Presenters:Tayyaba RiazAyesha IshtiaqRabya Javeed

Definition• Code switching refers to” the alternate use of two or more languages in the same utterance or conversation” (Gumpers, 1973).

• It is the use of different varieties at different times by the same speaker. (Hudson 1980)

• Code switching is now considered to be a normal and natural product of interaction between bilingual and multilingual speakers.

Social factors influencing Code Switching

Topic: About what the speakers are talking about.“Change in topic frequently leads to the change of code within conversation”. (Fishman 1986:439)

Situation: Participants, feelings and moods of participants in a setting makes situation“Change in the situation leads to the situational code switching”. (Bloom & Gumperz 1972)

Setting:A physical

environment.

Cont…• Participants: Speakers, Gender, education and age of the speakers.

“The rate of code switching is greater in women than that of in men.” (Paplock, 1978)

Other Factors are:To express To emphasize on a topic To give precise meaning To show identity with a group To address a different audience To attract the attention To minimize or create the social gap Lack of facility and lack of registers

Status: Status of speakers in society which determines level of formality of their speech.Social Distance: Social relationship between the speakers which also determines the level of formality within their speech.

Cont…

AnalysisCode switching is a performance phenomenon. Choice of language for particular character built their role.

(Parsad, 2012)Settings: two different settingsTopic: variation in topic of conversationParticipants: two ladies and two gentle men in different social relationshipsSocial Distance: is obvious by the social relationship of the speakersSituations: different participants are engaged in different situations. The most obvious situation were feeling and expression of anger. Other than this there was expression of joy and surprise.

Cont…To show identity with a group(Speech Accommodation Theory)

• For example, Ranchordass: Excuse me Pia: Yes? Rancho: Flowers….Yeh glass main le lu Pia: Kun??

To emphasize on point• For example, Tumhari life barbad ho jay gy . your future will be finished

Other factors to code switch For example, what the hell is this? Yeh kya pehna hay?

Wo daikho wo tumhara gadha….. Pia: How dare you to call him a gadha?

Social status and status conscious statements.

For example, whole conversation between aunt and nephew

Analysis• Settings: Two different settings • Topic: Mostly family issue is discussed. • Participants: One female and male participant

• Social distance: depends upon the social relationship of participants. Friends

• Situation: Participants code switched in different situations to express different feelings.

Cont….• For example, Maroosh: I am really sorry to hear about what happened. Get on with your life, please! Thank you for coming out with me. I had a great time That’s good news

Influence of Gender: Female participant code switch more than male.

Both participants code switched to converge their speech for showing the same identity.

• For example, Maroosh: She should not have cheated on you. Arfeen: But she did it.

Cont…Social status also triggers to switch to another language.

• Thank you for coming out with me. I had a great time

• I know you are hurt, I know you are disappointed. She cheated on you and you divorced her. Now, she married to someone else. Get on with your life, please