COXpaIDllOT eme :meMeHThI cra

poii ceMeHHOH MOHOK)'JILT)'PLI, HX )l.eTH, BffYKH rrepsoro IlOKOJleHIDl Hepe)l.

KO nepeXO,IDIT K HOBOH MOHOK)'JILT)'Pe. 3To MO)KeT 6:LITh MOHOK)'JIL'l)'Pa

npeCTIDKHOH H3UHH HJIH rocy.napcTBa. llp0)KHB3HIDI, BKJilOqWJ: CMeHY Bepo

HCIIOBe.llaHIUI, nepeXO)l. Ha COUHaJILHO rrpeCTH)KHhlH H )l.OMHHHp)'IOiiUm B

rocy.llapCTBe -'13LIK, BKJilOl:feHJfe B HH<l>paCTpYKTYPY HOBOH cny)((e6HOH KapL

ephl. IlpH 3TOM HOCHTeJIH 6HK)'JILTYPhI Hepe)l.KO CTa.HOBfiCj{ aKTHBHLIMH

a,nerrraMH, nponaraHJJ:HCTaMH H H,U.eOJIOra.MH HOBOH MOHOK)'JILTYPLI BO Bcex

o6nacrn:x )KH3HH. TaKOBhI 61>urn II01ITH see HeMIU>I B PoccHH B XVIII - B

113qane XX B.

B KaqecTBe BHemHHX npommeHHH 6HK)'JIL1)'pbl MOryr BldCTYIIaTb HO

CTaJlbfIDI no -rpa)l.HUWIM H o6LI"tl<UIM OTUOB H )l.e)l.OB, rrawrn .. PO.ll.HLIX MeCT

(HMeHH:H:), 6op1>6a 3a B03pO)K)l.eHHe pO)l.HOfO Jl3LIKa H K)'JIL'I)'pLI, C03.n;aHHe

o6mecTB H opraHH3aQHH no coxpaHemno po)l.Horo Jl3LIKa, «PoJILKJiopa H

mrreparyp1>i.

KaK B .z:i:o11cTOpffqeCKoe spewr, raK H cero)lIDI )KHBWJ: 6mcyn1>zypa peaJJH-

3YeTCH B cne.zzyroIUHX <t>opMax: 6paK, ceMLH, npomso)l.rneHHL1e oTHomemm

B 1PY.ll.OBbIX KOJIJieKTHBax.

YqacTHe B rroJilfTHClecKHX H o6mecTBeHHLIX .n;BH)KeHIDIX, rroBce.llHeBHLie

.np)'>I<ecKHe, He<f»opMaJILHbie TOBapHII.(ecKHe If lfHTHMHLie OTHOIDeHIDI, CBJ13H,

MOpaJILHLie, '.}Tl{qeCKHe, K)'Jlb'fYPHl>Ie IIpHBbJtlKH, MaHepbI, 'I'p3,llHilHH KaJK)lO

ro H3 cynpyros H crapmmc. po)l.HreneH: B JTffHqecJCH cMemaHHoH ceMLe, npoJ1BID1eML1e B HX IlOBCe)l.HeBHOM o6memm H nose.ueHHH, - 3TO re <l>opMbI, B

KOTOpbIX H cpymo.umirnpyeT If npOHBJij{eTCH 6m<ynLzypa. 3ro TaIOKe H ocj>H

QHaJlbHWI 1101rnraMID1 MHOrHX c-rpaH BocToKa, 11 pH.ll.OM - MOHOra.MIDI crpatt 3ana.ZJ.a, PoccHH 11 CillA, oTHomeHHe K .ll.eTHM. KompnHKT K)'JIL'I}'p 3.ll.ech

IlpOJCBJIJleTCJI B IIpHHJITHH HJIH HeIIpHHTHH TOH HJIH HHOH <t>opMLI HJIH a no

creneHHoH a.Jl.31ITaUHH K Heit

HaKoHeu, urnpoKo H3BeCTHLI · cnyqa11, Kor.n;a HH.ZlHBHJJ., nepeexas a ro

PO.ll., nocTerreHHO nepexomn Ha rrpoCTopeqHe, a rrpHe3)KWI JieTOM a .nepes

mo, BpeMeHHO BHOBb B03BpamaeTCH Ha )l.HaJieKT. IlO-Blf.llHMOM)', 3TO TO)Ke

CBoeo6pa3HhIH THO 6HJIHHfBH3Ma, 6HJIHHrBH3Ma BffYTPHHlblKOBOfO, B npeAenax OCHOBHhIX 3JieMeHTOB CHCTeMbl Toro )Ke H3bIKa Kax H B i:q>yrHX aHa-

110I1PIHLIX CnytlaJIX, 3)].eCb .IIpOHCXO)l.IIT CMeHa KO)l.a B 3a.BHCHMOCTH OT CH

zyall,HH (Ha pa6oTe, .ll.OMa, B ceMbe, c APY3MIM.H). B IIO.ll.06HLix CJlytlaJIX,

25

MO)l(eT 6bITh, ,ZlIDKe B 6onee HpKOH q>0pMe BHJUlhl npo.smneHIDI 6m<yJihTYPbI.

HH.nHBH.Zl nepecenRTICH B ropo.n, BOI<pyr B pa:n11>1x cpopMax 3B~HT 1rnrepa

T)'PHaJ1 pa:3roeopHaJI peqh, OH eio He ena.neeT, 3a HHM Bee 6onee 1aI<peIUU1-

eTCH COUHaJibHO YHH3HTeJILHbIH npocTopeirno-ropo.ncKoii 3IlHTeT «cKo6apH,

ocrama». noMaeTCH ero KYJII>T)'pHo-rrcmc.onorWiecKHH Tiffi. Ou y)((e He TaM,

He B .nepeBKe, OH B HOBOH I1pOH3BO,ZlCTBeHHOH cpe.ne, BOKpyr HOBbie .npy3hH,

HO OH KaK 61>1 eme H He 3.U.eCb, He B ropo,a:e. B 3penoM, flO)((HnOM B03pacTe

OH Bee qame B pa3HbIX CHT)'al.lIDIX B03Bpam,aeTCH K BOCllOMHHaHHJIM 0 po,a:

HOH .nepeBHe. Ero .neTH, BttyKH, narrpoTHB, OHH yx<e «B ropo.ne» H no K)'JIL

rype, H no peqH, a B ,a:epeBHe OHH - BpeMeHHbie fOCTH. C10.na )f(e OTHOCHT

CH H TaKOe ,ZlOCTaTOqHo mHpOKO pacnpOC'I'paHeHHoe HBJieHHe, KaK «B03BpaT

JJ:HaneKTa», Kor.na HH.ZlHBH.ll., rrpo)((HB .nonrHe rD.lU>I a ropo.ne, B rrpeKJIOHHOM

B03pacTe B03Bpam.aeTCH B po.nm.1e MeCTa, H y Hero rrpH 3TOM aBTOMaTfflle

CKH BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH pO.ZlHOH ,ZlHaJieKT.

HHo:H: BH.Zl 6HK)'Jih'IJ'PhI - Ha,Zl3THfflleCKaJI. B coBpeMeHHOM MHpe 6H

K)'JibT)'Pa MO)f(eT HOCHTh H Ha,Zl3THWieCKHH, 11HCTO COUHaJihHbIR, xapaKTep.

B rro.no6HbIX c.rryqaJ1x .no MOMeHTa pa:3pemeHHH COIUiaJihHOro npoTHBope

qffH TaKaH 6:m<yJihT)'pa UMeeT CKopee xapaKTep KOH<l>mtKTa pa3HhIX K)'Ilh

TYP· IlpKMepoM CJiy)l(aT pa3JIWIHDie cy6cTaH.ZlapTHDie rpymn,1 (6HTHHKH

60-x rr xx B., XHIIITH, rraHKH, poKBHJIJibl, MeTaJIJIHCTbl, HOCHTemt pa3HblX

)l(aproHOB H .npyrne ae<l>opMaJihHLie rpyrrIThI).

c MeTO,ZlOJIOrH'IeCKOR TOqKH 3peHHH myqeHHe 6HK)'JihTYPbl He MO)f(eT

6hITb MaCCOBhIM, 3)1.eCh OCHOBHbIM o6'beKTOM j{BllileTCH HH).UIBH.ll., ceMMI,

OCHOBHbie MeTO,Zlbl - MeTO.ll.hl 3THOMeTO)l.OJIOfHH It rrapaMe'I'pfflleCKOro aH

KeTHpOBaHIDI - 11;3yqeH1te 3aIIHceH: peq11, CBflHhIX TeKCTOB, pa:3roBopoB.

Ilo.uxo.n K IDhIK)' H 3THOCY OT HH,ZlHBH.l(a 1103BOJUleT ,ZlaTb .neTaJihHOe MHOfO

rrapaMe'I'pffCleCKOe ero OITHCaHHe. IlpH 3TOM 3,ZleCb Moryr 6b1Tb pa3Hhle cny

qaH: HacJie,ZlHHKH MHrpaHTOB B 'I'peTheM-IDITOM IlOKOJieHIDIX, Hacne,U:HHKH B

nepBOM-BTOpOM IIOKOJieHIDIX, MHrpaHTbl BqepamHero )lIDI.

){Umag 6HK)'Jibzypa BO MHOfOM 3TO, npe)f(.l(e Bcero, OTHOIIIeHHe K:

- CBOeH HaI.J,HOHaJibHOCTH,

- JIIO.ll.'IM .u:pyro:H: HaUHOHaJlhHOCTH,

- coce,u:HM-HHoctpaHI:(aM,

- CBOHM pOACTBeHHHKaM .u:pyro:H: HaUHOHaJihHOCTH,

-H3bIK)',

- Bepoucrroae,u:amno,

- 1.'pa,U:HIJ,IDIM 6bITOBOro ceMe:H:Horo IIOBe,U:eHIDI,

- o6pa,n:aM, pHTyanaM, rrpa3.UHHKaM,

- ctpaHe IIpO)l(HBaHIDI (po.n:HHa, BTOpaJI pO,ZlHHa, qy)f(aJI CTpaHa, pO.Zl-

HaJI 3eM.JIJI),

26

- qy)((HM HHOHaU:HOHaJibHbIM (HHOCTpaHHl>IM) BJIIDIHIDIM,

- CBOeM)' IlO)UJ,aHcTBy, rocyJ.J.apcmeHHOH npHHa)lJle)((HOCTH,

- M)'3bIKe,

- Q>onbKJiopy,

- mrrepazype.

B ceMHOTWiecKOM acneKTe 3Ta npo6neMa ropa.J.n.o urnpe - 3TO H Beq

HasI, TO 3al)'XalOI.IJ,rul, TO BHOBL B03ropa10mru1c.si c HOBOH CHJIOH 6op1>6a 3a

Oa,!lHHKOB H CJiaB.sIHOQ>HJIOB HOBOro TOJIKa, B03pmK.n;eHHe nalfbeBpone:HcKHX

H,lleif; 3TO H npo6neMa nypH3Ma, 6opb6bI 3a qHCTOTY .sJ3bIKa, IIpOTHB HHO

Jl3bl'IHbIX CJIOB H Bhipa)((eHHH.

DHJIHHfBH3M H 6HK)'JII>TYPa OCHOBHLie TeH.n;eHUHH pa.3BHTIDI COB-

peMeHHbIX eBponeH:cKHX rocy.n.apcTB H PoccHH. EHK)'111>zypa - mneHKe

IlOJIO)((HTeJlbHOe, HMeHHO qepe3 6HK)'Jib'fYPY npOKCXO.D;HT o6orameHHe a6-

CTpaKTHOH MOH0Kym.zyp1>1. 06oram.aeTCH He TOJILKO KYJihrypa npmneJib

uee, MKrpaHTOB 3a cqeT cy6c-rpaTHOH KYJILTYPhl, HO H Ta MOHOK)'nI>'rypa, Ha

KOTopyio IlOCTeneHHO qepe3 PH.A IIOKOJieHH:H -nepeXOJlJ[T IlOTOMKH 3THX MH

rpaHTOB.

HocHTem1 6m<yJihTYPhI, KaK npasHJio, npe.n.cTaBJIHIOT co6ou THTI, oT

KpLIThii1 ,ZUI.si BJIIDIHHH co cTopoH1>1. Pa.J.n;aoeHHOCTh, 6HK)'JIL1)'PaJILHOCTL, B

KOHeqHoM C'leTe, BblCTYilaIOT KaK IIpH3HaK BH)'rpeHHero KOHU:enzyanhHOro

6oraTCTBa. 3TO pa.3.ll.BOeHHe pa.3BHBaeTC.sl CilOHTaHHO, IlOCTeneHHO, rapMo

HfftlHO, BHe BCHKOM KOH<l>JIHKTHOCTH, o6oramaeT HH.n;HBH,LJ,a 3TWieCKH K JJY

XOBHO, npH 3TOM no.u:o6HM pa.3,nBOeHHOCTh He HMeeT Hlftlero o6mero HH c

KOCMOilOJIHTH3MOM, HH C illOBHHH3MOM.

BcnoMHHM B 3aKJilOqeHHe 1.u:ech ~aKHX BhI.lJ;aJOIIJJ:1xc.sr .n.e.siTeneH: pyc

CKoii KYJihTYPhl (noTOMKOB HeMu:ee), KaK MHJ1J1ep (Mrolllep) repap.n; pH

.zlPKX (cl>e.n;op 11BaHOBH1I, 1705-1783) - HCTOpHK K apxeorpa, E3p Kapn

3pHcT (Kaprr MaKCKMOBWI) (1792-1876) - ecTeCTB011crn,1TaTerrh, KyHHK

3pHCT 3JJYap.n. (ApHCT ApHCTOBWI, 1814-1899) HCTOpHK, <f>HJiorror, 3T

Horpa, ttyMH3MaT, MH.LJ..ll.emi:op<f> AneKcaimp Teo.n.op (AJieKcaH.n;p e.n.o

poBWI, 1815-1894) 300JIOf, rpoT .HKOB KapJIOBK1I (1812-1893) qmJIOJIOr-cnaBHCT, 3aJieMaH Kapn rycTaB repMaH (Kap11 repMaHOBH1I, 1849-1916)- BOCTOKOBe.n.-upaHHCT

KoHeqHo, npouecc B)((HBaHHH, HHKopnopau:uu pa.3HLIX Hapo.u:oa., HHJJ.H

BH)J;OB H HX rpynn B HHOHaIUfOHaJILH)'IO cpeJJY He npocT. BcerJ.J.a BO stex

ClpaHax, H B oco6eHHOCTH co BTOpoii IlOJIOBHHhl xx B., OH npoTeKan H

nporeKaeT aec1>-Ma 6one3HeHHO. CoepeMeHlih1e npHMepbl MO)((HO rrpHBeCTH,

paccMalpHBa.sI JII06yio eaponeiicKYJO crpaffY.

27

rnaea 2 3THOC KAK 06bEKT MOAEflMPOBAHMS1 B 3THOflMHfBMCTMKE

M COUMOflMHfBMCTMKE

MeTOAbt MOAenMpoeaHM.JI nOH.JITM.JI 3mHoc

B :noif rmlBe Mhl rrepeXO,ZUIM K O)lHOH H3 Ca.MLIX CJIO)l(HLIX H CIIOpHhIX

rrpo6neM 3THOJIHHrBHCTHKH B UeJIOM H COUHOJIHHrBHCTHKH B qaCTHOCTH, a

HMeHHO - K OTBeT)' Ha BOIIpOC «KTO '1 no eammHaJihHOCTH»? He TOJibKO

3THOrpa<t>1>1, COU,HOJIOm, JIHHrBHCThl, HO H MHOrHe H3 Bae CTaJIKHBaJIHCh c

cmyauueH, xor.n:a MLI crrpamHBaeM: «Kro B1>1 no HaI.J.HOHaJILHOCTH?», H

HaM OTBe"tJ3.IOT: «Jl:a, JI 6amKHp, a MOH pO}lHOH flhlK - pyccI<HH» HJIH

«HeT, R. pyccKH.H, a MOH po.lUIOH flbIK - MOJIJlaBCKRH», <OI HeMeu, a

eeMeIJ.Koro flLIKa He 3HaIO», <OI $HHH (HarrpHMep, no}l CaHKT

TieTep6yproM), MOH pOJUIOH H3blK pyccKHH, a cl>HHCKHH '1 yqy» KJIH di yKpaHHeu, a MOH po.llHoii HJLIK - pyccKHH:». B KoHe"tJHOM cqere, 3TO OJJ.Ha

H3 aKl)'aJihHLIX COBpeMeHHLIX Hayqm,1x rrpo6neM - rrpo6neMa 3THWieCKOH

H,lleHTH4>HKauHH qeJIOBeKa Ilo 3TOH TeMe Hamt:cam,1 COTHH pa6oT, HO HIDKe

Mbl paCCMOTf'HM ee TOJILKO B acneKTe MeTO}lOB onpe,ZleJieHIDI :nHffqeCKOH

rrpHHa,ll)Ie)l(HOCTH HH)UIBHJJ:a.

Kn:accHtiecKHe TPa.llHUHOHHLie MeTOJU>I mo6oro Hayquoro Hccne.n:o

Baffffjf - 3TO aHaJIH3 HCTOpHH rrpo611eML1, no.n:6op HCTOqHHKoB, Ha6mo.n:e

HHe, c6op (s1>16opKa) 3KcrrepHMeHTaJILHoro, OilbITHoro (qacTo noneeoro)

Marepuana, aHanH3, BLI6op MeTo.n:a, CHCTeMaTH3auffjf, KJiaccH<l>KKaUIDI 3TO

ro MaTepuana, CHIITe3.

Co BTOpOH IlOJIOBHHLI xx B. B ryMaHHTapHhIX Hayxax WHpOKOe pac

npocrpaHeHHe no.rryqHJIH MeTOJU>I CHCTeMHOro aHCUIH3a, qeMY crroco6cTBO

BaJIH, B qaCTHOCTH, ycnexH CTp)'KTYPaJIH3Ma H 4>YHKUHOHaJIH3Ma KOHUa

XIX - nepeoH nonoeHHLI XX B.

CrpyKTYPHLie MeTO.zn,1 eocxo.wrr B 4>HJioco<t>HH H COUHOJIOrHH K TPY

}laM 0. KoHTa, 3. ):lIOpKreliMa, B mmrBHCTHKe - . .n:e Cocc10pa, e 3THO

rpa4>HH - K. JleBH-CYpocca.

HaH6onee nocnei:i;oBaTenbHOe npHMeHeHHe pa3JIWIHhie cTp)'KTYPHble

MeTO.L(bl HaillJIH B JIHHrBHCTHKe, r.n:e OHH pa3BHBaJIHCb B MHpOBOM '13blK0-

3HaHHH TaKllMH WKOJiaMH, KaK flpa)l(CKrul IDKOJia cl>YHKUHOHaJibHOro C'IpYK

T)'paJIH3Ma, KorreurareHCKHH ClpYKTypaJIH3M H JlP. B 3THorpa4>HH H couuonomH <l>YHKUHOHaJILHLIH ClpYKT)'PaJIHJM

name.fl OTPa)l(eHHe B TPY.llax 6. ManHHOBCKoro, A.P Pa.llKJIHcl>-EpayHa.

Bo scex mKonax CTPYKTYPaJIH3Ma rnaBHoe BHHMaHHe y}le.JUieTCji CH

creMe o6'beKTOB, HX CTpyK'fYPe, He H30JIHpOBaHHOMY aTOMapHOMY HJyqe-

28

HHIO OT,lleJibHOro npe,llMeTa, .SIBJieHIDI, a ero MeCT)' B CHCTeMe, ero <l>YHICUH

jfM B JTOii CHCTeMe. rnaBHOe - 3TO CHCTeMa, KOTOpaJI H onpe,neJI.SieT MeCTO

H 3Ha'IHMOCTb o6'beKTa 8 o6meli CHCTeMe <PaKTOB.

B n&IK03HaHHH, couH011orm1, 3THorpacpHH HaKOIIlfJIC.SI )')Ke HeMaJI.bIH

OllblT npHMeHeHH.ff CTpYK'fYPHl>IX MeTO,llOB aHaJIHJa MaTepuana.

3THOC, K3.IC H .ff3bIK, MO)l(HO paccMaTpHBaTb B pa3HhIX acneKTaX, c pa3-·

HldX TO'leK 3peHH.ff - o6meCTBeHHOH, HCTOp1AeCKOH, 6HOJIOrH11eCKOH, reo

rpacl>fflleCKOH.

He KaCaJICb MHoroqHcJieHH1>1x JJ.HCKYCCHH o IIOIDITH.SIX 3mHoc e 3mHu

'leCKaR 06U1HOCmb, OTMeTHM, qTo HIDKe Mbl IlOHUMaeM 3THOC KaK CJIO)l(H)'IO

MHOronpmHaKOB)'IO ceMHOTlflleCI<)'IO CHCTeMY acCOI.{HaTHBHO-HepapxHtleC

KOro MHOroypoBHeeoro THOa.

P33Jlll'IHbie HayKH BbI,lleIDllOT 3THoc no ceoHM npHJHaKaM, BJRTbie

BMCCTe 3TH npH3HaKH COOTBeTCTB)'lOT <PaKTOpaM, <t>opMHpyrol.QHM 3THOC

KaK uenOCTH)'IO CHCTeMY.

K TIUCHM «PaicropaM OTHOCHTC.ff:

- 6Hoc<t>epa, JiaH.n;ma<tn;

- KJIHMaT;

- aHTpOIIOJiornqecKHH THII;

- .'13bIK; OTHOWem1e K .ff3bIKY H K pa3HbIM cpopM:aM ero cymecTBOBaHIDI;

- MHMHKa, )l(eCT'bI;

- CaMOHaJBaHHe;

- THil 3THHtleCKOro CaMOCOJHaHIDI;

THII Tpa.n;HUHOIDIOH MaTepHanbHOH KYJILTYPhI;

- THD Tpa.D;HUHOHHOH .n;yxoeuo.H KYJib'fYPLI;

- THn penerHH;

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- THO 6paKa;

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- OTHOIIIeHHe coce.n;e.H;

- HCi3BaHHe 3THOCa .n;pyrHMH, coce,lVIMH;

- OTHOIIIeHHe K CBOeMy 3TffHCleCKOMY IIpOIIIJIOMy;

- THil 3THOHHMHKH;

- THil TOilOHHMHKH.

Pa:mlfllHb1e npH3HaKH ue HCKJDOlfa.IOT .npyr JJ.pyra, a BJaHMo.n;ono~WIIOT H c pa3H1>IX 003H1Ulil eme qe-rqe oqep11HBaIOT DOIDITHe 3mHO£;. ,0,llHa H3

BIDKHemnux npo611eM MeTO,llOJIOrHH mo6oU: COBpeMeHHOH Haym - Mo.ne

JIHpOBaHHe o6'beKTOB H OCHOBHLIX IIOIDITHH Ka)l(J.l.OH HayKH. OcTaHOBHMC.ff

HH)l(e y)l(e TOJibKO Ha KOHKpeTHLIX Bonpocax MO,lleJIHpOBaHH.SI CHCTeMl>I no-

29

IDITIDI 3mHoc1 IlpH paCCMOTJ)CHIDI IIpHpOJU>I 3THOCa c 3THOJUIHfBHCTWie

CKHX no3HIJ;HH ueJiecoo6pa.3HO cuaqana o6paTHTLCH K TeopeTWiecKoli HH

TepnpeTa:Qmt IlOIDITIDI Jl3blK B COBpeMeHHOH JIHHrBHCTHKe.

JhLIKOBM CHCTeMa YHKUHOHHpyeT KaK MHO:>KCCTBO, BKJIIOqaiomee

IlOJJ.MHO:>KCCTBa Pa.3JI1{qffb[X CHCTCM. 3ro H CHCTCMJ>I co6cTBeHHO '13hIKOBhle

( .pouonorH11ecKa'1, rpaMMaTWieCKM, JICKCl:fqCCK<UI), H YHKUHOHa.JlhHhie

(.nHaJICKTHl>Ie, npoct>eccHOHaJI.bHhie, CTaH.D;apTHOro '13.blKa, H3bIKa rry6JIHUH

CTHKB HT. Jl.). KIDK.nyro IlO)l06ffYIO CHCTeMy o6pa.3yeT MHO:>KeCTBO o6'beK

TOB H OTHOIIleHlrn Me:>K.zzy HHMH. CHCTeMa H3bIKa - 3TO a6CTPaKUH'1, KOH

c-rpyicr, HO a6clpaKUIDI, eo6paemrui. B cefo1 see MHoroo6pa3He HBJJeHHH

peanbHOH peqeaoli .ne.s1TeJILHOCTH.

IlotJTH ace COBpeMeHHbie aBTOpbI TaIOKe npH3HaIOT, t{TO 3THOC - :no

CHCTeMa CBJI3eH H OTHOmeHHH pa3HblX THIIOB. Ha30BeM ee YCJIOBHO CHCTe

Ma «3THOC».

3THOC, KaK H '13LIK, c c1rnxpoHHtJeCKOH T01lKH 3pemm MO:>KHO HHTep

npeYHpOBaTb KaK MHOronpH3HaKOB)'IO napaMe'I'pffCICCK)'IO HepapxfflleCK)'IO

CHCTeM)'.

0.n.HaKO IlOffj[Tb TY HJIH HffYIO CHCTCM}', TeM 6onee TaKYIO CJIO)f(}{)'IO,

KaK 3THOC, MO:>KHO, TOJibKO eCJIH 3Ta CHCTeMa HBHO, 3KCIIJIH:QHTHO npe.n

CTa.BJieHa B ro:H: HJIH HHOH .popMe. TaKHM o6pa30M, B KoHetIHOM c1leTe 3Ta

3a)J.aqa CBO.JlHTC.ff K MO.l(eJIHpOBaHmo .popMbl npe.ncTaeneHIDI CHCTCMbl <<3T

HOC» H K rrpoue.nype IlOC'fPOCHHH (MO.JlClilipOBaHIDI) 3TOH .popMbl.

KaKOBLI ocHOBHbie :naIIbI :noro npouecca?

Bo-nepBI>IX, Mo.ne1rnp0Bamre cucreMbI «3THoc» .lJ:OJl)KHO 6bln. 3a.naHo

xpouorroruqecKH. HanpHMep, rrocrpoeHHe CHCTeM1>1 «3THOC» )J,JUI 3IIOXH

XVII B. H .nJI'1 3IIOXH BTopo.H nonoBHHI>I XX B. 3a.naq11 pa.3HLie.

Bo-BTOpI>IX, TaKoe Mo,neJIHpOBaHHe npe.nnonaraeT perneHHe sonpoca o ero HCTOq]{ffl{ax. 11o.n6op HCTOt{HHKOB MO)l.em1poeaHID1 3aBHCHT OT H36paH

HOro xpOHOJiorwiecKoro nepuo.na H OT xapaKTepa IlO.[(CHCTeMhl, KOTOp<UI

Mo.neJI11pyeTcJ1. HarrpHMep, ecnu Mo.nenHpyeTcH rro.ncucTeMa «MaTepn:anh

HM KYilbzypa KaK npH3HaK 3THOCa», TO B KaqeCTBe OCHOBHhlX HCTOqffHKOB,

ecTecmeHHo, npHBJieKaIOTC.sI rrpe)l()J;e ecero TPYALI no 3THorpa.pHH.

B-TIJeThHX, Ha cne.nyiomeM 3Tane B pe3yilhTare o6o6m;eHHH ecex H3-

eecTHbIX paHee no pa.3Hb1M HCTOqffHKaM cee.neHHH 06 OT.[(CJihHl>IX Hapo.nax

,llOJDKeH 6oITh C03.l(aH CBO.[(HblH MaKCHMaJihHO IlOJIHblH nepe'leHh npH3HaKOB

3THOCa.

CHCTeMa «JTHOC», KaK H CHCTeMa <Ol3b1K», COCTOHT H3 pH.na KpYIUiblX

1 B rnaae -repMHHhl cucmeMa, noi>cucmeMa, 6lloK, napa.Memp (npUJHaK)

HCilOJlLJYJOTC.$1 )J)Ul 060JHa11eHH.$1 ypOBHeil COilO)J.11HHeHIUI B CHCTeMe.

30

no,llCHCTeM, BffYTPH Ka)l()J.OH H3 KOTOpbIX BbNJieIDllOTCH CBOH MHI<pOCHCTe

Mbl (6JIOKH).

B Kaqecrne npHMepoB rro.n.cHCTeM BbIAeJIHM H3 BbIIIlerrpHBe,lleHHbIX

cne.ll)'IOmHe:

- 6Hoc<t>epa;

- aHTpOIIOJIOrlflleCKHH nm; -apean; - 3THlf1IeCKOe C3.MOC03HaHHe;

- OTHOIIIeHHe K coce.wrM;

- OTHomeHHe coce,lleU:;

-JI3hIK;

- MaTepHaJibHrut: KynLrypa;

- .nyxoBHM KYJII>T)'Pa;

- <t>opMbl IIOBe)lCHl{g, 3THKCTa, )l(eCThI;

- THII 6paKa.

,l(anee, Ha cne.zzyrorneM :narre IIpOBO,llHTCJI BffYTPCHHee MO,llCJJH

posaime Ka)l(,llOH TaKOH IIO.llCHCTCMhl. Ha 3TOM :narre MO.lleJIHpOBaHHJI CHa

qana OKOlfClaTeJibHO Bhl1UleIDIIOTCH OCHOBHbie IIpH3HaKH-napaMC1'pbl H mm.n,

3aTeM orrpe.nemnoTCJI HX MeCTO B CHCTeMe, HepapxHH, COIIOJ{llHHCHHOCTb, a

B H,lleane H ropH30HTaJibHble ceMaHTJflleCKHe CB113H.

BHYfPeHHee Mo,nem1poBaHHe KIDK.llOH TaKou no.n.cHCTeMbl rrpe.ncra

BJIJleT co6ou .n:ocrarnqHo cJIO)l(H)'IO y3Ko-npo<t>eccH0Han1>HyIO 3a.n:aqy H

MO)l(CT 6L1Tb IIpoBC)lCHO TOJILKO CIIeUHaJIHCTaMH B .naHHOH 0611aCTH 3Haffl{jJ

(reorpa<t>oM, 3THorpacl>oM, JI.HHrBHCTOM, amporroJJoroM, c01nmnoroM).

B TO )KC epeMg cne.zzyeT no.n:qepKH)'Tb, qTo rro.no6Hoe Mo.n:errHpoBaHHe

.l{OJDKHO 6LITI> npo6neMHO-Op.HCHTHpOBaHHLIM, HaIIpaJUICHHblM Ha IlOH11THC

3mHoc. HanpHMep, rrocrpoeHHe rro.n.cHcTeMhI «EHoc<t>epa» npe.ncrasm1eT

co6oif He rnasy H3 MOHOrpa<1>1m IIO <t>mIReCKOH reorpa<l>HH, a OIIHCaJIHe,

TeCHO YBX3aHHOC c MCCTOM 3THOCa B IIpHpOJJ.HOH cpe.ne.

HcxoJUI H3 rrpo6neM 3THOJIHHrBHCTHKH B uenoM, rrpe.ncraBHM HIDKe B

Ka11eCTse npHMepa CTPYKTYPY TOJihKO no,ncHCTeMbI <Ol3bIK».

Bnyrp11 Ka)l()lOH IlO.llCHCTCMLl MO)l(HO BLl.lJ.CJIHTh OT)lCJILHblC 11epapXH

qec1<He 6JIOKH u HX no.n:rpynn1>1.

l>JJOK I. THn H COCTOHHHe CHCTeMLI JI3b1Ka (H3b1KOB - B CnytlrulX 6u-

JIHHrBH3Ma H JIOJIHJIHHfBH3Ma):

a) Ha <t>oHOJIOflfllCCKOM ypOBHC ( ct>oHOJIOrHJI CHCTCMLI);

6) Ha Mop<t>onor.nqecKOM ypOBHC (Mop<t>onorna CHCTCMhl);

B) Ha JICKCIRCCKOM ypOBHC (JieKCHKa CHCTeMhI);

r) Ha CHHTaKCH'ICCKOM ypoBHC (cHHTilKCHC CHCTCMLI).

31

XapaKTep, COCTOHHHe CHCTeMbl J13hIKa B pJUJ:e c.rryqaeB .SIBJUIJOTCJI BIDK

HLIMH noKa.JaTeIDIMH COCTOJIHHJI 3THOCa HanpHMep, B Jl3blKOBOH CH'fYaUHH

6HJIHJITBH3Ma (JI.BYJl3bfllIDI) Mop<t>onorIDI OJnIOfO H3 Jl3blKOB (na.ZJ.e)f(H, CKJIO

HeHHe, Crrpj()f(eHHe) MO)f(eT xopomo coxpaIDITbCJI, a JieKCHKa OKa.JaThCH

CHJihHO H3MeHeHHOH (60111>moe q:ecno 3aHMCTBOBaHllli, HOBLIX CJIOB). TaK, B

petIH coepeMeHHLIX Kapen-JIHBBHKOB, X<HBYinHX K BOCTOKY OT Jia,nmKCKOfO

03epa, oqeHL MHOro pyccKHX CJIOB, HO Hepe,llKO .ZJ.a)Ke 3TH pyccKHe CJIOBa

H3MeIDllOTC'I no Mop<t>onomqecKHM IIpa.BHJiaM ( cKJioHeHHe, crrpH)KeHHe)

KapenbcKoro HJbIKa.

l>JJOK II. OttoMaCTHKa:

- 3THOHHMHKa;

- 3H.ZJ.OHHMHKa ( CaMOHa.JBam1e );

- 3K30HHMHKa (Ha.JBaHHe .ZJ.aHHoli rpyilIILI H coce.neli coce,llJIMH);

TOilOHHMHKa;

- OC03HaHHe MOTHBHpOBaHHOCTH Ha.JBaHHH;

- 3HaHHe reorpa«t>HqeCKHX Ha.JBaHHH 3a rrpe.ZJ.eJiaMH MeCT npO)f(HBaHHH

(«B xopenax», «B ll)'.zurn); - amponOHHMHI<a ( THII H xapaKTep JIWIHl>IX HMeH, IIp03BHIIJ.).

HanHqHe 3HJJ:OHHMa ( caMOHa3Ba.HID1) o6hlqHo cqirraeTcJI HpKHM rrpH3-

HaKOM 3THWiecKoro Bbl.ZJ.eJieHIDI «Mhl pyccKue; JI Kapem>. CJIO)f(HOCTh BO

rrpoca 3aKJII0qaeTCJ1 B TOM, 'ITO H MHOrHe cy63THOCbl TaK)Ke HMelOT CaMO

Ha.JBaHHH (6eJJ03epb1, noMOpbI).

3K30HHMLI (Ha3BaHIDI COCe.ZJ.eH) HepeJJ.KO 'leTICO OT.ZJ.eIDIIOT o.zuzy rpyn

ny OT .ZJ.pyroli. HarrpHMep, Ha BOCTOI<e JleHHHrpa,nCKOH 0611aCTH Mecra,

Hace11emn,1e eenca.MH, pyccKoe Hace11ettue Ha.JbraaeT Bencapae:H, a Ben

cos - qyxapnrn. HcTOpffqeCKH 3K30HHMl>I 061>NHO He HMeIOT TOH 3KC

rrpeccHBHOH OKpaCKH, Koropyio OHH rrpHo6peJIH BnOCJie.ZJ.CTBHH.

B TO )f(e BpeMH rrpH3HaK caMotta:3BaHIDI HeycToifqHB. Hapo.ZJ.bI, 3THOCbl

repHIOT, Ja61>1Ba10T, MeHHIOT CBOe CaMOHa.JBaHHe.

XapaKrep TOnOHHMHKH (Ha.JBaHHH peK, 03ep, necoe, UOJieH, .ZJ.epeBeHb)

TaIOKe MO)f(eT CJl)')f(HTh KOCBeHHOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH 3THOCa. HarrpHMep,

cero.ZJ.IDI B KapeJIHH B 3aoHe)f(be )f(HB}'T pyccKHe JIIO.ZJ.H, 3aoHe)f(aHe, HO no

qTH BCH MHKpOTOnOHHMIDI, B Mope KOTOpOH OHH )f(HBYT y)f(e HaqH.HWf c XI

XII BB., rrpu6amHH:cKo-<t>HHcKaH no ceoeM)' xapaKTepy. TaKOBLI 3J.(eCL

Ha.JBaHIDI Bcex 03ep, peK, 6oJIOT.

He'I'py.ZJ.Ho 3aMeTHTL, qTQ JIH"tJHLie HMeHa ecer.ZJ.a RBIDllOTCH HpKHM 3T

HlflleCKHM rrpH3HaKoM (AIUlPeH, Oner, HeaH, )J(aH, Mapa, Pa.XMeT, Ca6up,

AmoTHT . .ZJ..).

32

6noK III. THIIbI pe'IeBhIX a.KTOB HOCHTeneli H3hIKa:

- Ha KaKOM flhIKe 'IIITalOTCH npomBe.neHIDJ xy.no)l(eCTBeHHoH. nurepa

'fYPLI, raJeTLI, )l{)'PH3Jlbl, Ha KaKOM H3LIKe npoc.rrymHBaeTCH pa.z:um, npo

cMatpHBalOTCH TeJienporpaMMhl;

- KaKOB H3hIK «t>oJihKJIOpa B p33Hb1X ero )l(aHpax;

- KaKOB H3blK o6yqeHHH B IIIKOne, B)'3e, KaKOH flhlK 4>YHKWfOHHpYeT B

ocl>HUHaJibHO-,LleJIOBOH c«t>epe, B qacTHOCTH, B pa3rOBOpax (Ha pa6ore, B Ma

ra3HHe, B 06mecTBeHH1>1x MecTax); Ha KaKOM Dl>IKe po.nurenu pa3roBapa

BaIOT c .lleTbMH, B3pOCJible .neTH - c po.znrre.IDIMH, crapmee IIOKOJieHHe - c

BayKaMH, .lleTH - c ,LleTbMH; Ha KaKOM HlbIKe Be,ZleTCJI CJiy)l(6a B uepICBH,

K3KOB R3LIK qacTHblX IIHCeM. 11epe3 THIThl pe'IeBLIX aKTOB npoHBIDIIOTCJI

THIIJ,I SDLIKOBblX COCTOHHHH.

6.JloK IV 0THomeHHe:

- MO,ZlaJihHOCTh;

- cy6'beKTHBHOe OTHOilleHHe K CBOeM)' Jl3LIKY;

- OTHOlleHHe K H3hIKY coce.neH:;

- oTHomeHHe K ampasm:y csoero Jl3LIKa;

- OTHOIDeHHe K JIWIHbIM HMemlM;

- OTHomeRHe K o6memno B pa3JilNHhIX Clff)'al.UUIX.

3To e,[(Ba JIH He ocHOBHOH 6JioK .llIDI xapaKTepHCTHKH 3THoca. TaK HJIH

HHa1le rrapa.Me'Ip «OTHomeHHe», 110-BH.llHMOM)', IIpOHH3LIBaeT Bee IlO.llCHC

TeMbI, 6JIOKH, Bee npH3HaKH.

B H,Zleane CHCTeMa .llOJl)l(Ha rro.z:u:i:asaTLC.ff MaTeMaTH1leCKHM HJMepe

HIDlM, B TOM ql{CJie H crporo CTaTHCTHtleCKHM, 1ITO, B CBOIO oqepe.zu,, BLI

,llBHraeT ,ZlOIIOJIHHTeJil>HLie 'Ipe60BaHID1 K oT6opy IIOIDITKH, rrapa.MeTJ>OB,

repMHHOB H orrpe.neneHHH.

Taxosa B o6meM BH.lle C1J>YK1ypa TOJILKO O.llHOH rro)l.cHcreM1>1 -

<Ol3bIK». HeTpy.nHo ce6e npe.ncTaBliTl>, cKom. 6onbm3JI pa6ora .n;omKHa

6blTL DpOBC.lleHa no Ka)l(.llOH IIO,LlCHCTeMe B ueIDIX BOCC03.lla.HIDI IlOJIHOit CH

CTeMhl «3THOC».

Pa3pa6oraHH3JI MOJI.eJIJ> IIO)l.CHCTeMLI <OhLIK» MO)l(eT 6b1Tb npe.ncras

JieHa 0IlHC3TeJI.bHO, 'ITO H c.neJiaHO BbIIIIe, a MO:>KeT - B BH.lle rpa<t>H11ecKoro

( ceresoro) HJIH ra6nwrnoro rrpe.u.cTaBJieHIDI.

BepeeMcjl eme pa3 K noID1nno Jl3blK06a.Jl cucme.Ma. IlpHMeHHTeJILHO K

HlhIKY pa3nlftlaIOTCH CHCTeMa H ee peanH3aUffjl. CHCTeMa H3b1Ka peanH3yeT

CJI B peqeeoH. .zi:eueJILHOCTH HH.llHBH.lla H pa3IlH'IHbIX rpynrr HH.llHBH.llOB.

B npou.ecce peqeBoil .neRTeJILHOCTII B peqesbrx aKTaX rropo)l(,llaIOTC..ff

TeKCTLI. TeKCThI pa3HhIX THnoe u ecTL ocHOBHOH pe3yJILTaT peqeaoH: .ne11-

TeJILHOCTH.

33

Ey.nyqH npo113ae.n;eHHDIMH, TeKCThI, KaK ycnlb1e, TilK H ITHCLMeHHhie,

o6pa.3YJOT pa.3JIWIHbie THflbl .sl3bIKOBblX COCTOHHHH, TilKHX Kai< H3bIK HH.llH

BH.Zla, rpyrrflhI HHJJ.HBH.llOB, rosop ceMLH, .n:epeBHH, rrpo<t>eccHOHaJILHLie

H3bIKH, .llHaJieKT, HapeqHe, perHoJieKT, pa.3roBopHa11 petu, ropo.n;a, mrrepa

'fYPHaH pa.3roBOpHruI peqb, >KaproH, CTaH,n:apTHbIH JIHTeparypHLIR H3bIK,

H3blK <l>oJibKJIOpa, HJhlK uepKBH.

B npHHUHile peaJIH3aI.{IDI CHCTeMbl B petm B BH,l(e TeKCTOB rrpe.n:

CTaBJUleT co6oU: e,n:HHbIH rrpou.ecc. flpH 3TOM pea.JUf3au.HH CHCTeMbl H3bIKa

MO>KeT 6bITb KaK OTHOCHTeJihHO IlOJIHOH, TaK H pe.n:yl.UiPOBaHHOH, HeilOJl

HOH. B OTHOCHTenhHO IlOJIHOM BH,Zle CHCTeMa H3bIKa peaJIIDyeTCH B TeKCTax

Ha JIHTeparypHoM H3b1Ke H B ycTHoii JIHTeparypHoii peqH.

B HenoJIHOM, HanpHMep, 3TO peqb Ha TOM HJUI HHOM H3hIKe MHOrHX

6HJUt:HrBOB (yrpaqem,1 CJIOBa pO,llHOro H3h1Ka, coxpaHHeTCH <}>oHenn<a,

Mop<}>OJIOrHH, IlOHBJIIDOTCH HHHOBaUHH H T. ,ll.). B JIHHTBHCTHKe xopomo

H3BeCTHhl cnyqa.u., KOr.n;a THil peqH, TeKCTOB He II03BOJI..R:eT OTHeCTH ..R:3hIK

3THX TeKCTOB K orrpe.n;eneHHOH H3blKOBOH CHCTeMe. TaKOBa, HanpHMep, peqb

MHOrHX 6enopyccKHX H 3ana,llHopyccKHX cen, TaKOBhl MHOrHe u;epKOBHO

CJia.BHHCKHe TeKCThI XIV-XVI BB. H3 EonrapHH, Cep6HH, MocKoBcKoii Py

CH, Ba11axHH, OcT{Jora, BHJJI>HO. QepKOBHOCJia.BHHCKHe TeKCTbI XIVXVI BB. no H3bIJ<Y BI>l,llerunoT O.llHH nm ,QpeBttecnas11HcKHH: nHTepaTYp

HLiii 1l3bIK H He Il03BomnoT ysepeHHO cy,n:HTh 0 HaIJ;HOHaJibHOH rrpHHa,llJie>K

HOCTH 3THX npOH3Be,n:emm.

Pea.Jllf3aUffj[ Ka)l(,l(OH IIO,llCHCTeMbI, B TOM qucne H IlO.llCHCTeMhl

«..sl3LIK», ,l(OJl)l(Ha yqHTLIBaTL xapaKrep H THII HH,l(HBHJJ,a (HH.LUIBH.llOB), KOTO

p:ble H .JIBAAIOTCH, co6CTBeHHO rosop.11, OCHOBHOH <f>opMOH <l>H3WleCKOH pea

JIH3aUHH CHCTeMbI.

TaK, Bee npe,n:cTaBJieHHbie Bhime 6JIOKH IIO.llCHCTeMbl <Ol3bIK» OTHO

CHTeJibHO IIOJIHO MOI)'T 6bITh orm:callbI TOJibKO c yqeTOM rny6oKOH napa

MeT{JWieCKOH xapaKTepHCTHKH Ka>K,n:Oro HH.llHBH,lla IIO B03paccy, nony, Me

CTY po>K,n:eHHH, o6pa3oBaHH..R:, np0<pecc1rn, Kpyry ceMeHllbIX H COUHaJILHbIX

CBX3e:H, xapaKTepy 6paKa, HHTepecoe, >Kenattu:H H T . .n:.

OTMeqeHHhie Bblme npH3HaKH no-pa3HOMY rrpoHBJIHIOTCH B 3aBH

CHMOCTH OT COU.HOJIHHrBHCTlflleCKHX rrapaMe'I'pOB. HHor.n:a HHJUIBH.ll MO>KeT

61>1TL 6HJJHHrBOM c po:>K,ZleHHH H sec1>Ma no11Ho penpe3eHTHpOBaTL H TY, H

.n:pyryio H3blKOBYJO CHCTeMy; TaKOBbI IIHCaTemt, II03Thl, yqeHbre, nHmym.He

Ha JI.BYX H3b1Kax.

H:TaK, rrpHMeM, "ITO 3THOC, KaK H .sl3blK, npe.u.cTaBJIHeT co6oit lfHBa

pHaHTH)'IO CHCTeMY, KOHCTpYKT «3THOC», KOTOpbIH pean113yeTCH B q>0pMe

3THWleCKHX COCTO.J.IHHH B JIHUe HHJJ.HBH.llOB, HX rpynrr H o6m.HoCTeR.

34

3THorpa4>aM TilJOKe xopomo IDBeCTHLI cnyqaH, KOrJJ.a onpeJJ.eJIHTh THn

3THOCa HenerKO. B KOHelfHOM cqeTe pa.3JIH1IHbie 3THWleCKHe COCTOJIHIDI H

o6pa.3yK>T 3TH.WleCKHe o6mHOCTH pa.3HbIX THIIOB.

0 nOHflTMM HaL(UOHan&HblU R3&1K

PaJHbie THilbI H3hIKOBhIX cocTOHHHH ( <t>opML1 cymecTsoaaHIDI H31>1Ka),

raKHe KaK JJ.HaJieKT, JIHTeparypHaH pa.3roBopHajf peq1>, )l(aproH, jfJhIK xy.no

:>KecTBeHHoif JIHreparyphI, HayKH, rry6JIHI.(HCTHKH, .sI3hIK )J.eJIOBhIX JJ.OKY

MeHTOB BMeCTe COCTaBJ}jflOT HaUHOHaJibHhIH H3hIK.

flowrme HQl/UOHaTlbHblU Jl3blK CBH3aHo c IIOHHTIDIMH 3mHOC, Ha71wz.

OncpoeM HOBbIH bOJll>IDOH aKa)J.eMMeCKHH CJIOBaph pyccKoro H3l>IKa, T. 11 (M., Cfl6., 2008). 3JJ.eCh qHTaeM: «HaUIDI - HCTOpWleCKH cno:>ICHBIDaHCH

061.UHOCTb JllO)J.eH, xapaKTepmyeMaH o6rrumcThlO H3LIKa, TeppHTOpHH,

3KOHOMwrecKHX H noJIHTHtfecKHX cB.sr3eif, oco6eHnocTHMH KYJILT)'Phl H

IlCHXOJIOfH'IeCKOfO CKJia)J.a».

B TonKOB0-3HUHKJione.nWiecKoM cnoaape (CII6., 2006) JJ.06aBIDIIOTCH

TaKHe rrpH3HaKH, KaK «06IIUIOCTh 3THH1IeCKHX oco6eHHOCTeH, JJ.YXOBHOro

o6JIHKa, HHOr)J.a CaMOC03HaHIDI H COUHa.JTuHOH crpyKT)'pbI». IlOHHTHe

HalJwi 6onee o6mee, qeM TaKHe noHHTIDI, KaK :JmHoc, Hapoo, HapoonocmL. 3Tu IIOHHTIDI rrepeKpelI.UIBaIOTCH, pe)l(e COBila)J.aIOT.

HammHaJibHblH H3hIK - OCHOBHOe cpe.ncTBO 06m,eHID1 mo.n:eH., rrpH

H3.ll)le:>Kall(HX K TOH mm HHOH Har.urn1

IlOH.sITHe Ha71uOHaTlbHblU Jl3blK KaK H 3mHOC - OJI.HO H3 CaMhIX CJIO)l(

HLIX, TaK)l(e rpe6yeT CHCTeMHOro MHOrorrapaMerpWieCKOfO IIOJJ.XO.l(a K ero

onu:caumo. TaKHe napaMerphl o6pa.3yi<>T rpH ocHOBHhJX 6noKa.

6noK I. flapaMerp1>1 o6mecTBeHHo-nonHTWiecKHe:

- HauIDI,

-Hapo.n:,

- 3THOC (3THOChl),

- IJHCJieHHOCTb 3THOCa ( 3THOCOB ),

- TeppHTOpIDI, KOMIIaKTHOCTh TeppHTOpHH, 3aHHTOH 3THOCOM,

- rocyJJ.apcTBo,

- IIORHTHKa,

- peJIHrIDI.

1 B nocne.nHee speMJI pacnpoc-rpaHHJICJI TepMHH 3mHu"ecKUu R3blK, KOTOpblH

.SlBIDleTCJI He qeM HHblM, Kai< CHHOHHMOM TepMHHa pOOHOU R3blK (HH.llliBH.na, Hapo.na,

nHoca).

35

l>noK IL THIIbI DhlKOBhIX cocTOJIHHH (<l>opM cymecTBoeamuc Sl3hIKa):

- ,mfaJieKT,

- perHoJieKT,

- no.ny .zumneKT, -)KaproH,

- npocropeqHe,

- mrrepazypuru1 pe%,

- 1l3LIK xy.n.mkeCTBeHHOH JIHTeparypbl,

- CLIK HayKH H TeXHHKH,

- j[JL[K .n.eJIOBbIX .llOK)'MeHTOB.

bJIOK ffi . .RJLIK H HH.lJ.HBHJl, j[JLIK qepe3 IlpH3MY HH,llHBH,J:{a:

- pOJlHOH R3LIK,

- BTOpOH H31>IK,

crenem, 6HJIHHrBmMa,

- ypoBeHL BJia,lleHIDl pa3HbIMH <t>opMaMH R3bIKa (IIHCLMeHHLIH, uayq-

BLIH, JIHTeparypHLIH, ,lleJIOBoA),

- omomeHHe K uopMe,

- IlOJib30BaHHe H3blKOM B pa3HhlX cwryauIDIX H pomvc,

-yposem, 6mcyJll>zypb1,

- omomenHe K pO.D.HOMY ChIK)',

- omomeHHe KO eropoMY nLIK)',

- OTHomeHHe K Jl3LIKaM .npyrmc Hapo.n;os,

- OTHomemt:e K rocy,llapcTBenuoMy CLIKy,

- JTHHlleCKrul CaMOH)leHTH<l>HKaJUUI H 113blK.

IlpHMeM 3a HCXO,llHOe, qro napaMeTpbI 6110Ka I COCTaBIDilOT BeCLMa

cymecTBeHH)'IO qaCTL co..a:ep)KaHIDI nomrrm1 Ha11uoHanbHblu Jl3blK. IIapa

MeTJ>hl 3TOro 6JioKa npe,llCTa.BIDllOT co6oA npe)l;MeT HCTOpHH, .neMorpa<t>iIB,

3THonorHH, co~onorHH, noJIHTHKH. TaK.HM o6pa:JoM~ noH11THe Ha11u0Hanb

Hblu R.3blK - IlOIDITHe, IIpHHa,llJle)Kamee ue TOJibKO "3blK03Hamno, HO H

.npyrHM HaYKaM. no napaMerpaM, BKJilOqeffHbIM B 6JIOK I, uao;HOHaJibHLIH

R3blK - noH11THe, npe)K.n.e ecero 06m:ecTBeHHo-no11HTHqeCKoe. TaK, c 3TOH

roqKH 3peHffj[ HaUHOHa.JlbHblMH SDbIKaMH cne.zzyeT npH3HaTb Jl3bIKH noqTH

BceX OTHOCHTeJibHO MOJIO.ZU,IX rocy,llapCTB H a)l;MHHHCTPaTHBHLlX reppHTO

pd: (MaKe,lloHH11, C110eaKffj[, XopeaTffj[, KHpf'H3IDI, ..slKYTIDI, Ka.TaJioHIDl).

IlpH ecex HaJBaHHl>IX napaMerpax Jl3bIK 3,lleCb BblC'I)'naeT KaK CHMBOJI -

KaK cooon rocy,llapcTea, Hapo..a:a, HauHH.

:bnoK II no.npaJ)'MeeaeT, qTo uaue:ouanLHLIH H3LIK npe..a:craBmleT co-

6oH e,llHHCTBO MHOroo6pa3ID1 pa3HbIX THIIOB Sl3blKOBLIX COCTO.RHHH ( <t»opM

cym.ecTBOBaHIDI H3LIKa).

36

Bech 6noK III MO)l(eT 6b1Th noJHaH TOJlbKO qepe3 CHCTeM)' rny6oKHX

npo6neMHO-OpHeHTHpOBaHHbIX IlCHXOJIHHrBHCTJAeCKHX 3KCil€pHMeHTOB H

mrrepBblO. IlpH 3TOM .llOIDKHbl ytlHTbIBaTbCJI Bee B03MO)l(Hble CO~OJIHHr

BHCTJAeCKHe napaMelpbl HHJJ.HBH.Zla, KaK-TO: IlOJI, B03pacT, MeCTO po~e

Hff", 06paJosam1e, MecTo npm1rnaaHIDI, cpe.Qa o6meHIDI, 6paic, po.zwoH:

'13blK, BTOpOH K3bIK, HaUH.OHaJihHOe CaMOC03HaHHe, 3THWleCKaJI caMOHJJ.eH

TH<i»HKauHJI, COUHaJibHaJI CaMOH,lleHTH<i»HKaUIDI, CTa6HJILHble THIILI poneBhIX

Clfl)'8UHH H fJia.BHOe - OTHOilleHHe K HJLIK)'.

TaKHM o6paJoM, MO.QeJIHpoarurne noHHTIDI na11uoHaJ1bHblu Jl.3blK, KaK H

UOWITIDI 3mHOC, lpe6yeT npHMeHeHIDI MeTO,llOB COBpeMeHHoro CHCTeMHOro

aHaJIH3a ,llaHHLIX.

rnaea 3 st3blKOBMI nonMTHKA

OcHOBHble noHS1TMS1

Jl3blK06(1Jl. noJlumuKa - 3TO coJHaTeJILHoe BoJ.nencTBHe rocy.napcma Ha

<l>YHKUHOHHpOBaHHe K3hIKa s o6mecrae, Haxo.wnneMCH' Ha TOH . lµIH HHOH

rocy.a:apCTBeHHOH HJIH a.QMHHRClpaTHBHOH TeppHTopHH ('13hIKOBOe .IlJiaHH

pOBaHHe) . .H3hIKOBa.ff IlOJIIITHKa ocymecTBJUieTC.ff 'Iepe3 CHCTeM)' KOHKpeT

HhlX rocy.QapcTBeHHbIX MeponpIDITHH. B KOHeqHoM Cl.leTe .83LIKOBaJI IIOJIH

THKa acer.n:a eCTL OTpa)l(eHHe IlOJIHTHKH rocy.n:apCTBa. 0mH6KH B .83bIKOBOH

00.JillTHKe Hepe.ll,KO IIpHBO.ll)IT K OCJIO)l<'.HeHHHM H HaUHOHaJibHhIX, H COUH

anbHbIX OTHOWeHHU B uenoM.

Jho6aJI .83blKOBaJI UOJIHTHKa B TOM HJIH HHOM rocy.napcTBe, o6m;eCTBe

CBO)lHTCJI B KOHel.IHOM CtieTe K CJie.lJYIOIUHM OCHOBHbIM HanpaBJieHIDIM:

1) BL16op H onpe.neneHHe noJio)((eHIDI H nponaraH.ll.a oqnnwan1>Horo rocy

.napCTBeHHoro .ff3b1Ka; 2) onpe.ne11em1e noJio)l(eHIDI .upymx .ff3LIKOB no oT

HomeHmo K rocy.napcTBeHHOM)' RJLIKy; onpe.neneHHe c<l>ep H THITOB DLIKO

BLIX COCTO.ffHHH «l>YHKUHOHHpOBaHIDI rocy.napcTBeHHOfO H MeCTHLIX .ff3bl

KOB; 3) KO,nmpHKaUIDI, HOpManH3aQIDI H COBepIIIeHCTBOBaHHe HOpM oqrn

IUlanLHOro .83b1Ka; 4) pa.3pa6oTKa an<t»aaHTa, JIHKBH.llaUH.8 Herpa.MOTHOCTH;

5) onpe~eJieHHe ccl>ep o6'13aTeJibHOfO rrpHMeHeHIDI KO.lUfcl>HUHpOBaHHOro

rocy.n:apCTBCHHOfO RJbIKa, no.n:.nep)J(aHHe K)'IlhTYJ>HbIX tpa.ll.HUHH. IlpH HpO

Be,lleHHH .ff3blKOBOH IlOJIHTHKH paJJiffqaJOT CJie,ll)'IOIIUle IlOHJITIDI: 20cyoap

Cm6eHHbl U Jl3blK, o</JU1JUallbHblU Jl.3blK, mumyllbHblU Jl.3blK, pezuoHClllbHblU

Jl3blK, MUHOpumapHblU Jl.3blK.

I'ocyoapcmeeHHblU Jl3blK 3TO 3aKOHOJJ:aTeJII.HO 3aKpeilJieHHbIH H3blK

rocy.napcrseHHhIX y-qpe)l(.lleHHH, .noK)'MeIIToo6opora, 33:KOHOTBopqecTBa H

37

3aKOHOJJ.aTem.CTBa, BbICIIIHX yqe6HbIX 3aBe)1.emrn H HaytJHl>IX H3)lamdt

rocyJJ.apCTBeHHI>IH flblK - 3TO o<t>HUHaJihHblH .83.blK rocy.u;apcTBa C IDHpO

KHMH o6mecTBeHHblMH YHKIUUIMH, .83b1K, o6cny)KHBaIOlllHH Bee HHCTHTY

Thl, 3anpOCbl H H)')KJJ.bl rocy.napcTBa. no caoeH: <l>YHKIJ.HOHaJibHOH H C'fPYK

TJ'PHOH opraHH3aI.J,HH rocy.napcTBeHHbIH H3bIK - 3TO HaI.UtOHaJibHblH JIHTe

pacypHbIH H3LIK, a1>1cmru1 o6pa6oraHHaH <tJopMa o6meHapo.nHoro.

O</JuquanbHblU Jl3btK - 3TO 3aK0Ho.naren1>Ho JaKperuieHHbIH Herocy

.napcTBeHHLIH H3bIK, Jl3hIK rocyJJ.apcTBeHHOro ynpaBneHHJI, 3aKOHO.D.aTeJih

CTBa H CYJJ.ODpOH3BO)lCTBa. qam:e Bcero OH HCITOJib3yeTC.8 rrapaJIJieJILHO c

rocyJJ.apCTBeHHbIM flbIKOM. TaK, B Ka:JaxcTaHe KaJaxcKHii: UbIK - rocy

.napcTBeHHLm, a pyccKHii: - o<t>HI.(HaJihHLIH.

TumyllbHblU Jl3blK 3TO 513bIK, HaJBaHHe KOTOporo COBITa,ll.aeT, COOT-

HOCHTCH c HMeHeM 3THoca, Hapo.na, no KOTOPOMY Ha:JBaHo HaUHOHaJILHO

rocy.napcTBeHHoe HJUI HaUHOHaJILHO-reppHTOpHaII.bHOe o6pa30BaHHe.

p e2UOHaJlbHblU Jl3blK - Heoqm:u;HaJILHhlH flbIK, Ha KOTOpOM rosopHT

60Jl.hII.IHHCTBO HaCeJieHIDI Ha TeppIITOpilll rocy,ll.apcTBa.

MuHopumapHble Jl3blKU jJJLIKH HaIJ,HOHaJibHbIX MeHLmHHCTB, KOTO-

pble HCilOJih3yK>TC.8 B OCHOBHOM B c<f>epe 6LITOBOro o6meHIDI rrpeJJ.CTa

BRTeIDJMH ,ll.aHHOfO 3THOCa.

HaH6onee pe3KO 3THWiecKoe co3HaHHe HaqHHaeT rrpoHBJIJITb ce6j{ npH

pemeHHH BOIIpOCOB Bbl6opa rocy.napCTBeHHOfO flblKa, ero HCTOqHliKOB H

orrpe)leJielllUI CTa'fYCa JJ.PYfHX H3bIKOB Ha ,ll.aHHOH rocyJJ.apCTBeHHOH HJIH

3,llMHHHCTpaTlmHOH TeppHTOpHH.

Bb16op M onpe.QeneHMe nono>KeHMR oct>M~ManbHoro, rocy.QapcreeHHoro S1Jb1Ka1

B1>16op H ycTaHosneHHe craHJJ.apTHoro rocyJJ.apCTBeHHoro H3.DIKa -

:no OJJ.Ha H3 Hau6onee CJIO)KHbIX H 6one3HeHHhIX npo6neM B npou:ecce _j(JhJ

KOBoro C'rpoKreni.cma B mo6oH: CTJ>aHe.

B AHrnHH H <l>paHUHH paHHee rocy,ll.apcTBeHHo-noJIHTwtecKoe 06be

JJ.H11eHHe rrpHBeno K pattHeH: YHH<l>HKauirn HaIJ,HOHa.JILHoro $13DIKa o.nHo

speMeHHo u KaK H3b1Ka «t>opMHpOBaHIDl HaI.J;HU, u KaK H3hIKa JIHTepaT}'PHOro,

rocy.napcTBeHHoro. B 3noxy BeJIHKoii <l>paHI.J;y3CKOH pesomou;HH npo6ne

MbI e.nmmro HaIJ;HOHaJibHoro H3LIKa He pa3 06cYJK,U.aIIuc1> a KmmeHTe.

lfcKJllO'lM Te CTpaHbI, r)le e,UUHblH COBpeMeHHLIH rocy.napcTBeHHbIH

H3blK o«t>opMHJICX B pe3yJihTaTe )lJIHTeJibHOH 3BOJIIOUMH, rrpo6JieMa Bbl6opa

1 HIDKe TCpMHHLI o</Juif.UaJlbH&tu Jl.3btK, zocyoapcmeeHHblU Jl.301.K yno'I'pe6m1-

10TCJ1 Kai< CHHOHHMhl.

38

rocy.napCTBeHHoro .sI3LIKa - :no Bcer.na rrpo6neMa BLI6opa H3 p.si.na B03-

MO)KHOCTeH. HanpHMep, B TponWiecKo:H H IO:>KHOH A<f>pHKe HactrnTLIBaeT

C'1 ceMme 2000 .Sl3LIKOB. Hau6onee pacrrpoCTpaHem.1 H3 HHX cyaxHJIH -

6011ee 50 MJIH qenoaeK, xayca - 6011ee 20 MJIH qenoaex. HanpMMep, B TO

)Ke epeMR TOJILKO s HurepHH )KHBeT CBI>Irne 200 3Tlfl{qeCKHX rpynn. KaKOBLI Te KpHTep1rn, OCHOBaHIDI, KOTOp1>1e qam;e scero ytlHTLIBaIOTC.sI

npH abl6ope TOro IDIH HHoro H3DIKa B KaqecTBe rocy.napCTBeHHoro?

I AemoxmoHHocmb HaceJ1eHW1.. AaHHLIH ttapo.n npH3ttaeTc.sI H yTBep

)1(,ZJ.aeTc.sI B o6mecTBeHHOM MHeHHH aBTOXTOHHLIM, KOpeHHLIM, a6o

pHreHHblM no CBOeMy IlpO)KHBaffillO Ha .naHHOH Tepp.HTOpHH no cpaBHeHHIO

co BCeMH .npyrHMH. HMeHHO 3TOT IIpH3HaK BLI,lJ;1rnraeTCH Hepe,nKO B Kaqe

CTBe OCHOBHOro KpHTepIDI rrpH BLI6ope rocy.napCTBeHHOro H3LIKa BO MHO

rmc HOBLIX CT))aHax, 6LIBIIIHX pecny6n:u:Kax CCCP.

BHemHe y6e,n:HTeJibHaH H AOKa3aTeJILHa.sr reopIDI aBTOXTOHHOCTH mo-

6oro coapeMeHHOro HaceneHIDI Ha TOH HJIH HHOH TeppHTOpHH MMeeT BeCl>

Ma 3LI6KHH H OTHOCHTCJILHLIH xapaKTep c H3)"1HOH TOqKJf 3peHIDI, c Il03H

UHH reopHH 3THorette3a. ApxeonorHH, JillHrBHCTHKa, JTHorpa<f>IDI, aHTpO

nononra y6e,n:HTeJILHO CBH,n:eTeJil>CTB}'IOT, qTO 3THWieCKaH HCTOpIDI mo6oH:

reppHTOpHH, mo6oro apeana - :no scer.n:a tteo,nHOKpaTHaJI cMeHa rex llJIH

HHLIX KyJibTYP, THIIOB .ff3bIKa ll .na)Ke aHTj)OIIOJIOrfflleCKHX THIIOB. HH OJUIH

coepeMeHm.1H: 3THoc, 3aHHMa.JOIIUt:H cero.L(IDI zy HJIH HH)'IO TeppHTopmo, He

MO)KeT rrpeTeHJI.oBaTb Ha TO, qTo OH H TOJihKO OH HBIDleTCH .npeBHHM, KO

peHHLIM a6opureHOM 3THX MCCT.

HanpMMep, Ha TeppinopHH IlpIDia.l(O)KL.ff Ha CeBepo-3ana.l(e Pocc:u:H

B TeqeHHe MHOrHX ThIC.ffqeneniii: IIpOH30IIIJia CMeHa .no<f>HHHo-yropcKoro

HaCeJieHIDI - caaMCKHM, BOJI)KCKO-<l>HHCKHM, npH6anTHHCKO-<l>HHCICllM,

CJiaB.RHCKHM. R106ru1 HCTOpHKO-KyJILrypHaR 30Ha - 3TO HTOr MHOrOBeKO

Bl>IX CMemeHHH, -rpattcopMa1um B o6JiaCTH X03HHCTBa, ceMeHHhlX OTHO

meHHH, 113LIKa, MaTepuanLHOH H JlYXOBHOH KYJI1>Typ1>1. 06H3aTeJI1>Hble

CTa.l(HH T3KHX -rpaHc<t>opMaUHH - 6HJIHIITBH3M (HHOr,l(a MHOrOJl3hlqHe) H

6mcy111>rypa.

Ha OCHOBaHHll Tex HJIH HHl>IX .llOCTOBepHI>IX HCTOqHHKQB MO)KHO roso

PHTh TOJibKO o TOM, 'lfTO JI.3HHDIH Hapo.n: npo:>KHBaeT 3,n:ec1> c 6011ee AaBHHX

epeMeH, 1.fCM .npyroit BLI,n:BH)KeHHe Ha nepBbIH IIJiaH KpHTepllH aBTOXTOH

HOCTH HaceneHIDI, KOpeHHOR Hau1m BO MHOrHX c.nyqaax 'lfpeBaTO cepbe3-

Hh1MH OCJIO)l(HeHIDIMH Hal(lloHanhHl>IX H COUffaJibHbIX npo611eM. TaKHM o6-

Pa30M, KpHTepu:H aBTOXTOHHOCTH, KopeHttoro HaceneHIDI, Kopemmro Hapo

.na IlpH BbI6ope rocy.n:apcTBeHHOro H3b1Ka MO:>KeT 6blTL HCilOJib30BaH JIHIIIL c

6onLmoH: JI.oneu yc11osHoCTH.

39

2. lfuCJZeHHOCmb 2060pRUfUX Ha .naHHOH TeppHTop1m Ha 3TOM J13b1Ke

KaK Ha pO.llHOM c yqeTOM apea.JlbHOH KOMnaKTHOCTif HX IlpO)l(HBaHIDI.

B KaqecTBe rocyJJ.apcmeHHoro Jl3bIKa MO)KeT 61>1Tb B1>16paH .H3bIK

6oJibillHHCTBa Ta1<, B BeJIHKo6pKraHHH rocy.napcTBeHHblM oqnu.nmJihHbIM

.sI3bIKOM J1BIDie1'cJ1 po.LI.HOH -'13b1K no,naBIDOOIUero 6on1>mHHCTBa HaceJie-.

HIDI - aHrJIHHCKHH, H pH,nOM YHKUHOHHpYJOT Jl3bIKH HaUHOHaJibHblX

MeHl>mHHCTB - s~eB, moTJiaHJJ:ues, ~Mm-paHToB HJ A3HH.

Kpamum c.rryqaif, Kor.na B KaqecTBe o<t>HUHa.rrLHoro 6brn Bb16paH 113brK

.sIBHoro MeHLmHHCTBa - 3TO epnaH..llCKHH Jl3LIK B MpJiaH,ncKo:H pecny6-

JIHKe, qecJio HCKOHHLlX HOCHTeJie:H KOToporo He npeBLimaeT 3 %, a B lfJpa

HJie - CTapbIH KJiaCCH'leCKHH Jl3blK HBpHT, JIHmeHHblH B COBpeMeHHOCTH

BCJIKOro pea.TibHOro peqesoro KOJIJieKTHBa, B TO BpeM.sI KaK Ha H,nUIIl fOBO

pH110 CBhlme 75 % ttaceJieHIDI. B uenoM 3TOT KpHTepHH rop3.3.llO 6onee

npOCT, o6'beKTHBeH H y6e.nHTeJieH ,l{a)Ke B rJI3.3ax JlPYrHX Hapo.nos, npO)KH

BaIOil{HX PH.LI.OM.

3. Ilpecmu:J1CHocm&, a6mopumem R3blKa. 3To Ba)KHl>IH <t>aKTop BbI6opa

rocy.napc-raeHHoro Jl3bIKa. B xaqecTBe TaKoro .sI3LIKa MO)KeT 61>1Tb Bhl6paH

mrrepazypHbill HJbIK COUHaJibHO npeCTIDKHOH fOCDOJJ.CTBYJO~e.H (.nIDKe Ma

JI011HCJieHHOH) rpyllIIbI HaceJieHU.sI. TaKOBbIM B )l;aJIMaUHH B XVI-XVII BB.

6bIJI HTaJibJIHCKHH H3bIK.

Harrntme y .sI3bIKa r.ny6oKHX HCTOpHKO-K}'JlbT)'PHl>IX TJ>a.LJ.HUHH, B1>1.na-

10mmcc.si JIHTeparypH1>1x H Hayqm.1x npomBe.nemdl na 3TOM. H3blKe, s1>1co

Kldi: ypoBeHL craH,naprmainrn, Me)l()l)'Hapo.naoro aaropHTera - see 3TO

co3,naeT BblCOKoe none npeCTH)KHOCTH, aBTopnrera 3Toro Jl3hIKa. H Bee :>Ke

pea.TIH3oBaTb 3TOT KpHrepHH: qaCTo 61>rnaeT uenenco. Tax, uanpHMep, B MHJJ.HH cy~ecTByeT 6onee .nsa.nuarn .apeBHHX J13blKOB c 6oJiblIIOH HCTOpHKO

K)'JILTYJ>HOH TJ>a.nHUHeli: nHCLMeHHOCTH, JIHTepal)'PbI. IloIThrrKa B Hu,nHH

B03BeCTH XHH.nH B CTaTyC e,nHHCTBeHHOro rocy .z;t:apcmeHHoro Jl3b1Ka, a .ll.PY

rHe H3LIKH - B CTaTyC o<t>HUHaJibHblX H3blKOB OT,l{eJibHhIX IIITiiTOB He HMeJia

ycnexa H Bbl3Ba.rra pe3K)'l0 peaKI.UllO HOCHTeJieR .npeBHeHHJJ,HiiCKHX HJLIKOB

(Ta.MHJIH, Te.nyry). B nacro.uu,ee speMH xmmu o<l>HUHaJILHblH 113hIK

HapRJJ.Y c aHrJIHHCKHM.

Bo MHOrHX c.nyqaJIX Ha rroJIO)KeHHe -'13blKOB c 6on1>mou HJIH .nocrn

ToqHo:H K)'JibTYPHOH lpa.nHuHeH MO:ryT npeTeH,nOBaTh .nsa J13b1Ka; TaKOBa

cwryaIJ.IDI B KaHa.ne c a.HrJIHHCKHM H 4>PaHUY3CKHM .sI31>1KaMH.

4. HeumpaJ1bHocm& R3blKa. MHorue rocy.napcTsa MHor91111>iqffb1.

B TaKHX ClpaHax B Kaqecrse o<t>HI.tHaJI1>Horo .sI31>1Ka 11ame H36.upaeTc.si

HeHlpaJibHbIH Jl3blK, a O,nHH HJIH .nsa .ll.PYrHX H3bIKa 06'1>.sIBIDllOTCH oq>HUH

a.JILHbIMH. B MH.ZI.HH aHr.1111HCKHH BblczynaeT KaK HeHTJ>a.TILHLiii, H6o .sI3blKH

ecex Hapo.noB If H..llHH HaXO.ll)ITC.JI B OTHOilleHHH K HeMy B paBHOM IlOJIO:>Ke-

40

HHH. TaKOH HeihpaJibHLIH H3bIK OC03HaeTC-'I Hepe.u;Ko KaK 113b1K rrpe.u:cra-

BHTeJlb MHpOBOH K)'Jlb'I)'Pbl, Haj'KH H TeXHlfCleCKOro rrporpecca.

H 3.lleCL O.llHHM H3 nyreU: .R3bIKoaou rro.JIBTHKH MO:>KeT 6LJTL npH3HaHHe

0.llHOro HJIH HeCKOJibKHX -'13LIKOB B KatJeCTBe o<PHI.lHanLHLIX.

B KaMep)'He, ratte, Jlu6epHH, HHrep1m, CLeppa-JleoHe - B Ka>I<JlOH

10 3THX C'I'paH HeManO H3LIKOB p33HhlX 3Tffl{qeCKHX rpyrm. B ra.He CBLIIlle

40 MecTHhIX HJLIKOB. OT.nen1>m.1e R3LIKH rocrro.llCTBYJOT B OT.lleJibHLIX pa.Ho

aax. Bee 3TH c-rpam,1 rronb3YJOTCH aHTJIHHCKHM IDIH <t>paJIUY3CKHM 113LIKaMH

B Ka"leCTBe rocy.u:apcTBeHHoro. B HHrepHH, HapRJlY c aHrmrncKHM

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44

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.zr.eJIHKaTHOCTH H TaKTa.

qTo KacaeTc.si flLIKa, TO 3,lleCL ue ua.no HH1Iero 3anpemaTh, ym;eMJI.sITh,

orpaimqHBaTh, He Ha.no «,llaBITTh» Ha flhIK. B u,eJIOM Ha.no He CTOJihKO 803-

po)l()laTh .Sl3blKH, CKOJibKO C03,llaBaTh Bee YCJIOBIDI )]JUI CB060,llHOro H paBHO

npaimoro <l>YHKll,HOHHpOBaHIDI :>KHBOfO cospeMeHHOfO H3hIKa, ~aBaTh B03-

MO:>KHOCTb eMY p33BHBaThCjl, npo.SIBHTb cefo1, 3aKperrHThCH B JII06blX .ff3hIKO

BbIX COCTO.slHIDIX H B mo6blX c1rryaIJ;ID1X ( ceML.sl, 6bITOBbie ClfTYall,HM, ra.Je

Ta, pa.n110, renesH.n;eHHe, xyAo:>KecTBeHHas JIHTepazypa, o<t>Hll,HanhHO

.nenosa.sr c<t>epa, o6yqeuae B IIIKone, B B}'3e); noMO% eMY, a B pH.ne c.rryqaes

H THilOB Clfl)'aU,HH 3aKOHO,llaTe.JILHO o6ecneqan npHOpHTeTHOe p33BHTHe

j{JblKa.

B mo6oM c~ae e Harne apeWI u.enettanpaa11eHHaJI pa6ora no so3-

po)[()J;eHmo H no.zmep:>KaHmo H3b1Ka -rpe6yeT cephe3HhIX Ja'TpaT (H3JJ;aHHe

yqe6HHKOB ,llJUI llIKOJI, yqHJIHcn, opraHH3al.J;IDI KypCOB wi.sr yq1neneli 3THX

Jl3hIKOB, H3,ZJ;aHlfe ra.JeT, :>KypHaJIOB, C03J.J:aHHe ll,HKJIOB . pa,llHOnepe.naq Ha

Jl3hIKe H KaHaJIOB reneBH,lleHH.sI }f T. ,ll.). B u.enoM B IIOBhIIIIeHHH ypOBIDI

K}'Jlb'fYPhl peqH B crpaue HCKJllOqHTeJI.hHO BeJIHKa pOJib IIIKOJibl, B}'30B, pa

mm, reJieBH,LleHIDI, f33eT, cneUHaJihHhIX KOMHCCHH.

B pacurnpeHHH c<t>epi>1 HcnoJlbJOBaHIDI H rrpHMeueuHH Toro HJIH HHoro

Jl3hIKa oco6oe MeCTO 3aeHMaeT <t>aKTOp COUHaJihHOH rrepcneKTHBhl, KOTO

phIH BhICT)'IlaeT B KaqecTBe perynuopa .H3hIKOBoro pa3BHTIDI. A 3TO - OT

BeT Ha TaKHe BOIIpOChl> KaK K)lOQ UOmu noCJle UlKOJlbl? Ke.M 6blmb? 20e Y'lUmbCJl, pa6omamb? KQK06bl nepcneKmU6bl nolly'leHUR mou WIU UHOU

OOll:JICHocmu, llU'lHou Kapbepbz? KGKOB Ha6op npo</Jeccuu u cne71ua.nbHOcmeu, npeollaWe.MblX cmpaHou, pecny6llUKOU u 3a ee npeOe.naMu?

YpoBeHb sna.neHH.sl o<t>HUHaJILHhIM flbIKOM CTilHOBHTc.si 3HaKOM, cHM

BOJIOM npo.u;eH:>KeHIDI no CJIY:>K6e, MaTepHan1>Horo 6narorronyqH.s1> rroeblme

Hffjl aBTOpHTeTa, pacIIIHpeHHH JIHtlHhlX KOHTaKTOB.

Cne,noBaTeJibHO, flbIK H 3,necb BHOBh BbICTYilaeT·KaK JHaK, CHMBOil, HO

rerrepb Y:>Ke KaK COll,HaJIJ>HbJH <t>aKTop, KaK CHMBOJI JIH'IHOro H COI.lHaJihHOfO

6JiarOIIO.JiyqIDI, rrpHTIDKeHIDI K rrpecTH:>KHbIM B MHpe o6naCT_j[M HayKH, Tex

HHKH, KYJihT)'Pbl.

46

KoAMQ>1rtKa~1r1s:1 M coeepweHcreoeaHMe HOPM Sl3b1Ka

,l(aHHDl e HarrpaBJieHIDI '13bIKOBOH IlOJIIITHKH xapaKTepH1>1 B OCHOBHOM

J1IDI. CT)JaH c 60JihllIOH 1'paJlHUHeif ynorpe611eHID1 oqmnHaJibHOro H3bIKa.

Ko.n.mlrnKaUIDI HOpM yn01pe6JieHIDI '13hIKa rrpo.HBJIHeTCH B o6nacTH: a) op

<f>oJilHH, 6) yno1'pe6neHIDI Mop<t>onorWiecKHX <t>opM, B) 6opi.6b1 3a quCTOTY

jJJbIKa, K)'IlhTYPY peq11, r) pe<t>opMbI IIHChMeHHOCTH, an<t>ainrra.

Bee 3TH HarrpaBJieHHH B KOHeqHOM c11eTe HaxO,WIT ceoe BhipIDKeHHe B

C03.ZJ;ClHHH pa3H1>IX THIIOB HOpMaTHBHhIX CJIOBapeH:, TaKHX KaK cnoeapH op

<f>orpa<j>WieCKHe, op<l>OJIIWieCKHe, TOJII<OBhle, HHOCrpaHHLIX CJIOB, TepMH

HOJIOrfftleCKHe, TPY JlHOCTeii cnoBoynoT)Je6neHHH; e mKOJihHl>IX rrporpaM

Max no OCHOBHOMY H31>IKy, B o<fnru;Ha.JThHhlX rrpaBHJiax rrpaeorrncaHIDI.

MeporrpIDITIDl no coeepIIIeHcTeoeamno op<j>orpa<}>im:, JIHKBH.nar.urn He

rpaMOTHOCTH, onpe.nenemno KOJlH<l>m<aUHH ·HOpM B 0611aCTH op<J>orpa<}nm

HJIH CJIOBoyrrorpe611eHHH, aKT)'aJIH3aUHH MeTOJlHKH o6yqeHIDI Jl3hIK)' HOCHT

He CTO.JlbKO 3THOJll:IHrBHCTWieCKHH, CKOJihKO opramnauHOHHO-<l>HJIOJIOfH

qecKHH xapaKTep.

Eop1>6a 3a K)'JihTYPY peq11 HepeJlKO npoHBJIHeTCH rrpeJK.lle Bcero B oT

uomeHHM K JaHMCTBOBaHIDlM, a TaIOKe B OTHOIIIeHHH K TpaJlHUHH, K Hac11e

JlHIO npo1IIJioro B H3h1Ke. Eopb6a 3a qHcTOTJ' H3h1Ka qam.e acero rrpoTeKaeT B

<f>opMe 6oph6hl c He)f(eJiaTeJibHhlMH, c TO'lKH 3peHIDl Jla.HHOfO 3THOCa KaK

HOCHTeJIH OCHOBHOro rocyJJ,apcTBeHHOro H3b1Ka, JaHMCTBOBaHHHMH (rrypH3M) 11epe3 opramnaumo crreUHaJihHbIX KOMHCCHH no COJ)lalilllO HOBhIX

cnoB Ha 6a3e cpe.ncTB «csoero» H3hIKa. TaK, c HaqaJioM Hnouo-aMepH

KaHCKOH BORHhl B 1941 r. B jfnoHHH pa3Bepttynach Ka~maHIDI no 011H1ne

HHIO .9IlOHCKOfO H3hIKa OT aHrnHMCKHX CJIOB H 3a.MeHe RX HTIOHCKEIMH

HeonorHJMaMH.

B KHW e 1960-e ro)ll>I Ha11anoch JlBIDKeHHe Ja yrrop.H.n:o11eHHe neKcH

KH, Ja 3aMeny HHOCTpaHHhIX TepMHHOB CJIOBa.Ml!I, o6pa30Ba.HHhIMH Ha 6a3e

cpe.n:cm KopeilcKoro JIJhIKa. B XMHJlH, KaK H B 6oni,muHCTBe HJhIKOB HHJJ.HH H IO)f(HOH: A3HH, HOBhle cnoaa ttepeJlKO KOHcTpyupoaamtch Ha 6a3e caacKpHTa.

B TypJ.J.HH B 1932 r 6I>mo opraHHJOBaHo TypeUKoe JIHHrBHCTH11ecKoe

o6w:ecTBo. BcH ero .n:eHTeJihHOCTh npHo6pena xapaKTep nypmMa, Haqa11oc1>

O'l~eHMe rypeu,Koro H3h1Ka OT ecex HHOCrpaHHbIX 3a.HMCTBOBaHH8, c reM

'IT06bl C03)laTb HeKHH: MJ(eaJihHO qHCThlH H3blK, oceo6o)lHTh rypeU,KHH .93hlK

OT HHOClpa.HHbIX, npe)f(Jl.e Bcero apa6o-nepCH)lCKHX, 33HMCTBOBaHHH. B 1936 r K. ATimopK Ha III JIHHrBHCTH11eCKOM Kompecce BLIJlBHH}'n «ConHeqHyIO Teopmo H3h1Ka», '13hIKa, 11MCTOro OT BCHKHX BJIHHHMU. CBMIIle 60 % HOBLIX cnoe zypeUKoro H3h1Ka COCTaBIDIJOT TepMmn>I.

47

3a 40 c JlHilIHHM JieT 61.mo C03)laHO OKOJIO 30-40 TblCHtl HOBblX Tep

MHHOB. Typem<oe JIHHIBHCTH'ieCKOe o6mecTBO KOHTpOJIHpyeT H3bIK oqm

UHaJibHblX .llOK)'MeHTOB, rrpeccbI. Bo <l>paHUHH 6op1>6a c aHrno-aMepmcau

CKHMH 3aHMCTBoBaHIDIMH HaUUia OTpIDI<eHHe B crreuu:anhHOM JaKoHe Ty6o

Ha, perynHpyrora:eM HX npHMeHeHHe H ynoTpe611eHHe B npecce, HayquoH: H

.n:enosoi:i: .noryM.e1muurn.

MMeHHO Ha 3TOM 3Tane Hepe.n:Ko o6oCTpHIOTC.H H ece npo611eMhI, CBH

JaHHLie c C03)laHHeM H COBepmeHCTBOBaHHeM ceoe.H HammHaJibHOH TepMH

HOJIOfHH. B OTHOIIIeHHH K TepMHHaM 3THJNeCKOe C03HaHHe IIpOHBJIHeT ce611

HaH6onee 11pKO. 3TO HJIH pe3KOe HenpHHTHe, OTpHU;aHHe, HJIH, HanpOTHB,

o.n:o6pHTeJibHOe, rropoH BOCTOp)l(eHHoe, OTHOmeHHe K TepMHHaM-3aHMCTBO

BaHHHM H KpHTHKa HeJieIILIX HOB006pa3oBaHHH Ha 6a3e CBOero H3bIKa. C10-

.n:a )l(e IIpHMblKaIOT H MHOroqHCJieHHLie 3MOUHOHaJlbHble BbICKaJLIBaHIDI B

a.npec HOBEJX TepMHHOB, H KpHTHKa HHO.Hlblt{HhlX TepMHHOB c np03paquoH:

euyrpeHHeH: <PopMOH H T. Jl.

TaKHe napaMeTpbl, KaK Mepa H CTeIIeHb nypH3Ma, OTHOIDeHHe K 3a

HMCTBOBaHID1M, K HOpMe mueparypHoro .sI3blKa H ee HapymeHIDIM, HMe

IOT 60111>moe 3HaqeHHe .ZJ.ID1 xapaKTepHCTHKH JTHoca. B KOHeqHoM cqeTe

rrpoTHBOCTOHHIDI nypmMa H HHTepHaUHOHaJIH3au1rn B c<t>epe H3bIKa He

pe)lKO ce111au1>1 c rno6a.JI1>111>1M npoTHBo.nocrasneHHeM Ky111>ryp. TaKoBo B

PoccHH -rpa.n:HIUIOHHoe npoTHBOCTOHHHe cTopoHHHKOB 3ana.1woro H cna

B-'IHo-pyccKoro nyTen pa3BHTH-'I, 3ana.n;HHKOB n cJiaBHHo<PHJios _ c XVIIIXIX BB.

B uenoM 3)leCb Mbl BcrpeqaeMCH c O)lHHM H3 CaMLIX CJIO)l(HblX MOMeH

TOB H B CaMOM Sl3blKOBOM pa3BHTHH, H B npaKTHKe H3LIKOBOfO HaI(HOHaJTh

HOro CTpOHTeni.cTBa . .MHTepec1>1 eayKH, HayqHoro o6Meua Me)(():(}' Hapo.na

MH Tpe6y10T He OTropIDKHBaTbCH HaI.J,HOHaJibllblMH paMKaMH, Tpe6yroT

CTaH,ll;apTH3aUHH H HHTepHaUHOHaJIH3aUHH uayqHLIX H3bIKOB, HaCTOHTeJILHO

Bbl)lBHralOT H3bIK-nocpeJl.HHK. B TO )l(e BpeMH poCT HaUHOHaJibHOro CaMOC0-

3HaHHH, pa3BHTHe MeCTHOH rry6JIHUHCTHKH, fa3eT, pa,ZOIO, TeJieBH,neHHH,

IDKOJibl, TeaTpa, pocT HaUHOHaJibHOH xy_no)l(eCTBeHHOH H B oco6eHHOCTH

HayqHo-rronyJIHpHOH JIHTepaTYPbI, C03)laHHe 3HUHKJIOne,nHH He MeHee

HaCTO.SI.TeJibHO -rpe6yroT pa3BHTIDI Hal.lHOHaJibHOfO H3b1Ka, JlaJihHeHI.llero

ycosepmeHCTBOBaHHH HaIJ,HOHa.JlbHOH Ha)"IHOH TepMHHOJionrn.

Pe<J>opMa nucbMeHHocmu xapaKTepHa .llJIH pa3llhIX cTpaH, qacTo oHa

conpoeo)l()laeTcH pe<PopMon npasHJI npasorracaeHH, op$orpa$HH. B HCTO

pHH pyccKoro UDIKa nepBa.sr pe$opMa pyccKoro IIHCl'>Ma 61>ma npe.n:npaHHra

rrpH Ilerpe I. Tor.na 61.IJIH ycTPaHeHhI 6yKBLI ro ( OMera), 'JI (nc11), --./ (H)l(H

ua), G (10c 6on1>moii) H R (IOC MaJiblH), 61>1.JIH BBe,neHbl 6yKBLI e, SI H JJP., rpa<PHKa 6yxs 6i,ma ynporueua.

48

HaqHHWI c 1904 r 61>m no)lrOTOBJieH npoeKT HOBOH pyccKoif op<Po

rpa<}>uu, OH 61>m yTsep)f(.lleH B 1918 r. Ifa pyccKoro a.n<Pas1na 61>1.JIH H3'MITbI

6yKBbl + (Uh) , i, - ( qnrra) H 'b B KOHl.(e CJIOB THila 060po. 0THOllleHHe K <t>opMe IlHChMa, K a11<PaBH1)' HBJUleTCH Ba)f(Hb[M IlOKa:m

TeJieM CTerreHH pa.3BHTIDI :)THlftleCKOfO CaMOC03HaJIIDI. B HCTOpmt pa.3JIWI

HLIX Hapo.noa He pa.3 y)f(e OTMeqeHhI cnyqaH nepexo)la Ha HOBhIH an<PaaHT,

COJJlaHHH HOBhIX ampa.BHTOB )lJIH 6ecnHCbMeHHl>IX H3blKOB. 3)leCh .n:ocra

TO'IHO BCilOMHHTb O)f(eCTOlfeHeyIO 6op1>6y B 20-e TO)lhl xx B. MC)l(Jly CTO

poHHHKaMH apa6cKoro H naTHHCKoro an<t>aaHTa B A3ep6aitn)f(a.He, cnophl o

nepexo)le Hapo.n,OB ):(arecraHa Ha HOBl>IH JiaTHHH3HpOBaHHhIH HJIH pyccKHH

an$aBHT, nocTeneHHl>IH nepexo.n Ha KHpHJIJIWieCKHH a.mpasHT qyaameu,

Mop,nsbI, MapHUl.(es, a JaTeM H Hapo)loB )J;arecraHa, Cpe.n:Heif A3HH. )l{ypHa.JlhI Tex JteT «PeBomorura H BocTOK», «PeaomoUIDI H nHCLMeHHoCTL Bo

CTOKa», «Peaomou:HH H ropel.(», «..R3hIK H nHChMeHHOCTh Hapo.noa Ceaepa»,

npOTOKOJThl 3ace.n;aHHH KOMHTeTa HOBOfO a11$aBHTa, C'be3)l08 H KOH$epeH

U:HH CO)lepiKaT HeMa.JIO HpKHX npHMepoB o6mecTBeHHOro H HH)lHBH)lya.JTh

Horo OTHOIIIeHIDI K a11cpaBH1)', UHCLMeHHOCTH. B 1928 r rypeUKHH H3bIK

nepemen c apa6cKoro Ha naTHHHJHpOBam11>1li am)>aaHT, HOBbIH rypeIU<Hii

a11<1>aaHT cnoco6cTBOBan JIHI<BH,ll,arurn HerpaMOTHOCTH. B 1929 r B mK011ax

TypUHH 6hLJIO OTMeHeHO rrpeno)laBaHHe H HJyqeHHe apa6CKOfO IIHCI>Ma H 113bIKa.

B pH.n,e c11yqaea a11<j>aBHT MO)f(eT 11cnon1>3oBaTbCH: KaK cpe.n;cTBo npona

raazu,r onpe.neneHm.1x nonHTH'lecKHX H)leif u MHpOB033peHIDI. TaK, Hanpu

Mep, B Ha11ane XXI a. HeKOTop1>1e Hccne.n:osaTeJIH yrsep)l(.n:anu> qTo cna.Bm

CKHe Hapoiu.1, HcnonI>JYJOIU;He naTHHHizy .n:yxoBHO 6nff)f(e K Eapone, 'leM

CJI38.RHe, Ollllp3.IOI.I.J;lieCH Ha KHpHJIJIHQY.

IlpH 3TOM B 3THH'leCKOM C03HaHHH HH)],HBH)la H ueJIDIX rpynn mone:H

MO)l(eT B03HHK:HyTb HOCTaJihrHH no IIJ'OI.I.IJIOMy, yxo,WIID.eMY. CMeHa a11cpa

BHTa, 3aMeHa 3HaKOB IIHCbMa, CTapaH op$orpa$HH> opcp03IJHlieCKHe HOpMbl

MOryT BblCT)'IlaTI> KaK H,l(eaJI npaBHJibHOro, lpa.l(HQHOHHoro, H 113I>IK BHOB:b

OKaJLIBaeTCH CHMBOJIOM COUHaJILHLIX H)leaJIOB.

CoquallbHa.JI, monoHUMUKa (HaJBaHIDI roponoe> cen, y1rnu:, rurorua

.Zleii) - 0.l(Ha H3 OCHOBHDIX ccpep, r)le HaH6onee HpKO npOJIBIDllOTCH npo-

6JJeMbl, CB.R3aHHLie c KOJlH$HKal.(HeH H CTaH)lapTH3aa:ueii HaJBaHHH.

llpe)f(,Zle Bcero 3TO nepeHMeHOBaHHe H HMeHOBaHHe HOBLIX o6'beKTOB.

MMeHHo 1.necb np11 o6cy)f(.neHHH 3THX aonpocoa 3MOl.(HH nocTuraroT no

poA ceoero Bhlcmero HaKaJia. ):(ocTaTO'IHO ecnoMHHTh nepa1>1e ro.n,i,1 ne

pecrpoliKH, a TaK)f(e Haqana XXI a. B PoccHH, HanpHMep> nepeHMeHosa

HHe JleHHHrpa.na B TieTep6ypr, H COTHH IIHCeM c BOIIpOCOM, «a IlO'leMY He e Ilerporpan?».

49

McTopHtlecKH, KaK H3BectHo, HaH6onee ycToHtIHEhl rHJlpOHHMl>I H

opoHHMhl, Ha.3BaHIDI rop, llHKOB, nemep, .nomrn H ymenHif. Bonra, Ypan KaK HOCHJIH 3TH Ha.3BaHID1 B XII-XVI BB., TaK HecyT HX H cero.zuvr. HaH6o

nee IlO.LI.Bep)l(e.HLI nepeHMeHOBaHIDlM OHKOHHMl>I - ropo.nc.I<He xopOHHMhl,

T. e. Ha.3BaHID1 YJIH14 IlJIOilla.neif, napKoB. Ta~ HpKHM npHMepoM co3HaTeJihHoro Maccoaoro nepeHMeHoBaHHJI nocne 1945 r., BKJilOqaJl ,ZlIDKe H

rn.npoHHMLI, MOryT CJIY)KH.Th reorpa<t>HqeCKHe HaJBaHIDI Ha Kapen1>cKoM

nepemeifKe, B KanHHHHipa.D:CKOH 0611aCTH H B 3ana,nHOH IloJibme, H, HaKO

ueu, COTHH nepeHMeHOBaHHH B 90-e rr. xx B. B MocKBe H .llPYfHX ropOJ(ax.

061>1qHo npoue.n:ypa nepeHMeHOBaHIDI . BhIHOCHTC.SI Ha o6m;ecTBeHHOe 06-

c~eHHe B fa.3erax, Ha pa.nHo, TeJieBH.Uemm, B MHTepHeTe, B KaKOH-TO MOMeHT "pema.IOIUHH ronoc OCTaeTC.SI 3a TOilOHHMHqeCKHMH KOMHCCIDIMH

npH a.LtMHHHCTpauHH o6JiaCTH, ropo.na. IlpH 3TOM TaKHe KOMHCCHH yrnep

)1(.llaJOT H <t>opM)', H y.napem1e, H HanHcaHHe TonoHHMa, HHor.na o ero

TpaHcmrrepa.umo naTHHCKHMH 6yKBaMH .D:JIH Ha.umiceli Ha yKa:mTeJI}IX Ha

ymmax, .noporax, mocce.

B cospeMeHHoli )l(HJHH TonoHHMHKa MO:>KeT OKa3aT1>c.s1 O.UHHM H3 Y3-noa HaUHOHan1>no-noJIHTHt1ecKoif Hanpj{:>KeHHOCTH. Ecno a C1'paHe (pecny6-

JIHKe, o6JiaCTH) l<OMilaKTHO pj!,ZlOM rrpo:>KHBa.IOT pa3Hble HapO.llbl, TO npHCyT

CTBHe Ha3BaHHH YJIHU, IlJIOIUa.neli, Ha.urrnceH: c TOilOHHMaMH TOJll>KO Ha o.uHOM jJJ:hIKe, KaK npaaHJio, nopo)l(.uaeT 3MOUHOHaJI1>Hoe Hanp.S1:>KeHHe, OIUY

meHHe ymeMJieHIDI H orpaHfftleHIDI llH.llHBHJla a npaae Ha nom.JoBaHHe po,D.HbIM H3bIKOM. B TaKUX c.rryqruix Ha yn11uax, Ha mocce, no-BHJlHMOMY,

HaH6onee uenecoo6pa3HO BhIBeIImBaTh yKaJaTenu c .UBYM.SI Ha3BaHID1MH.

TaK, H3.3BaHIDI acex HaceneHHblx nyHKTOB H YJIHU ea .uayx rocy.napCTBeHHLIX flbiKax - <l>HHCKOM H mBe,ncKOM - npHHHTbl B <l>HHIDIH.D:HH

(Helsinki H Helsingfors, Turku H Abo). Bo pamum B p.S1.ue ropo.uos Ilpo

BaHca Ha3BaHH.SI ynHu nHWyrcJI H no-<t>pan1zy3cKH, H no-npoaaHCaJihCKH, B M.cnaHHH - no-HcnaHcKH H no-6acKcK.H. Bee TaKHe Mep1>1 CHH:>KaIOT 3THO

COUHaJI:hH)'IO Hanp.SI:>KeHHOCTb.

Kax H B .upyrnx aonpocax, CB.Sl3aHHbIX c .sI3hIKOBOH nonHTHKou, c KYJih

rypoif peqH, CMeHa Ha.3BaHIDI Bcer.ua Bbl3bIBaeT TY HJIH HH)'IO OCTp)'IO peaK

umo HH.ZI.HBu.na. T~ aarrpHMep, HHKaKHe soneable perneHIDI caepxy He

CMOfJIH npoTHBOCTO.SITb MHemno 60JiblliHHCTBa iKHTeneif H JleH1rn.rpa,ncKaJ1

o6nacn. He 61>ma nepeHMeHoBaHa B ileTep6yprcKYJO ry6epmno, a ropo.n

KHHrHcenn - B RM6ypr. Pa.ueTeJIH H peBHHTeJIH 61>1crpi,1x nepeH.MeHoBaHHif, KaK H IIOJIHTHKH B cnyqae c rrocneIDHLIM BHe,ZlpeHHeM 3aKOHOB 0 .Sl3blKe, 3a6bIBa.IOT, qTo .Sl3blK - He J(CTaJIH MaIIIHH, CXO,ll)IIIJ;He c KOf(BeHepa.

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50

aJJ,aITrHpOBaTbCH. Jlro.u.eif, KOTOpbie peryIDipHO ynotpe6JIJIJIH HeKOr)la TIO

crapoe H33BaHHe, qam;e scero }')Ke HeT. Bb1pocnH HOBLie noKoneHIDI, .llJl'1 KOTOphlX 3TH CTapbie HaHMeHOBaHHH raKHe )((e HOBble CJIOBa, KaK OUCnlleU, MeHe0:>1Cep rurn n.neep. ,Ami qenoeeKa cymecTayeT TOJILKo coepeMeHHMH

.13bIKOBOH y3yc. 3.n:ecb rrpae.ri:a HayqHoro HCTOpHtJecKoro rro.a.xo.na BCT)'rraeT

B npOTHBopeqHe c MaCCOBhIM C03Ham1eM H jf3bIKOBbIM Y3YCOM coepeMeH

HHKOB. Hy:>KHbl JIH HCTOpHtieCKH orrpae.naHHbJe nepeHMeHOBaHIDI? )];a, H)')K

Hld. Ho napa.JIJieJihHO Heo6XO)lHMa H TOHKaJI H .neJIHKaTHaJI CHCTeMa Mep no

HX eBe.neHHIO H no a.narrramrn co3HaHIDI cpe.nHero Hll)UIBHJJ:a K 3THM nepe

HMeHoBaHIDIM. llo)l06HaJI CHCTeMa .n:om1<Ha YlfHThIBaTh HaJ..(HOHaJibHblii: H

COUHaJihHbIR COCTaB pern:oHa, pacnpoctpaHeHHe pa.3Hb1X .popM 6IDIHHr

BH3Ma.

YcTaHOBJieHHe cpopMhI, npoH3HomeHIDI, y.llapeHHH, op.porpaqnm ro

IIOHHMOB - 3TO cephe3HaJl H Bcer.ri:a COBpeMeHHaJI npmma,nHaJI JIHHI'BHCTH

qecKaJl npo6neMa, CBH3aHHaJI B KOHe'IHOM CtfeTe H c HCTOpHeH, reorpa.pHeH,

H, rJiaBHOe, HOpMaMH H3LIKa. 11 B TO )Ke BpeMJI TOIIOHHMHKa - O)lHa H3 rex cq,ep, r.n:e HH.llHBH.ll HaH6011ee OCTpO omymaeT OTKJIOHeHIDI OT KO.lUlcl>HUH

poBaHHOH HOpMbl. HarrpHMep, B Ilerep6ypre eCTb YJIHUa raaaHCKaJI (OT

ZaBQHb ), rrpHe3)1(He qacro He 3H3IOT HCTOpHH paitoHa H Ha.JhIBaIOT ee f aeAHCICU (oT I'aeaHa), pHJlOM ynmJ;a Bece111>HaJI OT Bec110, eeCRa, a He OT eecellblu HT . .n. KpynH1>1e reorpacl>WiecKHe 061,eKThI (CT})aHbI, 0611acTH, ropo.n:a)

)J.OJDKHbl H33hIBaTbCH B COOTBeTCTBHH c HOpMaMH H 1'p3..nHilIDIMH .naHHoro

JIHTepaT)'PHoro H3hIKa. ME.I )Ke roeopHM PHM, a He «P6Ma», IlapIDK, a He

IlapH, H .naxc:e Co<J>IDI, a He C6<l>HH, TC?qHo TaK )Ke B yCTHOH pe'IH eopMa

THBHo npaBHJihHO no-pyccKH TOJihKO Mon.naeHH, a He Mon.n:oea, EamKHpHH,

a He 6auncopToCTaH, RKYTHH, a He Caxa

Bo MHOrHX ctpaeax, o6nac'NIX, HaceneHHhIX OJJ:HOBpeMeHHO pa.3HhIMH

Hapo.n.aMH, pa3JIWIHbie o6oeKThI HMeIOT no .naa H ,nCUKe no rpu Ha3BaHIDI,

npH 3TOM qame, O,lJ.HaKO, o<t>HUHaJihHO DpHIDITO O.llffO Ha.JBaHHe - Ha rocy

.n:apcTBeHHOM H3:h1Ke .naHHoif ClpaHLI, .npy:rne )Ke - eeo<J>HI.lHaJlbHhle. Ta

KOBDI, HanpHMep, B nemmrpa,nCKOH 06JiaCTH <l>HHCKHe, H)l(OpCKHe H Benc

CICHe Ha.JBaHIDI no OTHOmeHHIO K pyccKHM HJIH, Hao6opoT, pyccKHe no OT

HOWeHmo K 3CTOHCKHM - B 3CTOHHH.

B ycTHOH o6HXO.lJ.HOH ropo.ncKOH petiH pa.3Hbie TonoHHMLI ynorpe6-

IDll<>TCH Il0-pa3HOMY. qame .npyrHX no.n BJIIDIHHeM )l(aproHOB H npocrope

'IIDI, H B oco6eHHOCTH B pequ MOJIO,lle)l(ff, nepeOCMbICIDleTCJI ropo.ncKu

TOIIOHHMHH, eanpHMep B IleTep6ypre: «Ha Bac.LKe» - Ha BacHJI.LeecKOM

OCTpOBe, «y rocTHHI<lf» - y rocTHHOrO ,naopa, «BhlXO~ Ha TeXHOJIO)((

Ke» - Ha CTaffllHH Metpo «TeXHOJIOnNeCKHH HHCTHTYT», <UKneemh Ha

51

Ile'I'porpa.nKe - 3BOHH .. )) - T. e. Ha Ile-rporpa.n.cKOH CTOpoHe (H3 peKJiaMhl Ha ymu.{e IleTep6ypra), «ABT06yc H.UeT no Kopa6JUIM» - no Kopa6neCTpOHTeJII.HOH y;rnu;e a raaaHH (060.sIBneHHe no pa.n.Ho B aarn6yce). KIDKJU>IH B cnoeM ropo.ne rrpHBe.neT HeMaJio TaKHX rrpHMepoa.

B o6HXO,lI.HOH peqH BeJIHKO qffCJIO CHHOHHMOB-.n.y6neTOB: IleTep6ypr H o6mepyccKoe IlHTep, rrocenoK 3eneHo6opcKHii (MypMaHCKa51 o6nacTb) B peqH MeCTHbIX )f(HTeneu - 3eneHbIH, ropo.n EoKCHToropcK (JleHHHrpa.n:cKrui o6nacTh) - EoKCIIThI. B JleHHHrpa.n:cKoH: o6nacTH HCTOpWieCKH rrpaBH.JILHOe Il6JJ.rropo)f(Le cejfqac ace qame 3BYtf:HT KaK - Ilo.n:rrop6)f(Le.

B pa3roBopHoH: pequ Hau6onee pacrrpoc-rpaHeH rnn CTIDKemui, HarrpHMep, Crapa.si Pyca (Hoaropo.n:cKa.sI o6nacTh) -+ Pyca, Hoarui Jia.n:ora (Jiemrnrpa.n:cKCUI o6nacTb)-+ JlaJJ.ora.

HMeHHo HOBble BH,llbl TeXHWieCKHX cpe.n.cTB CB83H TOJIKaJOT o6mecTBO K rroHCKY 6onee orrepaTHBHbIX cpopM nepe.n.aqH umpopMal{HH, K ee KOMnpeccHH, . K HOBhIM TeKCTa.M. HoBble C'I'pYKTYJ>Hhie THITbl TeKCTOB ae.n.yT K HOBhlM ct>opMaM 83hIKa.

CymecTBoaamte H fi>YHKl.UfOHKpOBaHHe H3bIKa B HOBOH 3JieK-rpoHHoli, KOMIThI<>TepHOH <t>opMe, 3BOJOOIUUI cpopM H BH)lOB o6meHH.sI qeJioBeKa c KOMIThIOTepoM, HOBbie TPaJICHaUHOHaJIL.Hhie BH)lhl H <}>opMbl rrepe.n.aqH HHcpopMaUHH a o6mecTBe Me)f(.n:y pa3HhIMH CTPaHaMH MoryT B nepcrreKTHBe nepeBeCTH BOIIpOChl H3hlKOBOro IlJlaHHpOBaHIDI H COBCeM B .n:pyryro, KalJeCTBeHHO HHylO, IIJIOCKOCTb.

Me)f()lyHapo.n.Ha.si HHTerpaUIDI H TpaHcHaUHoHamnaurur a 3KOHOMHKe H Kyni,rype, mrrepaau;uoHaJIH3allIDI npoueccoB .n:enoaoro o6meHIDl, pocT o6'beMOB <}>HHaHCOBOH H )leJIOBOH ,llOKY~feHTaIJ.HH, Heo6XO)lHMOCTh 6bICTpOro o6MeHa noTOKaMH HH<t>opMamrn, mrrepeChl -rpaHCHaUHOHaJThHhIX KOMnaHHH, c O)lHOH CTOpOHhl, a c .n:pyrow HOBbie TeXHHlJeCKHe cpe.n:cTBa CB$1-3H, xpaHeHHH H nepe.n.alJH HHOpMaI.J;I-UI, HHTepHaUHOHaJIH3aUHII HaQHOHaJib.HhIX <}>opM KYJILTYJ>hl nopO)[()laIOT pa3HLie THnhl HcKyccTBeHHhIX H3hIKOB, TepMHHOB H 3HaKOBhIX CHCTCM, ae.n.yT K IIOHCKaM O)lHOro e.n:1rnoro HHTepHaUHOHaJihHOfO H3hIKa-nocpe)lHHKa. 5I3hIK rrpeapam,aeTCR B HHCTpYMeHT IIpOH3BO.lI.CTBa semeH:, <t>opM o6m:eHIDI H aneH.. R3hlK )leJiaeT TOBap, H TOBap .nenaeT $13hIK. 3TO H 6op1>6a 3a 83blK peKJia.Mhl, 3a H3hIK .u.eJIOBOH rrpeCChl H, rrmpe, Ja Macc-Me)lHa H HJhIKOBOe C03HaHHe HH.ll.HBH.n.a B uenoM.

IlOJIHTINeCKHH HMIIepaTHBH3M B 6opb6e 3a .sl3hIK-JIOCpe.n;HHK, orrpe.n.erreHHe rrpaBHJI ero npHMeHeHHH co CTOpOHhl TpaHCHaUHOHaJlhHhIX o6'he)lHHeHHH nopO)f()laJOT o6paTHhie Te'lleHIDl - 6opb6y 3a IlOBhIIDeHHe Me)[(.n.yHapO)lHOH poJIH H rrpeCTH)[(a OT)leJih.HhIX HaIJ,HOHaJihHhlX H3hlKOB, 3a ycHJieHHe BJIIDlHIDI OT,neJihHhIX rocy.n.apCTBeHHhIX .Sl3hlKOB H -rpa.n:m.:um HaQHoHaJibHOH KYilh1YPbl.

52

TpaHCHauHOHa.n:HJaUHR, rno6a.n::H3alUUI H cTa.11.napTHJaUHH cospeMeH

HLlX Me)Krocy napcTBeHHblX H Me)l(HaUHOHaJil>HhIX OTHO me mm, HX KOMIIblO

TepIDaUHR, c O,U:HOH CTOpOHhl, H HHKOpnopaUIDI H HHTerpaUIDI 60JibllIHX

Mace HHO.ff3hiqHoro HaceneHHJI, MHrpHpyiomero Me:>K.izy pa.3HhIMH crpaHa

MH, - c i:q>yroli, npencTaBIDIJOT co6oli .l(Be ocHOBHLie re11.neHUHH cospe

MeHHo ro 3THOJIHHfBHCTWieCKOfO pa3BHTIDI .

.1-fayqeHHe BJIH.SIHHJI 3THX npoueccoB Ha .Sl3hIK, Ha pa3BHTHe OT,U:eJibHblX

H3UJIOHaJibHhlX 113hIKOB H .SIBJI1leTC.SI O,U:HHM H3 OCHOBHblX Hanpao11eHHH: co

speMeHHOH 3THOJIIDITBHCTHKH H COUHOJIHHIBHCTHKH KaK ee 11aCTH.

rnaea 4 ~3blK KAK CMMBOn

RJl>IK naH BCeM H Ka)f()loMy. c O,U:HOH CTOpoHhI, JOl>IK - CHCreMa 3Ha

KOB, KOHCTpYKT - o6'beKT Hayi<H 113bIK03HaHIDI, c npyro:H - cpe,U:CTBO o6-MeHa HH<l>OpMauHeH, MblCJI.SIMH, H,U:enrn, 3MOUHJIMH. l1MeHHO B 3TOA BTO

poU: HilOCTaCH .93b1K o6hl1IHO H BblcrynaeT KaK CHMBOJI OTHOIIIeHIDI K reM

HJIH HHbIM <j>aKTaM, 11.BJieHIDIM H npo6JieMaM o6mecTBeHHoif )KHJHH, qTo

HeH36e)KH0 H ecTeCTBeHHO 3aTpafHBaeT 3MOUUOHaJibHyio CTOpoe:y C03Ha

HHJI K3)1(,U:Oro )KHTemi: C'IpaHhI.

KaKOBhl )Ke 3TH npo6neMh1, .S1BJJeHID1 H <j>aKT1>1? qame ocero :no co6bl

TIDI H mmemUI, CB.Sl3aIIHhie c 11pe3MepHOH IlOJIHTH33D;Heif )((H3HH.

RlLIK, 3THoreHe3 H 3THHlfeCK3H HCTOpHH. I10JIHTH33UIDI IlpODIDl

erc.SJ B O,ll.HOCTOpOHHeH rrepeHHTepnpeTalUIH CJIO)((HOH Me:>KOTpaCJieBOH

npo6JieMbl npoHCXO)((,U:eHIDI TOfO HJIH HHOfO Hapona, B YTBep:>KneHHH ape

aJILHOit TeppHTOpHaJibHOH H3BeqHOCTH KOpeHHOro Hapo.na Ha .n;aHHOH JeM

Jie, B y .npeoneHHH CBOeH HaUHOHaJlbHOH HCTOpHH.

11MeHHo 3THOfeHe3 Hapo.na Hepe)lKO HCilOJlb30BaJIC'1 H HCIIOJlb3YeTC'1

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H Me)((HaUHOHa.JThHLIX OTHomeHH:H:. B TOH HJIH HHOH Clpa.He Ha pa3JIH11HLIX

o<t>HUHaJibHLIX ypoBHHX, B rreqarn Ha1{HH3.IOT JByqaTb, CTaB'1TCJI H 06cY:>K

.ll:3lOTC.SI, HarrpHMep, c11e.zzyiomee BODpOCLI: «KaKOH uapo.u; H3 .2lByx Hapo.u;oB

>l<HBeT Ha 3TOH 3eMJie )lOJibWe .n:pyroro H .SIBJUleTCR Ha 3TOH reppHTOpHH

CaMLIM npesHHM HaponoM?»; «KaKoH Hapo.n. H Korna 3aHHMan paHee 3T)'

reppHTopmo, r.n:e npoxo.z:uurn rpaHH[(bl "Haurnx" JeMe111> B .npeBHOCTH?»;

«KTo 11.BJlj(eTCR KopeHHOH "TffTYJILHOH" HallHeH B ,LlaHHOH crpaHe, pem

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DHCbMeHHOCTH Ha 3TOH 3eMJie?».

53

He-rpy.llHO ,llora,u.an.cj{, qTo c-rpeMJieHHe HaHTH 6blCTIJhie O.ll.H03HaqHb1e

H Ilp.RMble OTBeThI Ha TaKHe BOIIpOCbI TYT )Ke nopO)l()l,aeT npo6neMy nono

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nopoM: K pe3KOMY OCJIO)l(HCHIDO Me/l<Hal.UfOHanhHblX H Me)l(fOCy)l.apcTBeH

HbIX OTHOIIIemm:.

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TypHLIX JOH H DOJIHTH"leCICHX rpaHHU pa1uoro speMeHH. 3TO cmyaum1

nocneIIIHoro H Heo6oCHOBaHHOfO H3MeHeHl{j{ -rpa.lOfl.UfOHHOfO TeppHTO

pHaJibHOro a)l.MHHHCTpaTHBHOfO .n:eJieHIDI. liCTOpH11eCKH o6oeKTHBHOe

Hecosna,neuue JJ.HaJieKTHLIX, 3THorpaqmqecKHX rpaHHU 11 coepeMeHHLIX

rocy)l.apcTBeHHhIX rpaHHU BbIC1)'IlaeT KaK CTHM)'JI )l.njl nepecMo-rpa co

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pyK>TC.11 KaK roeopbI, npHHa)l.Jle)f(aIIlHe K KaKoMy-To O)l.HOMY .R3b1Ky.

HeyqeT HCTOpHH <t>opMHpoBaHIDI )l.peeHeMIIIHX HCTOpHKO-KYJihTYPHhIX 30H

npHBO)l.HT K OIIIH6KaM B a.zi;MHHHClpaTHBHOM H 3KOHOMH11eCKOM paMOHHpO

BaHHH CTpaHhI.

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MOMCHTbI HCTOpH11eCKOf0 pa.3BHTHj{ JI3hlK Hepe)l.KO orrzymaeTC.R npe)l(,lle

scero KaK CHMBOJI HaUHOHa.llhHOro e)l.HHeHIDI, KaK cpaKTOp H opy)l.He

6oph6b1 3a HaUHOHaJihHOe B03pO)l(JJ;eHHe. TaK, B xo)J.e aHTHKOJIOHHaJihHOH

6opb6bI JI3bIK BblCT)'IlaeT KaK CHMBOJI 6opb6hI, CHMBOJI IIpOTeCTa npoTHB

rHeTa, HHOC'FpaHHOfO 3aCHJIH.R, CHMBOJI HaUHOHaJlbHOro e,AHHCTBa. TaKYIO

pOJih CblrpaJIH B CBOe BpeMj{ XHH,llH B liH)J.HH, TafaJihCKHli JI3blK ua <l>H

mmmmax, cyaxHJIH - B TaH3aHHH; H3bIK BbICTynan: KaK CHMBOJI 6oph6hI

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H CRMBOJI:HqeCKHX 3HaKax (peKJiaMhl, 3THKeTKH). TiocTerreHHO, c roqKH 3pe

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$1JblK H npasa 'leJIOBeKa. HMeHHO KaK CHMBOJI npe)J.CTaeT R3blK H BO

scex Tex CH1)'aI.(IDIX, f)le JI1060H: HH,llHBH.lI. KaK npe)J.CTaBHTeJib KOMilaKTHhIX,

54

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rpynn CraJIKHBaeTC.sl c KaKHM-JIH6o ymeMJieHHeM H IlpHHIDKeHHeM ero npa

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,ll)UI 3arronHeHH.SI B yqpe:>K,neHIDIX, KaHI.1,emqrnJ1X TQJlbKO Ha 0.ll.HOM .sl3blKe;

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АЛЕКСАНДР С. ГЕРД — СОЦИОЛИНГВИСТИКА ● ALEXANDER S. HEARD — THE MAXIMS OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS