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25 International Journal of Research in Pure and Applied Microbiology 2012; 2(3): 25-31
ISSN 2277 –3843
Original Article
Comparative study on cultivation and yield performance of Coprinus
cinereus(Schaeff) Gray on sisal wastes supplemented with cow dung manure.
Prosper Raymond, Anthony Manoni Mshandete* and Amelia Kajumulo Kivaisi
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Uvumbuzi Road,
University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Tel: +255 22 2410223. Fax: +255 22 2410480.
Author for correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]
Received 20 July 2012; accepted 07 August 2012 Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the suitability of sisal waste fractions (viz. sisal boles and sisal leaf decortication residues,
alone or in combination) supplemented with cow dung manure at various rates for Coprinus cinereus cultivation. The
periods for spawn running (mycelium development), pinhead and fruit body formation, number of flushes, yield, biological efficiency, mushroom size and loss in organic matter were studied. There was increment of between 51-299% of
mushroom yield after supplementation with cow dung manure compared to the unsupplemented control. A substrate
combination of 25% sisal leaves + 75% sisal boles supplemented by 20% cow dung manure gave the highest in both
mushroom yield (192.60 g) and percentage biological efficiency (B.E; 64%). Least yield (23.31 g) and low B.E (7.3%)
were revealed from non-supplemented substrate combination of 75% sisal leaves + 25% sisal boles. The mycelium growth
was totally colonized the sisal bole substrates (supplemented and non-supplemented) but no mushroom fruit bodies were
formed. The results indicated that, sisal waste fractions supplemented with cow dung manure attributes on increasing yield
and productivity of Coprinus cinereus. A further study on the mushroom cultivation using only sisal bole substrates is
however suggested.
© 2011 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
Keywords: Coprinus cinereus, mushroom yield, biological efficiency.
1. INTRODUCTION
Cultivation of edible mushrooms with agricultural and
agro-industrial residues as substrate is a value-added
process to convert these materials, which are otherwise
considered to be wastes, into valuable protein rich food and
a cash crop of commercial interest [1]. In Tanzania, sisal
wastes namely; sisal fibres, sisal leaf decortications, sisal dust, sisal boles and sisal processing wastewater are
currently conceived as a negative factor in both the
industrial and agricultural sectors, since they generate
adverse environmental and economic effects related to their
disposal [2]. Therefore, cultivation of mushroom on these
wastes could alleviate pollution as well as provide protein
food and income [3]. Domestication of the saprophytic
mushrooms has recently gained popularity in Tanzania.
Coprinus, Oudemansiella, Volvariella and Pleurotus are
probably the only wild Tanzanian mushrooms genera
known domesticated and cultivated on some agro-industrial residues and wild grasses [3,4,5].
Coprinus cinereus belongs to genus Coprinus, black-spored
family Coprinaceae in division Basidiomycota. At maturity,
they deliquesce i.e. go through an auto digestion from the
bottom of the cap upwards, eventually turning into black
ink [6]. Several Coprinus species are known and are used
for food and medicinal purposes in many parts of the world
[3,6,7].
Attempts to increase production of fruiting bodies and high
quality mushrooms as well as shortening mushroom
production periods are amongst important scientific components in the mushroom industry. Supplements or
additive usually change the decomposition rate and also the
sequence of decomposition of substrates components [8]. In
this regards, different levels of inorganic (chemical)
carbonates and nitrogen-based additives has been shown to
increase mushroom production [8,9,10,11]. Similarly,
various organic additives are known to stimulate fruiting.
These include rice bran, maize bran, cassava peels and
carbohydrates (such as glycogen), natural extracts like
yeast and malt extract, human urine as well as cell-free
extracts [10,12,13]. Supplementation of mushroom substrates with animal protein rich biowastes like chicken
manure and dung manure has a potential to increase
mushroom yield and productivity [14,15]. However, in the
literature so far, no information on the effect of cow dung
Available online at http://www.urpjournals.com
International Journal of Research in Pure and Applied Microbiology
Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
26 International Journal of Research in Pure and Applied Microbiology 2012; 2(3): 25-31
manure on mushroom size, yield and productivity of
Coprinus cinereus grown on different sisal waste fractions
either singly or in combination has been reported.
In Tanzania, during sisal fibre production only 2% of the
sisal plant is used and the remaining biomass after
decortication is dumped near the factories while the post-harvest sisal boles are left on the field to rot, smashed or
burnt [16]. Each sisal stem weighs about 50-100 kg thus
about 672,000-1,344,000 tons of sisal stem (sisal bole)
wastes are generated each year. In the year 2007,
production of 45,000 tonnes of sisal fibres resulted in the
generation of 4.5 million m3 of sisal decortication
wastewater, 900,000 tonnes of sisal leaf decortication
residues (SLDR) and 225,000 short fibres residues,
respectively [2]. These wastes are underutilized and current
disposal methods of these residues include burning, and
dumping on site or dumping in unplanned and uncontrolled
landfills, or discharging in nearby rivers/streams causing serious environmental problems [16].
The present study was therefore carried out to investigate
the influence of cow dung manure as an additive to
different sisal waste fractions either singly or in
combination as substrates with a resultant effect on the
biological efficiency, mushroom size and mushroom yield
of Tanzanian Coprinus cinereus (Schaeff) S.Gray.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1. C. cinereus collection, tissue culture and spawn
preparation
Coprinus cinereus (Schaeff) Gray was collected from sisal
decortications waste dumpsite at Kidugalo sisal estate,
Morogoro, Tanzania. These mushrooms were brought to
the laboratory the same day for tissue culture. The mycelia
from living mushroom fruit bodies were aseptically
obtained following the tissue culture protocol according to
Dhouib et al. [17]; spawn were prepared with intact sorghum grains brought from Kariakoo market, Dar es
Salaam according to Mshandete and Cuff [3]. The grains
were first soaked in water for 15 min and thereafter
parboiled for 10 min. After draining excess water, 1 %
(w/w) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was added and
properly mixed into the grains before spreading them out
on a clean plastic sheath. After air-drying for about 20 min, 150 g of the grains were packed in 330 ml wide mouth
bottles (Kioo Ltd, Dar es Salaam) and sterilized in an
autoclave (Koninklijke AD Linden JR.BN-Zwijinderect,
Holland) at 121 °C and 1 atm for 1 hour. Thereafter, each
cooled bottle of sterilized grains was aseptically inoculated
with three 1 cm2
pieces of mycelium malt extract agar
(MEA) taken from 8 day-old cultures. Each inoculated
bottle, with its cap closed, was shaken thoroughly by hand to distribute the mycelia to the grains. Before use the
bottles were incubated with their caps loosely in a
ventilated incubator (Memmert GmbH KG, Schwabach
FRG, Germany) set at 28 °C for 10 days.
2.2 Cropping container
Cultivation of C. cinereus on sisal wastes as basal
substrates was carried out in solid-state fermentation
bioreactors (SSFBs) which consisted of 3 litres rectangular
plastic containers with dimension of 23 cm x 14 cm x 9 cm
(length, width and height, respectively) (Cello®
Domestoware (Mkate), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania). A total
of 136 aeration holes of 0.7 cm in diameter and 3 cm apart
were made in all the sides of the bioreactor to facilitate
aeration during spawn running.
2.3 Sisal waste substrates preparation, mixing with cow
dung manure and their inoculation
Sisal boles and fresh sisal decortications residues were
collected from Kidugalo sisal decortications factory at
Morogoro region, in Tanzania and were sun dried for 5
days. The sisal boles were chopped into 3 - 4 cm lengths
using a locally made manual chopper followed by grinding
using forage cutter machine. The dried fibers from sisal
boles were soaked in water for 12 hours to moisten them
thoroughly and were stalked on the floor so as to remove
the excessive moisture from the substrate to get 65 - 72 %
moisture level; and subjected to a composting process for
14 days by covering with black polythene sheet. The composting method which manipulates the natural
succession of microorganisms was used as previously
described by Mshandete and Cuff [3]. The following
modifications were made in the present investigation;
i. Fibres from sisal boles were used instead of sisal
decortication residues.
ii. Dimensions of the pile were 0.9 m high x 0.75 m wide
x 0.75 m long.
iii. Compost was turned every 3 days, starting on day 3
and ending on day 14 and on the same day the piles
were dismantled. Inner compost temperatures were measured as an indicator
of microbial activity within the compost piles as described
by Colak [18]. These measurements were made at 24 h
intervals. The qualitative characteristics of the finished
compost which include colour, softness and greasiness
were observed at the end of the composting process as
described by Mshandete and Cuff [3]. The finished sisal
bole compost (abbreviated as SB in the rest of the paper)
was used as a basal substrate for mushroom cultivation
either alone or in combination with sisal leaf decortications
residues (also referred to as sisal leaves and abbreviated as
SL in the rest of the paper). Fresh cow dung manure was obtained from local husbandry keeper at Ubungo -
Kibangu, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and was sun dried for
five days and ground to fine powder using a laboratory
blender (Snijders Scientific Tilburg, Holland, Waring
Blender, Torington, CT, USA). These substrates and dry
cow dung manure were pasteurized at 70 ºC for three hours
(Koninklijke AD Linden JR BN-Zwijinderect, Holland),
thereafter were left to cool before they were mixed. Four
hundred fifty grams of each substrate formulation was
introduced in each bioreactor and based on the dry weight
of the substrate, cow dung manure was supplemented at 10, 20 and 30 %. There were controls in each substrate in
which no cow dung manure was added, labeled as 0 %
supplementation i.e. containing the substrate only. The
spawn rate employed was 6 % based on wet weight of the
substrate (about 27 g per 450 g moist weight substrate).
After inoculation, these bioreactors were incubated for
spawn running in a spawn running room as per Mshandete
and Cuff (2008) recommendations. The experiment
27 International Journal of Research in Pure and Applied Microbiology 2012; 2(3): 25-31
conducted in these bioreactors comprised of a split-split
plot design, quadruple with sisal waste substrates as the
main plot, varying cow dung manure supplementation
levels as the sub-plot treatment.
2.4 Spawn running (mycelia development), pinhead
initiation and fruit body formation Spawn running was followed by direct observation of the
inoculated substrates until the substrates were completely
invaded with mycelia. Contaminants such as of the genus
Trichoderma were also observed and noted but not
quantified. The number of spawn run days for mycelia to
colonize the substrate was recorded. During spawn running
and fructification humidity and temperature was recorded
using weather forecast clock (which simultaneously
measures temperature and humidity) (Bright Weather Care,
Scholer Quartz, Swiss). The conditions during spawn
running in the room were 28 ± 2 °C and relatively air
humidity 78 ± 2 %. Once the mycelia of C. cinereus strain had grown throughout the whole substrate the bioreactors
were removed and transferred to a fruiting room. The
fruiting body formation of C. cinereus was triggered by
manipulating the environmental variables namely;
moisture, air exchange, temperature and light as reported
by Mshandete and Cuff [3]. Relative humidity and the
temperature in the room were increased to 86 ± 4 % and
temperature decreased to 26.5 ± 0.05 °C, respectively by
pouring 25 litres of cold water and ice cubes per day on the
floor and on the walls. When necessary, the moisture of the
bags and trays was maintained with the use of mist sprayers. The data were recorded periodically during the
growing season namely, first flush, second flush and third
flush as follows; time was recorded in days for the
completion of growth of mycelium on substrates,
appearance of pinheads and maturation of fruiting bodies.
The data were also recorded for the yield number and fresh
weight of fruiting bodies and biological efficiency worked
out against the dry weight of each substrate.
2.5 Harvesting and determination of biological efficiency
(B.E.), mushroom yield (M.Y.) and mushroom size
Harvesting of C. cinereus fruit bodies was done when
young or pre-capping stage, firm and freshly (immature/button stage) as recommended by Mshandete
and Cuff [3]. During harvesting, fresh mushroom bodies
were counted and weighed. Three aspects of mushroom
crop yield and productivity were evaluated according to
Royse et al. [14]:
(i) Mean mushroom size was determined as follows: total
weight of fresh mushrooms harvested/total number of mushrooms harvested.
(ii) Biological efficiency (B.E.) was determined as the
ratio of (g) fresh mushrooms harvested per (kg) dry
substrate weight including the supplement weight g
expressed as percentage and
(iii) Mushroom yield (M.Y.) was determined as weight of
fresh mushrooms harvested (g) per (kg) moist substrate
weight including the supplement weight.
2.6 Statistical analysis
The data on mushroom size, mushroom yield, and
biological efficiency of C. cinereus, cultivated on these
sisal decortication wastes supplemented with various amounts of cow dung manure were subjected to analyses of
variance (one-way ANOVA) when significant differences
were determined post test were made using Turkey-Kramer
multiple range test. The results are given as mean ± SD.
3. RESULTS
3.1 Chemical composition of sisal waste fractions used as
substrates for C. cinereus cultivation
The chemical constituents of sisal waste fractions are listed
in (Table 1). The overall composition varied considerably
among the fractions. A significant difference (p˂0.05) was
found on these substrate formulations. The main reason can
be due to differences in distribution of nutrients resources
in plant fractions. Similar observation has also been
reported for chemical composition of sisal waste fractions
by Mshandete [13]. The low total crude fiber and high
organic matter as well as total carbon indicated that these
sisal wastes represent an abundant resource for bioconversion into value added bioproducts such as
mushrooms. Although substrate composition analysis is
important but does not always correlate with growth or
yield of mushrooms but should be monitored to determine
trends in substrate preparation for increased mushroom
productivity.
Table 1: Proximate compositions of sisal waste fractions and supplement used as substrates for C. cinereus mushroom
cultivation (values are mean standard deviation (SD), n=3).
Parameters SL SL:SB (25:75)
SL:SB (50:50)
SL:SB (75:25)
SB Supplement (cow dung manure)
Moisture content % 65.41±0.76 62.02±0.78 63.87±3.44 66.49±2.13 69.96±0.58 75.33±0.89
Total solids (% fresh) 34.59±0.76 37.98±0.78 36.13±3.44 33.51±2.13 30.04±0.58 24.67±0.89
Volatile solids (% TS) 73.79±0.76 74.46±0.09 81.92±2.26 77.08±2.07 87.75±0.55 82.08±1.23
Ash content (%TS) 26.21±0.76 25.54±0.09 18.08±2.26 22.92±2.07 12.25±0.55 17.92±1.23
Total carbon (% TS) 46.57±0.57 49.67±0.24 48.31±0.31 47.72±0.08 50.00±0.96 16.02±0.48
Total organic matter (%TS) 82.28±0.17 87.09±0.54 84.37±0.77 82.49±0.59 88.53±1.65 28.87±0.78
Total Nitrogen (%TS) 1.68±0.89 1.53±0.45 1.34±0.23 1.26±0.18 1.14±0.78 4.72±1.37
Crude fiber 14.21±0.68 11.45±1.66 13.39±0.58 12.67±0.51 11.90±2.26 nd
nd = not determined
3.2 Spawn running, pinheads and fruiting bodies
formation
The spawn running time in the bioreactor and numbers of days required from the time of inoculation to full mycelial
colonization using different mix ratio of sisal wastes (sisal
boles and sisal leaves) differed regardless of their
supplementation levels (p<0.05). The mycelium on average
completely spread through the sisal wastes substrates supplemented with various amounts of cow dung manure in
about 8 - 12 days after spawning. It took 9 - 15 days for
28 International Journal of Research in Pure and Applied Microbiology 2012; 2(3): 25-31
minute fruit bodies to appear while it took 1 - 2 days for
mature mushrooms to be ready for harvesting (Table 2).
For the case of sisal boles alone, regardless of their
supplementation level did not produce any pinheads.
Instead, two days after full mycelia colonization
contaminants from genus Trichoderma were observed and 2 days later the whole substrates were full contaminated.
This is due to the fact that sisal bole has high concentration
of sugar content which attracts these contaminants. These
green moulds compete with the mushroom for space,
nutrients as well as causing chemical alteration of the
substrate, which hinders mushroom development. The new
approaches designed for these sisal boles; soaking in tap
water in order to further extract excess available sugar before mushroom cultivation and increasing the C. cinereus
spawn rate are still in progress.
Table 2: Growth characteristics of C. cinereus grown on sisal waste fractions at different supplement levels. Values recorded are (mean±SD, n=3).
Substrate
formulation
Supplement level Days for completion
of spawn running
Days for pinheads
formation
Days for fruiting bodies
formation
SL
0% 12±1 15±1 17±1
10% 11±1 13±1 15±2
20% 11±1 14±1 15±1
30% 10±1 12 13±1
SL:SB (25:75)
0% 10±1 12±1 13±1
10% 9±1 10±1 12±2
20% 9±1 11±1 12±1
30% 8±1 9±1 11±1
SL:SB (50:50)
0% 10±1 11±1 13±2
10% 10±1 12±1 13±1
20% 8±1 10±1 11±1
30% 10±1 12±1 13±2
SL:SB (75:25)
0% 11±1 13±1 15±2
10% 11±1 14±1 15±1
20% 10±1 15±1 17±2
30% 9±1 12±1 13±1
3.3 Mushroom yield
The crop of C. cinereus was harvested in three flushes.
Across all substrates, the maximum yield was obtained in
first flush than the second and third flushes. The lowest
quantity of mushrooms was harvested in the third flush
(Figure 1). Among the substrates with different supplement
levels, highest yield of 192.60 g was obtained by the addition of 20% cow dung manure to SL:SB (25:75),
whereas the lowest (23.31 g) was obtained in non-
supplemented SL:SB (75:25) substrate formulation
(Figures 2). The same Figure 2 shows the trend of
mushroom yield increasing as supplement level increased
i.e. yield response was linear in relation to increasing levels
of nutrient. In general, the number of fruit bodies per flush
recorded decreased from flush to flush indicating that the
nature and amount of nitrogen available in a substrate after
each flush influence the degree of cellulose degradation
which in turns affects the yield.
3.4 Biological efficiency
Biological efficiency (B.E) was calculated to determine
how the mushrooms utilized nutrients present in the
substrates efficiently. The biological efficiency (B.E.)
percentage of mushroom production from sisal wastes
substrate formulations supplemented with cow dung
manure at various levels differed and were statistically
significantly different (p˂0.05). The addition of different
levels of cow dung manure increased biological efficiency
(Figure 3). Generally, B.E. for all substrates except SL:SB
(25:75) increased as cow dung manure supplementation level was increased up to 30%. For the case of SL:SB
(25:75) increase beyond 20% cow dung manure led to
decrease in mushroom productivity. This could possibly be
due to certain components and microenvironments as well
as contents in the cow dung manure that was not known in
this research that influenced the mushroom productivity.
The highest B.E. of 64% was obtained by the addition of
20% cow dung manure to SL:SB (25:75) while the poorest B.E. of about 7% was obtained in non-supplemented SL:SB
(75:25) substrate formulation.
Figure 1: Mean values of C. cinereus mushroom yield
harvested from sisal wastes at various cow dung manure
percentage supplementation levels in each flush
3.5 Mushroom size
The mean size of the mushroom is essential for market
purpose. Biological efficiency enhanced the utilization of
the substrates and accumulation of the biomass into
mushroom fruiting bodies and thus improved individual mushroom size. Analysis of mushroom size revealed
29 International Journal of Research in Pure and Applied Microbiology 2012; 2(3): 25-31
Figure 2: Mean values of C. cinereus mushroom yield
harvested from sisal wastes at various cow dung manure
percentage supplementation levels. Mushroom yield values
in SL, SL:SB (25:75) and SL:SB (50:50) sisal waste
fractions were statistically significant while in SL:SB
(75:25) were not different statistically at 5% probability
using Turkey-Kramer Multiple Comparison Test.
Figure 3: Mean values of C. cinereus B.E. % of
mushrooms production from sisal wastes at various cow
dung manure percentage supplementation levels. Biological
efficiency values in all sisal waste fractions were
statistically significant.
Figure 4: Mean values of C. cinereus mushroom size
harvested from sisal wastes at various cow dung manure
percentage supplementation levels. Mushroom size values
in all sisal waste fractions were statistically significant.
Statistically significant differences (p˂0.05) among the
sisal wastes substrate formulations (Figure 4). The addition
of 30% cow dung manure supplement level on SL gave the
relatively largest mean mushroom size of 1.19 while 10%
supplement level on the same substrate (SL) gave the
smallest mushroom size (0.70). As the total yield increases,
the size of individual mushroom also increased.
4. DISCUSSION
The cultivation of edible mushroom, C. cinereus using
different sisal waste fractions either singly or in combination supplemented with cow dung manure is a
value added process as it converts these materials, which
are otherwise considered to be wastes, for mushroom
production. Mushroom substrate structure has been
reported to be an important factor for the growth of the
mycelium as it allows penetration of the mycelium, which
ultimately influences fruiting of mushroom [19]. Also,
these mushrooms have extensive enzyme systems capable
of utilizing complex organic compounds which occurs in
substrates [20]. It took 8 - 12 days for complete mycelial
colonization in all substrates, supplemented ones giving
quickest mycelial growth and more yield than un-supplemented ones. For the purpose of boosting mushroom
yield while reducing the time required for mushroom
production, supplementation of substrate becomes one of
the major aspects of mushroom cultivation [14,19]. Similar
findings have been reported by Zadrazil [8] who stated that
supplements usually change the decomposition of substrate
components during mushroom growth. However, the
lowest mycelial growth was observed in all un-
supplemented substrates. This can be explained as due to
carbon to nitrogen imbalance in these substrates [21].
After completion of the spawn run all bioreactors were exposed to light to facilitate pinhead formation. It took 2-3
days for pinheads to appear after the spawn run period.
Mwita et al [15,22] had also reported first fruiting bodies
appearance after 2-3 days in the case of C. cinereus
cultivated on no-composted sisal decortication wastes (viz.
sisal leaf wastes, sisal dust waste and sisal fiber wastes)
supplemented with different levels of chicken manure.
The results of mushroom yields represented the quantity of
fresh mushrooms which can be obtained from wet or dry
weight of sisal wastes. Data on the yield of each flush are
presented in Figure 2. In all substrate formulations, more
than 70% of the yield was obtained in the first two flushes. The fact that the first two flushes contributed the most
towards total yield means that it is the most important in
Coprinus cultivation. The decrease in yield with successive
flushes is well documented [23], this can be due to the
vitality of the spawn which decreases with successive
flushes. This is indicative of the nutrient release pattern;
most of the nutrients are released in the first crop and thus,
to optimize on yields, these should be well-managed. In
this study the highest mushroom yield of 192.60 g/kg moist
substrate weight was obtained by the addition of 20% cow
dung manure to SL:SB (25:75) substrate formulation (Figure 1). Generally, mushroom yield obtained showed
that were direct proportional with increasing
supplementation levels regardless of the substrate
formulation employed. Similar trends of increasing yield
with increasing supplement levels to a certain optima have
been reported recently on sisal decortication wastes
supplemented with chicken manure [15]. The yields results
demonstrated that each substrate formulation supported the
30 International Journal of Research in Pure and Applied Microbiology 2012; 2(3): 25-31
growth of Coprinus mushroom differently. It also indicated
that the mycelia of this mushroom have different colonizing
potentials for the sisal wastes in which they are grown,
which ultimately, corresponded to the yield obtained. These
results fall within the mushroom yield ranges of 102-381
g/kg moist substrate weight reported by others on Coprinus species cultivated on various substrates, with and without
supplements [3,22,24]. However, this finding on the yield
seems relatively low by about 50 % compared to those
obtained by Mwita et al [22] probably associated with the
sisal boles (SB) which attributed to high moisture holding
capacity, high sugar content making it more susceptibility
to contaminants such as fungi especially Trichoderma spp.
and improper aeration which then resulted in the inefficient
utilization of the nutrients in the substrates [20].
The biological efficiency was worked out against the dry
weight of each substrate. It is clear from the Figure 2, the
highest B.E. of 64% was obtained by the addition of 20% cow dung manure to SL:SB (25:75). This could have been
due to the efficient and effective utilization of the substrate.
The lowest B.E. of about 7% was obtained in non-
supplemented SL:SB (75:25) substrate formulation. In this
study, the B.E. was significantly affected by the interaction
between the sisal waste formulations and cow dung manure
supplement at various rates. Mshandete and Cuff [3]
reported highest B.E. of up to 68% for C. cinereus
cultivated on sisal waste compost. Contrary to the present
findings however, is the study of Mwita et al [22] who
reported the highest B.E. of C. cinereus of 119% for sisal leaves wastes and 112% from sisal dust, respectively at
various levels of chicken manure supplementation.
However, the substrates used in the study of Mwita et al
[22] were not mixed and they did not use sisal boles.
Composted sisal boles used in this study may have
ingredients that tend to inhibit the growth of C. cinereus
while favor the growth of Trichoderma spp. Mshandete
[13] reported that sisal boles contained considerable
amount of organic matter measured as volatile solids, total
carbon and total organic matter after sun drying. It has been
also found to contain a lot of fibers (around 11.5% of its
weight) which acts as natural enrichment. The relatively largest mean mushroom size of 1.19 was
obtained from mushrooms harvested on SL substrate at
30% cow dung manure supplementation level. However,
mushroom size varied in response to the used sisal waste
substrate formulations and various cow dung manure
supplementation rates (Figure 4). These variations could be
explained by the fact that the texture and substrate
formulations as well as the nutrients in cow dung manure
possibly affected the composition of the final mushroom
growth substrate and qualities such as water holding
capacity and degree of aeration; characteristics that consequently had an effect on mushroom size [22].
Interactions between environmental factors and nutrients in
mushroom growth substrate have been reported to play
important role in inducing formation of the fruiting bodies
which results in mushroom size variations [25,26].
5. CONCLUSION
The results showed that sisal waste fractions supplemented
with cow dung manure at various rates have overall
positive effect on C. cinereus mushroom production.
Mushroom yield was improved by 51 - 299% after
supplementation with cow dung manure compared to the
unsupplemented control. The overall best results were
obtained using a substrate combination SL:SB (25:75)
supplemented with 20% cow dung manure. The cultivation of Coprinus cinereus on these agrowastes would decrease
the environmental problem and provide a sustainable
means of adding value to the farmers in terms of protein
rich mushrooms.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was sponsored by the World Bank project CIA
3.3 component “Industrial bioconversion of selected
Tanzanian crops and residues into value added products
using biotechnology” at the Department of Molecular
Biology and Biotechnology (DMBB), College of Natural
and Applied Science (CoNAS), University of Dar es
Salaam (UDSM).
ABBREVIATIONS
SB - Sisal boles
SL - Sisal leaves
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Source of support: DST and DAE, Government of India;
Conflict of interest: None declared
