ISAAC

NEWTON

ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727)Born in the same year of Galileo’s death.Orphan since birth. Newton was born three months after the

death of his fatherGrew up with his grandmother.he was a small child; his said that he could have fit inside

a quart mug (≈ 1.1 litres).he never married, being highly engrossed in his studies and

work.

BIO At the age of 18, his mother attempted to make a farmer

of him. In 1661, he was admitted in Trinity College, Cambridge as

a sizar. He read the books of Copernicus, Kepler & Galileo. 1669, he became a professor of mathematics. (1670-1672) he taught Optics. 1687, he returned back to mechanics. 1704, back to calculus.

BIO Newton was also a member of the Parliament of

England from 1689 to 1690 and in 1701, but according to some accounts his only comments were to complain about a cold draught in the chamber and request that the window be closed.

In 1696, Newton moved to London to take up the post of warden of the Royal Mint.

1701, retired from Cambridge. Newton was made President of the Royal Society in 1703

and an associate of the French Academy of Sciences.

BIO n April 1705, Queen Anne knighted Newton during a royal

visit to Trinity College, Cambridge. 1717, Newton moved the Pound Sterling de facto from

the silver standard to the gold standard. Newton died in his sleep in London on 31 March 1727. After his death, Newton's body was discovered to have had

massive amounts of mercury in it. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in

late life.

MATHEMATICS In 1704, developed infinitesimal calculus. (Leibniz 1684) Newton is generally credited with:

the generalised binomial theorem, valid for any exponent. He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three

in two variables) made substantial contributions to the theory of finite

differences was the first to use fractional indices He approximated partial sums of the harmonic

series by logarithms  was the first to use power series with confidence and to

revert power series.

OPTICS (1670-1672)he observed that color is the result of objects interacting

with already-colored light rather than objects generating the color themselves. This is known as Newton's theory of color.

COMPONENTS OF VISIBLE LIGHT

Isaac Newton showed that by shining white light through a glass prism it could be separated back into its different wavelengths.

and that a lens and a second prism could recompose the multicolored spectrum into white light.

Newton’s color disk

REFLECTION TELESCOPE

In 1668, he was able to produce the first reflecting telescope.

It is known as Newtonian Telescope.It has many advantages compared to the refracting

telescope.

UNIVERSALITY OF GRAVITYIn 1687, returned back to work on Mechanics.What makes an apple falls down, is responsible for keeping

the moon in orbit.The moon is always falling toward Earth.The moon moves forward in space, at the same time.It constantly, misses the Earth.

WEIGHTLESSNESS

More than 200 years later, his ideas were put in action.

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITY

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dmmF

./1067.6 311

221

221

• This law works all over the universe.• G was determined experimentally by Cavendish in 1797-1798

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (1687)The Law of Inertia:In the absence of external forces, when viewed from an

inertial reference frame, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).

NEWTON’S 2ND LAWthe acceleration of an object is directly proportional to

the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

NEWTON’S 3RD LAWIf two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by object 1 on

object 2 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on object 1.