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J.M.J. Autumn 2015
206
James Harry Morris
James HarrY, Y"T'ri"Hl;:l #,J.do.to.ui :':dL*:: "l#"p""iiiics at theStrrdv of Rehgron
-
Unirr"rtitY of St Andrews'
Christianitv, MlltYrdom and
Pilgri*t# i" Oxago Village
Hffim# !untir it was drsua,,;;;, *,,,*^:H" I[_,:::ililTh#ili;":tiil,;.8","
w*iltil;;;ichristianitY in northern '
,"."-*"r',',o1.=. is a smalt vlrage of about 509 '::*"i;:t[l# t]t?til:iJ $
6kago (xsE) lii"ifri'i;il;" (H*t Prefecture"'dii""""ii-nt) iine fromr"ni""IEr'i citv e / Yil in lwatera
a ilv'uxi"*:*, to a bus which run-s,"""=t *i'ttouta car' but can be'T'il;;iransferrin'was
part of the Sendaiiffiil;; to senmavu (tlt*l iii""i?i c",,t",v-itaround five trrnls''i'v D'"it{-l.n
'o*" 300 rrris;t"; were martyred
B:T:il'-xtt*:'}:;*,;u:-iii*fu f i*":,,:il#:irtm.,-",;iTfffi,
"", =, ", =, t?, *:;; .
;1: ; Ifi tlX!; c i,"'.i,. N "*
. T
"*,"n:liJ ?:1,1";at t he
iri =to.v books l;: ::ffi'J "i .ri"
-N"icho EmbaP"' l*r"*s persecurron again-<t'd;;;;;;r, * ,*#:Til,:lJfti,;'€**;s or arui
Hli=t#"1ff;#;-"1": ll=*X:"|ll"X as they occurred in the viitage or
Ch
Ok.go, with a
How Christiar
Most JaPe
the missionaKirishitun dt
Kirishitan.smissionarresChristianityL work in C
Bunka Shir
Christianitlthe arival
On thefound' veryfollow in tthose who
ScholarProvince (
Nobunagethe Persuthe Jesu
HideYoshFukushi-tPreviousin the a
Gamo G
(ts6), -(y.Ef+\?
JrffiE)Christiconverlfaith e
himselhe mr
missicChrisrdo nosimi}evanl
!',for a
befo:
'istranrty Lruuubr'"*- ih"." persecutions as
Here I shal} recour
e.&EEn>Io.l Jo ssaccns aql 8uu,\olloJ nzr-V Jo JopBal Euruocaq ure8e acuo aJoJaq'869I uT (#fH AT) rrsp4e8ey r8nsall dq peceldar sB^\ 1nq ,aurrl Jorrq B roJnzrv palnr (LryfrW) r4ndepr11 grue3 ,uos srq 969l q i{+Bap srq Fur.ra.o11og
'lauuos.rad Jo {cBI B o+ anp slsqa8uu,r.aluaueu.rad dlddns 01 olqBun aJo1l^ s+rnsaf aril ,as13:o pJol sB slsenbe.r JBlrrursapBur pBr{ aq uar{l!\ ipezqerealBtu sorJBuorssrru aq? Jor{?aq,^a uor?uoru lou opsacrnos aIqBIrE^B or{J 'lggI ur rqsodaplH dq panssr uaaq pBr{ +Bq+ d?ruBr?slrr{cuo uBq eq1 pesoddo dpado aq nzrv oJ uJnlal srr{ uo pue ,nzry 01 sarJBuorssrrupuos slrnsof or{+ }Br{+ lsenba.r o? oueu8rlen orpuessalv q?I^\ ?our aqT69r uI 'asl ur urBruop roruroJ sirl Jo uorlelndod arr?ua arl? lro^uoc o+ Jlasulq s+JoJJa snonuoJls apBrrr Sur.teq 'os op ol +rruar ooJJ ruoq+ e,te8 pue q1re5Jraql pEards o1 SIBSSBA srq paSe.rnocuo olBsrirl u8ra.r srq Sur.rnq .pa?ro^uocosle per{ SIBSSBA asar{l gro slce[qns arl? Jo oruos ?Br{? dia{Il sr 11 .dlruel+slrqCJo uorlncas.red aseuedep aq1 ur.rolrsrnbur Jarr{c oruBcaq Ja?BI or{.4^ (Er{T g) a8rqsesEtrN anoul puB '(:[yBmHlff) oqsouoledell eruede8eX ,(&JH]+XS|) uowaezelBl I Bpn{nsJ ,(+}H+f) orrqs€naBul Jo (Xif+E) o8rqcg B{O ,(gE)rqsrorrr{S Jo (fgflHrgg) Iesq3 qtue5 ,(y!*) Erltezouo1Jo (Eflflrpg) ueqC gure3Surpnlcur 'uo?lqslJ1x osIB aJa,ta nzrY ur sIBSSBA slr{ Jo 1e.re.tas lea.re aq1 uruDyqslrlx +srrJ ar{+ ?ou sB1$, all 'dIIureJ a+BO ar{} Jo lrruor aq} rapun d1snor.r.a"rdsarJo+rJra+ IBraAas apnlcm ol papuolxo sBra i{cF{ra '(e.rn1ce;e.rd Brurqsn{ndgo ped.r,rou) g6q1 q ($[+!+) ureruoq nzrv oqusrtg pelue.r8 rqsodaprll'acr^.ros InJI{?IBJ Surrvroliog 'v}gr ur ourlue8.rg oplos-qccauc Jrnsof oi{}dq pazrldeq se.r puB (g!+mH) uoxn euedeqe; puol"r; slrl Jo uoisuns.red aq11e dlruerlslrriC o? palra^uoc all 'rqsodaprH [uo?odo; .rog ra?BI puB e8eunqogBpO roJ lq5nog pBq oq.^a '(e"rn1cege.rd BFIqS dep u.repour
- trf{gf) acurlordrtuo uro4 odrurep B '(flEflil +;H) olesrln guep o? ?srrJ raJar uago srBloqcs
'aseuudep pEaJ or{,/v\ osoq+roJ uorlcnporlur olqrssaccB rorlJoue q (I00U) #e4e; .uorlcos siq? uI 1v\oIIoJI rlclq^l' 'V66I ralr{aory pue ralr{aory uro.r; lrede qsrl8ug q aI+?II d.razr puno;a^BrI I d"rn1ua3 q+ll pue qrgl aW ur nzrv ur dlruerlslrr{C Jo crdol aq1 ug
'uD?lqs1J'tx d.reurp.ro ?ou pue sarJeuorssrru Jo IBArJrn ",{1 "ro; dpo s+unoccu '(6gt:T002 r8e>1e6) 1191 ,ureuoq repuas oq? q ,{1ruer1srlq3Jo I€ArrrB ar{l roJ ua,[8 dlensn a?Bp ar{J .G:tooz lB{qdx g{uHS B{ungervresrfng) (+H]) lqc?lg uro.rg d.rlsnpur 8ur.rn1c€Jnu€ru uo.n s,o8e4o ur {ro1v\ o?pele"rErru or{1v\ srarl}orq o^\} q?I,\& gggT se d1.rea su o8e46 o+ aluBc X1ruur1sr.rq3?Br{+ o^arlaq srBlor{cs oluos 'wnos arl+ ruo4 odurrup puB sarr€uorssruraq+ Jo IBATTJB ar{1 o} .ror"rd qlrou a,{} ur luasa.rd uaaq aABrI fierJu ua|tqsu?xorll 'Jo.{a..lAoH 'aIqBITBAB aJB sacJnos d.reurr"rd qclllr .xo; 'odturep uD?,tqslJ,txaq+ sB qcns 'slra^uoc asouedel Suque.r q8rq .,\ .aJ B puB sarJBuorssru oqlJo alor or{+ uo sncoJ o+ papuo+ aABr{ srorl+nB ura}salA puB esauedep 1so711
n{ol.lol ul peeldg filruellsuqC /noH
'sa+rs uDnqsuty s,e8eru^ aql ol aprn8 aceld dq eculd B r{}I^r ,o8e4g
a?n1771y o?n4g ur a?outt?1?d puD ruop*Clm74y ,t77uor7suq3 LOZ
J.M.J. Autumn' 2015208
Ieyasuandhisa}liesattheBattleofsekigaharain1600.NeitherHideyukinor Kagekutttt *"'" Kirishita' "'ld"th-";
did no1^'actively encourage or
discourage tir" .plila;; dri.,jlnitv -Ho*"'"',
'Y"l; sitlation prwided
relative freedom f";,i;" -
Kirishitatl i;";; a-nd'. therefore the religion
flourished u^a .pru'ui -rpiii, i^ th"'ur'i"t't"*'"ffed bv the various zealous
Kirisrtitanuurruti"fr-,r.,I-r"o"^. r, i. ;;i;ed that.ui itt peak there were
20OO Kirishitan, Ji""ilr""?", *frr"i"#;;;evond the Samurai classes to
includealarge"'*U"'offarmers'Th"'"wereat'*U"'ofchurchesandaseminarv to t"ppl'tl'n"
-'
"n"t"ti"'-i' "F;;til;;;;'"
"
althou gh the Toku gawa
Shogunate began enforcing u ,oor"''r,iffi"i n'"i'ibrtion on Christianrty rn
areas under rt, "o#oi irr-f?fZ, ar".r""ii'"%*ot" lo"ttion of Aiztt' missronar's
ffi$;*S:.t*;*H::11i;',i!1,1r-* and his successors mar\s ih" sT
of the Kirishiton'i'"t"""" I'l:11!J;J;';' {"t tt'" arrival of Christianrt-s
in s e nd ai r.,,,, iirv- Jate d " "T: TiTil" J,"ili,iiti r=:[1}',]3:h1l'fi::
f fS nnli; ;H*:1 3'1H'ilF' H;il t" " l" B ao i s u m a d a' 6 1. 3 )
Spanish "*niil;;';;;;;' u^;tu ;as also p';;;;; intermittentlv in
Sendai tro* "uiiy"i*;"(r;-+il..Sot"fo was accompanied bv the Franciscan
Bonventura Diego lbanez:"I::-":+^'i:*"ft1 frt;"u"h i' ih" u'"u **":
?;1"'i:*t,'Jf;:";;ir:il*::11::il'#"'lJ,ll,,' r slv I
It is Iikelv that Kirishitan were 'i#;;*ese1131 Sendai' As prevrout
i,rri-.i?fiiff ff "."##x[*ffi r*[fl*:1J,tu'r#';:**::;"J#*hfi 1
was forme'lv Dut"'t;;;-';"'v F;;?il;'*o'""' as earlv as 1591 Masamune
himself displayed;:, ffi;1;*;"r diffiili', *r'"" hL marched into Kvoto
f ,"*a"a,,T1fJ+i#,1,$3:*i{i}'#;3i',,:i,,&,:m.,,1'"Tl"i:"'Il:possible .
executlon :;"J;*;i-,"f,r". tr,tusamune's knowiedg:-.}-":;':iii',o"Meriwether. 19). H;";;r. whether"'Ijrrr."rr"'..knowledge
of christianrqs
was the product ;i Kr;;;;;ro, i^n,,"iiiilil;;1-ol l'* travels around
;;il;"r":i,"liJ:# j#aY;;3*;""**l"gl"fr 'I"i""+:ffi
:#Sendai Prior to iin st anc e, xut u oi.'J T;ki.;i ;;;,,n'jl'"" ";i ;:+:1
"t ffi::; r:? Ll?#li rljChristians, but lacked' the presence of missionarres an
ni.*ry (Kataoka' 365-6)'
Contraryto't'I.''lpolicyoftheShogun-ate"whichsawanti-Christianpersecutio,,i"t""""irl'i'i^#u"::*i;if "I*[i[:';';-*l*l?:*11"^:t;:;;;i;; of the Keicho E*b":Y-li"'il;j;ii", a","1' Jn important fieules
*i..ioiurv work and converslont T-::i:T"r'r,t "
*ii*ion from persecution rn
see Takagi' az ssj' Iuasa.mune's o##;;Li ir'" religion from persecuti
his domain furth-J*ia"a m irr"r"uliii"iir" Cf"ittit"'pop't'tion of Sendai as
tt,l,'Jiffi{:f*-tm;*;"['},lil?'".i.,?: *,}"u
raled in its g^oals to
SeCuIe trad.e ',d;j.;, ,;u",*".i,,r*1" ro, *l,Jo.,u,y *o,k in Sendal
After meeting;;d ffi;ruao, ttu."X.rru T.""""tgJ tEA=mgl shortlv after
his returnKirishitan(Hamada'to have g
number opromulga(Gonoi, 2i
missionaralthoughin southe
Most(191-2) rKirishitcearlY 19'
17th Cer
undergrSen'tPuhMeiji Pt
record r
The To
JaPan'
Visitin
0tremnzthe KWhenCenttintert
A1
broth/\H$)the I1ead,
#*Chri
IdortheFrofrot(r7mil
pu€+IsI^olpanulluocuEdBfJoSBaIBraqlouJoJi!uDl,lqslJlypue.salreuolsslul'.(E.ra1c 'ozgrur ureruoc i'P'"q-t't"itJ'"4o'q t'o'+t'*tiJd q8nor$w '(grr)
srear( o1v\1 roJ (ernlce;ar4 r8rqcoS -'dp-uraio;; g-€*) a4nslourlqs ruorJ
o8elg 01 pa.\otu pnqlqi' tt""*'g 5o otto's e pasnoq oleg '819r ruord
.(etr) a.ra{l rusrldeq srq rauB "?tl'^# L'o'; p"t"}:::.'o"tnqulg qqclax ar{}
Jo raq.,a.,, n 'op*g-&ng i"'c t*"-:-* tyizir 'ii:l:*) qceard 01 uoruruop
s(u*nf 01 aur*e *1J'q'"i*' aa'*{1 pt'n 'l11"doy "p "*o'"p 't':::ir'f..Ltr}"'r,
pea.rds o1 paldruolle pu: uor8e"r-aq1 uI r{crnqc 'B' lllnq oq^a '(g#W
4l) u€nf 91og i1'nO seu' o8e>191"q^ F €arB'oqq - lFf ffi) un8re't'r1Jo rap€al
aql Jo uorsra^uoc "i' io n"'"{'il-:; le'^*r oae'1g 3o uqlrifndod ua|ulsrtlx ow
'(s:Loozte{9dx q'diqS n4t"'g e^es1qt'g; "p'''it1-1:}' q po{ro/Y\ or{^a (llH\/
\t/v,++) or.qrrqoy'.ii'i*'"pi"n tflc\rVY'**) q'4qe:T'"o nslBruuas sraqlorq
"qiq,i^seeTur:;;i;;i,,+::f fjifji*:'r,1HliTi{i'Ji:itt,',";'#"*,aruos r{+yur asoq} roJ pu€ '.:i--.--Jt:;s B qcns urqlu"r '(lruBrlslrqc '{'rnque3
uD?1'qs1r1y+noqe pe"' peq I E-11]l'n'o" pt'i; o+ pauunls s€'^a I palrsr^ I uaqAA
.raq+oqcBaJo."i1"*q.n-oo^"1*;o-eceosaqlurqlil{d'rnlua3url't'qs'tJ'txaqlur sdno.rr q1p "fn1'ottn +q:it '-Y:;;;i; "1q"toa "11 W lsouIIE Jo sluBuurar
aql aas u,c o^a i.n", pue :atrep n uo,1rli1ily e qcn.,, dra'r ser"r oEe>i6
o6elg ueil'1sqlY 6ur11s11
' (1 g 6'nzrurqs) 4qs4,(11 5o- ap]slno- T:" lseEeel aq1'uedep
w uorrBln doa uo1')ii'ix'w Jo :'^'9-_-i"i-o"ott "patrr uD?'t1ls't[ty r|ItolqoJ aq'l
.(q61 'pe4e,r,) qesi ,r,'-"'^ L1*-"q^fnPuas ur ubt?1;i'{ n4nduag Jo prooar
rsEI aql 'uorr,1""jl "n'1oyd:t':::::''o ["'tq3 aq+ Sururofar 'por'rad lflantr
aql Jo Euruado "qr'r, 1..*J-o1p".,.rrrr1ol""[^ qii"axy 1o uo11''1t1'ty nqndwag
aql o{rury G o ), r", ++twi 1'1t'1'"; A;!;:,1-i:'*""q punora,apun
qrr€J rraqr l*oouoc oi ''"ttiqJ p'\ uo71'li14y frurureTl' "t"q' &rn1ua3
^'IrLr
o?Br aqr,tq xprnll*l r., i, ;y'.1:*:ili"b.,"'op :l] -T') saunluac qr6 1 AIrBa
puB qrgr a1€I oql o+i.'.rin-oo l,puob aql roJ J:ttiT pourBurar un?llls,tly
pelcadsns pun uo1"f i'''.y'"n'^orr-'#grlt1t"' d" tt'q1"'"*n sprooar (z-ror)
pe>ie;'qlIBJ rlaq;p"""'ot'"' 'o p"''qiJtu aralv\ r€puas "'ffi'ff;'1T"ff#t "'uorlnrasrad eraires aroul urorJ Suraag 'neq1 '{q ry:::: ii""'
sB^\ srql q8noq+p
'(eq-zet;e4e;; t;;;; "tlr' +,.o11i'*i p"t'""t"-'':-p'"s ur sarr*uorssrur
pue dE.ralc 3o ,"q*i r*"q1 ,.ro.1r,r".r"d'.,".rnIuBSBtrN 5o '1'.It LrI'\6zT^'\ouo3)
unsoqg aql Jo rBaJ srq Jo 1lnso1"-* ;; tt'i {l-"^i::esled 3o uorleElnurord
s(ounru,S,r,n ,,qi p";i'i' ::1,1:ii;1 ur edo6 "ql :]
u,t'tqsLr1v Jo raqunu
e dq ua11r'^'"11"1 ' t'i pt'n 't"nt'IJ6 'npt'ag aql-l-oJ sadoq luarE aABq o+
panurluoc .on"Oo-r-,lgi p*'*"o*Urf il, 'qioq
'.tt{1 "1'i="g '@- Lg-Z 'epuureg)
ur,urop u.noo slr{ ulqlytr ^1----------------l .3^*'"il'1rft*;.^'l'ol+IqHo'o u,l?qsuly
_rlu, s.al,.rr,Aoqg oql'palsrs", ,t1.ior.ie.rA ieq oq,,tn 'aunur*S,trN 'u'rn1a'r srq
r-rre -iproqlErU{ mE :-feo8 :-l'
* rs-puas@ f,ollnJasrannig rmF-EalJrn+ puB olEgrt_r1rqf-
rtr rc qJntp sdnarBx1 lrolsnII IU6AI{r Puno.irrugu-<rr:IEI 'Atnf,u. ro.I ucfri\ ott
-nurBSB IFq-s Jo{a{
J.M.J. Autumn' 2015
(
clustered in t
not the belitChurch wasthe Senmats'the PersecutChurch was
Kirishitan 1
terminologY'Other Pr
homes of Se
located in ttEducation 1
Persecutiot
AlthougChristianitHowever. i
following t(Takagi, 1'
alongside r
E - moder
area (180)
1629 andIn 1632, :
Kirishitanyear arres
Furthe6kago inPurges, irwere malhave not
Persecutito carrY c
Two 1
with theisites wh
PersecutIn th
martY'rd6kago'"methodscruel, ttnumber
210
migrate to the area' Similarly' Okago which acted as-a center for the iron
trade attracted u 1u'g" number "f ';;;;ts- wlo' came to work in iron
manufacturi"g, 'o*" o? *f'o* happened to be Christians'
one of the most important rigrr"r"J lL" po.t-r62Q mission to okago was
Spanish priest Francisco Magoemon'6;';'i;"= 'faf"Fl)' who moved to
the villag" i, rozo-;;^;;"irr"a irr"r" for twenty y""t instructing the
Kirish'itanpopt'tuil-o'i utJ tp'"udid';; ruitr'' 'l-i:*
the persecutio-ns he
went into hid,ing *'i.h ;;ir;; Xiri.rni,io*'i"f.*g ,f'" faitli underground (Okago
"-'J}J:?}H::"P uk a go r elat".'o tL" J:.':::Y*,'* ::':?i:: "J#'*:t J'"Kirishitanbefore p""""'tio.' btk::;;: N"i"'"irv these tIt"t *"'" marked
by the persecutio", *rri.t, Mu.ruln.rie instated, meaning that today their
Durpose or shape'h;;;;i""11v allerei';;h" area of the village known as
'senmatsu ( + tA ), th1"-9. 'Yth. sites exist' First 'are
the remains of the
Kirishitanchurch'(#f*rlu, the iocatio" i" *r'itr' it is beiieved that senmatsu
Daihachiro ""piuinxi6#i;r*; d"".rt"",;;Jir""r Kirishitan'praved together
(Fuiisawa Bunka iilL;iir;kai.2007:13). I am-unsure whether the remain-'
are-marked, as I ;il;"rb[ m firra lt "* *rt"lf; however, the location of the
former church is murk"d on most- #;;;;;ii"ble in the village' There is very
littre information ilil;;", cr,,ri.uf, #;;;iiJI"' utd l have been unable
to ascertai' ro' i"]iu;;;il;; the church was destroved'
A more exciting site is y_o?1"r'ii"*i'ttr'ot+1, !r: " build'ing still exist''
(although .rot trr" Srigi;"D Itis iocatJt"-ttt" east of the church remarns rn a
wooded ur"r. uni'.';;;; almi"rt, to- fina. This was originally a shrine in
which Deusu ("; i :,irl Cr,ri.riJbil;u, *or*npped-' A statue of Deusu
brought from Bit-chu by the senmatsu brothers was sfored and prayed to at
this site. After the beginning of p"rr"",rri"n, in an 1iL"-pt to remain hidden
users of the shrine u"eal ,"rur_+rrs"t'o';daii.lv .ginl'Lt names' first Juni
no Kami (+:o?s) u.rd lut", Y"-;;;K.*i G"rjirawa Board of Education
1987:184). O".pli"'u ttoro,rgi, .".rlitlf ;il not"finJ an explanation of the
name J[ni no N"#."C""fdit U. .-"oa" word meaning 'God' of the Twelve
disciples'? r'd";;;;"id i' ""n'i'';;;;' i *"s told f,uring a conversation
with a museum staff member (14 Jil;i;;'1tttt tf i thrine now acts like an1-
other.Iwasunabletoascertain-whetherthismeantthatthemostrecentpublication ". rii"
i"* i. "rt "f dJ;;;ii*t p""pre worship there regardless
oftherebeingnoobjectof.worship,orifshemearrtthatitsimplyhastheappearanc" or u s#irr" *ith ,ro';i#
-i,rt
"tiott' It is clear in aI1 sources'
however, trrut tf,"tlnJrii", G"d i.;;i;"g"- *-"r^.ttipned at the location'
Daizen'shin'(t=?+) is in the"f*;;;1h of Senmatsu' This was the site
where tt " s"r|*uT"r 'to-.t
"r. ;;;-;rerlytl*^ christianitv to the iron
manufactures (Fujisawa Bunk, ;fli"k; ivort"l z9o7:13)' Pravel ;'1as a-Iso
performed ir, -orrri^g and. *.ririg ui iir" .1i" ffujisawa Board of Education
1987:131). Today it is mark"d'i;";-sg.tuoura";;; several graves and
memorials'Allthreeoftheseplacesofworshipareincloseproximitytoeachother.
Ifi1$;$ltilff:#F*##,*rrur**ffi I
'.'.i-d;.,,1,11'on,GHH,:]:[".]ft j]i":'Ji!,,.ir:,]]*#t^*,;U,ii-,,,..
,*i*-:jSid;*ff1+,,**f,a# 11e 'asot[] "'n "'."0]iji"6,to*1-i'ir"**n'n p"rr'.::: ^., arqe uaae lou aABq
,;**ff$***n--$g3t**t*q'el'':*.."i:*if**$",:':",H","n"s'8tet*'*'.n",p-nr*u,"l#J*-Jo;"tX-rdj
:T;*,xT;l;'L-"'l*T?fi EHlt#,t#:ihti:i'.r:l*l*;;1?';J+YJJ,ri,*"u,l:i.n*l?ffi l""i",,a"r""*.#+#i,i,;!:.*,#ux n ::,T-1,:#trI$*#,:.i.,},.',.**:k
j: j;,i"# :,;;: ;Tip,:* ;: ^,s;lJ*, J:t{i,i"l.i ";i "r. "ur * o1. u r*os pur{,(, ruu *sr,rrci::,fi : ::"'r*:r]H: :?,: :r" : *;, j;f , :[x: I #., ; " :," i qa n' q+iv
JJ""."r.:lXl':t, ;;;.'"""'o*"r stt 'oEu{Q P"n""'
sorls uolrncosrod
tl-,tT"Jfi ':i':T,f "";:'Jd-#xiii;i1iffi,J-T$$t1i::ffi r a rrr ro, p uE a AE rts i*'i "**"'ot " l* io i^ " Ii]- ^'.i{ t f * :r'" l"." r^T:;il Hii;
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212 J.M.J. Autumn 2015
statues there including one of Jizo (ttffi) and they prayed there to ask thdthe martyred might find happiness in the next life (Fujisawa Bunka ShinEKyokai 2007:10). The place therefore became known as Jizd no Tsuji (i[if,Ot). The Jizo no longer has a head, and thus serves, presumably by chance,Ia reminder of the atrocities which took place here. i
Across the road from the site sits a large white rock, which was used b,the Sendai Domain coroner and other offrcials as a seat when they confrrmelthe identities of the executed (Fujisawa Board of Education 1987:1&lrFujisawa Bunka shinko Kyokai 2007:10). It is called Kubi Jikkenseki (H**fi). There is another set of gravestones near to Kubi Jikkenseki, but whethethese are related to the Kirishitan persecution or not, I was unable tdascertain. !
About 500 meters from these sites on the road to Fujisawa Town is thmodern Catholic Church around which there are several further martyrdmsites. Adjacent to the Catholic Church's bus stop is a site called Ueno Keii6 (-llFlfrlill .), and nearby along the gravel path on the way to the Church on tbright hand side is tine Genroku no Ishibumi (7E+*OA8). Here a further 9lpeople wele executed in 1640 (Takagi, 190). It is said that every night th4cries of men and women could be heard from the site, and the change datmosphere led many residents to flee the area. The taking and burial o1ttJdead was originally banned, and it wasn't until 1703 that the bodies weldable to be collected, buried, and monuments and graves erected (Fujisaw{Bunka Shink6 Kyokai 2007:10-11). These events are mentioned in the Oka8d.
Kirishitan Shumon Aratame Cho (tffitrAflHFS&[E), a contemporaneoul-text recording the persecutions; see Taira 1979. i
If one co.rtinues down the gravel track in front of the Church, one w{come across a small wooded grove where there is a further martyrdom sit{called Saihata Keijd (HffiflE). In 1640, 23 Kirishitan were able to escafiduring their planned execution at Ueno Keij6,, however, as they attempted t1flee they were shot. Now several graves and statues stand at the locatim-There is another site nearby, a hidden burrow which was used. UV tn{Kirishitan as they attempted to flee (Takagi, 190). _ :
A final martyrdom site exists in the west of the village (Ue Okago - t't*E), called Tokizdsawa KeijA ( F+y-rftfriltr). The place name is taken froa{the words To (ffi), Kei (ftil\ and Jo (E). In 1790, twelve or thirteen people wetukilled here; eventually their families erected monuments.
It seems that the martyrdomt i; -Ok.g"-;;;;
mostly confined ticrucifixions and beheadings, although as noted on occasion guns were use{This was not necessarily the situation, however, for the rest of Tohoku wherrd
a variety of cruel methods were used, including burning, drowning, throwiOqfrom cliifs, and forcing to freeze in cold rivers. For a detailed exploration ofthese persecutions see Kataoka 1979 and Shimizu 1981.
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214 J'M'J' Autumn 2015
E)andishizeme(Z'?)'wasatechniquebywhichthetorturedweremadetokneel on sharp t"Jii"' oi Y"?i ?' Hqii:^"*- "l::ones
were placed upon
their thigh ,. nUi"t*'n-QfrZ€D,rn ott"i tying p'i*o,'"" into the shape of
shrimps or "th;'";;;*fortuUf" ,"tftf"i"'
" V']t-::t hanging tortures'
including trurr"nrintfreol, *here the prisoners.were huns from their arms
which were tied ;"iil;their uack..'il; ;;;iations of this including being
hung head first '1""'"-a"'1"""a
pii *"'" also common' Finally' there was
torture with boiline ;r"ifro* rrot Jpiii-,'g"r -*;; otn"' forms of torture aiso
existed. A picture'rrH;bi.;;; Kidt-i;; Museum shows ishidak'i' a torture
similar to ebizeme' in which t1'" l?-4;;a i' ti"a in an uncomfortable position
for long periods, ti'J t '""on
having his head held under water'
Okago's SemPuku Krishitan
Due to the persecutions *ull"of Okago's Kirishitan took their faith
underground and pru.ti""d ,t * h-id;; "Fffi+"; ruugo"t,,o" who had aided
in taking the fait[iui undergrourra "o-nti"t'ed to give.Mass and instruction
throughout tr'" p"""cutions ;-t'o*""#il;;; "upti""a in 1640' confessed to
his crimes u"a *ut-iit;; ;; pao *r'"'l tt" *u' u'1lt ut the stake (Taira'
680). Due to the .Jrruri V of the n"r..;;",i;I}."""", f"* Klrishitan' could survive
in hiding. In 1Tg9, there were a rec"ri"J^iZ Kfifst'tton ot't of a population of
615 in Okago: h";";;;;v rsaz there were none (Taira' 648)'
Nevertheless in my opinion o,,." oiii," most int-erestins sites in okago ls
one related to the sempu'kuperiod. hrn"*n ti i, r*."iu Liat Yama no Kami
was used ro, u *rril" ,.-urr r;q*fl",fiffi;;ifi ,it", th"*" was a need for the
creation of f*rtniI".irJ f;;1h" "hr#; i"**,i"i r 9;; such site remained
completely torgolt"r, until it *u*']lair""""r"a -i". ^tglg (Fujisawa Bunka
Shinko Kyokai iooi,t+>. Ogu*u"u*i'C;;;'(.,l'fiEiRlElE) is a hand-dug cave
iust over the vi[-a-ge u.,a p-r"f""t,rrlf ;;;";'i"i" Vli"^gi Prefecture on the
wooded foothiils Ltsaiil';;; r*o'i'd;;;; 'It'is a'i*i-t'ito*eter walk up
sometimes overgrown and steep *r;dl;fi;uth fro* the catholic church' but
. tLl:'*-""ffifl,. .' sltar'-3nd : l"L!Ii*,:""if;:""H:1,::I,hU:: u" u
se*et place * i"'u"l *;: H";;;' ffi;l"q the capture of Magoemon'
rhe cave fell into iisregard f.."*ii.g;;;h" tig"U^ou'Juilut"t't to the cave)'
Todav the altaritl["'-'"a *'lh ''"':i;"';;;;:; the virgin Marv' with two
candles on the #rh;;r'prr""a it;;"dl" hold'ers oriein*al to and built into
the cave walls. Entry i9 d.a1sero,, u.'a io,bidden, "";i;i. oniy by the luck of
flash photography and. thirty *i.;;;;^;, ,o of experimentation that I was
able to see thai the cave was not :*i" ur*k ".'t,u,,"" into the mountain but
contained a pathway, altar, "'a- ir," aforementioned. adorning items.
Nevertheless I was unable to "upi',i""u1t"u' photograph' During the Great
Tohoku Earthqr-Jk" trr" "ntr*J"';[.p."a- ""d ttad to be dug out
(conversati"';Tff;"t;;; ti"n *"*r er' 14 Julv 2015)'
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'por.rad opfl alBI ar{l ul aputu uor8rle.r eq1uo uBq aq1 Suqrelop prBoq B puB osloqruds uoppTrl Surureluoc slualr dpup puusanlB?s uD?1qslrlx nqndutag Jo roqunu 1ua.r3 B '(slIIlI p.rorvrs) Dqnsl uD?11.1s1r1xSurpnlcur 'sso.rce oruoc aABr{ I s+cBJruB uu?'tllytJ1N Jo suorlcolloc lsoq ar{l Joauo sBr{ runosnru aq; 'dr.r1 snonpJB arl+ r{uo/'A sa^lastuaq+ Jo puB ur arB {rEd acBad puB runasn*
".{+ 1eq1 leadeJ lsntu I uaql 'uor1eco1 sq? lrsrl lsntu nod+BrIl asuas aq1 nod e,rr8 o1 paIIBJ pue ,.rapear oq? IIBrq?ua o? palTBJ sBrl sa?rspue d.rolsrq s,a8ulgzr ar{? Jo uorldr.rcsep crlsqdurrs l€q,v\atuos pue Jarrq d.u JI 'suor+Eururouap Jo roqunu B rrro4 aJaA\ sJo?rsr^ asaql +Er{+ uJBal o1 lueseeldsBr 1r pue 'qc.rnq, ".{1;o
d.rolsrq aq} raquaruar puB puB+srapun o1 1dura11u01 rapro ur aruB, dep 1eq1 o1 a4ods 1 surr"r8lld aqJ, 'dep ar{+ Jo lsotu roJ runosntuaql 1€ uos.red dpo aq1 sB.lra I 'palrsrzr. I uar{l!\ ssalar{+Ja^aN 'oslB .readdusauqauros srala^Brl IBnpr rpur raqlo '>1.red ecead puB runasnu aq? aaso1 sdr.r1.re1n8a.r a>lgrrr saqcrnqc /v\al B 'uallo8eog dllsoru sr e8e1ln eq1 q8noqlly'lr{Els orBr B e"re e8elp^ a.{? ur suBrlsrillc }Bq+ uBaru }ou saop srqJ
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srup6Itd pue suellsuqg feg-uJapofl s6o6elo
'cqqndaql dq paaar^ aq +ouuBa ro lslxo .ra8uo1 ou raqlra osaql +Brll aur pauroJur JJB+Srunasnru '.ralarno11 '(Ivt'vgl:tg6l uoTlBcnp[ Jo prBog er*esrfng) sauoq roploorll Jo oruos ur sruoor drqs.rom uappTq puB sloquf,s uo\tqstJ?)r uappq q+riy\sare.r8 Surpnlcur 'dq.reeu .ro o3u>16 ur uD?llls,tJty nqndutag oql qll/y\ palBrcossBslq8rs Jaqlo dueur si!\oqs Atlotr ou amostfng :a]DmI paIIBc uorlucqqnd y9tza3n77y1 o?oqg ut a SoutrtETH puD u op t tCXto74J, fiTtuotystuqg
2L6 J'M'J' Autumn 2015
Thememorialparkbehind.themuseumcontainsreolicasofsomeofthevillage's ,it"t, -"uutil- '*t
f"' 'i'"*
tr'"'i ott time many of the places
mentioned in this papel can be "i:Y"J *'""' e '*tU
art galiery in the park
contains items *ral by the urtirt'i,-ttuXoshi Y-asutatl' And the park's
stations of the .ro., "o,'tuin messag". f;;; P;re John Paul II' H' Chieslik'
Endo shusaku "'d;";;;; ;' *;i"#";;#;-nv n"Iiut'oshi Yasutake'
il*ln: rul**Hl"lx#'f ll?"u,nut :1 th: fourth centenarv of the
Keicho Embassv, T';"h";,d il r-"'** tt'ut tr'i' *1'tua the beginnlng of
oersecutio.. ln s".r;i-iirilt rru. u"io*" "i"u' to me, through visiting okago
and through talking to others th^t";h;;;lrirnit"" historv of the area' has
already been forgottn in both,acaiu-iu u"d common consciousness' I hope
that this article *" "f'uif""ge that state of affairs'
References
FujisawaBunkaShinkoK,uk^']f:1::}.fIftl:T,HjP$#1l-"(2007).Fujisawa tsu1x1 snlnKu r'rUAar *'.^ ;*; Bunka Shinko Kyokai'
*rklilJit""toseitetsu'Fyjisaya:ll'i:i. T,,,ntp - r"iiro,rli "o Yolt6' Fujisawa:
T:t::":: iffi:i":iiffii""t"gezr lwate - Fuiisawa no
Fujisawa Board "t B1l:3'i1"
83ffi E:ilHi1?BTriff ,","':r':n::'::?,?"::''rz::;:::;"o::oa:"-Keichoflffi ff
-,lltl*::'bfr ff ':"ffi :;#;:";-"":^^'"**"7;:::nctsatloGen-
*,I?il";:"i,:"-T;?d^{ilE;*::,,1:TH,;}H,',i51?ietsu yotl hv?t'Y ?n::Ptnd"': rlanoKu """'u;;;;;;;i.-iot yo' Jiji tsushinsha'
i"{"1i"{"uichi (1e7e)' t{:!':Ki:i:h!t7!^^z\ 'r'rrp Kirishitan of -Niz." Ja,
[?:H*: f'iil t]ii'
I ^#'ffi :'; i"' : i;;;;;:''tr' " r<i'i'r'it an or Ai zu' l ap an e s e
Religions 19 44'57 '
Laver, Michael s' (2011)'- T]t'e-saltolzu Ed'icts and' the Politics of Tok'ugawa
",r*,*'l,t[]::],b.I ,#;67ii*i,, rhe visuat cuttures of a zen, Moruasterv'
'"'***ru;:t1.","H:|iTffi ":,"',1:lri:^:,I'#x":rf*:1ili11f"'ountofHis Embassy to ffo*Ji ,iir*r*"ii"", of tiTrioti,-So"ietv of Japan 123-705'
Mivazaki r""tu'o (ioos)' 'Roman it'n"ii" vrtt"-" i" Pre-Modern Japan'' In:
Hand.Look of christiiniijii'.tror*, "a. nilrr. ri. ltrtti".' Leiden: Bri]l' 1- 18'
Okago Kirishitan-Mtit""* Signnoards in Okago Village'
shimizu rmor.u# jT all. niirnttaru Li.nseishi. Tokvo : Kvoikusha'
Taira shige-i ti"'l' r'; isawa-cho-sffi'F;il;;u' i'tji"t** Board of Education'
Takagi Kazuo (rffii).';;;;;;-*" nrii,ni*:" i",n.t'vochi wo vuttu' Nagasaki: Seibo
"" $:i*llutaka (tsrz). T,hottu Kirishitan. ruizokucho no henhyu
