Dialects; Nov].;es Poets; Pronunciation Instruction; - ERIC

ED 097 i32

AUTHORTITLPINSTITUTIONPUb DATENOTFAVAILABLE PROM

JOURNAL CIT

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DESCHIPTOES

DOCUMENT LESUME

CS 201 665

Knudson, gichard L., Ed.Pmphasis: Different Approaches.Now York State English council,74104.Alan Nolson, Executive Secretary, Union collegeHumanities Center, Schenectady, N. Y. 12308($2.00)The English Record; v25 n3 Entire Issue Summer1974

MV-$0.75 HC-$5.40 PLUS POSTAGE' assroom Techniques; Drama; Elementary Education;*English Instruction; fiction; Lit9rature;*Literature Appreciation; Negro culture; NegroDialects; Nov].;es Poets; Pronunciation Instruction;Secondary Education; Speeches; Teacher Influence;Television

ABSTRACTArticles in this publication either deal with one of

a variety of topics involved under the broad heading of the teachingof TInglish or, more specifically, concern the different approaches tothe teaching of literature. 11.tles are "The Psychology ofRemediation"; "Non-Standard Negro Dialect: Myth or Reality"; "TheTeaching of Pronunciation in the Second Dialect Classroom"; "To Teachslack Culture, Serve 1Em Soul"; "American Novelists as Poets: TheSchizophrenia of Mode"; "Anti-Totalitarian Fiction"; "'Gee You're aNice Guy But a Lousy Teacher!" "What To Teach?"; "What EnglishVJachers Should Know About Criticizing Students' Classroom Speeches";"Renaming and Differentiating culture Levels and FunctionalVarieties"; "How Television Cen Be Used to Motivate Students Who AreTurned off to Literature"; "Child Drama...And Jonathan LivingstonSeagull"; "As They Like It...A Visual Approach to Shakespeare forYoung Students"; "The Reading Teacher's Right to Write"; "One Lay inthe Life of Ivan Denisovitch--And One Day In ours"; "Try It OnMonday"; and "Cover Photo 1141st Street, New York.'" (JM)

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Copyright New York StAfe English Council 197430_0Second Clan Po.tage Paid at Schenectady. N. Y. Tot

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VOL. XXV SUMMER, 1974...._...

TABLE OF CONTENTS

No. 3

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Editor's Page

Conn ibutions ft ort secondat school teachers to The Enghshfad air in( teasing. .111(1 (v like to think that each issue is becoming

mow tiseitil to the t lassroom ti.itcht.t. reaching composition stilltmaitts .1s one ol out main challenges. We would like. to set. mote. in-tit les on that subjet t.

I his t /IR I t /011 at y itliti tltitldlest i l t I i s 1%' I l l I ;I tilt' till It' tu WI lie The .m4lish 1?ecm.d. AllF ni. Iish insn tion %%mild be,ief it i; eert langtiAge ails teacher un-dri kot Hid the methods. plobleu.s. and sentient es itt the earl% s( !tool years.)tii teddris would entm hi atinL from out element .111(1 middle

u ht 44)1 tea( het,.

1 he phi ito «Iets 1),1n (:ay.% st,it ted (viten lit was editot xvill hewn-muted it suitably photos at submitted. %%41. %%mild bc intt rested in seeing

441: c WM114'4114)1 ts 101 th It)! ti.4.4 )11 utir 44)vt.t k:111(1 w hitt Sx1(1. ;Mil gloss% pleas.

1 mail% coot comments, suggestions, and t tin( isms (vill help int-litoc this Ple.,se ftc i flee to (vine.

Ric hard 1.. KnudsonStmt. 1' Myer sit% Ccillege()neotint. New. Yin k I 3820

2 THE ENGLISH RECORD

The Psychology ofRemediation

krtstin t). Law+on know it's ,t book ret ietv Mist' tittle IS WC !taint' ( 11 a 1/0)1::

kill a .lin kingbird.she di Lamina I1 it ih BLit I.% mid arm tiw whiteAim( ihr 1.. It lituhlt have !wt posslhlr that this «id hate Implicit 1 the

..,)11111.

I it! MOM i ita, and Oil sit and try to figure out limy to hell) tier, butit mind ((rites bat k to %Inn disseltant11 on the inttir mnolc)gue in

Horn,. f attics Anti the naughty little stol cooking away in you'tvprtt rite! that t(u'te nyiItg I() get (AI /)/aybOV of Thetemptation is %el \ k1'(1 It) 1et NIarita fry. Marita is a freshman in your

c lass. Statistic s, co' suspet t, will promise you that shett ill di op out ()I sc 114)4)1 wheel she is 19.3 years old, will get married, willbrat 3.1.1( hildten, anti will lite without visiblt. eans of support for .1.1.7

tat 4)1 lci

On 11I applic ation you will find: C:ait.t.r Objective: Neurostitgry,

In oidet to be any teal 11(.11) to Mat ita you must, as a professionaltea( het, ask %outwit ten iiindaintntal questions. \Vt who have beensnuggling ,ding doing temedial %%Ink Nt.tv York City have foundthat asking oinselt es tht tight questions has helped immeasinahly todiltne 1)414 f ustnition. File teat her of lemediation must first come totIlll %%1111 111111sli; tut It he is wady to hold out a hand to NIarita.

1. Do you beitt'ut that remedial work rs beneath nt?If tort do, Mat ita will feel it. It V(111 inlIst 11(Mstly answer that, yes, V011

d'') feel It Is bnc,IIII %OIL dors this mean toil should go into anothet linett t,1 k? Not tiecessatilv. First. exploit. tmtri tramming. Is it that you feel

the 11.i1 vas should not be admitted to «)Ilege at all? I)() you feel that sheshould Lnoty till plat and not t i t to tist.above it Att. you toady to aban-don tote belief in human aspinition? Ate von teddy to achnit that the

has defeated het at eighteen? lir( ause she c atinot Wine at eigh-teen, ,111 ton willing.to .1( cep( this as inconnovri tible evidence that shewill nett.' be able to tvi in. at all? ()I, could it I), that ton feel helpingMai Ltd is beneath ton because you hate no faith in you' own ability tohelp h)? Doe, slit' make toil feel inadequate? If vont anstvt finally( nines dint ii to an attitude that Lott ale tealistn all% able and willing toItalige in %ourself. then the ( hati( es ate guigl that Val Caul btliMIC anttekme !tattle, in ItIlci11:11 )11..

1)r, \H14 better,' that it 1% !iambic to do what you 'we to do?

his is the thr (Mc frnst terncctial tCii( }lets askthe nis(It es again and .1i..,01111. l hl, (111cst1(41 tlifftqCilcetwit% ccil an eftet ti t anti an ineffrt tie -rmetliiii teat het. If you brlievt.111.0 it is 111.0 1%11)1t. tut \Lim' it 'cam It, express ht.! self 4 olietentl% , she

SUMMER, .974 3

74'

%%ill fcci It mid Bldg(' itt'INell alit tn go tip Ill,iit plant. %vtill a pill)! t% Ito belie% et1 time %vas tin tc,0 tit land the plant'tt iiiliIlt t tasititip:r Tht. plohlent v. kit this tittt.stion is that it islet) huge.

it down into patis that wt.i Itattillciatiti ;ill tratoiiitl %%ink issittipl% ithittct ut litcakitig things do%% n into pat ts triad WI I an dealwith) lit)! (Ink ;t11s% %'t'I5 tin. (1110,tit )11 itsch. but I1S

thlotigh t%l II It 1(1 al)! twat it Mai ila's inblins. Fot cvnitple, (It) nitbt,ht, it is possibit, to tc.it Il \hit itst tit %%ilt urlt' gum'%tat wadi %%hilt tise the at IOUS !III Of tilt' Mt' ibt'

1h) Vint /1ai '0' /ea/ /Y 1,1 Mind Vtni P.) lb)?

I 14m trill 1. loicm 11 it is pussiblt. how goals it wt. 11.1%c lot .tfictitr; .,1 the beginning of cat ft setitestrt it is %Vime for thetrai In.1 anti a %tit % ill( list oi goals. This

list should lilt 'tuft. Ito! "gt amnia) 111 "su mime- but pattic tilias ofghtin way

I. I 'm iii Illt (i)11111,12. ('st of the pet it id3. Subic( 1-1 (lb ;tgleniclit, clt

I, di tl't tilt hl I s )1 I it' Sl'I lit 'SI t' /1 it'll la It'd, t ht. tra( 110 ( h s

11 I t tl t 'It'll I t% it 1 I ill ilt tittir he has. I hits, ea( h tveck this spy( ilic gnats,as di )es iii 11 flat . Hirst. wials ate titi set lets. and the teat het should shalethem w 1th the studnts. Manta t an then sa% %itt) t unwii tinn, "This teek1 hut tied II) use 11 semen( s." Sf min the studetns will be sa 111(4, this%%TO: I Icat tictl the final ciliphatic 1),sifi()ti: VENNI 1?!.. %Vt iting seems tintilt He 111 \ stet tints and It ightetung than nenu)sutget It) %11,11% tiiSatiVA11-1A4..!,1'11 11111 Ilk(' j(lcii that It ( an he }nuke!) ji!luobjei liveplubitilis tit lit' 51 )1 l't I .

.lutttht 1 ad% attlagt. lit (attaining .1 1 Icat 01%1 (nit (00( !kr% is111.11 it ts ',11 it) fin tis tall posimrs. AN 1(1144 as stiith \Lit iticshook tiAtt.w and \ to 111.11) f1, N.11 att. I all% lookup.; at %%fiat has guile

dn.; (Ill %()tt 11,ikt ,1 pus1111c p)ut41A111, \LIA tall 1/1 it)11111)1MCsiMvi% 111t. (11111111c5 1)1 %Mil plait.

I. /in.,. N metiimi?

11tt wt, fiat.fmtittilatt.(1 lut goals. Nutt still must ask muse!! if \oil%%ik 'm111(1(111 stlidc its haw hit .11151 Ow% like' tottrit that 111(.% 1.01,m \% fiat ORA it.m. Icat mil and v.-fiat Ow% %rt toIratti. I fi% 111.a. iii kito (Ail( tl% %%liar Haat gtaminat publettislire this teieplie.N th,tt titcv e st)1e. 1111111.

1 himias(..tell (11111Ille'S, flue lu 1 )1,111 I it'll ul I ( e I tirt I I( HI i11 1111

it iu st 1( t 11111 )1 15 t1( 111s in Ills \vomit.? fill filth. hook. (:/,-.11top Slh IV) amt.:. 11)thi( (-11;th) lit. has his shidchts krci)ihtu scp.itAtu I.1 ( )1 s I Isis. )11 )1 1(' ORA list 111i71t,1 guittittidt (quit s;the set (it'd, mai()) ptuldems in then paiwt s sin has tin) mut 11 genet dli/d-tif mmd, dit thud, spelling. I fills the student see dt A giant ('v11,11 his pal tilt 111.11 I/1(0)1(.111S yuil, its tr," (mi thrui tell %in"


" -".-

,WOW, that tart %A in lit' 114 Old el ))1.'4 ilia' Shin' (S1141

method that kilns stivnt Noliti ot v."( th, \dim. ht.

Is gt)itig is gt StIttte kat !Iris %yolk ottiv with Ow pat agraph tot all ell

Ott. selltustrt )thet, like to use the tiaditional aiao it and the} teach

the 11104)1i( al modes: simple dest iartatitt. ouniprison-'outlast tit ()the' teat huh like to sat' ci icing as an ()piton twin% lotsull.exptession, and the\ use the techniques of five assot ninon and rileon the excellent hooks %ditch ad% ttt. this eleative apinoach; Ken

Nlacion ie s Writing ti las den) in Clinton %vital's' The 1I'nu Id-

Be It') ter (Ginn). Lott !mist tit'( idt.vitichnit.thott t uu !whet. %%. orksbeva

ht.( mist this is tilt' method you t all best ask vow students to act upt Tutuinipot tart thing is that oit do hayed method and that Int shale it withtout students.

'). /hi you /wow tf you are afraid?%ye of ten speak of the pschologv of temediation het even if 011lia, if goal and a method you still ina often feel anxious and um el lainin front of %ow c lass and in t marten( e. The to iot of this anxiet v of ten lies

in the lose hatig-up. teat tint must ask himself: 1)o 1 need mystudents' lo(? Flits is a vet v diffeient question nom: 1)o 1 enjoy illystudents' Ale( non% Evet-Y teat het should atistvet yes to the second ques-tion and no to the Inst. I'his is an especially insidious pioblein in'medial \yr, k het mist the vtly Inutile of the toik grtirtalt.s hostility iiithe student t.spet ially if voti teat h at the of 14144. Iva( ht.! Id",

needs the students' ally( non and leassinalit r to hr rife( tilt. chill havetutu li mole tumble than a it lint with !ought, skin. %Viten students1)(44111 snuci 11N: '1111\ is if i--1--fle)strigilfr--s% ~unit' bastituts made it

t the st stew. Urn not it\ ing that. IVInit diffelen«.docs it make?"

the it fi/ 44ith the loe hang-tip nia 1,41 let tint ;is\ .

II \mt must itttss.t.t thmt.cs. 4041 tit) indeed lived \nut ,Itittunts'1,14)t,11. Ow, that Incitti tote t,uI 114411 ht tiitt ltd( ilel

At!ilitl. lilt 1(1144 I 111111 (itl)tfld MI lilt (it11/1 of %MU111 ugglud \\Atli tilt, pitthIht and h,1\ lotInd that 11.4 0)2,111/ing it i tilt'hist ski) III dralIK \yid' it. ()tit t. .()41 ( an admit that 41)11 tit) havt, ainoblein in this ana I %ow inohleni. not Olen .1 hostilit% (hops1;ra,1% and tom will feel I,u lessanxiett. sok nig the piobleni do mantis.'lout oi spadetwik on all arras of %ow hie. hut this kind of giontindolinitel% tt out tlityltile. and it ton t;ttt em feel t.til High It) tilt'

rt(thItit t% tat a trtv twit students th(% will Intl that Vfnifil'dsnuggling human, It it) (tvt.tt thutigh Itt)pt.f till\ wtt (b) know limy to4% M.) atitl all kinds oil m )1 it.tatitm attd mutual suppoi Ina deelop.

1)1) tni tinder.stund V()11). .studentA. team?

loot sttuktils. wt.attst feat i' that the\ att. htept.less Ott thew art.111d114 ()OL 1111)Te111/)1i it'd11 41)11111111110PC 44.11}). also. Ther 11 /1111111

Iv! icon g%. ;111K)111 111)1(fing lilt` ()bit goal-tnictited. tintt.d mtt-form t.. I think this i.1,a c umrs 110)111 the feat that lItt' inch\ ideal c utt

SUMMER, 1974 5

ietette deVell)11 1.1110 at11111111 11111 al sOodein and that tht 111101e1tit English tvill 111111 Billeault the It 1111'111 tit aid kinds ot 1111 inlate'nation about alto )1 tioti and syphilis that he has no %vit% of handling andthat has %et% little le) de) ts tilt teaching the student an% thing about%%1 king. I petsonallt, think thew is o mudititit butwecit thetitt,,sessilitt and the stride, inhuman Ott nought., iniet t11 t !Mut nil,

hist. the Ilistl lit ail 11111st dlat snidelles lug mina'pleiblenis tiot the ohtrtif tor'.5 regon.vbilitv, hilt lit' g all aim) listen

tu 55 hat tilt, has to sal, anti l att it the student's55111111.14 Inuniellls. ilistt lie fort ail ask himself: Is this student moleithithi 4,1 'adult, 01 slit 4, Ixii hit, tht,ifitium tie\ h.ztitted to "lift? Islilt' S111(1(111 ah,uti his Ii %rill hilt] II lit' (10V1 nut'sstudent 11.11 t* 111114', et)i ;t lit 15 !hill inhibit hill]: 101 fed itbiic.ith his thgnit to ht' ill %ow t lass, attil vet dot", !lib liiit, (his iliadsil slit ((I'd ill tt)lie'g;e? Again, it is tie% et the teat het's tole to tt%t opt. %%-ith these feats dile( 11%, but he (an gem his approach to help thestudent evil lu spite of his [cals..% deepet untlet standing of a studentnewt hantlit aps a good teat her. On the whet hanti, it is a good idea to

e one ot tslt,si,etifit items to( 05.4..1 in each willetuth c. ()full Isss'ist'to tat Isle these tit st. and then, if time penults, to do sonit. at t ive listening.

7. \.on (malt zed vour.self as a teacher?

It h n 11c 111,11 Me .11« ass 01 failure an%. course dedends, more thanam thim14 else. nu the maw ieni.s ?ie.% Of the teacher. It is helpful to study%outsell as ,I le t: het tt, detnnine exit( tl% %Own. vow sttengilisits %%.t.11 its%out weaknesses lit'. Vent Might ask Aill I a nurturing potent, ithalls nging patent, or an intriested adult% It sill help you to elarif%

rout tn% ii thinking if sou 115. tot t l.tssifs you' own teat het, of the DartFill' t et rain teae nets is %; at Mill and ac t (plant (*()fWilde: O\ 11,1%e a mottlet mg quality. Some %Indents blossom best andgte)\s- %vithin this ,itntoshrie: others mels take ad% amage ii and«nisidet the teat her a patsy. ()the! teat hers !tild to point then tinget agood deal and the student in,tint tivel% knows that hit must eat ti thisteat het 's spv( %vim ise hallunge like this t% pet )1 teat hetmote timid students can be«tme pat ;11%/rd with teitt Othet teat het,stt ike the student as objec ti%e adults who ate in inlaid% task.ot ionic&some tea( het,. of comm.. site t }tilting] themsel% es. and like to spendhoop. in the t lassiom %sliming dhow the adilliiliSildt1111 mid dn.,\stein I lit' 111411()! 411 it'd( het 11.11V a lit lit' 4)1 all eel thsluta( let isne s depending m the cid\ , !lie Ineind, of what II1t.1 had tin

liteaktasl B11 ask %( \Vital is the time MyLess!, it n!

N )11 ma% find it antaring. ,es did. !hitt IC111(11,11 led( 114 t', gntilt411)li)41( 111.15 ( it Inge depending ()It the t ompsitin of the t lass. I hadwait% qualities ()I bt 1111i ttel Ing patent min tn ad( dem vitt iettirdialstudents. bind Set %vitn I was 14151'!! an adult set tie)(] with twee head

st.N, Inter piunatI' (din ens, and a Ix ma iIde see let agent (it Me( :IA.I 11 mud 111.11 I \vas 1;11 Muir adult, and asth ,hated the pinb1t'iiist,t both


teat 11111r, and kat W111011,11 skills. Viluti I graded (hell 151 ('1 111

11.411Itl tll,tt hi% let'llihts %keit' thiftleili, I tViis litn Si) 'MS1141111, MO !it}

Willi \Sit' st,'Illttlh Oil edge,S. vim Aro, eat fifi%

1!11,111,(' tetne(Iia1 %%Mk i. ttlit'h t

MCI hltik the t tit tat pairs rtitiatU 1111 1.11'.11C, 1)11011

IlaW IV( 111.11(1111'1 that Maki' h 111.% %mils ting.i' 1) )ori know thevai m,;1 lot kissing

nu ruins dist ()mimes students. F%ett the %yin st S111111'1114+ 10

t 'valise let liniques they t int otputate nth+ then ss.titing. Fut tv.vitn-pl. %nit t te,i4 It students load a question to begin .1 paragraph. Youan teat li them the dtamatit 1)()%ket of using teal names. You I all slimy

them tvliar pi/a// dialogue gi% examole, always have atleast oneamides hum good WI itim; sk ill? I lave %or( mimeograph-ed then papers le I tlitl UMW, ,I1111 t slit)W 1111111 SN11C11' IIIVV 914;111

llst. the .Lill' )1It S1(1(11111% (MI It'd !hilt Iht'h' WiIS'S lit the

ski I twist he dune I1II itnlnediatrlt 111'1 mule t1)1111(4.11I,

9. i)t) 11,ii /tat a prat to (11 loading technique?

(.hulim), ,1 HMV 1,111 'U11 Milt(;

%()11Isill It) gni .1 Pal)" .1 iii "1:1911;"listhis "%US ii%" 1"1"1"%t }1,11 %Int t (MSedt1 a B. 111(1 %rt. lig1111); trig% t'_.

litt ,t,id %%hat I ,IssighhIcht ;1.10(1 11)1, it is. Indeed, d li 1411)1.1?

(cm het. gt% 'cirri wades, hut instead Mire ;his, ttilillis,alltliriishtlnOlt' pap'? s_ A is less (11s c)111,1giIN than all 1:, phIs is 1t.IV Ch-

i "Waging. ( WWI 111111(nal 'tat gi%( RV" glades. (W tut(1I1111111 1111 I41,111119,11.

III. 1)u 1mi loirni. the wit), atam e' uj palterm?

%Vitutt tun QM' an assignment (ii) sun altv,1%. (list! ibuti. t (mtplult.itpap., that Mull ill. tflc',Issigtliunent st sum students t Ill stem' evit t exam-ple ul %%kir t(,t! %%dill: 1)(1 Mil think thnnigh %%hat %nu xp.( the stu-(tent ti) inastet (in rat It assighincit0 Ken \la( tot it gi% es sr% etal good

ideas tot patter us in Tr///m4 Irtitm.g.. the hrfuicand tet pdt 1111.(4151111514,1%. the %VIII tt 11)t pap.). II Is I-as% students to tintleistand tilt'log1( ot .1 it 11.(1)1:!. paprt ist, the% state tired; then. the% rescutthen Hans. and !malls this arts%set its.(1 (it thic (nap)! (110( Ihtplan that tradei might 1,1151,.

tVlirti wit lust gist the students a Impel likt des( I )ption of thenne1t;111,1)1 11()Iids. di) %tin !rival; it ii()%s it 11)1 them in() pints 111(.% taut

handle:. I ask ni% students t() gust mt. tune( 1);(1.1141i11)11: t) Cho' vit. abuilding that s% Ink )11/es rill Iteighb( 11(K)(1 and (les( 1 ihe it; 12u ,t :n()(ist.

in ,u i t s i t % : 3 1 ( :house . 1 3 ) ( 1 5 ( u (II (551) peopleitame them .lull des( t

them mid I 1 Listen to tilt language ot %mu ii,.44111)(0 hood. \\*hal !Aliases

51111 hear? %%Aim music 1 ask them n) f()t its ea( It pat aglaph amitt1(1111(.11 ( idea, 1..14., ins ricigliblith(HKI Is (In tn. prttplcul

IltAL;l1hulltiuttl ,111,11(1.

SUMMER, 1974 7

1'4111011s all' !kat tit 111111% Ilttlntt kW! 1111 hook Midteat het has Iti the hit itativiaiilt til a bind. I ask hi%shuielits tt alikAet spei iiiiestitins. \Vital is the name tii iltti.4?Witt %%Hat. It \\ iii Na. it sr! ittuti \Vim, Nit It tvl 11; \Vila! k1111,1kit itiltk i. It"' t 11'0.11 tt It, it t' ,1 ItCit ti tst 11WJ41111011% I Itilv heti, tiOtt.lit It In I ask thew loslate%% hat the% till Is lilt' .11'1111)1's titiRisr. 11 hi him. an' Olefin'. Filen. I itskthem t(i isk thchtseles: I hit... slit tiiis Julia! its 'impose ileeltip itstheme ailetittatelt

II the ale,%\ el is HI), I ask 'Mt! P1411 %1Cithlit'Ssi.% tilt''intik (1)1 111111 111,11 l'1)11111 %%111 (II WIC( tut Lids ;Intl ttlist It'.salt II "raklicss Ill a paiat4t Halt I ask them III hint onetleitglit tti wills suit (IN its% that in a liatapstaph. It theallstvet is .s,the ptilitls Is 111111114(1, I levist. plot rtitlIt' 4111(1 tilt'1 1%1 itt' lillt't'1),II,W,1,(1)11% till 4111t1 MI Vc.iktit's%, 1 111%.1),111tIti

%1%(% fist liltil)it' iii iti mitilcs% stittim,11% mid siOmow 1111Ittt t%# OR% Illit 11)4)111 I'i' Ail/ ,I ,%/fi kitigbipd,

I Am, 12,1 (twin titicslIttlls 14 i,111Wel 111 {het! t tint hiding pat agritplt.hit %%hunt .spi all\ 1 lin the% lei liniment! the !wk t

\lid. iltl,lllt, I .1,k 'hem ;minisId the \\ k

I its. It'll (11".,titis dial \vitt help a lemcdiiii het.1,11 it\ Ills think 111L.t. I he 1%%() ()filet lltics114)tis Vt ash tIltscl%t's

tit) abi tilt' milk senirm t.? (11.:1(.1%.

leinedial tt .11 lit 1 S% I I I kit, ) i hat I mean, and tilt )%t' %vIto (lin aien'tte,1:1 kitiv, till remedial sititictIts). and. %%hat di) abulitInAt 1,I .11 all iiihrtelit It.%(.1.' I I) semilii iitit.stimi I %%.1),Ilii sa,

-RI I( )1( 1' .%t ht till %Indent% tcst)111( t' I)t.(4)1(' It) I yip tilt'Nit iv, ri (, I Itills IiiNI, i ihou !if/ att 1 %11 ( :ht.( k iI It)! wimiilicss lit('tat 1 th.11- -1115. !that \\ ht Lilt( k tt itit awk%%.,iiii pasRe. t k tt)

i ii tilt Illtil \% I .1% he NI)lIk%. f hint %VIIIIIILt ht' !MilepH Ikt..1 (1".P hiC1111' "." 111.11111%1111"" %%1 Ilcs .11111%vall11)11%

tints Mill 0111 I .M%letis t thil. slut. 44i) tilti I kilt 1,1111t",.

8 THE: ENGLISH RECORD

. _..__..

Non-StatitlitrdNegro Dialect:Myth Or Reality

t.111,111

I)( 'me I II III(, il%llt ( ist.% whit II hilt, dit% /At )0'11 1)1111) 1)1 '.1'111

t'll111 at 11 111.11 111.11t11iltit 1% AWL ij '.1% WW1% 11)14111Cril),11 titttIcstantliligand ,11t11,11% ticlt,IttpIttot 1)1 1)1,tik titIthutt how tni11)11v add !we.,

it WI 4 Mt 111111 thii 10411

titit11111 III °AI Itt t t It) .(1111111 1111.114M III tilt! 11%1 114 \ 1,11 1114d

111,10., , /HMI iti,m4111,11 1)11t111111 mitt Mil ha I .1 14% tlit.tlittctin ,, ,},11,11,11 11101,, 11,1,1i. tilliiti it itl.Iit')t l.111111 I 111 WM11111;11%11111' ft)

1,11,1 t,,H% k, /kit Olt, mad/ mu tet.otImptil i, ill 't till Il .1 111141 11 hit Milli

it IA If 1,111i.11 1,tIt, . ..1)1111.t II, Phil

Br( till i !WM' I ilitliMI% 1 1% Wiht'It'%% ) that(1'A( I I I I 1,t %% I it) It' 1110.1 ill Iit'uti 1)1 Its 1111, lilt' (1111(1101 1111111 Olt'11 1%% (1 .4 It 11 It t 4)114 111111 hat k:kli)1111(1%.

ib/iNf1'S III t1 11111)1 111'11!'!111. / 1111'4 11/11,1111 tll'1'111111111'111 111 Wading

,11111 t/111111t1111t ,11 1%1' s1.111%. flit. nt. maim lattlt OI mit whimutlitt .ttittit.11 it% Imhof' II) Illt4lrI1.111)1 %%11% 1)114: Inbar)

gtt t 1111(1 It! 11.,111 Is si 1 11111 It 1111. Iii tic ding %%ill) dir \NI)) lit1),111( twd dim it %,tt 1.11dt. t. ,It %%t it k t%Itt( It is bast( it) Ott.dillic till%

dim \in 11('(1t 1", ill ,111c11111111g lit le,11 11 Iti 11',111, 1.1 itlt.11 t'

11.1s 171'1'11 ,1t t 11111111,1111114 1111 11 11'%1',11% 111,11 OW Nt.gt)) tutu 11,1.,1

11111(.1 1.III 1,ittl_;11.ptt.,%.1(.111 it,tli it ittlit..tmidattl Nt.gtt,t11,11t.t t % % 11

t Ill 11,, i tIlttot mut %%Ilk It 1'11(11% %% lilt I I I It',11111111; Itilhlti1;,11,11/, 11!itilt.% Hi lilt hilt:01.1;4(.14 th)..411).111) 11.1%)' shmvII 111'11

flit, 11111- c1ttt11% tAittt...Rt ,t. ,1,11111,tid 1. 1))411,1t. 1% 111

1 It 11.111 1% till 11'11111 Itt st.1 IMO% t t11111111ifit Mit t11 N1)1)11111.,

)11LtIllg 11'%1,11 11 111 111t 1 '1 kill I ,1112,11,Nt. Snd% t 411111111w% iii It'titlIt'dt'llt the win/ In th,11 mittst.tttd,th1 Nt.glet 1.111411.h t. 111 111,111%

tt.,ptt IN 111111,11 It) N1,11111,1111 I. 111411%11, 111A 1'1 1111'11 Ii. I)I1(011111tit, I,

II II I /I 11 )1 It &tint MI( %VI l) ,111 \ 111.11\, and thttit(trithitititt,t1 'till, 1(111'%Apt,' ,i1 III lit Nitillt t.1111% W11(11'111 (I) ,t .1141 1,(1 1)I11,1V,111,41t c111/11,

111 Lit I. I Ii111.111 1.111111s III t l311,il lit 1 ti 1.111111111 11 11 111 11111111(111111 \ (TO()

11i4I 11 SIII4111 NI% 111.11 1111. 111111.111111% 111.1%\11.11 it si,11141.1 . 1.111;11s11

,Itc .11 till tsl sIIIW1 Ili 1,11 a 1 +111111. 11111;1 11 %%1 it t t'10 111I% t 4 11'11111111. 1 \1'

11111,1 1111 11 .11111111 111.11 1111 111r.' iii 11 t Itintintt 1)1.11111 111111 11142 1111.

11111111'11 111 lilt, k 1,1%, rt , 1,. 1,)1 1,11).4 Jim I, litritA,1111.

,11111 wit tr.'1,1111 .I; II( tit' 01,f OW 1 I 111,(I I the

,11 .1 .1),11,111 \ Flo() t1111(1 1 1.11111,1 (.11.11\11.. 111)1/Lt %%IIII 1.1111111.

bNilli% V 1,1111111 : 1(17(I1

!" I In' " fh .1 11..1 I I lull\ 1.1111111!Iiii.,11,11, .,1,11111111..,,, :1.1 ,....,, , ,.., a w.1;.1-1,,,41. 1,11. if , 1111.o ,1.11,1k It, 1i

,\ ii, lit.,11 Ind I 11.11 hi 11, 1 1111 I. .11,

,t,,!,. 11 1.1111:1'1..11. I, I ill I, it it! I 111 1,111 111.1(1 111

,I.,1 11 I I 11'1!1,

SUMMER, 1974 9

N1'11,11) 1, 1111'11. as Illy h'1111 is Used hilt', is a if 1110siitisstrIll %VIII( II Is stilistaIlliall% 111)111 slalltialil A1111.1 l':11gliShthalci Is. II Is slik1.11 sonic, ilittligh not all 'Nei,i()es, pat Lit 111'611h. 11111Se1)1 tilt' tuts el sin 14)1'1 1)1101114 t lasst'S.

!hitt 11111s1)11 (197:!) 11)1111111'111, (11,11 1)1 the time he art ives at sl IWO!agr, 1111' 1101111,11 I 1111(1 It'1i11141 41111',11(

',1a111111,11, %lilt, 1 (H 411/111,11 1St halat It') h111 DI Ilit'kitltl111 language he hasmost it nitirtill% ;it litime (it in his 11eighl1nilio()%1. Ili. teachets,

then. must puntlet the ement ill %%1 all sitIlh hltiltl 111)1)11 hi%Inc% 1"11%1% (PIM 11 I (ht' "WI" (i) 1111' CandiliTh1)1 l" Awl %% ()I halm. %%ilt II .tit' ""t 1004 PA( lint'',1)111 %vial Am° 1)1bal %1'1\1' 1111"1 %111)1)"110,'' luic ill Ow ad"itistment 11) ht, lititis( lit )411 en% it( mtnent. Iii s11111, %VC 11111.t thatail/11)14th EVAIish 11131 II) 111' a 111111inalt lahgliagc111 Iht NI 1)4)141 ilst.11, 11 is 1'')" 1.111gIlagy i)1 the Malt)! 11\ in the home en.%illitiment mill is a Illtis1 lift rssal tid co111111111111 iltllill 11114 t',

( 1971 ) %ow ptm Illy, the uxplimation(A %%at is meant 1)%- ti(m.statitlaid Negi() (hale( t. l'he 11)%vet -t lass Ntl.tits

111111 speaks the %%a% lit ii'It's 1)1'1;111st' 11(11stalltiart1 Negy() (halo t (tillersststematil all% Its mi statillatti English. l'heile% iations !tom our standattl1111-1.11s11 (11 4" ri 1)1'11 CS. MO thy% arc 111)1 uniqueLilt hall ins. the hi !then ate I t stillItialthiatit)11. This isum ft)! kith phi ;11 and gtattiniatit al (le% iatit 1:(41 example,

k I hildii 11 alt as e 1111 11;a1 wit ries. th as t (111 (VI)1(l,l ;1.t 111)1111). 1),1111. 1)1)111, smith 1 al111 al(v,s ()Mil 1111' (4)111,1 \Alb ill NV-scl, 111):,1('ss11(' tells(' 111 111(' 1 11 1) ''t( b" 11 ta!king; she listening).1 e,t, Hers 111112, 11,1%e tis (tit e(I that I( 1%%-( I, lass Negim hildten (lomit speak

,min. %di ict% 4)1 1. Old( Liss sprilk, but ji wit(:1111' 11111.1,111S1 S 111,1 p()1111111 1/111 that (11saikantagod hint k I 4)('`1k5,11 1111 1:111411511 OW is ,111 (Wil, I rat 1111 s 1011(1)11s1(' 44'14(l(4/wit01(' 111.11 111( Spl'r( 11 (4 (11Sath,1111,44(11 11111(111'11 %AS 11111 (4pht(111)1tIgit al Min g1.1111111,01( .11 UMW-. t .111g111S1 11,151' 111)5V p()1111111 1)111

111,11 Ihrst sh.illaiit du% 1,111(ms hum "1 (mt.( I English, iindthat thcw spinal j1 dr% 1,11 )ils I (1111)1jst' Ow 1)114)11(44401 in Min gt am.man( s% stems (41 a sepatate and distil) t s()( ial ( lass (hale( t.

ist %at Piles ()t tit )ti-stantlaid, tit km New() spec( 11, seem Is) ivetwin 1111.11 s( nutlet it (hale( ls %% ht( h. be( mist. 4)1 migtatimi patientsc ithin !he itatitm, ha%e liven 1)11)14011 Int() wall% men()P)litali at cas 01i1)( and \Vvsi Whilr lit"' 1." ",11"t IL" Itnutig.11"

in1)11111.11th 1)% Nev,mes tisii,111% iesitits m men lieing iegat(01. as t',,111,(111,111 't 1, 11.!,,11(11(55 (1 11(1111'1 I/1 114)1 111(' 11.1(1 111,11 S1,1111, 111 01(11'S(111011,111(1 11(111C. 1 Ilts 1,11 ,11 ass(lt 1,111(111 411 (1141('( 111,1i1S l)'1111fill (1,a1,11 1111u4Ills11( 1J/111)1(111S ( 11,11:11 11.1 1S11( (11 (111,1Si1(11(11411 1,111g11,1gt.

tchlitalsIllps tm 1)11x1111 t W11,11 is 1111W (Mr ut thr Must titili( till Itgli011(,11 111114 111.11 III 1).111 st hu(1 , shills 111.1\ etc! 11,111' It)4 i)11111)111 Pits I A1111 spitrul 1)t()1)1rms Ow\ is)sr-Indiii ,pitt- .41 'huh( t (1).it in suntr,,iscs the\ appriit 14 )11,1\ 1.1)(111,imutid 11)1


. .

s4)111etlillt.,,1111,1,*it141,IN 11111(,ininitin Ihishri.1111.11(11111111),111Nt.vou

(11,114.4

1)i.,1(1%;tilid44(.(1 N(.4),t(t and I1)1%4 (chin. \vele.

dilimin,n(1 .1 14114 !nom List, iii%tl4 mit st,inddid And 14(4iistaticliti(1I. s1'ni(.114 hum this Imt.sintatittil intik ,itt.(1 that Nt.giti

sigtith( Istici than ((Init.( 1111411(1 tni the (1441)-.1,410,nd inintli. 111(. (41)%(1),(. tint. 11)1 dn. .1,111(1,11(1 .(.1)tent.e.

1969). I he 441 14,111% intlit :ti thin thrle

R...14111,11(.4 is 111%46(.41 in ih (.(1114 Mit 1 ((iiiiplt.\ 1)1 141,14k t tithtql; thathid( k t hth gt1)11.111% hull 1)i-411,11(.4 1,11: ilidi kr% ult itt 1.1)1

fit'llt 111/111 1111'11 1.11,11(1 I %%11111 Nat 1st Ittlthch attempt 111 ilscslalldalti1.111111s11, Mill that 1,11Ntidgc dssyssine.ni1)1(lisath.,Inidged N(.44n4(

It.(14..tc (41 nutista11don1 as

1%4.11 ,I. ,1(1(111ittnal nstn.. 1)1 .iiituldid English.

.11tlit)1101. 111 itid (.% i(1(.1)( (. so stittligl puihts to.1 sr/Ludic \t.git (11,11+1 t. unitiiiit tn. me Hell 1,11)011 tal 111)SVillg illIllt' 1/1111111 st 1111111 111%11 lit 111)11. ~i111% I 197(h l\1+1,1111s that tht'S1 01'111,11N 11'sedlt h rill OW hiss NI.4411)( ha.int)thi«.(1 it.t) gncial (11n4(.14tudl t um( (1 fling thtii tt hal

-- tont. dm!), (1744t),(.(1 44(41(.1,111\ Oil 1).%(11(411)44ists and

(4Ito dit ts. lids tctidt.(1 t()% tht.Idngtidgt.toll41,1( (1111(114.ii as (1( tilt'

t Ilit. 1.111.01,1411.141 N(.441)(1111(In.ii 1.111141(.tilt.(.11414t.(lut icsti it t(41

I !It' (OW) ,11111). (11111111)st'll 111,111111 tot 11111.1,111s1s, it'1Vt't1

ilit 1.'14411.44r I Itttt.t -t lass Nctot) t hilthch as .1 thitutcht %t highhN1111( 1111,11. Itiglik tic\ tIttprd s sh.m. 1 ht. th,tit.t I tot 1)1,1( k nti-stntlatil

w,11,111).; t 1111411(1) ImIst 01(1(11)1(.1w uttitatt.(1 ink the( in) it 'dun' a.14,111 tot tht itit)«.ss 1)1 It,1( hint; t 1111(lic1)i st,m(1,1141

()ill Own t.ltl sti( ( d sct (m(1 (11,11(1 t 1sian(1,11(1 l itglishi1. rill, till (.s. put wilt nu; 1111111111.014m 144(..41(1,111,11,1mcdnilet. I.

flu, mud is int)st tilt twuglir1)111,,n1. Itit,7; duo\ Piti:): I'm h 1967; INttl mt. 1965. 1967,

111' IlIt'sc 111%cstlg,tlittlls sm111 It/ 111(1It ,111. !hilt: I I I thtit.nt ttsti 11.111 Is 11111,111(1 111 111 ItIlt Ant t/11111t 1)1 11,1( I. t hil(11(11

tt',ln t 1.111% in .4 111,141, 1.It11 d \dun. Iiii(1(11t ( Ids. t inn( tiltlin 14i it.ntatiniii,2, 1)1d( 1. ,.it gt.11(.1,1111 11141141-(11;11(1 dint. isctot mitt trit.tit t. 1111.11 Own (11,11(.( t 141,4( k ( 1111(11(.11 dttmit it list.

st,intind 1 iit,ll,lt I 144 unpin Ann, out this iscal( hi it) studunts 141hin.01.0,44 414..1,)pnit.111. ()I 141 4...,0.tici,11(.(1t1( dtitin nut ilidt Induct in.(itiiit.

I II ilit (1010111)n t))i 1,truoidgt. 1 1(1(414inciii 1, nu. 11,( tot 11'4,11.

tthlt.n.(1 s simian( ( 111(.11 ( ton tinit.(1 tist.111 tlics()11,thguagt.tItArluhit.hi Ihm siantlatti T101,11,1,01(1! t mt.) itm ()I titAvit)pctito oil %%111 oth htht. ) pit Out it.shits Nt.to()Imyrihiftl i i (luta\ tlf 111 ImhttLit4t.tict,Iltimultt. I his 11111111)11

MO A1(11111111 lilt Hilt, 111;11 IIII nntltllt 1 LISS ( 'LIS It) .1(

11111111111 Ills 1,11114(1,441' Is 111111litIt B.11,11/, 19i191.

SUMMER, 1974 11

I ) 111(' 1'11(0101 Witt 111'1 t%114) Ira( Il(.s 1 t 10111 dui has tinsnntlstantialt1 stt tit tint. In his snct.111 tuns' that it is a pail Iii hisssicinant Al% de%'.11(11 gl,n11111,11. .111111)11g11 111(. still( tuft. Ma\ ,t.(411))1/,111(. II) 1111 n.,i( tic!, A.. .I 1)10.11( ill 1,(( I, 11 is 1111.11.s1)11 )11 Hilt..1.)()% 1'111111 1)01,1%1))1. 111(. 1111)11' 'calk 1' scr IIIIIIs1.11141.11t1 %IR.( 't1)(1,1 ,1%1 1111gml.1111.(1 1)01,1% it )1 1111'1111)1(.11kt 11),(.1 %%cf.:11 tit kit' ihr1)11)1)1(.111 )1 11(.11)111g, .1 11(111..s1;111(1.11f1 ('\ it'll)! Ins 1(1)1,11(1111.1)1 inIcs

If ) lilt 1114 s1,111(1,11)1 stl lit IIIIt's (1.111111, 1111)7). CM stUtlit's tit) lit 1111.11 OW VW()) 1111t1 this 11'41111(11 1.111g11.1(41'. f 111' t 4111 Ilst.

lain4nagr h) think ahsttat tk. hcsr icsults .111)%s that tilt. Lingua:4cpnthIcin Nt.4,011 glIc11(l c !indit) k 'me linionsti ti)Iltitt'it'llt t',hut 'attic? tint. lit linguisni intilliquilt 1cRu.111 Own (,11 highk

s stil' and thai ()I slanilani [INlish.

1.111tisit ()1

13EST COPY AVAILABLE

If II 1, 11 (

R., 0. I .1, I I 41,...,11 ...I I f, I. 1,

It I Ell I I I ..: I 1 1. 11 ,11,11.111 . / i'.1/

I had I 1111111,511.,I

l' I lb.", , 411,, 111.1....11., On,iSto. IN' /. ! '. d' \ 1:- 11.1 (

I I . ! / P I I. \

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I: \

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\ '' 1, \ I. I : .1.1, I '. t115;

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\ I I I .1. \ 1) I , I un I °. s1!.11t \ /\\ ' III I to. I \ I I .14 41.111

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1 ' 1 . hi In 11 \ rid!, d


The Teaching ofPronunciation in theSecond Dialect to,t-

,TAN

Classroom'Niel% in J. I [(Oman

t% Bile Ir hutil Past midof se( anti chalet t pedagogt, the t% totem e met %vhcliningl% «)11%inced methat !minim( Litton !at !ling should not 1)e a second chalet t tea( her's ma-w' on( ein in applio ation, I do) contend, limcer . that .1 knotledgeofSec ond tit.ilec t students' plionolog% is inc e essin% to the teat het 's full tin-tieistmidinv, in dealing, %vitll sewn(' chalet t students' reading anti titingpuiblents.

l'iohlents and tro Imicitts in %c ind (hale( t pedagog% disc lose(' holetilf1)11,1slie the 1.111gnage leaf fling Plol)lents of speakrs of %hat has beentened /3/(ii k sine the bulk of c Intent litrature on seconddialec t licolagogs, deals %vith this s1 e1 o.11. For those unacquainted %vith

sot it dinguistio litntiss ot to immologv, it is sometimes nrcssin% to1111.111. that Mae k no.:/tit, as a let !mical term. is ultinal not tac ial inimpot 1.

I he o lane that attention itatol It, ithonolog% I» the sec (311(1 (Bale( t

teat hut should tint he tire( led to the tea( ping ut !minim( iation iiti Lies

neither that phono)loi..tic dif !cult( es do not exist not that the% do not11a% signiiio ant soh .1 I onsequences. Ratite!. this dec ision «(3n( emslassloom pt tot tiles. In the time awilahle to) the sr( ond (hale( t teat het

%vino It sit tio nasal ohm gem es demand the gtratri !tuition and in o oine

o ases the to otalit% of the tea( hut 's attention?

In :1110 ago ). as a c (insulting, linguist, I %corked tvith a f,s%chologistand titter o int tea( s designing (Aim imental maul ials fo1 ati

language-arts ptoglant. Fat I% in out %void,. wpm te(i iii1()a% is et .11, 19118: 21. %so. tiro Ult.&

1.100u\ stilt he Ltite ti e.i eh, .,/ere I. elf Itte Lettitie.eg«iseIf in Owe iedelteli Oka1

wet% thrill .1. Ilan st.tnetetel les .tke.t. I III s1.111 ls.f .1l%.111 I11.11 1111,11111i f' IA's!

1111%%, III flit Rs., I II1,411.141 III If,' ltlllllt 1.111 11I. %1 et 111III.Itt .,'Lt y'.1111I11.11 1)Iticl 11114

%11 .11011.0 t %%1` I 1011111.11c d h1,011 1.II1. 111 tot Ii II shill! 11%111 1,1

: I s , _ ; 1 .0 ' . 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 ' 141,,11.111% I I I ,,111,1(11-111114 I 11,011 1.11 1,III .111,1 141.1111111.11 lilt sl

ic Il 111.11 III \ 111c1 1..111 4%,,t If I% ItIfir I, If 'of lf flf 1%01.111 1I 111.1111111.1111 di 111111-11111 r. 111,111

14(11111111 Ili cs

( WWI linguists suggest a similat !clam rig tot its. hetvern gt annualand iitotittno Litton. I 190i, 31 suggests .1 plot it% list of eight itms.2l'iontitio Lotion kinks .it the hollow oil his list. 1 ..itet Itil iiftet litesenting

SUMMER, 1974 13

st.\ (l b%1 example, of wading litoblnis both pfitmologitat mut gram-matical. he duct t I \ states his ie of the telati t input lance of directingattention to phonologic it and giiimmatic al init' fermi a tespet

,11.1,,h,,1111111t .1,1 14) 1),1111r1 1)111 ,Isr. 1/11 At% 1.1111111 oil 11.1(11111,, Ina% IN(1111c11111 I III 111,4111H' 1,t11()11 Olt Ih,tll III .1 1 hilt! %%hit ha% ,1 IllIttrttt ,Hitt

11.1111,ttl% 11'.11 !WI I1111%1 iiirrtiiinImighthr(ittitt. wine' 1..s.11% In tht.e.11111 tam.. (%t. IMO, In dr.tilltp 14, till lit)% 1% 1111 tti 1111 illtt 1'1)1(11 -1,11 .I a past ItIM.

krt. Nil 11,1,111.1111 Nei siltql1 Ic1Irts. fin lintsk att.( m-ill I fr it lung 01.111.0 4111111 diqffigiiishing them. 11%1)1 .111",, .11111 itraiing

tome- tltlI 11.1111%

Repotting on teseatch into wading eut(rs, Shay MHO: 130.1)tela,es:

mid nt)11.Lind.od ;11

Iii /W. the 11111tr Ilktl% tilt ilIIrllilr111,IIrt 1111(11%11)11.1%rd %riliptialt,Iblitt% tit 'CALI it.Ill t l'111111 .111111d ( int( 11.4.1% . ht. It' ha\ It dn. tlitititttallt I. it.1111.1 It, I 1 11.1. 11)1 1111 t lid& 1 11I stVIII 111-te.cI 1111' ill)IiIlll 111.11 `"1111ti1"1"17,-1.01,11,Ilip, illmilarls, h %% II,1.11 IIL1t1 giantiliant .11 fraldtt., int Itictradet

.11 h 1 1111k kink' LtIr.Itt't (101r/tilt r, dint 114t1uir sniallr

thV.11 t I 1 40: 1 7 1-6) gi\ cietailci at guments against the vit.\\. thattrading plublnis stein built the Weal diteigenc e hetteett theplan( )i4\ I 11t sec ()MI (1i,Ilt't t speakt Anti the phonologies of vm ionsst,Intl,nd t, .1 latel set t it 'it. ( 178-182) Stvat t (intends. its those I

11t1 t'al 1 , that giammant al di \ gn: c' is a motet-nu iii hart to the111,1stet% 4)1 trading Anti %.1 Iting skills than phonologic al di\ eigencr.

Smite might cunsidet it .is a I tin( III! ot thericilichtal% t lassit m Both twin past rXity! lent t's in a ticclopli:clital11)111141 pit mat 11(1111 wiltrt t's With mileaglics ill siillilai

)1.tiattls, I ha\ r Initial, as flac wall% Whets vith likt.tXiricitcs, thatlitlant I' .1110) a sr( ttittlai% III «dirge plugiain tn no means guaranteesinasteR Iii leading .1.111.. (.onsecitientl., time i, ilo absolution humirspunsilnlit tut those c hatged \ial the lattgliagealts training of se-cond chalet t .pakc 1.. II) attend It) trading pluhliTs.

NIIA1.111 111 Olt .11111 I1' pie 11111%h I ilcti 1 l %% /Ili

\11\%. it mid, pH/1111H% 11:11 1)1.11 ..1,(Iftl: 1111111114 WI II, 1,111../uttitirtitt..L.4.1in I',%1 Ill .ki 11 N, 141,1 111,11t1 I .11111 t% 1111.11 .1.11111.11d 1 Me it t. !in,II 41 It (.1. 11 41,1 %, t11,111.11 01.411 1)1 lttill Ii,11411 stitt41.11t1 I 11141I11 And 1 I 111111.1.1111.1111 i 11.41011 HIE filt III IA Ill. Olt 11r.11 ul l%t it the 1,111r1 t .1e. , tin).!al",1.1 AI, 'L110,1111 1 11 %411511 11.1 III II %I -1!1I hi 11111111.111 %CI% 111111 11 11% .Iii II .I11111tI%pi 1117114 1111.11111N III,LIll.liill. %%II( 111.- Ir.it !lint: II) 11.111...hidid. rtrtlI , h i l t , l 1 1 1 1 \ i f I 11.1 "li tt f, .0 r if] tit.thlf tw1)1)1%% ItIt .1 Lilt ,1111.11111114 M1111111In net i4llt.Il LI% 11111% id, II 111.1 1111,. mu I 1111111AI the sp. Ikrii 11)1111..1A lilt% % , , r d 1 1 1 1 1 .1111 1 . 1 <41 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 , 4 m Mtn and 1),,k111

11,111 ,11.1 .111,1t

!- s111.,111 siNgests late1 in ht, disc ussiun i 177-8) that. even \vitenpht tif Nit al liiffelrnces seri!) It) intrt fele \ill wading win-

C4;.1 phtItstt II) this 1111011 nut if the clithen( \\ ete legtilat enough.Flit. ((Ii I./and/1i( t, thus st,t hv a non-stalitiaiti sprakci- of Englishwould by different, lint !assail\ as lle( five.

stip!), liting this c Insion ale t \v() imestigattn. %itt) id atawn cunt It1.11)11. intlepntlnth and hum dilse theutetical i\v14 THE ENGLISH RECORD

W1 4I king IA It itin the hatittlitot ol (;4110 aiieTiansloitnationalphi 1114,iug toli riti9; ti8.8."» mit Ant cs the illy, that the underlingplionologic al stint:tun. of Mac k F.tiglish and the standaul language alt'not sigt.il anti% dilletent despite the gteat cli(.ersitv in sultan.milt/alit tits. .1t let a dist 11,'14 tllit Ow tciatiott ot thoglapti%' abstiactphonologic .11 teptesentations. Fasold c out hides (S?)):

th1 in.1111.t,tmotti. mat egitsthilthiNI.11,11% isamletithitriol 1i1.i I.I'IIIlt,hNpr.tkris It Is hot St.ffillttil 1.114411511 "q)1'.1101.

%Volk ing 1, ithin the aute:yolk I if Ispec tual Plionolog: %vhic itlaims !hire s%stemat it le% els' of phonology as outlined by Smith (19681.feat 11111 .1 smith! «Hit 111,11 )11 ill tilt' allisis of the Ter( It of a nutt.het

Of lila( k people in Buffalo I lfftnan. 1970h: 110):hp, ;tub, I .01 ow 1).11, .tt II, 1)111111141111411 II .11114 Mfr. (h. mot Ofttet

51%011111 .111th .11 .111% 1,11.m..1,,to, 114%, I !Him Imi)Ilim 111,111'11,111 %vat tan!

lit 1111; ,.,11,1,1, I t t l m1%411111,4 1)111 .1111111111 111,1141 i 'it I-14411511

( )linhiti I 1969: 20-231 atitnits 111.11 phonologic al dithlenc es existthat c ache leal twig puiblms, but suggest that it is vot se, f tom thestandpoint ol rile( till' lea! lung. to ask people to lead in ;t niatittet (1(1114'mulatto al to them. Like Goodnian..johnson Pita 1 52-I5T)) finds want-man, di% rt gem 1 mote Jai than phont )14 Nit al di% ei got( rand also,

like ( )(limn!. trc ominends not teat !ling put iatiou, forInt Iti% ational rasons.

11% some might think this tedundatit 'chain of let ()lumen-dat tons to be 01(.11111r:dish( piothic t I,f at ademit ions detached ill theC 1,1,,lotmi situation. .111% t asual obsei %et is avateot th,,soc ial stign,a at-1,11 11(11 tt) celElin ptuttliilt i.itit)tts It) tilegrughiphit .11d used 1)% spc,ikets Irgiittlless of ethlins. rills issuilitiMus tended tAct 1 tI) ptt)Illitlt it)tis speakelsof ategional chalet t othrt than that 1)1 the listenet.

sti it( tut al nue' fet en( 1. is not the sole pmblettilohnson. eat hetIII his dist tission 1 I7)1 ), suggests that. n% nig 11) inntiiitv ymirunt. It)Ira! stifilet 11 I lig bei()It. ,l need 1, 1t'1 fht. Itt)t likely Usbe slit t esshit Iii, ,itwinicilt (14)es In) 1)1%. that the lea( !ling riand aspe( t (Si the stt tic tilt c'4)1 stantlaid English to a tuotivated stwivnt is

I .abo% '19OP tentinds Its that pi obleuts of the st:«111(1 t

4 lassioom ate 111)1111111 . hetivert1 1%%4) kinds 1)1

Inlet teteittI Null, 1-11v,11511 %.,1111

I, 1111111' tk1111It sl'tttilllll; 4It1111 .1 1111.111.W 11 .11 111114111111 51111t 11111'5

1, 1 41111 11.111.11 1111 Ind Ipi111.11111,ild 1 111411.11 11111111.111111 t, till

lip :1.1r, f., I,.1t11 11,411.11 .1.11111111w mion.th II 111 1111'111111 111111

A%111, 1.111.I.1111 111,1 11"11,1 11111.11,1 11111.11M III .1 141%111 11111111.

1 )1%1 I 1 1 114 V1 1 1 1 1)1 11 11 111 1 M(1 Ii111441 big(' and NC( 1)11(1 (11 11 IC1 t trainingpit 'Hems. till 1971: I I -201 dist usss lout tpes intelletent e. (1,11,11d tritylle44Pir r 414It'spt)11tis t lusel% VIIII '11.11 I thin Illthe it,flom 1111111'(11(11 1truf tuoil «mllif t. I ..ti)', lativt t att.gms..

SUMMER, 1974 15

PIM /WHO I I /Witt 1. Ii WW1 1114 1,1% tilt. ami I atm t et th1 cctilbl(s S.1%1111', tat toal ftnt adds Rvi) ()filets:1)%1( iifilf)Lo rtl inlet fr?I'm anti f'(I1 Prletellt r'.

1)1.11(1 t t 1(1tiS. lists stAcht1 ()1)%1.1( it's II) intItiAtinn1411 du. sc.( 4)1111 111,1111 1 }CM 11(1.

.11),(111 III) 1.m.411.114, .11 1.m1i1%. It !rink I Immintit, .11111tf It WI I 1.0.1

Vf t \I 1 it 11 III .lit, 11x)1 Lti,1111 dit1111.1 1.1IIIIII !HMI Ihrli .1i t1.1111_111.1:Zt la !WI))

IIIllt tt 1,111111 1.11ILIII.114, hit II 1x WWI .I It tiIli)it.111.111.111, 11:11t 111I It.Icli I. 1.111411.1:!C II., Ill

Intl tl l I 11.1114'. I 1.11141.1111

1..1.1 pt III Ili t V% till ,111.1 HIM 1111.1ItIf 11111411111, 1101,11111.1 1...1111 1%101111 .1 It 11.11 . .It III

( ;4 H M11111111 190): WI rinin(l S iiS tint It)mrt 1(tuls tlittigun«.vhit hdr\ tdthrt that) slim midi."

)111 111(11% 1(111,11 14.14 hut .111 del hisl)t pt int itis..\ tssi-tirt 1,i1111 Is III it..olint. 1)11()Io)1, Nit t utisitichttiutts \dirt tA (.1 possibly

anti utindtr In (dirt muds. .1I1ut 11,ttich th t c;111 I). It)drwtt. attcht 1( in ii) mt)1()1411 ,t1 mantis: cnitct It) tc.tt pomunt ianun(it split sni 11 .ngiont.nrs pn.sunird ,n.z.linst tins n1 Ii)11()%vpn )1),.n I ni,i(11. um 11)(4,11n .1 )\ It.tigt.uf sr( 4)11(1 thdlutpll()11(111)E4 IS 1111 ussm tudt but undsisidniiing 111 tIcallng1;111 'ill 441)11 (11,11I t n.,1(1111i4 mid 1)11)1)1nis.1"

1.114),1 \din 11 41 Wu/ 1%.114 1 1. 111 (111111 .1s, 111 M1IM/1v 1111'11 1111-

(1(1 sl,(11(1111Lt 111,1( k 1.11E411,11 phtIntli,), !chit rti TI) Tilt' lullutvingsmut rs: Shm 11101: 121-121, 1114 butt., .1 (11s( Ilss11)11 (1} !li 11'1,111()11 ()}ph, mid()(4% Ii) It. 1( Il iit41iII,hlt'!I1,:II4t%.1II119U 0: 191 -ti s (Its( lissir()I Ihr ItI,11k(' lilt.) s tutts thi n..0.1))11 itt sr( upttti thoiri t ins!' tit!Pm; ()limit) ")7- 11:i plstlits .1 (list htlitt.t intIhr 1.1 . hilt t Ifil It SS IC( 11114,11 s11111111,11 lus 1}}8.9.,11111 1 IS-91

,1 }Hsi( )1) 1 I 111-29). I /Ws(' Mt %CI% 11111)1 111,111\ 1' 111 1rg,1141

111 Ill 11% W1,1111,01\ (' And (111,111111,111%(' ( 1)11s1t1(1,1111 Ws, in 1111 MAC( 11011 ()I

ph, mulugt( di \,111.1 })14,, 10'1,111' II) sul 1.1} ( 011s4Ii11(11( snl 1,11 1111.4 111,1-MP} st). 1,11 Init 111111111 11(1111 1)11 111V spc,1k11 s.11111 111(' 11s1(11(is /.111.

1..11)1)\ I 1(0)9' S'S't)I t IS 1)7 111MM 014'1111)Si SMITI 1 11.11)11114 )lli t 11(111 1i) 111t s(11s111\ 1' ,111%Is i it N(141t)()1 k I. tighsh hpti)blttis 11)141.114,,1 (1(1,111r(1 111 \ 11111 11% 1)} ph()Itulugtuti an(1,tilt 1111,11 (111(114(11( us 1r1(1,1}11 1(1 14,111111)(4 pli)})}(.111s I 10-1i(11.

PI)I1(

it !lilt' It'( ,Hitt!( s. piniu,Innu, II S liLit 1.1' nit 11,11 11.1111111/1110 \ i \ 1%1N. 1/1,111()1 1%%( f)1)\ 1(111s 1)111 1111'14 \:1111 111/11i1%: 1

111.11 111.1I k 111411,11 ,tpt.,,kt Is lb, nil! tlit 1)11))1H)11)1.2,10,t1n.11umP111..1..t Ih( (I h, Olt III 111,11 11)111 11 Ili Al 1)1,Ili 11 .1 11111)111 111):;11 .11 .11111 4 .111 lit 1()1111(1 ,11111)11,-; \\ tilt's ill 1110st/1111).


lit ilit I OM' h handl% k English speakers likean%()Owls 1,111 t htic,.r piorittnt ',mons how altelnati. tctits its %yell itsnom 1111einati44. piontith tat ions %virtu!! a single io..stern. 11 efielite

mighi illustrate this: ,t Friglisti-t ;ritual) speaker .A% henspeaking (;eirnan, is nor I onsitieted tithe' to have lost the to

speak I. nglish lie% el Ill 11,1e spok4.11 it.

MI11/111 List' is 1)1t)14' 1%0111 (11slilissetl. s1s1(.111's toit.icnt 4 ilium. p1;14 (.41(ws

hut pi('t hide its 11111(111144 114)111 ( 4 )1114411g )11s s stein% 1; i111 t 1n.elille111 111a-

l01 inlet Mehl (' t'11('1'IIV1 C.11

1. rhis a111( 14' has been adapted how a pitpet delivered at the Sixth An-nual (:()mclitiun tht..h.itt }wt. ()I higlish to Streaky! s of ()the!Languages at the Vashington I lilton 4111, Feht nal 2.1. 1972.

2. Lobo% 1 Iht in )inpirt(' f())111 111( hicks:

.1 Milo% 11)111.1.11141 sp.d) II I tie,1111 thr te.11

I

1,11,11%

1111.,1

111111%

1 0 1 1 ,

.2, \kW!,1,1111%

11. .11117 "11111."}"1"11,, .111 III III) it kIllI .)n kin I it411.11

,1111111111111 .01 III

%%111, in 0,11111 tl,t 1'tILI1111 glattlf11.11' . 7 ) 1 1 1 . 1 4 4 1 ) ll%

iitiLl!ti 141.1111111M 111 N1r,11.11114

1,, k Oh I1.1111 1 II 11 1111111111111,111.111 ..I1 11 stigitt.ititcti

'i. In : fit titian, 1(.170,ti. I presented trte examples of Mai()) I t)nsc-

41111.711 I's irsolting, nor» neglet t of attention paid to glititimatit al(II\ 1'1 )44.110 1 III It stlnd Wale( litssn )(mt.

1. .11i).1 prtsenting r 111e. %vim }tit lateti \Olaf she IctilltliStatid(ir(iIII41,%/1 It (3111(1 1..)r4loir ()( Iinustun 1969: 60.1 )

asst.' ts:tit, shInaa 7.0,4,41 i% tk 5(11114..11)Ntl,II I Itlui phunlibigt(Al

I, 111.111.1II IA hit 11 111 )01 littl %% hilt' 1'10411,11 7)71)141,,I ii

%,p.( 111)411% %vitt) (1)1)4 cms ;Ind Inctil»)1()11 NA muted it) cathrl1411,41 1111gills; It 1hri t. 1),Orti 111114)1 intMISC (tifftlf1)11)1111)

lint I th I Inill,11% 71) IIII/SCUt genet ati% t. ;lush it mitt tonal throt. Vet..4 smith' 441 44 till)) is ht itI in 'twit! to the lel-anon 1)1 higlish

Ii thotoal)11% to 1.111.dish plionolog Smith I hitiS: 37) wi ites;)),, 1,1 i, us, lint.1111.1..10 1.1,111.11.114.1 1. ., i1111

III I 11411,4 sI,111 . 1111% %I I 1. II v., mi It is 11.1.111 .111

I,1, 'I 1.11,.0..11, 11111 .41 ipil 1 IOW) I/1 141, )fif .111.1 1;1 .111111 111r. 1111- tit 1.1111111-

s..111

I) HMS JIM is CI hi II if mon tot( chill% and in it slighth ditletentI nit' \ 1 111 1 \VI )11111111 alit! 1" .ts1 h11.11): 1'21.

7 1 Ill 1111111 (41 .1 Ali -11Ari 11111)11111(41;%

111.1111iii,11 Ihrill% 14(14114 tvc,0111/1(1

SI 1'171

5, infra, As!! Ina% scum -- this( hision does mit. tri% ()pun( in.

1111 t 114411 I Iii sis so, it is .1 separate language based 1)11

mot Hod, and ,'sots( Ai taisiderations.

ttt ( ;ctirt.tri 0. I titliNh)t -,11 14.,15) ()nu itt)1

SUMMER, 1974 17

9. I (visli I had had 1)4110114)i (44)4dinatts ad% t, e st)ine %eat sI %sit) trait Iii 11)111 s!' 1)1 plulltillt 1X1.11 ist's, II I %%IOU' ill

Chit agt1 al Illt. t)I t LtssItli !cat s, 4/tit lattl1t4.11 int )1)1"111S Of tir%r1()IMICItt littlIt'l than tonlbcting Attic tincs.

10. .11th, nigh t onsideted essential In litany tit1):)Htirs twin tinderstan.(11114 Ot 1,1111)11" Wahl t kat 111144 plf 1bit'111N, all at

tilt It'll( It'scalt ti int() the InlaIit)1111ill brits'et'll 11 IlloglapI1V andphonolog i, likch to hr' of substantial %Atte to the tcit4 itter Etigiishto botimto%t. and otho Iallgoagt. spt.iikt1 In this iegarti, the foil( sl;-ing might by wad to ati% mirage: NI( I);I% id (191i9: I 1-2. 67); (;ooditlatiI 9t19: 15, 20-3i; add Stisialsitski (1969: (6-73 ).

I I . ltganiing ;.1it obit% lions tht trim "111iis k- bring used in conntv-timi %vich d1h.grd nahspLintril sstetti. 1 tvotild tine( t the wade' to1 .,tbo% 1 190): 33-37).

4(A1 Cc dirge it BuffaloRIM Is RK

IS ., g Nt,, i' k 1 1//1.1. .; 1, / %% 1.11:/nz1111, I l ( t I tilt I it 1.1111111ti,:1`' 1.,'t

1) I / I . ' 1I.:!! 1.4155, 555 11.1,55 I I 5, 55 5 I I .1 /.. Li H p,/5., , If- I' 1. 5 I 555555 555 I. I ( 1118.10, 14,11.1.4 11111.1111.11.

1 4 It 1 ' 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 . 1 1 . i i It c 1 1 55. .1 tl !1 IS: 1 1141111 11. 5511,.. 111;111.11 11. Fi.u.ur And Shin

I . .1 1,1 : !, 115 115 It %.( ( .....1.5 15. 55.5-55 IS.5, 55/ ow .51555, pithII 11-, ; 1It !- 1 I 11 11 i111111:1' tl , 1 11 .1:11 ti 1 1.1,:11 tsIt 111.. 1..1. hi,: 11. 11. .1.. IA !I.!! stti ,NI(11111,111,111

tc. \I, ti Is. tt,i11 ,, I t ti, 11 1./711 t.7"t axl

.1. 555 1[.. I 1:. JJ t .I1 1.11 1II.1 1'11111 1)1011 I. : I t dt11 +1,.1 t[ls 11- 1.si.. 55 isof 51 5 1.6755

1.... . I's.: IQ. qz 1I,:!5 I 111.111.1 , , U...1 1..5 /.1 IN.,/ IsL. 1.5, 1 sI n. I. I J s. .I 11 JI11. l' PC4

l 1111

1 1.

I 1

1, .. 55.

s i's 1111,I. 1a..I

11 ' 5

1 t

it 11I .

Hr..

I 'W.I./. I 11 'to Kt it:. I t,41I1,

.1 .104 .11.1 \;s.11.1,11, 11s its, s / /55 ; / ,,S, ,.; R .11.. I 1. /

.1 14 I' .11J. .!:. 1 \ .!1 11

( Itt111,1t ill \ :11,1111 I

.:1\ s/ i 1111%' 1 '1 111 1; 1"71

\ .m..11.155.11 55541151.

I :40,,,,zo

/..11, f51..5 11111..I.N%

1 111

1.5 1St/ or .1,111

11 1i R 1 . 11 5... .., I J '551. '1 It 50.5,, 555 III! 55. 51..1 +I.", 5.105

15 ..- -5 51 I -05. 5'. .5 I 5, i55 5. .1 I o5.1...)

I . . . . . . . . . .I ' . . l 1.,;55 s 1. 1.11, 1 '1,11 \ 011 I 551 515,110.Iill. 1.h, 155 Ihr %.

\ J .11 -, J- I 11:.. 11 / 8,11_ .15 1 I it. 1111.5. \ 1151t1 stn. 11'51,, 5, .1 I I., /. :

1 ' K 1 \ I ii, 1 1.1. 11 I. .ri., ...,11.11,.K 11 vs 1),I 1.5 1(1 k 1111.1/1 Is R.11,11/

' 1 1 . 1 1 I I / S/ N f : 6, .. V' I. ' . " In ltm'a15.1sa :S 11. 55 .. 1 1., .1 55. 1 a, . 1. : 1 .1 I \ Os tl 5.11 1 511. ./ 1-: 1, IS 151., ittd N1,1, 111,1 II I - I ,, 55 5 I .,: I It tt!ilt, 1,1! / -1.116.141/14t 1 I I .s..t...5- os \ t- II I .0.1.. Z. .1 1. t, h 1 I ,1114- Ps')

Lt. i 11., 1 .1. I .1" .,..11 t I 1. I ..1.115,.: .1 K. "Ism: gfPf.:3,,1,:r.j. Is \ .1 l a ( ( 11 .I I n il.15 .11 F1141101 1411011

. i \ 1' \ I 5 . /5 ' \ sia . 1. %% ..1 III ( III. / 1,51 11,1.111,11


To Teach Black Culture,Serve 'Em Soul

N,;,..,

I he Spanish (. 1111) i s ha% ing di I'rc'tt(itplanning a mal...-. "I)on't miss the Indian supper..." Vilest. %vele the

kinds tit ttlellts that appealed in (nit 1( hool's dant' littlltilslit to l Mlle to time %% hit 11 led inc' stiggest to) a colleague that we }),Ma ;I

,Intl tin OW SIMICIIIS lit inn lilac k litetattne lasses. If

.kinetti an student. (unlit gain ha( kgtuund about a toleigt10.111118 and tOr)at mg the tootIt that 0 tiltut. vliv, I trammed, 0 ouldn'tNlibui bail. tippet middle-t LISS students gain ha( kglt,unol ahuitt a lots'.

co /minim sithi ultiti existing light hen. in the United States% NI%

((Memoir, net %% lit! 1;,11 bald Dodd, titaniutil. had been thinking.11ung the Name line.. and ingetlici .%'r planned and sputisined the hitstil tut hi 'ut rti b'"" "i t!"` b'e'think

(s1" ''.05 %%1'11 iitil "I" cl,"1" am, "1 "I" stu nis.I Iv: 1. !it hi it t. t, what %s did.

}Ars, %%c ,INkvil to,, a slitM lit kinds ill 01111 Iii%ss to) Wt. pt'ittql-I,h2,t lit Ow stittitits v(ntiti ht. InticNttli in ha% ing the (inflict. ()t 1)111

thlre t laNsts. a sub...fauna! ntintbrt %%cu. intrte.ted: anti alitNtet) \\ AN I() Ind Mil \chat \Clink! b 111(.111()Si (1)11%

\ (I) 11.1\ (' It. 1111«'111.1111, t,t Mit N111(1(.111% eitiltst \VCII ked to \Vett' 111%01% t'd

utht ening at ti% Ines, it %vas idd t0, ha% the (linnet in the mid-dle ui hit da% dining the dunlile hint pet tud. Next Mt.. Stanfotil and

gut tugethei and 1r1(1 1(' (1,11 optilat atideas-io-tiX sold lOod dishes

It (it 11101111 atilt &lid!' Met{ topics l the lo ipes. it had been agterd htttltt,tltt, AII41 ttnl NtIldt1)11 \ (Mr \',1111ifig I() allll(1 the (linnet

I Milli (.1Ihl 1)111)Alt. (IINi1 at h()MC and bring it to the (linnet 1)1 be

haigd tee ut 7') ( tn.. I lir mun% 0lflit t led wutild .14u tu%vani

lig students ,.-n.) nad iid ,aline ut the 1114)10' (Aptttstt (fishes Ot Who

hail lut.tilt (lta tipt plates MO 11.114.111s.

)1i1 filial sill) Att! ,0.111118 .1(1,11 tot the (finite! ;Ind ha% lug studentsindl(att ,111 .1 N/L:/111/)%hrtI %dm li)t)11114'1 111)/1111 1)11144, SS ds 11111!0

titly 11 I 11,1%r 111,- It 11\ 11% 1 ht NutticIttN 0 hi )st. tit)t Ito ktt. It III the.

I trIci I,i h0.0 .itiNt,)1 thy lit nm. lc\ cl mid Iht nowt -hunt I ungestinti, .'e,

t1'ot,011.1% 1)1,umed n) ,(1o (),Iniuuis pi( tilt .1.isinun in a gnissv

110,1 ilt' \t tot oh, so h., ,, Lir die pit Jhletli (it serf mg the int Hi a7171

,Is Ill)111. h.ill 1)1)1.1111rd hurn the htIlit' (4)11()Init S

d1 p. plhr,11 uln lilslits In the' tip,illinent tArlis liii if it'%V

1111111itus .11 iht ht411111111t; tit lilt fund it 1)(11(4 .t that unt!. \Its. titan-lutd And I and student, thutight wen. all 50.1..ind v have

nu( n 1%r fir rit41t tt of 11) t)11111 It ,t 1)110' filing-1h WV,11111') . It

did!' I Lull the ila utit .dimt. tilt %%.1, buffeted 111th vet , high

SUMMER, 1974 19

s sit 11 1 hid 1111 (111111(1, 111(111g11, 1)111% Ind( ittls. I .11( 1%11\ 1111'110111r(1(111()1111( s 1)(.()1(1('( 1111 if 1 1 MI It's( lit..114,1111. II( 11.11 (41,1( 1s((1111 ;111()W-t'll (Is 11) 51'1%('(.111 1(11/41 111 .114%1 (IN). 1,1111114 thrilled! OM(' tinned (MIIll ht Rvii.\\ ,i 1)( 11;i1(' , stilt (' 111,111% 1)1 111til sIlItIV1115 11,1(1 at kith r II) N,11111111. 51 1111( 111 111(' t11511(.11\1

1 litintgli ()1 til% dist 1!5511,1 ,1111)111 the thimet. 1)1'1 11.11)5 the tra(ict% % i ) l i t l i l lust % 1 1 . 1 1 sind hod mid %viten I t Amend() beittg..1tthe 1,t1)rli111 III dishes tt,t111ttim.111% ttlentilted 111th 111,It k .1ttlet it an

tlIttite "511111" 11,1140.11c11.11n)tit ill the mtddletiirs all mg %% lilt the pup-dim Irdtlim (It ..51,111 dud "51n11 Ini)thtl%%(nt! ..S1 Mr. %%111.11 11111 ,111111 11%.111% 111'1;1)115 I111 114.111111, (II W11111111 and1.111S1111) 1111 11 1A1IS 1/1'11 11.11 \MCI it .111 \.1 11111 111( 114(111 11501 anti1111.1 111111.11% 1%% ISIS 111.11 I. 1)11/111C 11.1%(' 11%111 II 11.1%1' 1)1.1 11 .1111111111 s1111111 51 S11.1%1. %%VI(' 1/11)11:4111 11I 1111' s(11111111 11 I 1111(11 S1A11'. it) 1 %1111, (111 1)1111)-1,111(1115. III 1.11 t, 5(1111 (tun( s1.1111(s said 11) 11,1 \t I t)11s151111 ()I Olt'-1('.1% 111145- 11(1111 111( 111,1111,111(M s 1,1111. 1 111'51' sElpirs in( 111(11'pi)ik. 5111 11 .15 111( v1111.111.1( 111111115'1.111(1 111%11111M% 11(11 111(' 11( 1/111.s hit it %%As NI) pIt.111 0111 thrit was (.111)1112,11 hi) .111. (Aril thr IA 11(1.111(1 (11)111('111 .11111 %.1111'11cs 1,f t41ct.11s, slit 11 ,15 111.11 111/111 hit 111111111 1111e111,151( .111' Iil1 111111 .111(1 I hi' (1.111(11'11( /11 1s 1111 11 1'11'11 11)(1.1% Is 1t111511111(11lust ,1 %11.41. I lit' i11,1111 tr.is1(11 .1)111 11)(11 t 11151111' 11,1s h111 11'( 1.1111% gmittithl. Intriust 1tt Ow imbh is that OW 1)(11/11( 11,15 (11111 1((1111111(I ()Int 11111(1111111 ,lhltui It I 111111' 1111'11 .111111(1111( sulll 1(111111 .H)kluticks Ole niittket. 11,15 11(11 11(1'11 .11111/11.14 lila( I. 1)(14/1(' .111(11( It (%l lit' thr111. RIM Is pet 1)111. 11.1%e tutu 11,111timg dm. il illt.11tit ow. v011(1,011 ins 11% %%India/M/11th. I fj,tt I. tit' %;l1' Ili\ iiitittici

Ic.11/1(.(1 tilt 111,1, mid het iii )01(1 Ile her Int lulled at thentit,1 (Ili...n-th It' ,11(' 111(' 1(1 11)1'5 ictl st)111(' 111v 1111(thri's 1,iwilty ,111)11i4 withs Ititt rt. ( 1(11(4 /cif hi 111 fill 1111'1111s. \Its Statdutti, titselt.And 'flu stutictils Itt.tittl rdiiied them. tVt. thmk ()titer Englishti het,. sin 1,11 'Judie. te,tt het.. thane et 1)111111111 s teat Itts and ,Ittt)dtelse %% hit likes 1401(({ find c,ltl kill.

( ) 1 1. ~hill 1111111lstfnllt htt..;1) iii Lits mid ,tt )11%,11.11,,,. Oh% 11,11.1%, the51.1%1 s didnt 11,1%e fit %%(1u% .11n)tit .11( it les. 11 'tile t hin,ses I.) It% sr!siml tin 111 1115 11,,111('. 11 Is sii1414t.s1111 111.11 111'11 1 5r1 11114((11c(11pr t !Hr.', ,111)(11; 1%1111 111111s 111 N.11.111s 111 111111.1 11)1% 1 .11111 11 1111R1S.

Pr '1)/// 'suitt .1S11 11111 1)1)111111 1WA5 111 11111

%%.11(1 S1).0% 11 %111111111 111.1 I1). /N1.1%

1.11111 c 11)1r And 1)11t lin11)11( Peas and inik it Intse%t t.11 him! s.

1%1 11 (I, 11111 I 111. 111 1 110 01111114. lVlied 11.1%1. 11111.11111 ;it ifs-.11111 11111101 V.,1111 11 1)11,1N 111 Mri 11114. 111( 5111)1111i 111' 111 111( (W-111111,11j}.4111%

VAL t 111 .thnit '1:1) 111 ..ilt pinkink, dui k t 1111111N . 1)114 1.111S Ill11.1111 1111( ks 111,1% sithst tidied111.1 Ii em tii iii Ali Itli

20

51..11111 %(.t%

p,ts PHI witt-t%, .ittittit i tin-1111ffrti 1111111 In .1 1/111111 !hi( 10'115.S1111 .1101 priipul I( I kistr.

1 1.1.1ittuti,t11%. BLit Is in.uple

THE ENGLISH RECORD

Matt used a pint h tit baking sodaitt then brans to %%-attl off p,astl it(Airs,. 1 lo%,t.% et St )(1,t. this ti11tumid fib dslifi plc( lulls

11,1111111s. all(' (4,11 lit 11,1s 1)(411 s111)-

s111111tail 111 Its plat r,

CaMbed \levet Potrits),.%

ti nirthinn-sind s%%-...it potatoes.tookrd 1111111 neat 1% dontI t up Inc %%.tt stigal. la.t1

'... up bum.''2 (sp. 5,1111; ( elf) v,Iter

Prcl .111(1 slit r '14 if .1'11(.5. In 11

11c,R 11%111(4 pan. h,1( 1111110 .111(Ibto%%11 sugat. Stu 1i111 ..1 paste Is'none& Silt e s%vt p)tatt it.s andadd to paste. 1 tun potatoes until«hued. .1dd s,di stet l %%Jul. (..metand ook slo%% 1% 1111111 potatoes airtender

(:h?1/1,%

lbs bitty! ling.'2 fed peppy! tiods5 %%lit 1; )% es

1 ba% le it1 'mgt. onionI tsp. puppetBoiling salted watt'

kt.ials t hittetlings in (old %%awlfur six lion's. 1)lain. Cleanthotoughl% terno% 111g .1s 11111t tl 1;11'I, )ssi I'I,i(et 111th Ilitl14s111,1Lit g ktilr .111(1 t Mel 't( 101 bothogsalted %%mei :t 1%e1 slitimlgelid% until tentlet. ale'deal st.i%ed t% ttli tang% potator

*11 1111 /il ( hint! !into mt. tIscti,see dirt.< t1t5115 um au( Hi )1 41ra/i-lia.; Mid II111I11111114.

i)iPtdr//s)// ( ree)

Co%et about 1 lb of hat ( 1(1%0

tit salt foils itli walet and boll,Ii)wl% until tender ( '01 lootsof /1.% %otott.; dandelion t4ir

SUMMER, 1974

1.11h)111 I 1lis.1 And trash (11 %(.1I'1,11

11,111gcs t,t ,1(t'1. Add (()(11 e11tiugh 10 1)1(11`111

st tttt fling. .W(1 one mediumonion, mint ed. and ;1 1/1101 tutsil ,S1111111c1 givens gelid% until

truc'.

C:ombihatiutis (if tirsh kale,ollatd gull's. tut nip gull's,

inustald 141c5115 ,111(1 spina( II ItLIV

be (Hiked In the iollots.ing!nanny!. The pokr%vred also is adeligions green. but the bettiesand loots 11111s1 by snipped as 1111'1;,itt' P()1S()Nt)I'S.

Covet and boil about 1 lb. ofOM 1.1% silted salt !silk sit jowlbat tits t t 1 tender . Remove(1,:ma1rd leases, toots and stemsflout /;teens. %Vasil thotolt1111%.Add greens to meat along %%.1111

rd onion. a red peppy' pod (op-now! I and a pint 11 of sugat :metanti l t a sk slms.ly 1111111 gleens att.tentlet.

ma Bread with PnricI ho(' ts a spumi blead that Inas.

ht t uuked lth( aft vegetables andmeat. pick1 this one sin( t. it 111;1%he set .rd as a main dish.1 lb. ground pith'1 I %ello%%. (mil meal

ups t alined tomatoesit t up t hopped (Oct%'s t tip t hopped onion1 tsio. salt1 tsp. pepperII !sf 1. t_tiottlitl sageri eggs. well beaten1 «Ili milk

1;:o%%1ti poi k. Dian' till tat.Stamm tth salt. episet and sage.In sant (pan. t ()mimic tomatoes.

c11,1% and onions. Let snuffletse% tial minutes. ladlitilly add

21

:_=2.1-:,

I 1,111 s1111114; 11)11.0,111,1.11i\ sin itilt1 hi tilt L. Stu IIImilk I teat aulthmt.tvols N id' I .1 ltk anti 111...)1

1):(111 /flak. \tlii It) «nil itic,t11111 \h" I inn !Mu (.1sselldebake 377/ 11)1 app.A1111,11(.1 I') Humor,

siit/b.t lire,1(1

;:). sit win meal1 ,,ill

I ups inmntlilk!sit 1),11,11114 std.(

I I 11.. ha« )11 tInpiangDisst ikt std.'

\11\ 111' «111 ',Ica! t% Slit salt. t.gg111,11('itittlk tut hilt

11,11 (It ititut2,1c.1.-,11 111111 skIlicl ,111(1 }Mkt' .11)1)111

;7 I mm111(1111.

Strpii4 ifr'flOt

`sti11114 Iu.11l, 1iidt III t tketi 111

s,i1;,1 mdliiit I .1. ( orrits I \t 1111

11" 1'1 Pi" )"11 Is t11111111'1I \1,11"((pi, .111(1 11111.111ws hush t (MI

Wt.; 111 .111s I'( Ids! t1111111ift It ( I )111..111'4 Mill

"R I ) }it )1 I 1)1. SSI. R 1S.I lit rt m1 r1., tlessti is Olaf 1.111 beAft s%,111 1.), ill tlf.,enstAt 111.1

1,11(,. I't% \ItAlt t:

it I lit 1110, k 111 u11It' t ht 1 %%.01 ketiihr held, %\ mutt, I oh( (.1 wit

lilt (hel kisit Min 'Ocilla'l it 0A (%( lit It ,111. tvi ) )11111rt II

111.11 ,lit' %CI% 11111)111M WilliMat L \ men( ans.

Pf'«in /)/eI tmhalsed pie shell

1: t tilt httltelI t Ill) sIlltd1

slighth brawn.itttll ti,ttl t unit ,Itt))

tsp. .,111I ist). t.111111,1

t t lttlitputl plans(:hill alit' shill. (tratti htittri.

Vitt s114;,11 121;tdititil\ anti t ()Imam.until nut' is light and

Hutt% t)thci itigtrtlictits,him iiitt)( 11111(11.11(11. Iiiikt.V)0 to1-,7) tut It) It) ri

wert Pr)tatiw Pre'mimic 2 1kS, I': 111)S

t 111 )1011 111.1Ilt11 ,al'i't pi )ttit( )t.%,

11111 1).1( k(11 hi( )% n s1114;11 tsp.,,tit. I tsp. t 11111,11114M Mitt 1: tsp.11111111t2, 111 111)1% I. 111111t1

.11111 ..). !wary!) 1'i.104 Vilitts. Put!? Int()(.1" 11dsil%1111cti pit' 11,111. Rdh.t. 1(1 1(1

11111111it's ,ii :17.) .


American Novelists As Poets:The Schizophreniaof Mode

1.tIvis 'hat 11

It smuts that in. 1st nu\ tilmh Amuut 11111

limclists-liat. lItau.titil 111 pictti IlitA att. cstaldislitli asS.1 11(1 s (11 ii( 111)11, n111 ( 111111' 1111 I 11 11'111s 1111 011/111 Minn, )1 III(' 1111\ (lists

s1,11 1 1)111 ,Is ("sit 111s .111(1, 1111,11)1 III 11,1111111' 1111'11 It s, 11111 1111 11 In 11,11

111 111 1 luttlIIII4%,1%, 1 ,1111111CI, 011 1! (11,11 ,111 iflc,1111 1,1111(' 1 1,1;11.11,

1111.1i,1i pilt111)111111(1111,11 .111/111.1111111% I/111 Il1'111.111111C1111/s1 stlikint.; ast. lit 1inci it an 11.11(.1 is that (it Ullman Nick Illc,

ifi a tv)(RI lil,ttll ilistait( es. till' tvirIt%ta.-lowt stt(Itcitricasvn 1,11111 it Hi drat Ot 1)\ Ilt-tun ',tit-14.0'st 111.1 a Lill .1111"111111)1

,Itt(im 1111111.1(.111 . .111(1 111.11 II Is ( .1111111/ 111111,1111% 'Ink al

,163111 11,111111' 1)1 11(w!)

SIIII1)11 1)111, ('t'l ,111(1 thrt .11111 111(1)1'111i 111,11 phi! 11111St IH' 1111(11111 CISV 1.11111(.1110111.in

Id( 1, It) Ina In% 1111/41') M 1111)1111111 I)) 11)%11)11 .11111 s.11 1)1,11 11 IS %t 111)1M%

t 11n .111' 1/1,1111(' ,Is 11111( Ii ,IN ()11(.--111nst' s( \i() It )1%

111,11111st i 11)ts Itl .111;1n-S,1\1 111 111 114111 anti 1)114,111 lit('aking the N! 111111; III)

Intl) tii

( )14;111,111\ 1111'1( .I. 111 1 1111'1.,11 11111()11 1.111 t',11 1 And

1"1.111 S111'11'11 \\ Ill S." Ihal 1111. l" III tin' IS II"' tint%\ 111111 IN rlr, i'( 1) 11 ,1(111111It,111,1I11111111i1ItI( 11\ 'N111111111\ .114)114i 1/1 II(

111)11. \11111 hi 1% 1)1111 .1 11,11 1)1 S."11114 ILL" hit lit "'II\ \1;111)11111111

111(M4

h t 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 N 1 )1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 11 ( 1 1 1 t h )11111 .11111111111111)1'..111.111111.1111,id1111in.

11.1111 11111.11(111N 111 ti11 \11:11(1. 1),1111( (1.111 1111 1\ CNt(111 111)!1(!,

iii(111111C %,11:,11()1( (dm 1(14 111,1I 1111,1%111cs,11)(1( f)11.1,11( fed IN

(111It4 In 1 1,11 11( 111.11 (1)11\1'111 11111s, lin 1111111)1 IVAN! 111 1);141 bt't ails(' slit If

NH (,h In 11)(111111 1/I' ,111(1 In 11111)11i1 1st' 111 11)11. III 1VI's1C1 11

1111'1.1111W 011,1 1111'.11111 1%(-I(, i't sr. ,11)(1 nlls1111t Ilnlls,111111(if s built

Ihisud 1l1")"

111111 111,I1 11111.111111's, Iln 1A11 n11\1'11111 /Hsi)! Illt's,11111'sn1 1

I/1 11 1111 1'%%.11 1111'..N1111 11 In 1111 N,1111( ,1s. in 1,1( I. 111(' 111(1s1 1111,1111I1s

11)11,1t.1)11.11 111111) 1.101( than fficit it al 1).1,1..antl Iltvlip)Iit 11)1 lit th lit tool mid -IP ,Is 1111!,!, /111(1

S.t MIN. kith lit HMI ..1))(111. \tilt ;wid b "ia,)sc,"!11111 lhllil 1111 1111,11 111\ 11)(1( Ai this ,Iat.,,c()1 (11At.lup-

mt til. tit) lilt %.1" 1/1)NNI1)11.. hi .1 1/MI11111M t MIMIC

11.'1(1,1111.1111111,11H 1,1I)N1Ilik .1N 1IN 11111111'..1111111 )1N11/1111)11N111 !MINI.. 1111.

( tilttlit WWII 11111111.11 tutut,tIi11, .111i (4)1111);)wd III I,t'

SUMMER, 1974 23

I 1It ()I(I('%t lltlItt% liit' V(1t Itttlti 1 tj)t tt t.LI

tlItl.iIlllt, tittI IlIt % II)r% 'ii))lJ)I .% 1It' Ittl It lt k)1t14 11111% ttitt,tti tittiu t.tI IHI,lk%, Ilit .I)II% %L()t (% li,itttiltt'i IH vIttittt It tItt' Iniitititi ttttttl Ii) tt itt. I )i III III )' It )t iitt I it %t tillit %Vltit Ilit' itit'

t itt iii I% ii It it ikttl I iht )II )%l. I .,ttti ittit %t lit il.ii tt II) tiiti itiigtlIt%t ii tIttt%t I 11)1% tiit titIti titi i t IIItIiI it )tii iIiii ittititil It) 1)4 huh It t1

I lit hut liii fiI lilt hiit Il ii,ttt iitiii uiitiiittI, I lit' itit'tP It II tilt iIt' t iiilit .\tit.lt..it 111% li.ttl iRtit tltt iI)l1thttI. ttiI hit )liI!Ii IIit \li4k).!it)uiiiiutiii%tl%t% lt.itl titti %ttil tiit%t PiI( iii ilti,thItIt tfli ,t )dgt 111)1 iitttt.tii til% i'iiitit&I tittiti hi ttilii% ill i)lLtii Littti.

itut t lit %t lit il,it Iuti itlittil I lit itl,tiiLi't I L)I% tIII uihl it ,uI utti, lr tilt'Hit t!??ii Litti iiLt \hut t.",t\t iii Iittt.utittt LII 'tit 11% til lihit%, t) ili.it ilii'tutu it %t itilti lt iili it itl% Lii lilt tt,ttltt Vl1t) ititt ulI %%,i%uit titi t%i.ituIittiitlu;tu tilt .\tltlii.',,iiiti t uii%thitht)ti; 'lutilt ttt% t)hltiitiUhi' }i,uihttii t.tll)ll%lIttI iii lii lt'li lutti,itiiit iii tlit 1111(1 tiiiIiit ttutiiI tt'.ilit lti\ititit iii iii itltuti%4 litiitttiit ititik tui ,i vlitilt iitv tIltiit'ti%it,tl ,t'IlitlitI 1111114 ii) h %ttIi I iii t lit ).it4t 1% % ill t%, tiP iti%t',tII (it lft'utig lut'.ttti.

I %ttt414tt ilt.it it i ii tiii' i)t)uitt tli,i tlit t liIi)j)liithiid tit utititit114tii tt.ill iii ittst iiI ill I 11t411sli lltt?;ittitt ititi hit tlittitit)ii SIP thriii it Iii i\ i I ii .11)1 it 11 i lit %,htiit I hilt (Pill II it ,hitI i lit >i hIttii.I htttt itt ii it (itt ttlt,t ii Lit \ ii t 1)1 itt I IL I )t''( IL Lttt1111114 tti. ii'gtttItt hitilti. tini %%illti% %iuiltI ht t tiiitit%ttI ,iiii .tti14tui%iit(I ttt ttttt:'iiitits Pitt titititititi ii SLIt ii !IS1 liii's .1's 1 uiitttiti IiI1 ilir t>hiItuii})t)t.iI%

ttitt l)it Lt liii tilt lit tI)l.Ittuit4 slililt' sUP 1 1)1 I tilt %iittl i1itiitititl tutu? %ttt!iI tistti iii ltt ttt st. \1i'. tilt L's LttUtlLtt t\.tuttiiltltLs

%is Ii) % tilt lU)tu? hut lii's Iti/ipil l;t iii pitt ii' itl. It iittili,t1ii iittttilt (Li itil tii hint tutu, ii it,tt iii lii's Liuit iils lit wi's wi ititii. ,i timtiitit iiti(is lit lii's %tts( lit Vts 'stttiil %t?sht 11114 \liutuiiiiu v,us Iliriii 1% I luI it i?iI iii .'tiitl lit lii % I titI liii l'tii t t liii lit V.Ls liii )iiutI(tttill's .1 tutu ii ii jitI, Pitt tittI st?LIi4iiutt)i%,tttil liii 14?,lliuiti,tht( I)lt)%I)(I% tthtI

S till I Jill 151 it'll Is

\Iii tilt %ls .1 htiIJi)t I)u)tt iii Iii's litti tttitl's t III titithist iii Iii'sttt lit: %ii\t (, iuitt .i stisititi LII lii's iltiti it ii ijtt i's. itt js ,i hi1i. t;liiilt 1 Itt 111111 il tiilu itt il si Iiiii i i}i?It) hi ij tilt itli

\Iil tilt utii,iitI-luiiii.iu ill t\JIlti?tt Ill tlit.ttt;iiit t'sJ)tlitiitt,ititl litIitt, IIIPIIi liii iitiItl liitititttiltit tuiliiiIl,..Jitt pt?,(t(j---%lit)s(i1ti1uisuiçuitii ii tiiliiiiiii.i %.t's Phil iitii'.ii hut ti))itlihLttU%ii,Lt iithitIit-

iii lit i's hilt iiiilu iii Itt ttit ilutti tltt'st tiiiIt'stut's. ttti ilititigli ulitttitis'tt lii Ii 'sti tliti itititil Iii stitiiiti luttii. Iii's tuutitl,ui ' }iiit)lttttiittlitl itiitiitti' lii illi Iii' lii's jiuuiuiil iiii . I it tiiiiltl huh tiiitIti.ttiitI

1 li)141t ii. iitlu itti Lthil\titt c iiiiitj t\Lsi \ htii t\Jili hilt t iiittit itttiI h iiit ill it

I tiii i hijii '.lu! ii lu i.0 it I liii it lit ii;tliut ut '.tli?it I lit lit I iii it tti,t Ii.I . 11111 t)iluIilii it iii' IIIII ii I Ii t, t ti-i liii Iii ti4 lit ii I it's's?ii 's's ut ilitiit till-- thtj,. liiuiiiiiltlii,iIlt iluiJiuttilt i,ililt. I itt's %,l% lii's ttiitii 'S1111ttt I. itiii lit ii itt tliuiiji hi iii lit itli JI' 1st It hi %tt 'st


Int' Mt' 141111g t d (11)Inislit's-01)pusitt's %Olt II, itt nwlditig, \multinot iiht. their ,ptilatt, the t Vt111:11 111,11I1 ut his t

Ii. 1411 it in ellibt \Intl( tilt In till( nigh in% (WI\ 110Vels 01 the st,a,it) Mil !Haim \ tit Iasi iii IIIr amalgam mitt tilt tit all his vat jolis

11111,11% t \pc11111(111%, Alnbv j)t( h. MI (1)1( 1.11,11 \Vas 11(11;111 1111.

Inim 11)10 css. 111(111g/1111\ silt d1.111,11 11(11(111111 Slip 1111()Ilis %1Iti iii

11111/411\\ 1III Ilia\ tit. WCI1 \sr C,11111111. (lit it(' ihni "I his111(4)11 0I I Iran\ 11\ .111(' 1)11(111 ".\11," 1%111( 11 Is ;111 (.V111)116' Mr11111VilI

111% ctsik hyst. inicin is an oticnipt at llefinitit)u.

\VIM( it ill Ittil snit 1, 1,(111hit 1(.11,1111(1y/ tviln1111

cc' 1111c-1111(' stAr11 Poll)) 1, its 111111 ti Nit'l int' had tos,t (it( thy sillily( I, W,11(' lathe( !hail ,Isk tint scions t,l thelin sic( lino 1)1in uss t Iran\ il:

In itI hi nit, picascti %I. thrall(0' mans .1 in,Y M1hl,ltirtl st prior'.Rut how hi burl, pulsed t Watt',Vhat (Midst things twist nivel and mate:. I lame to iitcha iitti io (weir.sad pat wilt jootisIltnillikct pink and mom:Inslint t ,111(1 ,filth: lust' ,iI1(1 11,11c;.11(1,1( II% --1c1c1(.11( Hies(' must.1141 111 \s 1111 .1,11 ())).% 111%%11( hr.111,

1 it %%IrsIlc. 1%1111 Ow ang(.1 . \t 1.

I hotittli \lel illt. \vas as mut h ;t in\ slit as Fincison, this t led() is atat t :s hum thei.t lusie.unt-sitleti I ianst ol portly,is Vision alone. Flattie antl ot passion and intellt t must "mate."1 111\ theinschrs 'cumin intat 1, but that to \s hit t1 the\ giSe hit th %yin he

.1 fusion. It \yin In. t prn . ()pinisitcs \yin Inse in an enigma. that"in\ silt hem?" \Irk ilk multi not name, as Poe names it, %%licit,

ationial -anti ant )nial ma% become fat 1 111 ,Milt' 111eXplic ill)I('

lilif Whin(' to% mItH(11111114 111()1(' 1/1,111 ,1 111(.1,1ph Nit jail: he 1vils

t ( ) 1 ( 1 1 ( A 11. , 1 % A l l pouts l' (.11111111%1(.1%r 11(' tv()11111 1()11(11(' 111-

III% 1(111,11 t%(11(1% .111(1 tkr s( )1111(1N 1(if.4(.111(1 111()1(1c1 11)1111(1 11;11 it lira's

might he set tinging. In his smuts wind gong likrthe In1114 !Ors III ptilsc, but tit ills Ow\ t)tictl suultdcd intch ()(1(1()1

.111 11,11( ilk nt,r oi ,(11(1 "iiii-11,1t iii Inc Ciiiiegtrial, ," -ffictivnight" atilt

iti I lit "sat% "( 11,11nt1" anit "IdAr11c1" in "The\i,th11i

iiiivcci, Nick III(' tisti v()7(1, 111 stiange,i11111 (*tic( fist. 5%,1ss iii ins (.1 sr. hit instable, iii "N1,11(.1 Ii the

the rim t%innl Re( ;ill the 'wit( (Is it hitioti?" is sit ik-11114. espiesstt.. lint in mute\ t it is 111()11' than %flangeit is jailing,I hough the language of this passage is %sitar might he tptinetl"modem," the language of the ICNI tht. poem is au hait tvpit allvtonidnif( lit ittedclogiitol thdt terra: "Pint 1)(41 utt? fa( I's

SUMMER, 1974 25

gliasIl st,Iii(ls n111 as 1%1)1(.111)t pnt'111. It is pn1111)olIsIts ,tilt I I111111( ,1 11c1111', I1111' ain't 11,11inti, IHMtIIutls

.1,114:01,174. Hitt it% Ili in N17.1% lilt's 71,1 Ibiittlilelti-heli math.'IIIIIII,ittit, tilakt. Ilit. 1)(111" .111 ,11111,151 1(11,11 Lii1111(..

1111u,t. 1)117 111)1 quilt , tic( ,Iti,t last stall/a Is lit-MI(1111i and sum-min, i11.1%tct 7117 h III rli,ii um cling )1 t% hat 1171. )117. b(.11), 7. in a

pi will till %\ thilt 771,70,1 71,1 711 Olt Its,A7 7,11 7,1 7 it 17 ism 7.,( 71)1 111t

NUM' It'111 dt't/tuittitit. Illls 1)1)(11 has addIesseil 111 Ilt't's 011\Ialc 1 11 I IIII. askril 711(11 11171t OW sightsthi 11,1,1 rit.' Wit ing kitt It. I hill sni t 117 711,

II% (171" Incss ill)14"i" h. II"' ('11115 allsVcrtm% 1,1 .titil..1TH 11111

irry thrin4:wp thy twig will till:

11 tli* 1(1 I1(1 4' tt it ill.eilZe% 11110t /n' greet? in

1 hi ( )11(14t (:1,17)1171" N17.1% Olt 117),7. .7. hi, stibict t it %ming111.111 %% ht, 11.1., 11,171 hi% hm tit n ,mitt 1)171 hum him ;111(1 hn giv711 rtl-,tt,i*I 717.,1111 In 1);1(11, It',,i)Inp,11)111R. and trai. I it' hitsburl? %\ mildtd. 1%(.1 1(.,11111,7tt In ha% %V()71 711)1)10411: %V(' s(('

1(1(111111g I() rill ( 11(11 ing timings ni Iin111r. lillt 1117' Illt'ilt1i11)thillk4 I hi lIlIpl s11.411111( ni 1l71 lac t that till' «)Innt1ILI. (Apt-, itnt It 1..111 11111c,11 vti1 IC!. this %%777 ul 11 )1 death twits. is.ti 17 11 N iindt! 1111 It7 r. II 1% min Iii 17)571 than tilt 1)111171 ;11171 717;11.,(77 irt lit 177..17 7 7 1 it 71,iit, Aim!.

hi 7111, win \11 l7 1117 77111117 itstlf it% till' first lint; "hit1717%,11 Nit ii th hist lint t7) 7111117. I )if )l , O!), Is ill

I Id It 1%t 11,1 111111 Mr(!. 11111 it' SLIMS i1".%% I I". 711 11" )1(1 lap,/ % intivsling, ii_frained. it)

11114 i"), ttt ha% 1. Ow 17 h1)l( '.1('III', must 1)1 Iht.I his IN sill Mt I, f u wilt 1,t1w,1i,1 1'.

I lit gilt It I is Inti:411. II 112,111,11. 111r 1 11%111r st Il7.111t i, %al lahlr.Illt- III r1)* If HI 1 1 1 1 Ill 1111 f% 111 hi, 1% I I I I I!, 12,()%ri I 1115 m !HM. 1 It' 11,".15

I II 11 .Ih1*7t 1 Is! 1 IP, )1 I lilt III 1)1.11 t' ()I 711%7717 III ()Ilitt I( 1 a I IMV :ht.MI .1 I II, 1 1 1 1 m Ill.lii It'firt I 1 14 11 77'11 1 I tilt' sill( I !MI IHim, lit ',muff NC; 11.111 III 1 1.1 1 II 1 lc It'll I 1 f tt,i% 1,1%77.f I)1 al t'llitiar.0, 1 11 17 It 1111111111 .

111 \\ 1111111.111. 1/11%1 1)111'111%. th,Isc \irk lilt''," II 11" N't"(11"111 1"77111111)"" 1""" 4111 It till'

11111 11 111111.111 .1111111111, 111111N 111, 1)1111V",1.111 11111 14 p1,17 111 (1/H-111111111M IA ;III N111 1111117417 11111777 t l,,Ii7 17 7)1)%1717-1 irig 1117. hut .7 bun (IItiit.,1 17 \It ik )llf 111111..1'11, 11/t 0,11)11%. In\ rfsl()111,i111(1%flitcdp l i i i s t R i l l I t I I f i c h « : "'Ncli 11,1% lung, (11%'

1 1.111111 II. 1111 11:;li1117 11111 PAC 1 111 1)t111,11)% it 1% /111111111111 1t) AS1:

111.11 1111 1/(111 1111,11.% .1%1 1 11/1111/11.11.1\ 1111' 1111111111111 tt mlit17)11 1117+tHI II )11 hi. 1 1,1


\it I\ 1414)111)(1rd 1111. 'i (114 m111111\ ill 1114 sprt 1114 . .1. hr (11(1 ill"LW% "11" 1"".111 (1 1111011 ht. "1" 14 (1 "I '1 ICH" 11111

"11141,i1)11 \ sit ,i1" ()/11 111.11)11 It) \\ III( 11 lit' 1114)1 filet 111\ ;Intl( lit11IXIII On 114)1 III. Is 111)0111114 111141,1. 111.ili Ills ,111111is.411(>11. 11)111,1111i( s1,1111111111.

.111rIr ( .1111r--.111 III \ r11'.-\\ 11.11 tildit 11)111111 1 Ills Is 111r R(1111.11111(

1111)1,11 1,11(11 19111 I 111111 \ 1)()C11 ..1 1,114 WI\ 1114.411(1 nut ti.t. In must 1)1 his

1,11(.1 it( Hutt. I lc ,t Ai& .1114 it\ :uni)1guttn dud pututlirslon(1 ut ht. tin%1-1,..tatttl dud .1)(,t1. Aunt. 4)1 Illy nitlitt tti.tu dud his

titut.tn, 4, %%Ithutu ( (mmit.tit. $.44)1)11 wan% 4)1 ht. putIti Mil% illysutoul. 1111)1(' 1- 111(1 si )111.111 111.111 111 his .14)1 It's. . \11 4)11(1 thing abutit.

1.14411,11% 1 111111 ut 1' 111(.(111 11\ 1 1.111.(41141C111.111.111: I1 11.111111

Min. ()HI II) I)( ,11.11,1( .111(1 111111s.11)1r..111(1 1111s()111.111 1)1)1'1. 1(11(1 14) 1)1'

111).(1)1(. 14) (11 11114 III (Aril 11,11111. 1114'4111,1111\ 1)I 111c11 4111111. 11 sc4'111. I() 114'

1 111111t:11 I'll 1111'111 1111'11'1\ 11)( 1.11111 Thu\ 11.1\ 11..111(1 \ 111.11 .114)111(1 1)1'

t 114411111 11)1 (l

I hi. .111)1111,d 1 //watt/. 1. (Inc ut \Id% illts must d111 -liti4u1 )tiN 1If n Iii. 11 1. \ .1/ 1.11)1 111/1(11 ,it 1,11/11())11: 11. 1114'11 it s

Ii .2.111.41 -- 11.1111% 14144.1' 1,11111ilt N11.1111(.1(1 1111r. 1111 11()%' MI41 Illr11.1 !It'll-

1,111111(1 1111( 111.111(11. II Is 1(1111111st CHI lit .4)1111' 1 )I 11114.1s()11./n)4111...11( ll

1s f L1111(1111 " 1)111111 Ins 111 1111' 1-1111411.11:1'11r 1)(111.11).4' \ 4.11

1)1 1111,1111. 1)111 tilt' Inuit! ( 1)111,1111. II. hit .11.114' ()I .111.1( 1114)111.111.AM). I ht.s11111 III 1111)14111 I14) ()I 0111.r 111111t4.' MAIL 1)1 111.111s 11114'1141

III 1111 14)1111.11 1)4'110 111 .111 ,111111( 1.11 1.1111%. 111' twig itm.11 11111411

'mum-. III mull. III lict Imps unutliti itt.ittilcst.ttiun \Iul)% k. It)t ittut, I. 1111141% 1\ ,1114),11 Iii 1111' s.f. It Is 141.11111% s% /Hindi( , 1)111 1101 t 1()N'

I III ill .111112,1)1% it)! s11114)IIIII Itt 1)(

11'1 iht. st 'WM Anti 'ht. thc %%. halt. in brig. and Ow

.1,1 1 ht. 11111 11111111)%oblt. dud shapt.b.,,. 11111.1 .)i it is 111(1611 mulct

1%.111 i \1i11 %%,- tilt. 1)1,tt.. "slut) ul mut ti,t1 build" .1114th(ito.411 ,1';,1111.1 tht. brit; "I)Itt.t Intl .t. 1)% ittAttrs, titutc." uttld

1)101,2,1 11. thuitt.th tht. ittl,tut.ttr .1111) %vent 414)%v4i."

I 1,11,1 'Mt 1111)11:4111 st) %,Ist.

III( v11.11 thIII1)N .111-Mr1( ,it;1 \ 11.1111114 .1111 111\ (1.1111,1.11 1111'.1111

WI III IfIssIth 11114. 1)(1111111 It )1

11111)11114i I. Mt 1114 1. And 114t)III)11 11.

1t t11114111144 111\ 111(1 11)1( r 1441t)\\

\()? .111 Ills' .11111\ .1111; 111.11 .1)I,1% % I.

\ 1(111(4 III\ (It .141 111(11111'11'11(1 14 41 %%,11I

\Lill. .4)111t Asp( 't 1 III 111.111. 1)1 111(.4. (III .114,4111.1 thr 11.11(1. 1111

111'111 11.11dr. 1114'.1111-(1r.1111\ 11114 1.1t I \\ Ill( 111111' (MI\ ri.r 11.1.1)111 Ill Ihr \V.11

I III 11411114. Aril IlltA ,114 Ow samr, 14,111. 4)1

. 11( lit

1 114 114 1(.; IS Ilia (0)S1 HIV It 11.1. stt,11114t.1% till-dit (iii.t111 .tIH)111 11. I hr tilt Is 11111111111 \ (It's( 11)(11'..111 .1( Hull Is

SUMMER, 1974 27

!elated III (Owl v()1(1., the language and sun( trite tic) tug militate1()%%.11(1 the (lest' ell dtrantlike inti)r essiutt. Fite (Actitll imptession ismwl% 1,111 )1 (1111%1 1( alit% an elle( t that it !millet heightened 1)%-\Itl% 1111 milli)! II% dint ,11111c1,111ini.cs,prt Fall\ linlitalflit tint c,t this 1)1)1'111, III hilts itilli% -tWo Mid

111)14411 1111111)1N11 On ill, ;I hnihetin One--.\ 1111111)(161g 1111)1),11(1 ltiitt 111114 slog,

tk tin 11 Ni% t( 11111( dill si lit(li(it)it, Mgr illSt !RIM( ihr WiNC

N11111114 I,tst ( ()111)1(1.

N1)1 Sill I ht. slinit N111,4 111,11 %.1)1,1WINill% ildit %Vitt's.

In mimic lints WI% Ilte 11,1d Olt language deli(att and bitlarar purlmust 11.1%e: lint iii lat hi() man% Imes, and in %%littl pems, he had it tinrai and d Olt leVt.l.

It is ilig111,1 initv "Tilt Shat 1."stupid, hn1 t ible,instill( 'ital. drat [area! mgdepen(1s tip( in the lively. "sleek little 1)il()I-11,11-1/iiir and shin" II) guide it t() its pre% . Vet the smaller fish, saleandsr( iiir betk reit the shatk's %et% teeth. "tie% ihit take ()1 Ural" ()I the"Pale 1,1%(1i11 (it hut t ihic

I kir again t (1)1)( (sits ( utrierge %et ate nut ( hanged ()Ile b the tither .

I he tesitit Is lei 11% nig. %t Li( with ()tile! 1%, and ill()git al.

I he \laldit Shall.- is as ( kis( t() pet le( nun its NIelville (Art antein his %rise. 1..%111 his supt flint% cif attic( this in this poemtitling!' t -

111(11( at km it an et ituni% Of languageisn't imiti( nl.ii 1 01)-1111,1%e, 11,t \lel% int. is (411(%0,e (lite( I. I lis sublet t is a shad: Mitt its

It lit (Its( 1 thtql sl \ice!) lilies. Filtit Is t)111% tint ititt slothii jilt II)ul: "1 It alert in attendance be." 1 le tvorked directly horn the«in( tt des(I iiit 11)11 u) the itriumitly Of horror guided h grace.

Iralit% and &rain 11111 .t Indic if Line is t0 pt()(111(e att. Niel% ille said,and in I he \ 1.11(11%r shat k" he [Mall% managed II) pt()(lut in %else atttlk,)t.11t. \uniter train% mit divan' cc lipses the ()filet. and bitlittu r ismaintained In 11 e language(,; ilipuent. If thoue is ;1 flatv here. it is in theHien I he ill\ thms tend ti) he sing-sung. and the penultimate linehteaks nictrt .1wkk.11(11`

\irk ihic 411(1111 ml' in his shut! %rise, as in his fit Tim), u)(1(1)1( thesulid setting hit the « ,t1( hant (It catit-mit Id %in( Ii icality must te%ritl t()the pt. )1,111g (Ars :111t1 mind iihstiC. hilt, at least in histrim WI\ lilt's (iitiplcil %%tli his lagged mete!, anddi( t1 in, tendril t()()%et egtrittl% his (0),(9 %mint' in fay( it of the( (tri-( tete image and .11 the expense 1)1 s% mind. I I igethet %y id' his itixtap( )si-Win ',II the tine h,tid of MI at( Olt ()the!. of a ( imisl%Rkentietii-( tutu! %,)( abillat% and Ns. MAX, these faults tend t() ( (infusethe trade' and dim' his attenti(m.hum the ambiguities Melville It ird toMinim, ire.


1.1trst. I i% r wilts att. t pit ,t1 ot Irlt shotlet %vise 1)irtrs.If throtkittsiotts 1 have tear heti t ohm fling them r an herx tended tot cart his

()flirt 1%1 it s, tint. must tic( itle Melt illt. Was Ito hind (it silt t tsstttl pH', illill t'l sr. !it' Iltlicti st opt. to titylt1 his obsct vation anti Visitor11111a Wilt% Hilt/ MI. Ht. Iltiti tht %hit it' III Ilic 111/Vel anti Olt' Ulf of

plust. III (Mkt lo by a title pot% all ill laic t'l ttl 1.111glIagt..

SI 'NY, Ost.tt.to

SUMMER, 1974 29

Anti-Totalitarian Fiction(i 11(11n)

1!(* 1st (t1 1111' 111tHltil) 1(11,1111in 1d11 sIdi 11.15Iudiu rd, among whetthings. 1 1,11141. add at ird olle( null 0)1 antt-totaltiat ian and anti-di"Plan Ii' nun. 111c Plulfficlit "Wu" 111 this Puliti( AI\ "I)4ag('(1hula, inmeint.nt make nut laint tu (tine( it% it\ . I lovtArt . then intensestiltiet 11% it% and point( al i)iasoltelt Ills theef h.( I0)1 stimulating thoughtand dim ussion ainung students and Inuadetting then tudtstading Of

1111/111 '1 11 1(11,1111,n 1.1111111. Al5t), 111/111 d 511 11 11% 111(%11 1)1)1111111 it'W.s1/111('(It tltt brst It ',Nut thc .ifid-tolald.0 lad \\Advt., littc Int IcitsdIgl omvIto be ter ot.uturtl as r lassit s in hit f telt{ Rvenriedr emu! European

)tit the hest anti in some v,1%. (41(.0)1 the must influential Of themodem anti utopian studies ()I the inti is Fug,nt. iatniatin'stt'l writ Ill lir2d. 11 t is tilt' Inutlut t it thsilltistuned rail\ supput ofthe Russian Rt rhino!) %, hose %\ olks ha\ been suppiessed in the tim ter1 'Mull. IV/AM/lid( 1111' 1111111 !sit( s11111 1111,11 hit 111,11 101 .1111 111X1eV's/bin 11./11/// .11111 (,(1)1f4/. ()/ttil's OS/. It brgins %c if!) Imsj/,00,11,111)111 )11 111,11 11(1 111)111 And 11,11)1)1111'ss ,lit' 11)0 1)11111;111)11'. (.1%111 d/ lit )1/ t /,11111,11111,iss(1 l5, tutu xv111 c /1()()Nt thippltItss. lt.s1111 lsd 441 (iii1o./ 11/11)11)Wc ,I1 II, 111111,111' id 111(' 11111111' Ill %VIM 11 ('M% .15111'1 t Id 1111111,011ht11,11 110 ( Innullud 1)\ a du latut ship that Is absolute at peunattent.I1 t l,ll k hitt. cm 1 MIMI; 111*1.11 1/1 /11 \.1. 1111' 111r55d14r is s1111i1d1.1 11111111),41 Is ( ,11),11)1t 1)1 / .1 %%In I(I in %dm 11 tIcti tlic (4)t)( ept ()1

lif/11% 1/111,11 Iteellttill / IM uhhicl.itcd Iii Ow 11,11111* 'II st,/ 11/111 hdp-sifirss, 8 11 MAICI MI pit Vt4I(',S. /.11111.1lin %.15 1111 1.11 tildi tilt' ill-

/11.,11 1,,11/111 11,1111)11s ()1 tilt 1y1.51 % ,111'.1/11 t.%) )1% ing 111 thistinct tiun.

11t it %cats alirt the r rtiblit anon ti ll.t..inothei \vine] uf tannatin's..tt tit.tailuti. haw halka. made an !input lam. it unintentional, (m-u dolli ion Ho dor lit Id of .1111111)talliat Litt %% ith the posthumous

.it ,)I Ho. /toil. kal Isa had nu limiest In (Ape! lent e pulint s.Ho to the audit )1, x sittipl .0 litrutt manifestation

tot Orr opt tailor) tot his ..dteanthIst 1111)01 self Vet. In Hints, out I it seemsIds, all dI11111 plc% It'S IIi Olt 1)1114111 o,f 111/ 111/11%'dim/ in ;1 1/4;1111,11 1;111st it It'1% . 1 11(' 1111(1141,11 meatunt.; id the n1) \ def tes rational niter !mid-i m, 1)11/ 1111. i).t 111)11,..11 .11 .11111119)11tic (II Ille Nit), 11,is 1111 WM* Illsllrbod/It41% L1111111,11 1 111' t 1'1111.11 1 11,11.1( lel, ,1 \II . k Is rms10.10)11s1% ,00

it (tit. (Atilit.,111 turd (ill ,0 1 111110.. tilt it,011110.0,,thi, h I., Ile rtdli(1 Iht ( 1111'11i Ispri 111,116 110/.11

It It 111 111,11 S It1< splc.i(1 WI i!111110111 001 illy 111/1,11 111/1 if Id Titta,111/11,11/ l 111)11,... thil Moll 11( 111 1111111 ,111c1 111 11W 111 N.1/1 (.11111,1111

.11111 S1,1111IN t 1111111111.111( )11 Id )JIM t't Ill 1111' tits\ I .111()11.


Pet halos the Most 111111o11.1111 and the Ittost Ii%111I.1, %%lite! of

tile luta iall htetal % Ino en ten t 1.t11thut koest , 1)1111I it

,it t' 1111111he1 0)1 the (.0)1111111111ist 1),(1 I% (Win 1931 (0) 1938, kotstlet %vasintimatel% i11%"1% (If ill some o the bine! est politi( al snuggles of modemtimes. Viet his (hamar it foteals %% ith (:ontnitinisni, %%1iich on t titled neat

the hd tho. Spanish ( :1% t1 \Vt, Koestlet pithlishoi a detailed ao onntof his %eats 111 the Pat t%. li 111(.11111h s .11101 sllbsetilIe111 11111111-

t11111e11si()11,11 stlIti1I's 0)1 tut,i111i11i.1111s111 e bet 0111e %%inks of lastinghist( ot It al signitio an«..' korstlet's most nientoi,thle 'Octal% Mott is/)a)km..%s at ,\'in)?1, a stint1h 1(0)11i11 110)%111 atle111111 (0) (A1110)le

.1(41' 0)101 )11 0)1 ends Mid the (0)111e )1 itlISsiallRe%0)1111h)11. The At III 011 0 'lite!. i110)(111t1 the illit1-10)galitIll Mid t'VelltIliil\t't Itth )11 01 .111 0>Ict liolshr% N.S. itifoashot %i() teptesents a fir-

s% littlest, of Radek. ininoi the test of the generation oftewlittio nt, les %% ho isheci oftn int; the %eats of the. talin ;outgo's. litepolio r into togatois, kan00% and Gletkin. air modeled Awl tvo) off it lidsof the Russian sto in polio 0. %%floo font e questioned koest lei in Baku.Itithasho% and 1%,111()% air teptesentatie of the ()hie', moteolositiopolitatt genctat ion of to.mittlinteat les \dm made the tevointiott.(iletIstn. the h (0)1 111 111e 0)1111(1111AI III. is .1 11()11ill peIsunif it ii1j()11 ()1

1111' 11.11 HA% i% ed(10 Med. Ittltrileo ti%e, %()Iingel grlichttiun 0)1 ( :nnimunists11( )0()its( Ili( 1,11(11 the I (-10111,1h )11 arld pi )% hied Ole I

hao khotte of Stalin's teginte. 1 he mintier in "'hit ft Ittilosho% is matie to)«Inks, his throtetio t limes against the state is Korstlet'st onnoveisialeplanation foot the appatent abstinfil% of the o hinges anti o out essiottsthat 011,ttaltrltied ifit. Most o o%%- ,h0)%% nials of the thitiirs. 1)arkae.s.s at

um is"P" ,111% elicuie ("n"Aing i" "mug" 'rade" Olt' t'sivr001 Russian Mm \ism and it, kir itaide musequelic es.

1F1)1 the putix)se >t (Liss dist ussimi, it is interesting to) (11111il1

KIIestle1 Itly 0)1 the Riissim1 Re%()1111j()Ii \vitt! 111,11 0)1 IIMIS Pitsle1

1)). liticagn and the ill 60)11,11 (11,11;1( leis tit Mikhail Sholokho% ()metlf)ie% l itr Ihm. The ihm Flr)ie\ ()lava 10) 111f. Sea of 111110'.1 1'111 he 1)(111,

4111()1(1111()% '.V 110) ts.ls .Its- titled 111e \taw! PI lir foot 1 .11(1,11111e ill 1965,

1)((w1I0, ill 111c 1)0)11 114)g% t. hat 1111 ht be dem 1 thed .1s the -4)11it jai"S00% irt !newt% tho. Bo olshe% Remintir anol its tin foulent afro -math. %%holt 's no% els might also be 0 onnasted %vitit the %%inks of,onothet «onno% et stal Russian Nobel Pt Ito. tvinnet, .i \anoictSolif 'tints% ti. II)\s'e% el. W1111 the eV epiit)ii of l)m./My I?? 1hr I ite

1 )ea al( Ii, St ilrhenits%ti's noel, 4,1 sit( h length as to petit-al),!cutlet them intiotao ho al foot use in the high t !tool c Lisstoom.

l he ,td And trd Itgiton of Coottotinntist olcfro tots lot o Hitt( col

anodic! %%-t net o f t nsioletaf de talent and sensitt% it% %Own Ignanojoined then tanks in 1930. Boni at tho' thin of the ennot 'Nth one took

pat t iii tt r hounding of the italiatt IttuntlitNt Pam in 1921. Altef1% kit ow 'at'. and vcilide, ate tot intense pi)1111( .11 ,10 11% Sil( Inc quirt

tAile 11/0 t, hew ht. III .t a0 hie\ eti 11110'1 11;11h Mal at 0 1.11111

thy !midi( ,111( )11 f )1 hmtamara 193 . hmlawata is an ;1( ( (Min 1)1the stabling and ;no% t% of a small peasant thaw. in tho..1inniit Apen-

SUMMER, 1974 31

llitles and 11.1 %111(,0 (It's11 II( 11(1111)1 Nilisst)11111's ls( Isis. lict iillse gf)esbe%ollti tit( 11,111()%v Itiodutot (( )thitict.it inns ()I the 1)(1 ind itl %VIII( 11 it%%,is %%1 turn. Ff ),rtrrmam, Stvitibtk's ( Math, (%viii(ii itIt'sr1111/Itsi is ( Mt' III 111 It'1V 1)1(11(.1,111,111" 11(11r1% (11 lilt' pt'l it )(IIt 1.1t hit% t Listing histutii .11 and hii.tt% oi-homnii r's t LissIt , Mid I1'///, lit's 111 1111'

111,111111 1 111 %%111i 11 .1111111)1 silt «vtls 111 t ( )11%% ing it/ 111C ?Cadt 111C al-isi )11(.1c til 401(4,111u% )%cl l% (1111111111) AI% t'111illgiest

I() iAttctnist piditics ,Inc} tr%idtitimis.1 he hest Istim% n and twist vidt.i% ttad anti-tutalitatiall ks ()I -

li, ,ue, (if t muse. (,t.bige (htvell's Animal Farm antithritic ,birmai horn, lilt. htthlul t,i Ilit. Rtissidit Rtbvoltitiwi thtimgh

ptiriswit tit Its in( anti Ow subsequentsuiNglt. 11)1 pmvet bencen Naptdet)ti-St.din and Stmball-mtskv. is(6\ 1( nts. WILL? Is 1)(111,111s 11()I so 1(111% 1Olis is 111,11 ()I%Vt'll i11s(1111101(1(11111))

,t11(14%)11( Illtlllt()1 ;IMMO ham It) iippl% equilliv It) behavi( )1 ()I the1).111% III 111t 4111:1111s11 C1% il %Vat ()zvell fought in Spain and

his Ow fighting in (:,ft.tli odd and thv Cintinttinist !mtge. iniipp,if in thimage to Catalmmi, is ittuit11% a

M% It'l% ( Illt'ffit. ut Animal m and the %%( ul I ()S4 .

1.()I n.a,uns that trciunclinft. tAplanation, altnnst tuncisai-1% 1114,11t1t1 is (Mt' l,f 111t. M(1.0 11111)(1111111 111)%rIS tit 111V ptist-%%,11 1.1a.I lut% ct Ihrl his hIl in,ukcd , path( ulittl% in tilt. I .tlitt'dStairs. 1)1,1( flat it )%y ,111 1111i.11)1t1,111(111 111)(111 illt 111V11,igt ()ts-t.11

%vas Ittuttliging til t 1)11%('1 to) Iht pusr-tilt tvntiti.2 f..()1 evimplc \dirt] theti()%11 1% Ills? It'%1(1%(1 in 111n I 111Ird SLIIs, .1i)st)}1 halls t )1 lilt'11.(1// St/e'ft 111sis1111 111.11 "( )1 sdiig indit tint.nttiodlitm i,ullsll Is tilt t't it'd ;IS 1luc 11 .14.inSt Iii It iSh stn i,ili.lu ,Is it isagainst t ( nttnunistn 1)1 last ism." NIat xist historian Isaac 1)eutst bet. was,111)(1,(11 %%hll Ntly Ymk, .1 tetv tverks bet(tc()Rvell'sdeath in 197)0,ahl Ind net% s ndut innt Out t'd hint tit /".S./ tvith the tvmds "I Iat. %n11

wad this hitt Yutt !oust wad it, sit. Then ()11 %%ll ktim %%it% tve must(i( )1) lilt atitin build) un the Iiidsitiesi" In spite )1%vll's Itequnt anduttsp()Istt tint ism 1)1 Ott tat lit s and ptdit its ()I lit it ish st)t slit it

an inlet ptetatitm I'Js./ is .ts num( ,ts it Is mat t matt. [nuking bemticiam sin" Ifs( pnliti( )Ii)ii, %\ ifs (livi)I\ ihstut h%WM% Ill 111(1 (1/1:111( t' (11 P)1,1111,111,111 )I111(.111.111 1)(11(11-

I11,t1 III( nle111 in ittlulug had Ida( ed iii th hands t (1111i1111(t)%1111111(11s. .s lit pt M11(1111111 III 11.1111 is A. Ilenvot (ItOlt. I 'tificti .1ittu Vul krt.:

I) t,, 1."1; t )1 till. !O. tl t L

((it'll 1 ,101} p.m( ,It %%AH(111.1;11.1 .1:110.11 I ht i .1...i si I, it% 1 I 1 11 I 11 I WI 11 is

.1 ,'1;11-1111'.1.1..11111% 1, II lhlt till! %%. hil 1111.11 .1111 1.1 1),,1111.1111%tot 11111 1111.111 .fio! I .1.1 .1... !oil hrh, I 01.11 1111 k I I dr

(, .111 1111 I !oil 1 111 It %, 111.11,,t11,111111t41, ( IIII)1111_.; II t )1 1 1),IIII%fI h, h. NO 1111 III 11.1%, 1.11 , II 1,1151 Ili flit 1111 III 11,, 1. Ii HO I I, It f,,,l1.1%\ th1 i1t, n,ltlt I, 'Ili' n 1,ittli .111,111.111111111i s 1111

I 1111 11 ..d. Is Ilt11.1111111 snot I 1,, 1 1111111.1.1/t 111,11 Ihr I-11101,11


t's t .11111 11::1.11t 1% brio.? Mid otaltti latlism. it!Humid'

}list' sit nidn% tit alik .14 tilt' intelle< ttI il, tit hi. getuatinit.I t% ctu )1.1111% illdd It !CHI, )t41 , t11t't 1 r.114 (11 I edi i/111

11,11 Ow hi vat Iii It 4,11001 iiffils111 %%1'111 bt'%( Mt! CI MI1111110 sill anti did Mit

tilt t% dui 11 ist. 4 1! 1,1%4 i,ttl. %Vt. %%( lid tit %Ct'l I ) 'Wel) 01%%T1 %yin -

it i lig In multi %%11(.11 we inti(xim rtlic\uungcl )11 1(1 ti,SV and ihr

%,11 ic(l %%()11,, thr annlutalitatians.

si . t.(1l11.11141

s,, %,tt, .1 h.. silt %trot. lit thr blur. 1 hr lit, tstblr %mktg. miI 1 he 1 01,11 and the t 01111111Adt liv.lhe.1,d that tailed. Iv It LAW. tIlet Ittit tit .011,11 kta tit.1 tol.ti hut %%littht %milt

I i:.I 111.1 '..1.11.1. tutu lititi.11.111111it,libt( ..11111.0tii.1.11.11.11i1

nn tit S5144. alt t .4411111 ,,,,,, I poi, mu! IS lr,r.lris

I .1 ; ;;; .1 Ng 1,, ,11.; V., )(tarik iiirtern l'.11.08/4kensr I eV. 1,24(11..( rim Mt;

I; . ..." Is, 1 In, lit+

. \I I I. ,1 1 tie 2.. 111th Pt mid III I he S.4.%% %sal I Mir% Bout, Kr1.e% 11 111

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

SUMMER, 1974 33

"Gee, You're ANice Guy, ButA Lousy Teacher!"

l'ett NI. St hill

"So i,ve beat on, Ix s against the current, he )t ttr hack ceaselessly into thepast...""I }1.11` It( )

.l(.11, pet haps %oil dn't see the ielevaitt e of Gats modl!)uu ll'I"lit .11.! --uti Flighsh teat hos rt' all ahlo.stutoolisttt, met:ho's,

1111 mu al%va%. 11.1%t to dsttov hooks h us% I Used to likeThe (,)evil (;0)1 1)\ beton. I lead it."

(n., 10(. on'ir .10 . I low do %it furl about scx?"NoN thrie's .1 question that's tele\ ant...ac tnall, all the c hic..vIi dn't t,( du thing iii t litss%

1 11.1( 144110. vt.tioAct do) an% thing ). "O.K., odic, tvhar dot., !hal wrenlight at the end (0f 1),(i,', do( k ,!,:;Willi"

\Vila! about seN:f"

I 1,m. .1 111( t. (L1\Mt. So hill."

s."'Rr, NIL so hill."

Kuban( K.""( ;(I()(11)%c. Balloo.t-(,)()(1t)%r, MI. so hill. fiat, (null! I talk to %il about ( lass lot atotooncnt-f-"Slow. Kithira. al,is liapp then a student shmvs an intetest in

vpini; on."1.(-11. I ..t. lust tdct nig vh It a nit . gii% but sue ha lools

tea( !wt. I lae a nit t. day!""1

lo

aukssid))"

Nil Pustular). 'wilco' ht. supko. .it uuii pool. told tow that Fugirshto..to ht t, sulk! hum .0 c Ilium( sm.(' tot guilt Ito dust. the thRt.nosublo.o /

ft) WA( 11. Nt) t;" i !Litt' too teat 11. Mr ( lassesIi.tc I tu)10-(1.11;0) it .t 1000nn, the flunis.gotw(,ri!tattoo. %alks. buthotoll 0)0111 o !asst,. hothrocol uthol tea( !lets, InIthcied

.11110111t1 ,111(1 het1h1t1t1


"V11,11 ate %Sl 141 )11114 11 )111) t()(Iii! t,at 1()1)(11 the M1'10%0111 lisI.

l'hi 111111)11s le%eals the t M11111(111 ass111111)Ii()11 thin a plague ut

tea( he). has }wen %NMI] Ill) /II Illy Val th ill Unlel III illt)%ide Ilr, It111,111111111c shin% s 1111 tlaS 1)11 ('I'l SWIltlet %hele all the V()111(111e

%,ludut 1111,111. basl Liken their tall 111s. S1:111. th11)11g11 the English Areauf

a high s( hind. '.( :Au 1 (4,, t,) the gills n)()l);,"Ilicrt I. sonic/hint; inherenik ,Ibunt cightrcii %cat -uld

wiliatt me if she ,in It mo,d Non%

Intro. Wirt egt I 111111sting "t 1Alleaee,11k iflda0-alld"We1.1141s hut% tot' it' II% int; t( lilt Is its int()

Indeed, It I all be( ()Inc %el% It)11(.1% in a It11)Iti ith ()Owl

111.(9)(1 t 111) .11(' (undill()Ild to !Instills! a Ica' liel. ()It flit' lit,% daV Ut

st 11111)1 1114s sit. tsa1112114 1(11 N11. Si hill to Wake a t lass happen. b1v

limo as. lit 1 aut1)1(lit. 411,111(1 11111111)(1S of 111e 11,1S111(' genriali(111.---

111111111(.11()11(:,11)tain hatigalu(), (du( died I, Itulupei It()(nn, InlImved1, (imisini,ke. and !dined hs, Au hie. Bunke?. If I Welt' 11) pill 111V head

111 1111111 .1 lulu 1tss 1 V st ii ell. and (,all 011I "I1()%s (Intl I horn A-10,

nu might t,) 1, Ii()01(11)1 1.1(111( athm, it's lilt \IL st hill sh()%vcithi.d grit sts Nit k Caltatva and 1)ais% Bit( Italian With the dancing

S.1 l I)( ahillat hSt and . }t tai Int. ItAV 1)1 that taOliti%

hi 11 II% ahI Ita Iht . Thr .S1( Irt ,etter," ma\ ht. s( kat ning tvoldd

happen,

.ear11114.4, 1.111 scitind like 111% edit( alit)11

Irs, 1111 11)1,s. tchs (11)11.1 1111)st 11111)k etc! tell a 1)10s1)(1 til tea( 1111

If() %%1111) lit.. lti(1 to ir,ut. the firt)m, /t11) ,ald 4,111 0111% mil/II for

111111% -sl \ 4/1 dl (11111\ stIldellts s lit) 1111aIdd the 1)11s at

111( st 11411 t% Ill (1()11'1 Ille Weal Meth( 111s tea( hers sa1 that it is

net t s,11 If) pi1 )1:,11( snitictl(s 111 nide' It /get them iturtested in the

inumati, in !hal 111,1% lead then' 1t a fleeting ((hitt% sewndi concern

.111i sum t tVit didn't lilt adulsient p( thdi,g% pmfssm

i tell nit %% hat 141 S,1\ 1(1 .1 '4111(1(111 %%11(1 1111('S 11i111('11, ilk IiiSS111iireS,

his 1).11(111S .111(1 111S 1('.1( 1111S, 11111 11(1('S,11th in that ntdet%

1h) I t till tali ,1 sum( 11 pall% It,l the ( and\ It)

ant j111114)1 Mill t am ( Irate palallel sentellt e, and genii% trite( 1 111)thr 1111111 (s, 114(11,gisC. ( )t, 1111 1 Icac the itiespunsible

id- 1,, spend his lift' %%Indeting 111( lailllle11 )1 Loilinnlli al el 11)1s, .111(1 tell 'he 11,11(1111. sl11)11ed Inal ti leae the

,114)I1( = t' hal .i111/111 elllutl()11;11 (1111ii nines. Int Mal -

%Mil )11, Ills 1111.111( 1.11 111esses Oh. 1 111 sul I\ . that Isnt Inutesslullal.tellIS f111rr tt,11 ()Id miles shu11111 11;1%e been nailltd 10) 111.1

1)1)IrNs14 /11,11k 1)1 then et 11114114AI plulessuls.

d le, ()hut 1 tilt 111(.111()(1s pwiessw, %.1h, had never taught in aphhh, s( !Dud. sticssitiu, the 11111)41t tan( e 4)1 11, tiding st111111;lts 1)(Ises

1(1111 111111:. 1:4)l11 held nips. 1 tort(, (111611111S, t() )11(n\ het slIggestlull

)11( 1 s as Ills fits' held nip. 1 lit' destitiathm ..t. the .1itiet it anshalo.speau. 1.1sti ,1t snarl( mt. (.(itilie( tit tit. l he numhet n1 students

%%as tilr -se\ cu. 1 he bits. itiisLik( ilk sent, sat dui I% -tune. i heir is hat(11%-

SUMMER, 1974 35

an% thing I t think (it .15 111th ii hilt as silting duet. abirastflout 1)11, tilt) in .1 Sl l00 )1 1)(11.e51/01 jail% It kW (A (lily's 1'11(1 i5

Wing .01/0)%0' }MS ( aught itl) in the. 51)1111 ()I theouting, thtemnt.01 to "beat the shit out ol the next guy who make,;( %vise

I he ,111111 111,. 1),1,1 Chip, 111 be out of an% t n11(11,111% upliftingCAI».) it lift soda 1,111, (li)1\n the aisle (}))till(; pcfloOthint e ofibit!:111. [1(11 KIM!, .1.1litlitiS 1.% 1th good ( huvr. %%lien we%Indent, fussed tind, 111,( titian] ( all. he hissed tight bat k. Evetoneimithd Ill that till) (meted hlltl,rll 111th 8101%.

s,) it 1,.15 obit 1111(11 I ailed (nit to) t inn al te,110)nse to theinane e, that the 1)11. dr I% 111(11 ke('l) his promise. Thinking hat kupon It. he %,,i, ol).11)11 itt,1111(01, 01111 a "wise gm" %multi (Iv to dis-t 11,, tilt' k%.I% horn(' it .1 0111)1111AM r111,1 in St /iiit1))11. C51)1110A5.11010'1 \% 1`. happ 10) kil()W Olin 111% 0 hillgC5I 111110.( it'd int Ii1)1i1 1111' 51,0111 O1 l)tti t htitlitil %VII° Vai5 in tilt,1.1 ,41, I /1 /111)1(1 tit I it.

tV11,1t I .1111 ,III, mg to .,( is that one (la: 0)1 lasstoo expe ietae isth one k 0.11 CC! )015( ha( hing se( ()litho\ English. Fti.tititirn."

In thi, 1114,1111. 1 1)n.101(.1 1st to( mute. Iti( 11 lemning t%.t.tit t)ilIll HI%

C I,,,t 1'.17 111 Spite ()I me. fir( ause tit% student,11o1.11 Ihisril 1111'11 ft ri;c111s. I1'.1(1 then aNsignments. ttici handedhi flirt! I hut the ()pp)! tunit tl) learn about learning.1,V11,11 I bei;att dis«)\-1't has ahead% made this year far ttifferent fromla,t. The lessons in students taught me \ete inan-, but my "top ten" in-( hides:

1,,,. 1.114C 111,1 .1, ,1111,11 .11111.11111V, 111,1111 1/11111, 1111 l111'111111'11111111,1111,1I. '11 tt ',Ili, Elio 1111 tic! .111,1 I. CI,.

l\ !III / kc 11,11 ,,,1111..111 111 1114 t 1,1,, Is C1,1\ Mt; .11111 I 11 .11111 ,11111141111'11(111111 t It111, I 11.1!!! ! :11.1111112, .1 1,1i lot

ft oc 1,, ,,,11, f 1(1.1111,111.'11r\ .11111 pt11111,,11111 SIC 111.11 C11'1,111.11111.111% 11,1\..1, 11 lc Cc

lc II, II C. It .11,1 lI .1 1, 1, .2111/111 1,111111.111111,1111 1t 1111,111111'.11111111,111111111111111111.

11"h 1111.111 .1c, .1111.11 .011111111, 11.111' 111 ir.111 1mmici11s lwflitIfitihittg0 II., if 11, 1:,1.1111

IC' It i '10111 URI 11,, ,1111 ! .,1111111,1111)1 110 I

!Pitt 1.1 1;11 Ott .1,11111i,t11 (11111,1111h Nu r;1., hit ti.1, :\ "11,d in.oh, .1. hfI .ttoolici 411

'1 I .' 11.,11.,, IC, 111 Cc 1:, 111111 'It 1..11"1; 111 11.111111.111. 1,11.1111111,1111111111,11111,,11111111;, .[11I III,. IIIIC .11 OP

1,, ,iI.11

olleagne who would likt. t0 ktims. the set lets to 'Nos. HI is ont Of1110 k the method Is tie\ et the same Rya Vthrollk t onststent guidelineto No Ill that I might 01111.1 is that \viten you stall (its( meting ()pies ofthe book, an. teat hing Ava,11 in the sinks of the b()%, looms, 1dor-


fling the %II/ 4 \ of The / Aqui III) \ viIII/10\\ leilgeS ()I thy

Ibh! and 1), jug Illt. 1)alking 101 (,1 \tat 1)0noltl's, it is linty to titelst.,)

Ira( ai (+flirt ,tIl)Itlli.tii st ilttt,l, li,i\ II)

lat. tit tApt.111.111 Int; ram N(111/()111111.1:1 1)()111 1)1 Ming It

111)111 and aii111111111111111. Again, 11111111gil 1 the %AIM'

411 11111C%, I 11,11(.1)1TM ittltillIdlelfl III% utvit it it'%%011

%i ittti 01,11 I kid been %vt.i.ks %vas ill't tut lilt'11,1k Anil vils ollliel%%111 ill lilt' t It AllsO

ICA( 111'1 het .11th t'lliaguti \dill) I .Isktli RV( ) III% %lillit'lll% It) 01)%t'i t'

alssf's 111,1I Wight %%1)11. %pt.( lilt I ilt'11,1 than

caumintal %%lilt 11 It) bast. Ilk tiisiilsi. (il

( I Ita sr, ims.cs wcir tllillul (1)111111 1, thai sl't'lli t't'llMillis( « 11 1 1 1 , I s t r t i %vial I l l t . , 1 1 ( 1 . 1 1 1 ( i t I I i i it1vIctvi1 l'ti built.(tilts O1 stlidunts, tiLito mid %utile

\V11(.1c,i I ILI"' iviat(11 .11"t* %I'm(' 1)1 (lit' Nat lit ;it ;lidsillamiii shificIlls het( likt* thit t'llictli11,0 sillput I. Cud Huss lituscsclisitiv S1 Nits %Olt) lediiir that lily "nil egti%. it )1151

Ird( 1111" s% inhnifir 111,ikus 111)111 cm! 1)1 tilt'

ht)t)1 111 . I it km As- ilia! I alit gctiiiii,t tithing!' 11) 1)111' prison

maks 111t ant I() mat. \ 111.11) tht. ()flirt 12 1 1 sct.

lititi):.1,1,1511111(.1\1,10,111:1.11,),:t.i,litigol(1)11:1,1 :1); i(1.1\;

p11(.111 11114 pi)siti in4)11()11.11 11.51)111151.. \.011s.111ti vss.os illrawe 11"%v

fast la ttlidish thing ft ) Audit.) siiidcrit mastet data I II was!, int«lit.. Ilia I till% Jct.. mai itttit,tt t mt. so. wsitly st.% ruler!) %la/

/1711)11,1t15 Ili) sas 1),H1ww, Id .1 11%i'l1t rat ()id's).11111 %it( f thank .1(51 1111 t .111%1

111.11 11". 11"). (1)11,11W( 1V1111 lAll'111111)" 1111.1111! 1)1 Oa% ,Mtl M't

ing mmi mt. two) 111111111411 1\\1)O1 thief. pcIlutisui1)()%1111.III. Maki's MI' 1(1'1 ifs% . if... .1 1.111Illf.--Illtilfclltt.W,cfl

ill simit 51)11 Id iiItil11till stIlliodt 1%1111 lilt 4)11%1%1(111 11111

1;1).115. anti ttlitttAtsttit (11111 1 11 11111.

-Mt t Ill His." -Vs( 1.1 IS.- Mill "I Ill I Illiifil" Mt' tilt Int.s1 1)11(11

1)()10.11 11(11 1'11101 sh i.tf licts 141'1 11)Mctilt1 111 1.11k ucl !hull s'ilt's.151 HI lull (Li\ %Vas 111.11 11t "1"1 Ii)

lilt. 111115i. .1111111. t3t lil)tilci ,fs .1 111111111N !Midi. lull! Ira( huts 1Vitutvf Mid

MI\ tilt I .117(1 litus 1% hi) "%%ulk %VIII'

suit 1. thy drpoini)(11 sninc -Iit inlobvi`. tilts lc" 'II)'hi trl s(, iitil iii lisd.,1 1111 141 1 I Lit(1 I\ silnt inajmit

01v icfilidd 14 di hid 141{... stlics()1 I hi 1,1141 1 "thcit.

iir 141 1st lit .1% ill lilt building..." is51,114g11111$.4 1.

\\ }Ili(' lilt .111)1f1 fIs 1.1141'1i. thy It's( ()I its

)111 I .1111 lu 5,0 1. mail(' An ditmpl II) MAI.

SUMMER, 1974 37

,ulllt' t flit 1)1 1111' 1 1 111 Want' C1111 It 11111111A111C! it An I atentutte.Although we faded to trimly! Chaos and although %ve tools twitstrassliting trait. anothet that wt. vett.,1 "stilton)!

.1%% Mc:. 'Ind "1 1")"%i"n'ill% '11)dbit'." wt' 411(1 "yr }MM.(' tot)111 111111t1s (I) t Mt' tiniillti Of I PI N1()R1.".

.1 %( hedule (Act lap makes this Impossible. (ht the lust (la% of orien-tation lot itt.ty tr, }lets, out punt tpal utgt.(I us to eat lunch %vith

Pt"I)11' vat h It t, )11"1 all in% 10 knov Ihrglean hicadth of ha( kgtound and opinion at out 114411 s( hoolbut it isrim ttionall Imp( (s.thlt. lollov. butt( 11 is the (mt. time dining thedathat 1 t speak vith Ii tends in the ffiglish &pat fluent. 1 antsot )int urn in litli um him 1111111V( )11I'l Alt'

ahutit husbands. . tt.s. III Intends. boiviends, footballgames. the ( aft.tri la food, and "witete the hell ate those. ftfty copies ofThe. .\atuial I ()tittle(' lot Modem I ate! atute eight months ago:;" Innon. alit., ..( 111(ol «Hum t is minimal bt% au,r tve finish teachingan% w hely how 1 10 to 117 (and ale often too, exhaust( to be sot iable%%Alit Wow %%11,1 -finish" %chi list. 1..,(.1 tilt' itivaluablt. expo kut-t, of

,111t1 tt'At 111'1 t 'Asst.'s becomes a great Itixiit \Own idespitrouthalt titan's kind ()Het to bah% sit lot out lasses) I so despaatel need

nine talk tilt students about then tyt king below they disappeat at2:I.,. I he details %at.% front teat het to teat het, but the plaint is ton-tuutotts: "gRt. mt. the bunt io tall. with smtkilts, t() talk with tvitt hels. It)grt trntgAtilit'd 1)tivcrll t hisscs, 11(mIt11)0111 And 11;111 din% And it) trAti-lust pinlyssIn11,111t and prim/n:111\ in lite minutes hunt ont. gum') of

)!)ft. 11) Int. HAL- .11\ nut' who 11As rtl Int.( 1111111r shot k%,)1 t t1 itt g()1141., Inuit a t lass of at Actin( all\ -ot tented seniots to passive.sotto Hurl au' (sumvs lIcicul I stwak

\la\ he I dm again guilts, of "unplotessional helm% jot but !het raretimes that I get fed up with calttittmu, tthrt pc()plt.'s walk in st 1101)1.1 Itns t all I t,111.1.11t s('W \Vital ila\ I 4),()Itt'll it Ill% tea( }ling ,.x-PI jun( f..f \\MA an' Inv g().11s; hac tight ii)(ch think them'gursti,ots htwycit -7:(tt .1.M, ;Inil 2.1") \I.? \low and mow, I hat.bvenlot( Int; nit st'll 11 t t.1111111t Ill% I wl it n Mall( t' ("ptl t'" is tilt' satiny.11)1)111111 t 1)1 di And f Ain (,)11111s('d I)\ 01,11 I ilim()Vg.i. I din Milli itl-It)ii.r(ittt it) I Mil 11()1WICSSIV(1)filpfifili Mitt 111,11\11(111Si% 1111111,1ii itl nit Sliptli(115. 1 Mil alt 11(1 -tlt'1 ,I,Inding m and an (.1gttw11 bah% it lilt ollicaglit'% I am a t "(11-Holessional anti an tmint(lit kWh. gtA.t., 1)1 cm(itiint t()

1)1spilt. thrtc 'mu thint.; Ilmt 1 liari ()me tc)ktimv11(H)1. 1 xv,ini t() spend s(A(1,11 t.Ats ill snith 'snuggling to)

drittir Int. It.. 111,11 tv syt.111 st) Al2,111'. ',unit (411141111dt With Ast ht >t>1 Halt fins I It'd !hat 1 (A1'11111,111% twill It'n1111 feat lung uti it

scl tni(1,0% 1(%(.1 \\*hew is dirty am (\t ittmcm In +41% mg a Ito Wit's valk-thr It,strtool ,m(I lit libic le:. I... Itcmcnt t (Ics fttnti

lit 11114 shim- ,1 N11111(111 111,11 1. St tin 1.1t/14(.1,1 \v()T1: may 11111 "11)1."((mit'. Ili int nt ti) till t 'gilt spa( t.,n1


aids. lead ts age% ol a 'mount git. out tittrrn writtenmessages, keep mime, quantit les 01 bodies from escaping tin (nigh thwt.(loot %, begging bit tom missing absent t. notes, saOrig the pledge ofallegiant c to a Ilagles% %%All, and solving thit t pet sonal problems all ineight minutes. Yet. ext notion is nut fulfillment. Fulfillment wineshum i I( ) toe t ontintieti in nom one to one eaishopeftill )...

(:olumbio 'ithrisit

SUMMER, 1974 39

What to Teach?Rubl's t% tent h

III t %ats it ha% be( tittle 1.1s111H11.11)1(' ft) 'Wit)(in( t, Iii.iit il,ll hum11()Ittlisit t %thine Mt() 1'11)2,1101 (lassos; 111 1).1111t 111.11. theft' has !wiltwidsittad tilt Id 1 %it, hunt k must( .ks ,t Oath t. at the adrt-nsents ptulsstuttal jtitintals s% shmv. the tglishtrachet s tt) explitit mate! ial that is htith ixtpulat and t (multipolar hastestilted in the public anon of vat ions anthidogiesolganizetiamtmci thisapptuach. The trend is appatentiv Nvell estahlisheti.

he intent tit the teat het, seems t hat entnigh. and the at ginnent is"mil."' '1111 st Au' nut v (ut ..ts ()he sit% s. "'toned tin") lit

hat Ow% stud% 1crs git. thrtit (b)e% ite 11111 and ICI11)Cin %Mil% that. Ruth musk seems tu ex( lie them, SU ICI'S

anti (tut 0. then itnetst ts ,tnitised. %se ma% he able to inm un It)suething m uIt t 1 Mune, sa% instead of 1)% Ian. lit \Tilto instead ofMitt lit II.

tit) Ore .11gliile111 gut's; .111(1 it ittIh1 II) tilt %% MU( 11 mistaken. 1U10)11e 111111g. tilt slIl(iUls Me 111 )t 11)1)1(1; 11e% t an let ugni/0. pdw)gitd% it r tt hen the% see une and this is .1 pdagtigit dr% it e, tni)truk innsthan mime. mule dish(Inest than Int st. Students air quite atvatt. thatthen tea( het s fit) 14teat aluctiti tut I, 1%1 it s: it is, met( intik. the tatehut' ish teat het whit pteits Lettn( in and Mt (:at me% to) Keats andsheik% . sti tt it% teat h %Olaf is ig Aliiitr.; !and is tut) appal rut.stud tuat hut s %%flu adopt this Appluat h t i.k losing Ow It })((t of thcisttuftits; And cspct t i. lust. anythme, im.scntrd at a later dart.be( (rill(' sitspt t: if one titres 110)1 MINI git.t um. mat s.t.11 lookAskant I- al Olt gift. Subterfuge hitttI. tuntrnpt.

And tuns(' the. it.at licts uf tut Is I%tit silt' initt.diatt.1% at a disad-,Ilit,1140.. tut dirt, sifitictils gill 14Iti'.111% knit fat mutt. abuut the sub-tut t than tittA will. I 111' s111111111s 111'.1% 11(11 1/1' AI& t()( plcss 111rIllsch es as

cl 1. to 1(1 ire ilet,ufed .111,11% sr% ()1 s110Is. },tit Ole%kr/H: Ole 111.1tel1.11. ft ) 111(.% 11.1%c 11%C(f %%1111 it Mid Absul bed It 1.0 11% totea( 11 It It) 01(111 1% lint 0)111% urrifem eliding but Intile as

.\11(1 %V11% s1)(1111(1 .111% Mt ;rat)t It) Ir,1( h1 it. (.%111 it it 111111(1 he 11(1111'1i silt .1,1)1 111(111%1'h? I Iett S11.11c%c1 %AM'. is a 11.111 (It ((11110111-

1)"" (1111111. i:1,11 ,111 he (111" cti Anti (Ai" icn( cd sl)"111.inc"tiskstudunts (,itt (list Its% arming ifttiiischt., withutit ht ilig gtadcd t ht.it( t uttmcnt. I lit. Muttstrt tf .1inet it an hint at ion. ahts. scrks to dr%iinttAri111111!..; httut It; flut is mtthint.:. it %%mild Appta. that t mint), bentrneth wt.) An at ,I0 itrrii«11111%C.Ind .1( Cirdin iiiiinbC1 I (

Litt It i, Ieit to) the 111(ii% 'dual inaginatimr, instead. (m twist take a(mst. in X in (It del it) undet stand %ital X means. X, hcil,veet, %H beitatistm tiled In the t lassutite. it %tll be tamed. thintesta toed. and not atail the sante. I suttiet tines think. hall -set imisly. that it Nntd(i 1)t. a great110). In it) the Ittnnatints all Indict 1.11 of tht. past fit Wen Vt'ais Si)( ()11111he I)la(e(1 t)tf limits ft) at admit std% If the students %vain It) know


about Bat thelme 01 Votinegut ot or ]('lath, let them go andteal for themselves.

lint no. a wit t. sa% s, t annul do that; we should give the students%g hat the% %%ant, what the% like (this is. alto! all, good business pia( tic e. if

tl t tistottirt is. as ts.r hate been told. oolva)s t iglu). hotvevetis not as business. And the rthit )1E11 .0, still) is not sul)e!inauket.althl)1101 it has herii t )111Paitli it) it init that iii it% ing to pleasethe t ustottit. teat fills ate in fact defeating then highest !imposes. Foiexpel ient r shows that students will seek out mate! ial that tends to reinlot( a their own attitudes autl lie indices (ilic tunitnP)tal!. tool.but not t (inland( poen% r, the% I lot k to the known, the «milt n table, thefamilial. fin most do not I at(' (o) look out at some of her. hut, lathe!, tolook at thinsel%es, as in a tiiiitot, %% hy not stud% to( k 1%t itsand whetmate! ial boron populat taunt? reason %%-liv nut, if students want todo so: but let them do it im )brit own time. Classtoom time should Ix'((soli fin better lnn poses thart trioftnc ing the limitations of existingptedilet t ions; suil% it would he mole t,dut. at lona iii cvriv sense. to pre.

sent mate! ial that t hallenges the existing in edi lions. of goes beyondthem. of demands e%altiation in a %vide! otext. Why teach materialthat hikes the students no fat rho than then stinting place that is,

tim%Sind% oneol the te%vatils of teat hi ig is that of guiding students into

sognif it alit !list moI irs: hilt ()In iousl% this cannot he done if students areInutiv,ht inil% into familial tillitot%. Likcit !.other afield. they might%%ell dist (nt matt es that speak to them as not outempot at %- %In( es can. Inthe insister( e upon -relevance" tve limit ourselves to obvious choices;and %rt I hate had students who hat disw%ri et! relevant t. in a passage

Spensci would tlt hat thought o )1- looking thew% But thereit %%as. Om students tend to otne to us with built-in melodic es against%%-liattArt is foteign, elfin.) in language. tithe, ot nationality; the-to >tenon" Itince%rt . speaks of human c ono ctn.. and asks 115 to) look anew

at out tw%ii pelt rptions. Students. like most of us. equate the latest intime %%Atli the utmost in de%elopment this is the( on( (l)t of "pug! ess-sit. like to fiche% e in: Inn literature. of wuts!'. plogisses titnylietr.Ratite!. it sta%s in plat r, anti the people of cao 11 age !mist «mu to it inonto.) to tint! that th% need. As out students do so, the\ mar wine to!vale that the het esies out ago' tio) not olto crti Jo )I)'s. that out politio alInsights do not nninm upon Sv..if t's. that ow tadio iovs do not gobe\ ond litake's the\ mat «nue tealip.. In shot t . that the "toteigno an speak dire( t i c their deepest «nit em ns. it they will only learn flow to

listen.In am t.ase, it is Silirk il) 6iNk Stildiii it) rust totv,ud the

It' ei of the Matti lad thin il) In ing the mate' ial down to the level of thestudent: %%hen teat !leis do the lane!. the% ait.«mt cuing that nothing canbe learned. lint students red/ !rain. gien the( ham e. It. is when educa-tion seeks to please then tastes. through immtsion in the immediateAnd )ii I that it risks din iving theta of the %hal insightswhit h the% nerd and «mid %Yell use,1 "nu visit% of Massa( litisctis

SUMMER, 1974 41

What English TeachersShould Know AboutCriticizing Students'Classroom Speeches

1)ennis R. Kliniingand

Joyce Voss 1011

Dm mg the past sevetal years many naditional secondary sclu)olEnglish t Ut 1 it tilitins have vs olved into language at is or cotnniunicationi >ic>.gtants. Teat hits who %vete once responsible for teaching literatureanti wt iting skills ate now lam' with additional responsibility ofteat ping speaking skills. In of del to meet this additional responsibilityit is essential that Engstsh teachet s have competence in the basicelements ',Rohe(' in teat ping speech.

One ol the elements basic to the teaching of speech is the use oflassuk nu ct ill( ism to Uncut ISO' students' speaking ability. ()vet. the years

.1 «Htsidetable mulling of jour nal at tit les him. been addressed to themethods and ino«Illues of effectively critic icing students' speeches.I li me% et, these attic les appear in thy journals of the speech professionand the info! million contained therein is not readily available to secon-dal v a Imo' English tea( het,. Thetelow, the purpose Of this paper is tote% iew and stmunat ire the speed, journal :wicks which deal with

!kit Ism of smdnts' speeches and thereby provide Englishteat 'lets with teach- ate ess to inionnation which they can use to helpnicer thy responsibilit% of teat hing speaking skills in the high school.

In cutlet to ac «tniplish this put ix tse, the following journals wereexamined: (Iuarterly Journal of Speer h. Speer h Tea( her, Speech.t,looqraphs, Journal of Communicatum, Western Speech Journal,Central States Speer h Journal, .Southern .Speet lr Journal, and Today's.Spur h. The attic les found have been giouped under several headingsanti eat It glotiping is at tangy(' in c hionologit al °Hirt.

Philosophies anti Ptt.tt (limesles deal spec Hit all% %viti, philosophies and procedures of

c t iti0 trim; students' c lasstoom spec( lies.

I. N1outgomet ()Het s a method of I kit ism whit ft invol%-es severalsteps. Hist, a speaking assignment is made whit It tequites students to

«nnphsi, on k a few thetotital objet ti% es. Sr t ond, the object ives arepIrsclIttli and disc tIssd 1)11M (0) the pi esen ta lion of the speeches. Third,otal t titic 1Nin is gicii immediately 10110%611g Cii(11 VilriPill thestudent anthem e as %%Ali its the teat het atidtess themselves to the objet -


thus tam in that lesson. Montgomery states that his method oft !irk ism pleases students bet arise they know the expectations of eachspeech act and because eat t1 aspec t of spec( hmaking is covered and in-grained through repetition. Also, Montgomery feels that this method of

IS conductive to the development of analytical listening in thestudent audience.

2. At t (riding to I Iolteman. -the c I in«of a speed) has one pi ninnyquestion to) answet 'what can I say Witt' 0)1 do) that Will result. in thisstudents improving his communication ability.' "2 Rather than presen-ting the student with a gestalt ()yet view of his sttengths and weaknesses.the c tint needs to for us ors a spet ifit and significant idea which the stu-dent can then 11111)10%e upon in his next speech. By gradually adding tosus h expel Cations. the student will better prowess toward the desiredresponse. I loltiman views t tint ism itself as a piece of communicationused to) en« outage the student to take the next important step in im-

or% mg his %pee( h abilities.

:i. I I iltlelnandt and Stevens' suggest the use of written evaluationsh ,rodents Ion each spec( h at I Of the other class members. Suchtint istns !ennui( e ateas of speaker strengths and weaknesses, and can

set 1 r as suttunal ciltiques 101 use ill leacher-student conferences.

I. A (Bale( tit al appro:u h by which leading questions direct orallasstoom c r nit ism is advocated b Smith.' The teacher-critic initateslasstoont disc ussion of the strengths and weaknesses of each speech act

by pupating leading questions and follow-up questions in thestiggested areas Of Get t tral Idea and Purpose. Speaker Preparation, MainPoints. Supixn t. Deliver. Language, the Introduction. and EmotionalAppeal. Stu h questioning foc uses student attention on desiredthetm ical print iples and forces student comments to be pointed andcoat isr.

. I fougesh atts CfrIpls a dirtficxt of student letters of evaluationwhich he deems successful in the c lassnrom. About mid-way in thecorium.. eat h student writes detailed letters to the other members of theo lass in whit h he «mulleins upon the several oral performances giventhus far. Letters ate based tqxn pre-established critical standards. Moststudents tate the letters as helpful in illuminating their strengths andweaknesses in speaking.

b. Dednumh emphasizes that the teacher critic must foremostHI ()Whir eat t of ommunic anon as unique behavior'. I lay-ing addessed himself to the individual strengths and weaknesses of thestudent. the o it I( should then t Iiticiie the strop( h as a "c numunicativeemit% tet ms of sound oral «fflummication theot y. Elements inc lude«uttmunto at ion as a pin( ess rdvnatnio , ongoing. and two-way). as an in-tet at Its of sem al elements en« >ding. de( ()ding, kedbark,baagrotilld

ist.), and as a tiatisitot% , it level sally and unrepeatable ac t. The criticshould help the ,.Indent a nalvie and adapt himself to these elements.1,0( N edines ins heir raising questions ( rather than stating dic tat, reinfor-o ittg utw ihrth( xf with at!Whet total «mullein followed bv written

nu ism). and stating enniments in a positive-, en«nuaging way.

SUMMER, 1974 43

Vidrotape and Classroom CriticismNine studies were found which examined the use of ideotape in

t i lit st intent Spe'l't Iles:

1. In .1 lepult ()11 smile early uses of ideotape in the speechlassioom 1 larold Nelson. intlit ales that student rear nuns I1) VitleOLIpe

secIlled 1.1%1)/i11)1C and he in get! the intelligent use of this device as ateat hind; aid.

2. On the basis of StIldt'llt eS1)011M'5 to a questionnaire Ochs"e« Hinnends the' use of %ideotape in teaching speaking and suggests: (a)

lepeating the same speech with a different audience. (b) e onducting the%itleotapc. unit as a lab( nate)! v lea! ning experience. rather than as a com-petitie classroom exercise. (c) having students watch playbacks ofspeeches given previously in another course.

3. Examining the. use of ticfeotape. let endings for self-analysis inthe. spec(h t nn, flits( lifeld [mind a constant pattern of rating:lassmates rated highest. folio:v(1f frs the student himself and judges

titled low est."4 Exceptions to this panel it welt. that students observedmote stage. fright anti mote accent and regionalism in then own speechthan did lassinares or judges. AlSu. flits( lifeld recommends the use ofideotape plat bac ks eat l in the «mist. along with classmate. evaluation

of the ideotaped spec( hes es en the nigh some sensitive. st intents may Iilldthe eXpelience "shoe-king" and "shattering". However, Hirschfeld510e)11g15 111g1.5 Ow use of feat Teduc ing measines such as not grading thespec( hes ;end maintaining a c asual ft iedly classroom atmosphere when

itleotape plot «lures ate employed.I. Iliadic% 1" .itiempted to dew! mine the. effect which using a

s ideot.ipt tee oidei in d }Iasi( spec( Il ( (Misr 11;15 111)()I1 stlIdents.IS ledge ()I I het( n it al thins, speaking abilit% and attitudes totvai

the basie 51w( 1 1 «)111 5e. l le tumid that constant use of %ideotapeplaN hat ksi aused students to) hate signif 01111% Muir 10%()IdbledItitIldesIf m01(1 !Welk( !mil .111111)splIcle ;111(1 (()Mein (A;1111:16()11 ()1 the 1)-051(spyrt h «Ititsc I hiss's( I, 111 this stud% students' knoledgeand speaking

",.O. 1144 i,411iji, mith etfo 1'(11)5 ow 1151."1

I he Ohl Is of tea( he) onnnent and tele% ision vide()tApepld1).1( 1. tit) lile Ile(11ten(s 1)1 nOnf111en(s III beginning 51)'e( 11 stlIdents55,15 IA0111111(1 b D'1111, re/I. And I ..n,on." I hen findings Iv% edle(tIlidt %s hen s Idet)1.11) 1)1,15 1),1( k as ( omhmed ss ith tea( ht.) (1 Ili( ism, theit.suh %%cif. fc%%ci !if wiluen( its 5% hen ompaled %% Atli Sitle(tape1)1.10).n ks " 1ln n" till( 1 sin.

ti \l, )5kr% And 5111m )1,15i .c\.1111111e( 1 IhI' din( is Whi( II Val lullsmeth,)([, Of *. !del )1.11)t 1)1.1% k ha' ,u hies mg the( owset..tualsol irt-it4,tlti( lov, students to Ow tomintinit dhoti Hoe ess and lig ItsIng then,ifirliul )11 11, then Judie 11( e .111(1 the (1ffltel)t 4)1 th!! spec( Iles. 1:13)111 theIrsIllts ()1 airit studs, (:1()sket and Laslibtook concluded thats idrutape I)la\ bit( k III student spec( he, whi(11 lot Uses 1)11 the alldieth eand Is (1)1111)itIlied 1)V 111511 II( 1(11 and stIldellt disc U55it)I1 and ( !III( ISM


can facilitate the at 11 ieven t of the above stated course goals. I le)wever,the results also indicated that ?newly showing a student his speech onvideotape works directly counter to the goals.

7. The tesitIts lit .1 stud% «mein( fw Crane. and Brovn"huh( mill that the self- ratings of students Who ireved flail speeches on

idetmape opesponded mote l4),11% ith insn tit tot tat ings than didthe self-1,1011gs of students %Olt) did not irty their spec( hes on%itletttapt.s. .klso. the students %vitt) %ieed themselves on videotape in-/ teased then self sigifit aptly less than did the students who didnot themsel% es on ideotai

S. Benet t lass attendittu e. a mote favorable attitude tovatd the useof ideotape in the t lassloom and a mote positive evaluation of the in-n la tot .ind the t Intim. %vet ant Untied to the use' of ideotape playback

prowItiles in all t. pet Minna! study «mducted by Goldliabet and

9. Rush. Runlet and litooksvi lime repotted that the' use of theadet ;tape does not haw a negative elle( I ll1)011 tilt'

(A110)1(11)1111111 of !VII( t' 0)1 .cadent s1)eaket,.

ChiStirOOM Criticism and Speech Attitudes

1he telationship bemeen t lassioom t tin( ism and spec( h attitudes

was examined in two auk les, one des( I ipti..ind the whet expel imn-tar.

1. pis( lissing ter Inlitilles Windt tea( het, tan list' 0) 1)1()II0)0';41( Avill ill (Icsil able attitudes ((AM(' spry( het itu ism in the. e lasstoomChat lee Halt et'" siN)4ests the InIlmving:

(a) substitute the wild 4altiation lot c I hie ism(hi make sure standaids for !iformant(' ate understood and

at «Tull(( i 11)4 its on one aspc( t of polopnant e al a time(el) comment on the content of speeches initallv«. t rt.% cal the nature and totin of then Oa ism to he given aftei pet -

tot mane eI use a %inlet% of t t in( ism tee }maples

2 he a expel internal examination of the telationship betweenlasstootri c tin/ ism and spec/ ft attitudes Rolo t N. liostt inn': found that

t,11(lillg a student's spec( h with pnsiti% ism pioduced pnsitiveattitudes and vi«. %et sa. Rost! um «ine haled that "If out purpose is tobuild mote positive sI)ec(h attitudes, then c lid( ism should he positive innattne. If the pia/ tit e of iltilliC (1110 11111 is 0)()Viiillablet'lll0 atonallyft) bt (110)1)1)t31, t le,u h some ()ther plt)% j10)11 W0111(1 0) he net t'Ssill y

in the building of positie spec(h attittales.im

Classroom (:riticism and Listening

I-he potential lot tea( ping listening !IMMO! et itit ism and thenet essit% lot a spec( fl Ira( het to lie a go)o)(1 vt.te.clist tissell in two)

olitImt tio lo.s:

SUMMER, 1874 45

I III .111 ,1111( It 1)1 1).1 I I. R(11111s11114 it is stIitgs1(1 111.11 teat 'letsshall' %%1111 s111(1Ilts 1111' task t,1 ttifttititillg (11 t lass14)(t111 spec( ht',th's% 14114%1(111N tilt' 1111)11%,1114)11 net ess.11% 1(41 11111111.11111p, sItitlents It)1111)1t tilt 1111. 1114114' c 1111(,11, 1111/11' dill 11111111,11i1144 listening.

2 Dim ossing the alilitic, ol the tc,tt 1111 ,ts listuct atul (i flit%t it4tt .104tIcs Ih,il I lit tat ht! hull ,tti ,tt 11% 1%111i llts111(11111s. 1 11 1111111(1 11 114 11) .111.1111 111 111t.tIles1 IR)ssible ifcgiur of tll-11,111R J., lit. I sltMs II) br 101)11 Mrls .11111111;11114 (1111111% I11.11 1)111

I 1 It' Mt 1 I I sli )11 11',1( 1 Irs .11 1%1)11111uss tl II It'ss I It' 1),Iscs 1110114 )11 Olt'I%c 1111111 s1,111(111114 1 )1 i 1 1(11% Iduil 1 11(11 is.'="

l'otpourriI lie 11(111( s 11 OW 1111.11 1111ce .1111( It IV% iti% Ulf ill 1111. 111'..

,11,11,111/11144 141 t 1l11( hit'%itt44 «hie( 11%11% III t (kit 1,111. ;Ind the 111-11 111 It t 4 )1111)(It'llt (' .1s .1 1 11111 :

I 1 I)( .11)11.111/run (t 111( i,111 N11111/11 1 kVikm.11-1 atl% iscs stuilt.instt)suck SI /111 I IliC 1,111 .111(1 111,11111,1111 .111 ()hie( 11%e ;1111111de %Vitn tun.11(1111(41 %%111i siwt .t 11 ( 1 lilt 'sill.

2. s1,1111144 111.11 ..111' %/ir)/tid ('!11 7(11111L4 am,4, ( 112,tif irm r)? 1111'1? %1'r'? 11,1111(11111w Tralwa,,,.'" kV I). Kell%pi )1),,ses that Ica( het s set 111111a 11)1 spec( ii sill (t',,. establish the%%eiv.lii 141 iinpui ant 1. it, he Assigned lhe ( 1 11c11.1 ,t11(1 (1(1111111e theSttldent's 41«t'ss 111.1111111atit all% 1)% deg! II'S IA perctnags.

1. ( tilt tlic Instill( 1111 as .1 st'tt 11 t I liltkt mirth (.. 1 1,1114 t (list [ism.. Iit. alt.a. Ill %%111( 11 Ile feels the 111s11 tit It!!moo (hint (11.1 t.1 1111111Wit'ill C. I !Wu .111%1S Me: 1.1 I kill /Witligt. (f the111(1111)(1S 1)1. I II 1hr .11/NUM 11('S 14)4 1 lilt !stir. 111) 1.111)%%lcti4ct)1 all of thetopt( s 4,f (11111(11.1(s 111 rlictrit it .11 knov1(4.,t. tl mitts ttl

itlynt t., tcastninii4 and (Owl tinstiturnts «I t(rat ilittit% and ns applit mitt!) It) .1 ()Inst 111 11111)114 six.,tking:

11rison,i1 ethos.

SummaryI lit milt It 111111 h tIal 11 itli tilt philtistiphit's anti put tInts ol1/111i2, stittlunis spurt lics stigu,t.st that lasswnin ?I/I( ism slimild

1 1(1%(11.1..1 pie( 41)1 elk( 11%et (11111111111U .1111)11. 111111.11( 1 1111111es MI f()( lls1(1% .111(1 ( (HP Is 1/111111s 1011( 11 .11111 1()W,11t1 .111(1(111 ,1( 111r1 tIII('111 (11

1,111% .111) 111 1)1.1IrlI1g his spill 11 p11()1111;111( ()1:11 ( iitic is111.11()ItItl hr 4 (1m1)111( if 1%1111 (41 lct 111(91 ,111;111sys. M111 11(11 t 1 1111 1111. 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 ( 1 ht Mt 1 1 1 4 1 ( 1 1 1%1111 1 1 1 . 1 1 ( ) 1 1 1 1 ( I t i I t 1 1 ( 11) ( 1- t t C.1 1)('N1(-11t4( Hilt I inipi1)11 l,i1 1411 1()1111.111t t's 101111 11111 Psitis, «n( 1st'.111(1 (11(111.1.1.11;11144.

I he testi!! 141 %at i()iis I1)(1111(11.11 .411(11es ,('r1 1() 111(114;11e that%nit 111.11)( 1)1.1%/0( 1..1)1 11111(.111s. hpect lles 1(41()%%(1 1)% pee! A11(1 trat hettit,( ill the spec( 11 e%( III (dm in.ike 4 lassw(111 c 1 111( IsIt11 silt(1111tsSpf 1 t 11c 111(11c t lIct 111 t .111(1 ( .111 L11(11.11)11 1111111(h t' N111(4111. .1111111dt's


tOW.11(1 the insittif tot the outs'. and the use of the % itlet nape in theclassroom. Tile use of videt)tape also seems to help students develop amore realistic self-concept, can help istyrove class attendance. and doesnot seem to cause student speakers It) become anxious. exhibitionistic orreticent. 1 lotvever. focusing the camera on the speaker appears to heuseful only in ituplov ing delivet y skills. %1- 'ten i11 teasing students' in-sight into the communication process anti directing their attention totheir audience and to their speech content are the goals the camerashould be focused on the audience. ilso, it seems to ht. useful to begin us-ing videotape playbacks early in the course and to have students watchplaybacks of the entire class provided measures have heeti taken to main-tain an emotionally safe atmosphere in the classroom.

III addition. 1 lasstootn c it title ism has been found to hate itant Ohlt upon suldentsspret It attitudesand tile( t hl nth! het Oil.

sttirted %viten t itit ism is gi% en. Alm) it ha, been suggested that I ritic iInv, students' spert ht', tali 'seise .1. d !mum Itn dem( ntsttat lug antiteat /ling dirt rise listening. Fitt.111%. it 11.1, beet) tn/teti 111.11 c brit ssIttnt1t1ht' tntipetent In % at mu. ;twits, that t t itet is tot spec( it star es sht)111(1

111,1(1t. 1.11()%%11 .111(1 111.11 sIlltic111s 11()111(1 snk (1111( is111 ;111(1 he (0( Ike,11)(111( it.

1111. Intl riling It.% tews dutl stonmat% provide highs!' teat het, %rid'?earls at tess tot 111c inh n mat it)t «ntt.ttned in the spret It tutu nal antic It's

S1 hi( tl lirdi %Orli t t lilt iSrd ttl Si }ICS. tiro 11 (111()1-

111.11ion siunlltt fat dilate tin' pm( ess of making det I it m,,thuttt %%.ht.thei,

%%11%, 111,1% old %Olen students' t hiss/num ,pert shutild itit iced

dtttl thett.h% ,rise as .111 did III It'd( %di() ate fat rti %%.ith the

t.itk of teat him.; ,pert 11 its the high st hut

nintBEST C

l

)01-Aa.

1,5 .. I. I MI, to %itol,111 111111t1 spent( Te4I hrt. o. I4 h7 41...!"1

1'o,o1 It 11,/1,11,31( 1::ic 'seri it' 1 t ilciatttn t.( ,,11111,a)b.itat ,perch Irahrr.H.I Trout(.!

li.,trnt1 iItId.IsunU..rot!11tlt..t1 s. 11,1. mto,.1111.11m.ito Sprre hie& her..1.1.11111.0%

2,u4 27:

R.111..11.1 small. 1 h. I oh 1.11,,1 Sim-, 1/i de. ho .11 II \pre( h eddiet. its Pohl

1,2

11 "I., I 11..w .1, t.it I !it 1...1 1. ,A111.0.11- 113 I St-Ig t.. In,prt.It I .111. 1,rn !Teeth Icahn,volt '1 Ni

IL 11.1111 ( Nitple to littl lh in. [Id, LelitUl Vain ,pent( 11)UtIldi.

S .%. 11.1P :(w7 :711 .!51

11 .1-1,1 It I wit., Spec( h I CAI imr. 17 '11.1,11 1.1.A lilt Ini

w I t).'1. I. 1,1%.ow.t1 l'ulllit Sp IL me. Speech Inother. IN M.11.11 PHIS . 1111

112

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(,./t, Spred) Ira. her. o.o N. lilt /11}1t 1,71, 1,1

SUMMER, 1974 47

BEST CON. fal.ILLEF. 8..11.1" k Oil \I.!. 1' Bt., it .11111( hub. I I .11,1d I III I' III I I% .15 I do I., I I 1111111 .1110 I .41S1,1/I

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I Wit ( \ I.( t11ll..un IS I 1,1114.1.4, I 14- I Hr. l .4 t .111.41, 111..d "I F 1111.1..,.11,; I11"'1I h %1+1..11 k 111 1111:,, N1....1...18.4 I...1111'1h I raihri. 1VIII11111111 1.1.121 \

14 I. 11.5 I II,. k. k 1, 1 II. .1, .1 si ( ii 1 1,1.41 11

\ l 1. s ./..,1.1 I'. 1..41 tlit \ : \hid. sp. 1 '41 Wet Is I rat 11r1.1:11 \ 1.11, 1.1. I I III,:

' ( it 11.1 \I I ...MI..' 1.8 111.1 I lu. \ 11.1 .4, WI 1:11.1,ii, mid 1111111,11 it11Ii Iiittilmm(11.1 I,4 sp... h ( 111..11 ( si \pees 11 ledt ht.!. \Ln.I 472 .1 .12(

I I) [holt. 11111 R Mime, m1,1 %%114.ini I) Hn,1A, I hr tin 1 1.111- 1 aIw Re. inthii ..n I ctrl, .51h I %preth trathrr...1 I \Liltt Lath KO, I, 141.1., 41 (Mil. NIP lt II( 1.1,-5 al, 111151,11.114V r111141.114troprrt hinurthst.

1.1%- Is 11

( I 1.11, mid spy. ( enital %tate% %peed' /nutrial. I I FtImi.mp.s 52

putl

A.I.: I 14 I if I'II.L 1 I 111.1 ( Iwo 1,111 %Teeth trat hrt. pt. 1111,51!11

\I us III I s. simri II 141 I 1,11 lonl I ill., *tprrt h rrt hrr. .1%rinhrs Prot., '2 .1111.1

\ I 1 1 I I ( .0 1 i l l s , hut l'ildd %WY( h . . 1I 1 1

Ins in I it st(ing id spit, fit, %perch fetcher. I i ;mutt! \ I. ii.a. (1,,I.1"% MC. 11,111,1.., I ( !MI \perch !rather. In \Luis h 1',11

1 .111, CI Nit Dr1,1%s


Renaming andDifferentiatingCultural LevelsAnd Functional Varieties

.john NI( Kenna

Mote and mote people ate be« nning better informed alunit thenatut r of language. They air learning how language arises tan of asot ial setting, ispited by the social needs of its creatots. They recognizethat %dim is %alit! linguistic pioduct ion f( a one speech cotnmunity maynt it he %alit! ft )t another. In shot t many lay people have come to under-stand as pi ofessional linguists have that there are no absolutes in mattersof language lot .%alue is always telative to the social context.

Pau of this enlightment gill be ant United to thinkers like john S.Ketnon ((: ithut al Levels Functional 'arieties of English), J. J.I .ambet ts ( :knot her I.00k at Kenyon's I .evels), Martin joos (lim ManyClot ks. and W. Nelson Francis (Functional Variety in English),I Ke-o makes the imp )? tant «untibution of distinguishing between thetotal language patter us of c ultutal entities and the particular patternswhit h at ise ftoln %at ious sot ial setting within a cultural entity. "Thetwo gt oupings c rani ra/ telv/A anti functional zwriette are not mutallyem lusk e categot it's. They ate based on entirely separate principles of

lassif icat ion: c tuttcre and /um turn.'' (2'30) Kenyon divides our socialsum tine into i)at ts. 'nfortunately he designates the two pat ts Atandardand /I hvandard.

Intetestingl ('lit nigh, the students in this mitet's classes express ahostility towatd the Kenyon essay in pat ticulat. In this age of two-n miantic istn, they wouhi like to look upon each s()( ial gr( nip as equal toall (Ows. It is almost a tenewal of the fi ont let attitude that each man isas g( xi as his neighbc n . What the students specifically object to isKenyon's bit ation of Amt.! it an sot ial situ( tine into standard anti.stib.tandard. If one social dialect is labeled standard, theft by implica-tion all that temain ate non-standind.2 At its most fundamental sociallevel Kenyan's tel is prescriptivist. Understandable then thatstudents, barraged with terms like standard and substandard and inch u -trinattli with an academic ttaitiing that is essentially prescriptivisttowatd language, are unable to transtet their democratic feelings aboutvat ious so( la] groups over to the language patterns of these same groups.It is pet hats the gteat shot t «nning of our schools that they fail to tea h amastuts of and a toletance lot vat loci, soc ial dialects. Consequentiallythe teat her linguist is still faced with the altiu impossible task of

SUMMER, 1974 49

disabusing his students of the idea that iiii% given sot Jill dialect is intrin-sically super Jor of info iot to whet social (hale( Is.

J. J. Lambe! cs IiipattiletikisiOn of s()( Jilt strut ttlic into hyperAtan-dart', tamiard and sulistandard is not mu( h MIN ovement. Apparently)tisatish...(1 Ken\ on's ( l.issitit.itions lie sought It) trinetly a mistake.of (Jewel lathe) than 01 kind. tot twilit. the so( sal gioups in out country;tie wand% mote munctous than the two Kenyon suggests, the teal!nobler)) is not how man% but how. to te.g,tel them. lelentifying socialgioups is Ida eas%. indeed, one of the imp want functions oflanguage is to enable. its to do so. lint teat hint; an undo standing ofsot i it dinetentiatiem and using this to give health tci our !mgt.r society,though witsitietabl% mote. (Wile ult than mete group identification, isthe teal goal sot ioliu tlistlt s nonetheless.

\Vital nerds illustration, then, is that different social communitiessete is tit'' matt Is; of speech I (mummifies. we heed to demonstrate this

ithot ail' suggestion that given social community (and hence. thespell It of that «Immunity) is superior or interior to an other one.Snell ft «mituunines mist. from many fat tors, perhaps the most obviousis gtograph%. Bur education, c litho ion. age...in(1 many Cutlets all play arole. Sin( r the (ein) .prPril r ()1111Millity has a good deal of currency inlitignisti( tut les ittid sin( e it clot's not genetate. negative' connotations,we suggest that this trim be substituted for Kett} Oil's cultural level.c. Inaddititin, the tel %pre(/' mmpnnlIlly, by empliasiiing the element ofspec( h, fo( uses on the language lathe, than on the total cultural coin-mutil 1%. Fhis is adantag.ous, lot while it is nue. that language is nomore ine lusi%e than thee nitrite that ptodue es it, the converse is not true.

;11%%,1%s tAt reds the pat attirters of language and is inure expan-si%,. and lusive than tilt' language %One It it produces.

The genet al so( jet% gtotips itself mound various lac tots ind wenerd a mitribei of terms vhich will suggest the plurality of the Americansot let% but %%ill amid an} pet jotati e connotations. In pia( e of. Kenyon'sdie Itotorti , standard dm', substandard, we. might suggest a diffeientia-non based on naming and it( lode mumps called vocational, technical,and .1( aderni( %Vial life st le as it basis lot diffetentiation, \Ye tanpet( et\ e sin It giout, as straight, (teak, ete . Based On age wemight identif% the groups as !minces, job holders..ind toned. lot proofthat spur( h «immunities t eturted around the age of the. speaket exist,emu has to look no tat titer than t hildt en and then playmates, or the fac-tor% gate tot 1.astmati Kodak, or the. sidewalks of Sim (:ity, rizona.possible illusttations ate enclless. Sin( 0. the ('totted States has a numberof tgional standatls, \sr itheaci 11.1%e a set it's of non-pet jot atiye. trolls%% hit It name those speech «mitnimit les based on geography: Southern,Midland, Not qui ti. et( . It is noti-pet jorative tetras like these that musthe del 1111 hit the tithel spert II t 0111IIIIIllitles in out stX

1't 11111st tItil lust' sight of the fa( t, howeAut. that Kenyon's divisioninto) t idnital and fun( !tonal aspe( Is is important and useful. ill

Mat tin loos pm\ tele., useful let nis lot diffetentiating the vat iotts


hint inntil %at IOW% in st alt' III Int 11111,Miii , (OW11,

fittliftlit mid ttri:ei. till 1 i A %Altai& dikti i% 441 Ow silt 1,44 4'

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hat" i, 11 unt nuthil Val Irl% S4'141 'inn% hum toik414at I liit!, thy iNtiatc .ffl41 tilt' bit auxics air lc% (.111111m.

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%, till Ai k .4 IAN. 'Lilt III Ill) (till) 11111.t'1\,'11111'(1% Its fli.IlIlt.11il il)ltLI11,11t1I

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%slot it ill till 111 +111lit, I iv, 1111,1 lilt ,rink, 1.ton.11 to.)dt 1,111.111 I.

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I .1 \11.11 Anti Itill111.11t 111)1(11'5.

SUMMER, 1974 51

Figure A

StS1 tOri, MOIL

it

S

tl it

0l In t tI In

II l

a it a

Functional Varieties of a Speech Community

Fat h fun( tit nal vitt iety is moulded to best serve a cluster of par-ticular sot lid fun( t ions in that un.letv. It is imp)! tam to understand thata situation which is regarded as formal in one group may not be soregarded in another. For example, in the mod culture a young man maymake the asking fot a gill's hand a very informal thing, if indeed hebothers to ask the git l's patents at all. Yet in the vocational communitythis same situation is mote formal and would certainly be tilted at thet onsultati ye ot formal vat iety.

It is nue that some social groups spend greater or lesser amounts oftime in anv our 01 two of the five sot ial situations. In genet al a greaterpercentage of then linguistic mtput consequently will be in thesemodes. It ino. he, fot example, that a speech community comp t)sed!nosily of family membets wmld reveal a social «mstrut t like Figure Bwhit h illustrates that these members speak more often in casual and in-timate modes than in the' whets. A sl wet h e (immunity centered around agovernmental outpost, on the other hand, might exhibit a social con-sult( t like Figure C. Hew the hulk of verbal i/ation arises from the needtot a two-way ex( flange of intot mat ion in a fairly fotmal setting. Most ofthe language, the? efote, kill ot In in the consultative or formal modes,

. 52 THE ENGLISH RECORD

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Figure B

Family Gump

Figure C

Governmental Body

Each fun( tional %at iety within a spec( h(ommunit (titters from theothets in matters of vot abulat!,, complexity of svntax, dependence Onnom erbal signals, et( . Too often casual observers, who have in mind the

(t)n( ept of "( ulttual levels," make the mistake of believing that a givenfunctional %at ietv of one spec( h t ommunity mint-ides with a differentfun( tional %at iety oIf an)thet sleet h «mutuality. For exmple, with theidea of social hieran hy firmly before them, they assert that the con-sultative varlet% of the "substandard" social group is the same as the in-timate variety of the "standard" gnmp. Figure I) illustrates this mis-taken assumption.

Figure I)

*.;1) ,'

itififri.(0

"standard"

"substandard"

SUMMER, 1974 53

The «nit eft of "stantlaid substandard" itself invites ahietarchical at tangement like the one in Figure I). linguistic factswill not suppolt such a configutation. 'The language pattetns of the"standard" group in an intimate conjugal setting ale' tel not thesaint' as the language pattems in whit h a mini in the "sufrstantlard"groupasks his foteman tot a taise. Likewise. the language panel tis of the"stantlatd" group In a casual setting do not . tint ide with those pat tet iisarising Flom the tonnal situations of the "substandard" group. (:onse-quentl George Meany's lot trial address to the AFI :I( ) is delivered inlanguage that is not even remotely sitnilat to that used by Englishpt ()lessors at a backyard barbecue. The two differ in Vocabulary.Ihetotic, gt animal . phonology. etc. :ulnae protitic us language. %%lienecultutal differences exist, linguistic differences exist also. Thus bypostulate lit me of the functional %arieties of (filleting spec( h com-munities t (mid possibly be itientit al.

A more accurate configuaiation of social dialects and theirrelationship to one another is given in Figutes EI and The first ofthese teptesents any number cif speech communities. I'lle overlappingsuggests that although a person has one tnajot speech 011111llinity' iiiwin( 11 he etic ountets most of his life expellent es. it is plat ticaiiv im-p)ssibl to main lusivel% in the one minttinnitY in out plutalisticand sot lath- mobile sot iety. %Vithin the spa«. of a dav an individual mayswing into the orbits of a half-do/en sepinate cultural wimps. In themottling. pot example. he tna have bteakfast with his college educatedpatents, talk with the bus drive? dining his ride to scot k, c hat with hisfellmv volkets in the otnlnitt1 ke punch loom and then lunt h withsome musit ian ft lends with wilt nil he plays on weekends.

Figure F2 suggests that the relationship between sot ial groups is tobe reginded as hot itontal tither than ertit al. It also suggests that theorientation on its axis is plobabl- different fot (filleting social groups,This means that although %at jou, speech «mummifies are juxtaposedor IIIICI515 I at the vatious functional levels. the basic social (nictitationof each «muntinity. and thelefote the gteatet pint of its otnitantspeet h. remains differentiated hum all the others. similar ities ateinc idental, then diffetent ptolound.

Figure 1.1

~pets fl Conniff' IleS

Figure F.'

Film timid Varieties ofSpeech (:ortittiunities


wa74. of stutimat% we want to teitetate that Kenyon's distinctionbettvevn culture and runt lion in language is a ter) useful uin In Indy/ toget students of language. to carious sot ial dialects with objectivit,however, 'Ni' nerd toms that tartl no put jotati%e cemnotations. im-

tant substitution is the tettit speech tim111140111V fcn lienvon'scultured let,e1. Ili atItlit1011 We suggest trims like ational, tut }mit al.and at admit in plat t' If less satisfac tin ones likt. blue t ollarcollar standatti substanciatti.

Eat it (nitwit' cc mintunit uses its St It ial (hale( t ft)l carious funstic )nal purposes. Ntat t i i JI IC IS has art angel' these on a AI ale of inc teasinghumidity: intimate to lit urn. tVe have flied to illustrate that the variousfun( tional %at totes of eat h slset'eh «mununity ate never identical withany of the flint it Mal %al tett!, 01 all( OM Slier( ll t I mtmunit). Especiallyerroneous is the tic Hit HI that tilt' less ftunlit' varieties of a speech c om-inunit whit It an obser% et admites ate the same as the more foiuialat joie. 1)1 ,t speech « mnnunity he does not admire. The basic

telationship of one spec(fl t I mununity to ;m)tile, is to be tegarded ashorirl mtal radio than vet tical.

A !Hrt untie, standing of the relationship of Otte Sprdh ni-ty to allot het and of the ot igins of yaritms nudes of language %Odin'%pee( h communities will enable a student to examine different socialdialer ts, and thetebue the various c ultural glom), of a nation, withoutprejudice. Nut is the time lot us to ourtute ntuttial tespect amongvat it His social groups Its ens tut aging an understanding of and a mutualtespe( t for at Um% so( ial chalet ts.

I '111% visit% of Nebtaska at ()walla

101)1%4)11t 11)It MI hlV%I hs 11. .1, \I R NI \d. set! 01 ,11. tspet 111 .ittrrit sttgltsh. 1..11, II tt.,lut

It u I . tu. I. l'.:1 %II .1 Op d I I I ht, ,11,1:0 t11 i ki 15 11 15 5 h0 ilI ,

, I , . / I ' I : f , 1 , . 1 .h !.,..,.0 11 1 1 , . , subst,Intlarti .1110 1.0 11,00 I 1100 I 11.0 ts 111111,I

11. ht' . su, 1. h .#11.1

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SUMMER, 1974 55

Emphasis:Different Approaches

Intrixhictitm

hat %%' a% s had difietnt hes: different, limy( %cr. does,11Wat s Mean c ol let t..1 f;OOd tea( het is ne%rt satisfied with a method

ur ati h but ( ontintially seeks to modify tvitat he is doing to suittlic situation at hand.

Man% Fliglish tea( !lets ale wally Ottlt titivated to teach literaturebe( duse the oppoi unlit% to take t muses in language and composition isoften limited at the undo waduatt. level. As literature teachers, we tendto empliasiie (ink the pi lilted woid. The art ic les folio%ring here ateabut', litchitme, but the different approat hes go beyond the printed%void.

I hr apploac hes nun not. of course, %yolk lot everyone.. A teat pingmethod not only has to suit the students and material. but also nitist fitthe tea( bet's prisonalitv. A tea( her should feel c oinfot table %vitt) what heis doing. This does not mean that it is all r ight for a teachet to rtiec t allnev ideas on the wounds that the method will not suit his psonality.Instead. all nt.v ideas and methods should be examined t losely in order

miai t those ;hills whit ti Will stilt rite teat Ile!. 1.0 CIO (diet t%'iSe is tot litlill pellet li011.

%Vt hope votl ellION the follOtvillg ill lit les On clittlellt iipprolit !WSWTheir ale ideas here 101 Al Of


How TelevisionCan Be Used ToMotivate Students WhoAre "Turned Off"To Literature

Marilyn Sue Peckman

Is this the fx Kik?" "Do we have to read the' whole book?" "It's tootwin y! "She's c iaiy'!" "This class is boring!" "I'd rather watch TV."

Sound familial? After several years of teaching in a girls' highsc hool, I thought the battle cry might change. However, every term it isstill the same. If the book is too heavy, large, small or oval, it's too for-midable fin the' ( ;elm al student. Most seniors in my 12th grade Englishclass had a leading glade of approximately 7.5 - 11.0. How can we helpnu )ti% ate these students? I low can we make reading pleasureable, notodious7.

I first got the idea for TV unit when I was browsing the bookroom.I was determined to selec t a paperback hook (so carrying the book tosc hot l wouldn't become an issue'). I hoped to get something that wouldmake them say "alt" instead of "oh." I came across Great TelevisionPlays (selected by William Kaufman Bell Laurel Edition). The wheelsbegan turning. [he book contained several plays which we' could act outtogether in c lass. Some' of the students had seen these plays televised;some had not. All woe rathet enthusiastic about beginning a unit deal-ing with 'IT. tually, there was a limited amount of long-ranged plan-ning tot this TV unit. Most of the work depended upon previous workand students' opinions. This, hopefull y, helped to keep things spon-taneous and flexible.

The following designations axe' used in this article:7c,. I. ow n.fin, ut smut r 12th ;uncial Leews. I winked with two 7G t lasses.

I hr irghici wa, about 2t4

) f ir,hin.rtt I loom ( i9th wade? Rrgetter girl,.

.1t7 adnni 1 12th wade, I hi, was not Inv, la..,,. FNe teat het of( .B7 mortti It) 11.1%t .111Wri the ntnntun 1)(41.

1 Beginning Fhe 1 'nit'Mote any %I)tk is to be gin. the students must he consulted. Find

nut what the' like. Talk about television. Talk about their favoriteshows and stats. Get to know yout classes. I learned many things aboutmy students, but I also feat nett about myself. I had many misconcepiions

SUMMER, 1974 57

and many !Be( o11( el Veit not ions about tile adolescent and TV. I learned,to may surprise. that I was somewhat snobbish.

Tot example, I was quite' positive my Freshman honor class wouldselec t only Laugh-In of A11 In The Family as their favorite show. Theyweir too sophisticated to wive t I Dream Of Jeannie of The PatridgeFamily (so I thought).

I began the unit by asking the students to write a paragraph aboutthen fagot ite show. As I had expected, there was much escapismmit tined in their choices. Black ghetto girls wrote about Petticoat Junc-tion. because "it is about a small town." I Dream of Jeannie was pop-film, because "I like' the way she blinks things around." Soap operaswoe selected, "became you get so involved in the' daily lives of thesepeo-ple." "I like .411 AIN. Children because it involves young people who aredeeply in love." 'IV presents a fantasy world in which problems are easi-ly solved and everyone's happy. I Dream Of Jeannie, The Flintstones,anal Petticoat iinetio art. popular, because they.are so remote to urbanghetto classes.

What really surprised and upset me was the problem about reality.Threequal tors of all the' classes selected shows because they felt theseshows were repi.esentatie of lift'.

hkr to wan h \hi( Hs Wvik . het Mist. It gnus me a int tine ol what it', likr it) workIII a hospital ewtt though Ifs all tan trur.I.Sharr Itr1htI bra atise II 111(0V% I rah! peopledat noon,. -7G

I/ (/ /rannwl u look, tral nough to nit. -71.1t.ui hut au.t. tar leant that Mr Is not a haul gamy to win. 7c.

lita life is a hind game to win and 'IV does not show this."[Mai( us Wellr 1 it shows reality, people facing problems and

de( isienis.. , You leant things bum it yourself, like diseases and thenames of things you never heard of." It is ironic that these girls selectMarcus IVelhy, AID., because they want a valid picture of life in ahospital. Ate' TV producets iesp)ttsible for this and is it up to us, thetea( hens. to show how TV distorts and sugar-«tts?

Jen na. C. writes "the reason m I selected this show [11110- The Pat ridgeFamily] . . is that , . there is no fake stuff about it." There is no fakestuff about the Patt idge family... Jennie is brillant: she reads aboutthe Norman «Bamest and the linguist a development of modernEnglish. She is bilingual and she was the valedictotian of her juniorhigh sc hind c lass. If Jennie believes "there's no fake stuff about it," all 14can old :kinetic ans must belie% e the same.

onc must he ter t wins of plat nig Doc tot Fiend. We ate Englishtea( hers, not iistc hob)gists. Still, we read literature to understandout set% es and others. some of the paragraphs about My Favorite T f'Show riledled mu( h about students' problems. Nancy, 1 Men. Shirley.

rune and Cat men .wet s sh% , quiet, mit ent .4// five %Oil ledThe Carol Burnett Show as their lava Hite. Why% Perhaps they feel art in-


kit ing problem% anti

adequat y and Carol Burnett, a loud, boisterous extrovert, fills a need forthem. I leer's where the teacher can help. I can now suggest some booksor stories about shy students. The problem has never been stated out-ight iii c lass discussions or compositions. Ilowever, the' choice of The

Carol Burnett Show, in this case', is %cry significant.These paragraphs were just a beginning, but a helpful beginning.

The next step was to use an opinion poll to help define terms andcollectdata.

II ()pinion Polls

"9-1";., of American homes have televisions and 60 million sets areavailable.'" "When a child graduates from high school, he will havespent 15.000 hours in the' classroom and 18,000 in front of TV."2

just what is it that so fascinates these students? The Opinion Pollon the next page was designed to find out how the' students feel about Tvand what TV shows they like. The graphs that follow correlate the datacone( ted from the polls.

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SUMMER, 1974 59

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Into pteting the Data%%lull minis. if any, do these gt :wits show? Of Course, everything

said must bt atom alization since this data was based on thy opinions tAabout 85 pupils. 1 lowever, some conclusions can be deafen.

Unit: Litetattne anti Opinion Poll

1. Malt us %Velby, M.D.2. Flip tVilson3. Stintia Night IovieI. Luc illy Ball5. NlYstrty Nlovieti. Mcwie of the %Vrek7. Stincia Night Mop ieK. Bob Hope9. (;tinstokc.

10. Laugh-inI I. ( :tide's Coutitt.

All in the Family13. Nfeclical (:entetII Dick Van 1)yke Show15. Thursday Night Movie

My Three Sons17. MannixIS. Adam - 1219. Nichols20. Funnv Face

1. Look at the Neilsen tatitl abmr. Of all the shows on T.V.. whichones cvoold Ninc taw as the top 5:

2. .te there an\ shows whit h you feel particularly appval u) tern -a et Whit It Shows? (1. xanipl(': Room 222)

3. Whic h 5114 itcs ate the funniest.:

I. VItich shows air thc, most set ions? What Clo sou Illrall In St11011S?

SUMMER, 1974 63

13% SO 1011s. I int an

11111111 shows I hesitit's the Ncws! 11c11) %011 Irani ,1110111IsstIrs? t1 %.11111)1: tit! \1111111ts, 111st J0111111Y (,atS011)

1. What did %o11 leant about?

%% heat did you leant about?

ti. %Vhit it shows 11.1%e you found to he the most educatnntal?11'hat title, etItit atuntal man to Int?

1. 3

I it ethlt al tonal Means

7. h 1%1H' ( 1111M lli Oli Were!: (:heck the 19W.

1. Situational (:ottleck? Whit. h ones?

13. Set la's? %Vhit It ones?

Mystet% shows? %Vint h ones?

1). Spec ials? 1Vhich ones?

S, 1)0 x4111 watt 11 shows for a part it 111a11 at It n attic's fot the subject111;t1tr1 1 .ist at least two shows you watt h.

I. Show. Reason:

2. Show: Reason:

3. Show: Reason:

SoIllet1111es 1..1.. slit anti 1110% it's shot11 011 .1..1'. titiaptt.11110111 tio0iss (tAa1111)1t" I Remember .1Iama t. Have .tt evel readthy books horn %%inch T.V. shots in movies you liked wen.adapted? %Vint h ones?


Question u9 was used to help onyilv a leading I ist..Fht' 11%1(1(11s'

101 1.(11 %11011' (Fhp IVI /UM, .111/1 tcs 11'elbY A1.1). tit %ViiS lilt'

1)011.111t it) know, !HI MIS(' When I ttrttt1rilt'tt the leading list, 1 tiled to tithide hooks whit h wele sttlttl,u (4) (1161 ( h(tit ft it t(11) sll()W,

All senior t lasses torind ,ttaii its Weltiy..11.1). and .11edictil Center to

he most edit% ;dimwit 11 bile hit Flushmati I it mot %lass pit.Led SemteStreet and Pa.ssivord. This emplhisires the i t that seniots ine morecareet -ot tented, while tteshman, who sclut ted wont games and

t hilchrIt's shows, att. closet to votinget hiothets and sisters who watchSe1ane .Street and The F.le( frit (:fmtpan v. Tilt' I IOnt 1r class did run lik('

r( tts Il'ethy, .1/.1).; diet- seitl tett 1.atigh-rn and Pa.t.szeord. 'Phis is a

mote sophist ated 11104

I he gnipit entitled "Fitinit Finmi Ile TV show" had

(1joils li'sults'Blat studt.ifis

"A

Wetbv. .t/./). had a luoad appeal ethnit all, though not h class <lilt°did licit Ii kr it t. (:amo/ Brfoiett Nitrite and I I.h.earn Of Jeannie weleida bloat! appeal; per haps this k l'etairst. of the nattily of these shovvs.

pini()11 lfolls %ete of glcat hill). I had trained (hilt the st'Ilitils%vete st ilttelested in milli( al slit flys. I Ita%e suggested sonic hooks alit nit

nut sing. medic me, etc. and I hope to begin a unit about jobs (letterwriting;. kiwis of icti.teutc, inter% ivws, filling out appli( anon%) sincethet are so meet -or tented. tVe hat cal, cad% stvn a film about hospitals.

III Projet t: Twelve Alert and The Big Deal

"It %..t. are going to make litelanue meaningful, %ve need to shim

prou.ems and ont cols.--111411"i that ill:. 1 V pit)gl:tinsthey ,tit' 'vat' %%'ith the same

I hat is the pittpost. of the ojel t on ingn. Alen andThe lint; ntottithatel% the budget crisis and present vet ession

fort t'd me to limit this !Emil near projet t. I \mulct hale liked to haveshmvir Trer/ve Aino.v Alen and The /kg ih,a/ in the t lassloom. l'nfor-tunatel%, I 1V,IS not It) lit) lh St 1V(' ()Mimic(' the Iwo plii.s It)

intent imogtains. Flits Ira, %alnable tot stAetal reason,:

I. It showed the t lasses that tele% ision deals problems thatIiIrtatutt. tie,t1, \vitt'. Sint t' most pupils felt IA' mirrored life and the

wad don .1. this ticiptilf in oo. dist ussion ( wit //iv.

II. \arm I).e: 111 (.()%un furl T lir Deal isn't teitilstit? Whith 1.V slimyis it \VIr i, rh,:t sho. ieali,tt ?)

2. I he i)tole(t helped the students understand rise pla.s. I tle(11(111' lint! it tlittit nit 11),111-,11%/c tilt' st()1vs. I 1V,ts s()1)1Cast'll to f ind,

that hen tlit'1 «impaled the play to the %four, MO Well' a !Olt' fl Wifil1.1'

ttrr pla V.

1 hl, pl(qt't t 1s-its (Intl(' with th t lasscs.

SUMMER, 1974 65

The assignment tvas as follows:

Ve have read Tzveive Angry Men by Reginald Rose and The BigDuni by Paddy Chayelsky. Are these shows similar to any TV shows? Ifso, why?

Tlw Big Deal by Paddy Chayetsky.

Is it like a faintly situational comedy?

Example:1. The I-loneynugmers2. I Love Lucy3. I Dream 01 ,Ivannie1. Nly Thwe Sons5. The Smith Family

(They supplied more titles)

Tweli,e Angry Men by Reginald RoseIs it like...

1. Pett y Mason2. l'he Young Lawyers3. Mannix1. Longstreet5. Itonsidcsti. The DA7. ,Judd For The Defense

Most of the students felt that Twelve Angry Men was like PerryMa.son 01 Owen Alashall. The results were as follows:

Twelve Show # of studentsAngry Men is Pet r Mason 17like... Owen Marshall

MannixLongstreet'1'he Young I .awyei s 21.iivinan

Prefer TV 12Pt O'er play 5Prefer to st.e play 3

Interestingly enough. a few girls said they liked the play better.he arise then « m hi imagine things. Malvina said she wanted to imaginewhat the chat ac tees looked test of the class found this too (W-itt ult. They said, "In a book, you have to imagine I like to see action."66 THE ENGLISH RECORD

This is valuable be( mese the tea( het c an show these students that somehooks are packed with lion. I later gave them The Pi man .Ltd they

lined it.The Big Deal was (()riu)ated to situational comedies with the

h)llcwcing tcsults:

The Big1)eal islike.... Show

GIs Iluee Sonsn of students

The I Ione%til( )()iers 7

.II In The Family 3

I 1.me. Ltie 4

Family Affair 4

The Lucy Show

Sc) similatity to TV 5

The %el bal iiat ion about the play wally surprised and thrilled me.The students had nemendous insights into the play. One girl wrote,Joe is like Ralph The Honeymooners), because he always waits logo

ahead and make big deals." "Archie (li In The FaM ily) is like Jew. Heis in a fantasy world. [I lel dreams big and [has[ money problems." "TheBig Deal is not like a situational milady. It is not a comedy."

I hope this project helped the students understand and enjoy theplays.

It' T1' Protect ttlThe i)u)jet t was as follows:Rrailit t.cwilic lime) w buok itle haulm (It .1 IA' Ivthei moles

v. mac) adapt im v: %vitae mem, %%mem %.)11 toll" %vital .11IUf +dill {dt -

ttt''t' %%wild .0(1011,)%%. Inuit %%fluid tht..tims ht? 1Nttat t% itt,ut tctutItt tt IttRr tat. %pet mi. stun tt.

(tt flit tltrl., ell \ (Ha 111,1% I Ititlitit. the .1,1,%% 1 int tII.I% Int ItHit tttalugu. tt mtt%%1,11. 'I "11 mt. tht 1111(1 tut and 1),(4111,11 (it tin, sh.)%%.

The results were staggering. The students were creative andoriginal. Some itself sophistic meet movie techniques. For example. theyused flashbac ks (w(' had lead The Final War of 011y Winter). Theycreated stuns% about ec ology which %ete to be nal lilted by famous actors.Several students wrote dialogues. One girl did a wonderful job ofarefulls editing Mani held In The Promised Land. One girl adapted

Coffee. Tea Or Me to'' and Indicated all «munerials would be aboutSeveral students made Love Story into a sc Kip opera with a tune -

in- next -time motif. One. gill interrupted het progiam with a "specialnews repent: The Plesident will now speak" talk about reality!

ptojec t was %,iluable. hoc ;Luse( 1 ) the students enjoyed it and thatwas the main put pow of the ['nit. (2) The students were able to mastersophisticated filming tec hniques. They were able to adapt the written

SUMMER, 1974 67

A

word to tele%isiott and that is no easy task. (3) They revealed much ofthemselves in their work. Fol examph., Virginia loved Gone With TheWand, but changed the ending, because, "I hate sad endings," (1) Manyof the students said they had rum read a book and they had no favoritenot els. I was able to c ompile a book list, so I t ould help these studentsfind books they would like.

V TV Project #2This project was an extra credit assignment, 'I'he assignment was as

follows:%raft an% m hip 0pria 11)1 0ur twrk.

h thus wt itt.41(mit what happens. (:,tut tut ptedit t what will happen nexti WIt'?VI TV Project 03

Since the purpose of this unit on TV was to motivate generalstudents to read. TV Project #3 is the culmination of this goal. I am notinterested in developing literary tastes or cultivating future LordBynnis. I just 'member my conversation with several students.

"I can't do the IA' project.""Why not?""I haven't read a book.''"Have you ever read a hook you liked?"No""What did you do last term?""I don't t member ."

I just wanted to get them reading and enjoying hooks. The book list Iorttpiled was taken directly from the students' opinion polls and TV

projects. I checked authors' names in Books In Print. I figured if one stu-dent liked that book, (mhos might. I tied the bc)oks in with TV showsand tried to make reading fun by using a hand -wagon approach. I triedto find hooks which were related to the top TV shows. Hopefully thiswould seduce some of the students. RE...kW!! READ!!! READ!!! Read ahook you like. That was TV project al We read individually duringclass time.

The purpose of this project was to help make reading enjoyable.The general student finds reading is a laborious task. TV, which holdsso MU( appv;11 for these student, Can be enlisted as an aid in the readingcampaign. After findint- out what shows the students like, the teacherc a n t inpile leading lists which correspond to these shows. Comparingthe woe k studied in c lass to cut rent TV and movies, somehow, makes thewritten word moie relevant. English is our favorite subject; let's make itenjoable to out students.

I do not know if I have succeeded in motivating any students. Maybesome will find the pool., they now read more enjoyable, because theyhate studied a unit about TV. Poor Pat C. xrote, "At one time I wed toby glued to I.V. Now WhrOirt I WC of 1 (0711 it doesn't matter. Causeirankl!, TV is known as the iDIOT BOX.-


I don't know vhetlier it was the prosiaict of unit on 11' or not. butPat dropped out of school atter the first three weeks of class. Maybe some01 the other students %Oro stayed, gained som ething!

t%'ashington living high School, New l'ot k

SUMMER, 1974 69

Child Drama . .

And JonathanLivingston Seagull

Ptentiss NI. I lostotcland

Elitabeth At hesonI:canteen lout th and fifth grade boys and girls read Jonathan

1.1-7.ingsum Seagull, pat ts of it with their !cachet. They talked about itis it h their parents. itu.1 with each other at scluxil, One boy said, "I heard.Jonathan Living.ston Seagull is banned in China."

'Me xcnnget c fluid asked, "What does that mean?"Flie don't want people in China to toad it. The kids can't read it."

"Vhv not? %Vt. can."

So a disc ussion of the drivel meaningsthe underlying themeofthe star v. rook plat e. and possible reasons why a government would notwatu its c hildten to lead the story were hypctthesited.

Dui ing the following week the children learned a great deal aboutChina. The% could talk a bit about "Chairman Mao's children." Theykat nrcl how S tilnetable is the Great %Vali. built c entuties ago to restrainhostile iris,uters. The% learned abc nit politic-al messages in visual corn-:ninth at ic ommunal hild c ate, women in them my, minimum hous-ing. regimented sc hooling. rho, decided to have a drama about asc hool.

Thene are tea( hers and a pr inc ipal: and pupils are theme, of course,but the c armor be seen b$, an onlooker. Representatives of Mao's coun-c it !lase come to the sc hc H )1 to talk abode t he gc wet nineties expectations.of the sc hoot and, ultimately, of the hildren. People who r tin a c heroicalplant and an expo' I-import business also visited the sc hoc )1 to show theirintel est. be( ause mimeo! the simple soiling tasks for the factot v and shopate dime by c hildten. In this way they help the national effot t and receivework nainirtg. The teat hers are again 'minded of the spec ial list ofboc)ks. the on/v books to be read tool by the( hildten, One mother is pre-sent. She is an artist who paints otil pit tines glorifying the Republicand posters whit h meet Mao's approval. She is upset bey anse het child'steac her has been reading an Amer is an booksomething about a birdwho defies his elder s. Is this a proper example for the c hildt en? This in-( Hem assumes mote impoi tan( e. even. than the problems teat hers areha% ing with c hildren who want to draw pit-tines of a funny fat mandressed in led. and ask tin cotton to use for fin on his (oat and cap: orhildre who 1)1 mg toys to sc }tool, toys that are round and go up and

down on a sn Mg; or t h ilth en who make stic ky bubbles with a sweet-smelling substanc e in then mouths.


CalHUM 111L1S1 he taken. though, before an accusation is made, es-in the presence of Chairman Mao's government men. Rut is this

a matter to be investigated?

At this moment. 110 one knows %%bat %Yin be the outcome Of thisobletn, not even the c hitchen. "tea( het who ntiOt have beenntitit'ded he the puzzled and ;mg' -mother" had to leave (tic group to

take his music lesson, and at the ch>se of the session one of the "govern -

!tie it 1111'11" Wilisprltli to the teacher, who had taken the role of"modulator' at the meeting. that he' was going to make some' in-estigat ions. Where will it all lead?

The author s ha% t. built then Ina( lice and teaching of child drama inethical ion on the philosophy and model of Dorothy Ileathcoteof the' In-stitute of Ethic anon, Uni% et sit y of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England,tuned (llama educatot and advocate of children's potential to solve

oblems c teal1%ely. She has demonstrated eloquently how drama canstiett h t hildren's minds, develop then ability to use and understandLinguage, and how it c an provide teachers with tlw opportunity to,engender positive self-concept in their pupils.

Problem Solving"You'ir 1tx kt'd (nu!" shout the hijackers aboard Skylab I to the

scientists who have been space-walking to collect samples of at-mosphet ic pal tic ls fit inspection. These scientists have about half atank of oxygen left, and they haven't eaten for over three hours. Theyemgn ire the tit gem y of their position. Their captive co-workers alsc, see

this. I low can the men and women get hack into Skylab?

This problem anise with some fourth graders when two of theSkylab scientists revealed they were really hijackers masquerading asastionauts. Once' atx raid Skylab they could «nnmandeer it for their owninn ioses. This was not an idea proposed by the teacher. No discussion ofthis impending development had taken place beforehand. The hijack-ing was a spontaneously initiated problem emanating from an ongoingdtama.

Language Development' Listen c at (gully while I read this document. As the King's subjects

on ate to affitm all of the information t have written to Ills Majesty."

'lite do( Innen!. composed by Dorothy I lea thcote, did not consist ofthe vocabttlat v of the' trade's and English books. so some of the eight-to-ten. year -olds seemed purled as she continued. "You realize your rights,

as c i t *um. mulct the Crown, to know what I, your governor, am repor-ting to the King; therefote, you Men and women should listen carefullyto make sure all I have' written is correct."

The "govet not' proceeds to read a description of the precedingday's at tip ities of these "cc ilonists." After reading a portion of the doe u-ment. the' governor inquires. ''Is that what happenedr

SUMMER, 1974 71

Then oti allitin that?"

I he mlonists ate asked onl% if the% all inn the next statement. As thedot tunnt the'} item, t olottists appeat to be it lit/%hiltless lot."

"tt'e won't Albin that!" a small nine-%'.0 -old pipes up. "It's it lit'.tV wink hate'

statement 'appear to lite village We'll's 1)tickettope has been inliken lot two weeks* and even ;Alen asked, no one willfix it. This git vs to ine the appearance of laxity on the pat t of youolonists."

rhe olonists Icahn' the dil let cm t' between "appear to be lacy" and"an. Lii% and the giumbling subsides. o(itiailitry is learned, and theimpat t semantic s is intiodut ed ut 16111On-ed.

Self(:oncept I)eveloprnentI attic shatenn who had been pointed out in a stage whisper by her

wading teat het as "one of the ten slowest children in all the fitst gradet lasses in the st bail." was asked by the diama !cadet what she'd like tomake a pia% about. -l'otatoes," I ante tile shy answei.

Questions Intl Siiii10)11 It) say she liked set't polar() pie. Pit king tipon this, the !cadet and the glom) tc, 'It Off to make not just ont sweetpotato pie. but to hate' a pie baking «mtest. This engrossing (llama

aird ,,,,hatutt alai six iii.10()gent.,flisly giutip4,41 t ja,,,atiat4,,, with anettanable half-bout Of iitthit%, shopping foe ingredients, cooking thefillings, tolhng ( lusts. baking pies. and presenting them to the judge,with c (mulleins out their title( tabiiil. No adult had to tell Sharon site%vas Capable of /Audit( ing gt)oti idea. She and het t lassinates experient -

ed het idea Lit at :11)11. Nelf-t OM cin had it tevetsihl been take&foil Ina% ask, "I low (fos NW 1Viiiie doing, nos

(Inlet him (llaa in education?"First. ontoatulations ,f1(' in ()flirt t()1 %MI l()1 mot ing %out pupils

out of then ( {lairs int() at non. lassnann teat het is the apptoptiateprison to be doing this (llama, not a (Manta site( ialist. lite ( lassiooteat het knott's the stiengths anti needs of Cat }tilt!: she knowssfictimit4 of Vs hat is going bona' with the t hiltiten. She is hillyattate of the s( laad ( tint( Blunt. %Vith this ha( kgtound information,«animal! %vial tribal and non-%etbal messitges hots the ( lass and hetkootyletigt, of !he t))pn onilthrn tvant It) Ithikt' pia% about. she ancst.iblish .1 Incss point f()1 the beginning of a titaillit in win( thtilli(ien get then -kit ks- as the% Wm..' and leant.

1)t-lina (du( goes hmnd teiln dtainatit s in than it mustexpose the( hildien Pia %vale %ie%% of life than the% Cain see annual them1) tAjdote in spal:ft(' dtainatit episodes. In (llama the teat het t on-


%tautly leads children to see the universality of a situation or role. Theschool clerk the children interview belongs to the brotherhood of thosepeople %vim help whet s. There have always been those whose function itwas It help others. Hundreds of years ago travelers throughout Europe'had no inns or hotels at whit h to lest. If they were fortunate. they mightc (mu. Up( H) a hospice attendell by monks along their way. Ionks, too,%vete people who helped others,

In Skylab or moon shot dramas the astronauts are pioneers.c nigh'mt time there have been bold people whose curiosity led them

to explore. at great danger. the' fartherest reaches of their environment,beyond what others before them had done: people such as thePhornic ions, Mar ie 011ie. Sigmund Freud. The struggles of anotherpionevi , I. nds Pasteur, to get his serums tested might 1w a particularlype'rtine'nt topic when some of the class is absent because of a fluepidernii . This is not specify a reenactment of that story, but thebuilding of a drama mound the' spirit and the essence of those' of thetaut her hot xi ot Pasteur.

Preparation tot drama ill education. as can he seen, doesn't takeplace the night before a lesson; it takes place during the years before.Child drama I not ides us with mars dolts motivationthe need anddesiic to rake time to read anthropology. sociology. history, and psy-

hologv. It what we're about is helping c hildren's minds to grow, weneed to know wwards %Orin to (lire( t them: to experiencing the univer-salits of man's condition throughout tune and the impact ofbrotherhoodsnnis )1 people, solving problems of significance to humanity.

.1tlanta Public tic hookof (*.oign'

SUMMER, 1974 73

As They Like It- -A Visual ApproachTo Shakespeare ForYoung Students

Let nu ite W. I fc (town/Teat hit A.s You fake It to tenth glade students can be extremely

ex( icing because these young students ate beginning to discover with agreat deal of enthusiasm that a play is incne than simply a sequence ofr% ems. A !evolution is taking !dace in then thinking about narrativelitetat me in general. The conception of a mnel or play as a continuoustutfc lding of tilt idents beginning on page one and ceasing at the back«net is being Irplac eti In the disc nen- that the work can be seen as ex-isting all at cmc e. as having a total sti mime in which all its parts fittogrthi simultaneously. While the student who views the play or 11011as existing only in the unfolding of the plot as he reads it is likely to resist( lass discussion because it is "pulling apart- the continuity of hisleading expel Um e. the student who sees a work of I herature spatially aswell as nat Ian% ely finds a c hallenge in discovering relationships amongits pai ts. The skills of making all kinds of relationshipsanalogy. con-trast. symbol, iionc an then he developed.

To !alp the student to leplace his old nattative model of a novel or!din with the mote sophistic ate(' spatial or structural one. the teacherhas to «nnmunic ate the concept of sun( trite to the student in a readilynuclei standable way. Making (hag! inns of the various aspects of the work«unmunicates the' concept of sum tune visually. And since the most oh-s ions place to begin is with the plot. Not tin op Ft ye's theory of theum-entions of «niii( and tragic phit sit tic tine c an bean imp( tant fit st step

for the %citing student in getting a peispectie on the play as a whole.Equall% imponant, situ e the young student's experience of literaturelends to sporadic anti disc mnet led, an uncler standing of unwell-tic nial plot situ( tine c all provide him with an important elementaryflamewolk lot making c onnec dolls among his disparate' readings.

Northrop !else's «incepts cast be pirsemed in a simplified way toboth delight and insti uct tenth glade students. In the Anatomy ofCritu ism. he des( !dies the basic «inn( plot as moving through threephases: an initial situation in whit It the main c harm let is blocked fromattaining the objc t of his desire': the c halm ter's clilangh.111011 in thedes clot iing bloc ks whit It tea( hes a low point and then begins to un-tangle as the bloc ks dissohe: and what Ft yet ails the "red ignition scene"in win( h alt the bloc ks are !evil% ed and the main c ham( ter ac hieves his(fcsiir I hr Noe ks c an he (Atet hal to the c hara( to t sere h as stubbornpatents. unjust laws, so( lid ptrsstrres. or they may be internal bloc ks like


sell-tie( evil( rti, illusions, lat k ill understanding knowledge about thereal situation. The c (curse crl the plot caul I tin( AV the 1)1()lisc ()melting the bloc king c hat rc-tet s, c,t the plot c alt disscilve 11whicic ks edit( ating the main c haracter to a more appr rpi late tin-deistancling of himself and ()diets. 1)isginsc, is a good examplc. 01 a 1)1(x kWhit h an appeal in hcith icnnIs. Shakespeate char:tact s ate frequent-ly pits sic ally disguised sit that t lima( tees do nut know each other's iden-tities. Iiut c Irma( trt also beck( eietl by masks of ptetensicrnvoin byother s of by then Invir illusions about themselves.

eneig of the comic ac titl11 move's tilt' plot horn a rept essive in-itial situation to the re( ognition scene' in %tint h everyone finds out tYhttt.% one is tail in whit It the c hat at tuts air Ironic i led %yid! eachwho ina mow just sot iet tvith those not dile( tly related hequently gettingmatt ied. In the ..Itratomv, holosor FIt. estlits his -theory of comic

don like this:%vim! ntnln,lll% il.(1.1)(1), 1, film .1 11111th{ 111,111 tt API% .1 % °Wig t% I11.11

b% sf )tlfc 'pp thtlallt palellf.11. Mid 111,1f II.11 Ihr (id PI OW phi%(mu ft% 10 f he plot uff.ibir% fill' huff )11) 11.1tr t% Ill hi this p.if Irt 11 Ihrit

nr ,t.% mit ()MI6\ In f its! plat r. the mu% vtlitlit elf IMICII% i, ii1ii;111%

.1 111,1%, Ptlf %Pt 111% If) MU ht I .Si file belt111111111.; Pi OW 11L1% IhrPINIllt -PIN t ii.11.ii tris Air lit I thilitr III the 1 (1,1%.% 4.61)1 1111...ifial till.uuh11111 Irt 111,11

1 lir% 11+111prl%. Si fill- ttil I ll Ihr Plat fill d% IA I. in till 1111 it th.il Wits OW !DIU.1111 bri(Mir n.tctilrl .1101..1 nett 11 111% flit 1%1.1111/1'.11,11ffill hi' itri1)111(1 1111In1)-

1111111 1%+1.1111/.1I1P11 1111 Ill% Olt 11111111 f Ii p.,.)Ifif 1( It In Ow nun. theI 'WM dim 1( 11% 111 iffJppt mom r 1)1 lilt% t% nht-Ilul +1t411.111/t31 11% +(Wit' kind lit pails III lusiist 11ttI ll. %% hit h lathe lilt atthe cud 1Ii lilt I /IR I ) 1.1k11)1.14 11111111r411.11rk Air/ %%did 1eiliiingsattih 'mist 111.111% thi. quad'Wm.; it 011.1 nil 1)1 .11 1 !kr 11. th.lt ilit .0114,4,4 1hr 01.,1,...dt p.1111,114 ,,t1

laid.. plat ,1 dam i.%% hit h anialit ihrihr masque.

I imvtvt.t, t het t. is itlvit%s a tot( rant ithrt it .11 t1, the( omit movotictittcnattis temghiticni MO mutt( thdhcm. This anti-minic e is he-citienti% leptesemed in a c hat ac tri evil() iellises to loin in the festivities atthe (qui cif the Hut. 1)(yenclitig cut triithel the aticiirtic is wade to itii-inct% e of thsapptme of this alimited c , the tiet sot let% c beeithef cud( used of critic i/ed. If the "teltiset it( testi% it is richt hied hthe %%ctil.'s admit:dile c halm Iris, the het sic let% trc ekc.% the fullestpc),,thic ail it thaticnr, tut %itn the tnelatic Indy Jacitirs tehisestc, jinn In the "chin in tneasines" .11 the end of Yuic /.tkf' It cit tvlich

tlitattis met fel Ittall%. "I'll he t%hgeci on the %%quilt' pac k c)f%cm" at the tint tit Twelfth Night. the audience is dispuseci to laughI Awl than tu stiipatiti/e. Anse the tacit finds ati tinge) ing doubt.,he might ita about the count( integt anon ()bk.( tifird in a I tticnisc halm tl t. acicie. anti NIA% ()In) .tc ttialh help hint tc) ace ept the not;sic let% . I Iu%%e%t t, if the anti-c ()tin( lout be( ()Ines tic( )ir pioncrunc ell antith refuset of tsti% it% a( conics mot e itablequalitirs, the itc%v soc irtybet on. to look (Luke!. inoir %timidt to the initial site irty. The main( lima( ter himself ( an Veen ettitge as the tel.ttset of festivity, ref using tot (main inside tilt- ncv site lt% like I Iii( k Finn tsuiving tc) "Light out EntOw tett in ;fillet than hec third in Allot ot Nola dr( icling to

SUMMER, 1974 75

leave het "tioll's house- alto all the « mf usions of the blackmailing havebeen untangled and Thot %aid "tecognires" het as his wife again. 1'he)10pc )1 tit Hlal 1W1 1111'11 tilt' Ilt'W society anti the teuser of

Ic..tit it %. t)I 111fltt' latgel% bettven the comic and the anti-comic fon es, isone soul( I. of the Inexhaustible %al fad( ms in whit 11 the basic t (inven-tions of the Conti( plot t an lie used.

Nly tenth gt Shakespeat e class gt aspect these ideas easily and con-net led with gnat enthusiasm their c lassroom wading with other variedastir( is of !hell liteNtly anti popular cilium. experience. The plot suite-tutu of ,1.c You 1.1ke It is basic ally similar to Jonathan I.ivingst(mSpagoll, the iitiVt'ilttltt'S of black and ted stallitms, the love stories ofGet n gene I leyet and the Int stet ies of Agatha Cht istie, Gtinsmoke and,t/t.s.s ion Ipos.stble, The Graduate 111(1 Search For Tomorrow, %Vt't waled fail tales. animal slot it's. .john anti Mary soap operas whichweir basicilly the same in teons of plot sn tic nue no matter how differentin sill lac t. detail. Vhile students «mtplained that the comic plots they%%ACM' lot ittnnuwot k, sut h as the (me that follows, were all "trite," that%vas exit( II% the in Mit the assignment teas, supposed to Make.

..1111 Ira% rs htnnr in ,c,111 h 0I Ills hiffs hinihrt chit %%as 1(Isi hit fscchts %e.',,1,1111(1 tint In *4141 Until 1h 1)1(411t n ImInd. (;t1,11d falls into the

hand, I It 1).11111111 bill I1 I (.11 u(11 1)% a I,ti to till I. 11111 Lill 111 !Mr. (.1/4111.1i1)%1VIIV

hr t 311.1 HUM 31111 1/11.11 (attic? t (mi ssr, t1 Iwt,11.11d', unt 11...11to Ia% ins;hi, 1)1(01r, 1%% cm% %cm+ ago. die. iffil II' had fallen in II)% with .1 punt gill and hadmatt led 1111 I h. 11111 flui ;1+11.1111d 11) }UMW 11 Ill, 11101111'1, Stith).11111%%.11(1%, 1111 iii1111111s .111 Mitt Illy 111,111%.

(:hang(' Getald's 'muftis(' to Rosalind's disguise, the farm girl toRosalind anti gi% e het bigger tole in the action and basically yt HI haveAs }'tau Like It.

Alto spending se% et al t lass pet rods playing with vat ions winicplots, we be to discuss .'l.s You lake It scene by st env. mak lug as manymite( lions atilt hatactet s. ideas, images and the like as possible.

But these isolated obser% at ions really only made sense when we began to!nit the pia% togethet as a whole. after the students had «mtpleted theirset )141 leading. %Vt. dealt with the concept of the pla's %tinture first intel ins of plot, thawing the bast« omit plot on the blac kboard and in-di% iduali/ lug this «mvntional sum tine b diagramming eat It block.

In the initial situation. %eyelid china( lets want something but ateblot kid from ha% ing it; ()Hand() wants Rosalind; Rosalind wants( )1 land( ); Rosalind wants het father, Duke Senit 1)tike Senior %%quitshis dukedom; ()Hand() wants his patrimony and an education: Celiawants Rosalind to he happy. 1)tik Ft edet it k and Oliver are the blockingfigures. Both ha% e usin Ind what belongs to their brothers. Frederick hastaken 1)tikt. Se'nior's dukedom, and Oliver has denied Orlando his in-hut itan«.. Rosalind and ( Wand( e blot ked pal tially by these usut ping


( harm tuts. but the inaji 1 bloc k between thew is Rosalind's disguise, Iiithe first plat Orlando can't find Rosalind be( she is disguised as

Mot imponant, %Oln he meets (;anvinede he doesn'tnet ogni/t Rosalind because he 1()% es an ideal Rosalind, a pi, tort' in hismind, . mile! than the a( trial Rosalind. Fins iciralired line is anodicrblot k whit II Rosalind must wino% C. to "( ut nig" hint of his "madness"before a 4'il1(MiiiIt Mal iag ( an take pia( (. Rosalind's disguise is als( ) ablot k between )% I% ins and Phoebe. again both hysit ally and as a telley-tioti of a foolish attitude t()%vaitis love. this time Phoebe',. By not seeingthe tinth behind Rosalinci's masculine facade. Phoebe shows that she isin low tint with an individual 1)t1t with a c ertaiti kind of posture,

The c lass clec ided that At t III %vas the most confused part of the play,and that the Ho( ks begin to) dissc the with the t ()nye! sion nt Oliver andhis den ision to pi%t then father's lands to ()I land() in A( I A( t wasasingle lung so clic, tli felt, bet dust' as tilt' let ognition env it is the timelot (lei% thing to get stiaightened out: Rosalind get. ()t lamb) and is!conned %% ith hen Lithe!. l)trkeSeitiot, %vh(sedukedont is itstorecl to him%%heti I)iike I. retie} is k iS t ottyt n reel. 1)1100)e (it'l kit.% that SVIVitIS isn't sohad after all, loll( listone gets Authe%. ()Ii% et pails out with Celia, andlow wtiples mental! it'd bit !MIN at Ilt'W sot iety with the r iglu! III dukt. atit, head. Rosalind exldaitis all mill usions and the play- ends with adam e.

students agieed that Jaques was "inisf %vhc) lust didn't"belong" in the new so( it.t% but th% fell that it %vas imp(); tint to havesomeone let thrill(' "clan( ing ineastns" or the ending would lit too un-teal isti( f or "sugar%" as the% put it). II% !iking to join in. he ( iti( iidthe new sot len, but sin( elle %Vl1 Mad( I( look 11(1( ulotis thioughout the

.3,pia% 1)% the ( ottnnents of ()trim ( tiara( iris and Ii his own a( lions. his

nu km didn't hint. an% ,minus rife( t. Ito a( fed its it st11 I of lighThe students agreed that Jaques was a "misfit" who just didn't

"belong.' in the new so( iel% , but the fell that it was imp( )1 tant I( havesomeone lei use the "Banc ing tnasities" 0)1 the ending %could be too WI.Ira (01 "111gill" 11 Id111j1144 I() i()III iii. he ( !III( i/rdthe /1('W 1()( It R. I/III ( he tViI1 Wilde I() 1()(1k With( tilous throughoutthe play IA dirt t)1/1111('Ilts t)1 Wile! c hitt At let, anti }i ili1()%111itt hill's, illsI !ill( i,111 hit\ t' all% %CHOU% tile( I. I it' at It'll it% it stll I 0)1 lightning10)01 fur out own ( Hu( ism of the rim hannom. E% mole imi rant, asone student suggested, he otildn't belong to the new soc itv he( arise hewas too mlan( hol% and Rosalind hackaid "Those that are in (Anentitsof eithet Lntelatu holy 0)1 laughtri aue abominable fellow," i, -6).Ot land() %vas the whet extreme. the extreme of latightei, be( atheidealistic view of I()%r didn't lake into 40« flint all those truth, of lift.which, be( alise he ton )k there 10)0) lt )1111V, Millie Illtli111( 110 )1V.

Ruth tAIIt'llit's Welt' rit% It'd in the llt'W st)( it'1V based t )11 (Mt andnuuIiage. Rut if Jaques hart been an admirable( hata( to. they felt, then

SUMMER, 1974 77

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his eXt ltt,iuii hobt th tir%% SO( iet% W0111(1 haVt. Made it went as had apia( e a the thst sot let)., the molt, %%nt h had excluded Rosalind and()Ilando ill At 1 I.

the titst (hawing of l'OU Like Its comic plot stititunt' lookedlikt this:

Millis! six tel

el dinaiRld +s+()

c+oalbFconverted andreturns dukedom

banishIllenthit St

threat )t lando'slilt

.1datir neat death

BLOCKS BUILD

Oliver converted andloves Celia

Rosalind's disguiselando's absurdit%

(*.mansion of identity(:orif used ideas about

IOW BLOCKS DISSOLVE

tfishatmon%between s%1% tits

and Phoebe

Rosalind's disguisePhoebe's foolishnessS% tus's absut d ity

Rosalind's"cute- for"madness"

()Mei %%.1%, dra%ving the rzio% einem of the plot gie%%. out of this in-itial draw am. First thew nett spirals and some animated argumentwhthil the ma; point should berm the ()wet ( lit le. representing themo% intent horn confi,iun to silliplit it%. or the 11111(1T/10st 1)01M,rrincsciiiing the tne,ttnttnt hin the initial sitliatioll through ( in les Oft,tif',sit to the most c ()min eliensi% e c iic le of the recognition sc ene.

(fist Itch to Illselri (loll of the hourglass as the basic design.3


cr p ilou rV.. lath

The Nttideilt1 (It'i fitted that this met aphot had se% etal advantages. Tlwpla's ino% (mein %vas like the. Iou col gtavit%; the initial unjust situation/in% toe hangi. bel mist. of the line e. of the tom it- actttnt.Likethesanti.the( kit auto s thlotIgh thr hit ks fit nn ati inset It'd at rangentent at thepla 's beginning and fin,illV "settle" into the mopes pvt amid by ,.e -t t'.And i ttiuist. the hoinglss is an image ot time and time, as onlesttltit'llt inn is in this pla% like a space Ion things to get untangled in.4

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An objtvtion wits risked that this diagram did not distinguish betweenthe two societies. The initial unjust society shouldn't be a circle. but asmaller %ersion of the middle shape, because the second society was thelust society towards which all the characters except Touchstone and Ja-ques who woe cute tionaries, always looking backwards toward thecourt, were moving. Asa trtillit lilt' diagram was

The Play's movement followed the high and low points of the comicwrit usion and ended in a higher or better society.

rged by a desite for Sy11111101v, one girl suggested a new diagramwhit h showed the widest pall of the play as occurring in the middle. ex-panding out ul thc iii st so. ict . and leading Iowa' ds the second SO( iety.'

9


MST COPY AVAILABLE

Then ant StlIdOlt suggested that this diagt am becombined with thehourglass since the two together would show the expanding and con-ti a( ling shape of the action as dl as the idea of the charactos filteringthrough the bolt k.8 This thawing was accepted with enthusiasm.

hum a «nu eption of plot stria une, the students %vete rcad tonun e on to othei v.i%sol relating pat ts of the play intuit %vhole.. Fhis %vas

a c Iut tal n ;opinion c halletiging them to put together all the ideas thathad «nue 111) in disc ussions about c haiactei. ideas, imagery and the like.

Vhile clut ing those cal lict disc ussions those terms must have appearedto the t lass as so many halls to juggle. %vitli first one being thrown up for

dist ussion and then another. the students now had to tic to see them as!itts of an ()ult.! k !nitwit'. To help the students make this transition,eat 11 %vas asked to thaw tht sutra ttlte of the in let 111s Whet than 1)10t.

Tilt's(' &ming., were on a vatiete of levels. Some %%Tie simply another%va of otganiiing plot. but othris Inc asses on t karat ter ielationshipsand st »tit. t eptesert tr.(' the «min.( lions between pin lir tllarc halm tet s and

the laN's trimal I nit flits. These thawing., %vte mitneogiaphed, and,using a s( ale of one to tell. the t lass awarded st ()WS for (0111pleflell-siviless. Plot thaw ings re( eked the lowest se ores. ( isons amongthe (hawing., made it easy N) sec what areas of the' pia% were left out Of

rat f t diaing. and then we flied t o t nur III) %vial a (flawing whit h «n11-

n01(.11(1(11 .111 of the best ideas.

This (hawing wile( till out de( ision that the two most impot hintw (rids in the phi% wet t. "lo% is- and Vedec ided that (h land() andS%1% ills w elf. foolish Io%ets ht' ails(' then ignored time's inevitable effecton hemselt s and on then 'Tout futon" and Jaques, 011 the otherhand, %yet r Inept ripe(' %vith the 't iping" and "totting- of the hoci ill

SUMMER, 1974 81

time. Rosalind sit k a balance between the two extremes because shewas ilWare of time, especially when Orlando was late for ills ap-pointments, but didn't 'educe man's life to numbers of years. Rosalindalso st rut k a balance between Orlando's ideal ited love and Touchsume'slot us on physical passion. I let lose would be both spiritual andphysical, excluding neither. In a %slit Id in which t init. means change, theonly teasttable was to be in ((we is tt) t et ognite that love will change aswell as each lover. Arden is not a Garden Of Eden, as old Adam, the ser-vant suffering from age and hunger who wanders around with Orlando,reminds the audience. Those who believe in eternal youth, eternal love,et eternal anything are fools.

In out t lass drawing. Rosalind is the center of several balancesbetween extremes:

OrlandoSs 1% ills 'Touchstonespitittial physicallo%t love

reasonable.loveRosalind

Or land()ignoretime

rationala%ateness oftime

Tout hstone.Jatittes

pteo« upation%ith time

Jaques Orlandotilt 1.111(1114%

Rosalindcalistit

s less of

laughtet

',t t pill tuguthrt thrset.xtretlies in a single drawing with Rosalind atthe c eruct, the set vthing


BEST COP? Eilail3LE

Touchstone

passion+ physical

ptec)c( upied the wise fool%vith time

balanced

in ideal lose

love

Rosalindthe foolish wise man

Jaquesmelanc holy()Ilanclo

laughter easonable viewOf life

As a cot ollary to the diagram assignment. students were also askedto «impose a single sentence which c t ystallized as completely as possiblethe meaning of the play as a whole. As with the drawings, we composed asemen( e as a c lass to bring together the best of the ideas into as nearly a( 0)1111)tehensiye statement as we could make: "..ls You lke It suggeststhat man should neither ignote the effect of t 111W in an ideal i/ed view ofthe per mimetic(' Of love nor c ynically rechu e all human activity to theht d% gradual (Jesuit( t ion because man is happiest %glen he tempers hisIn% e with it tat ic mai -.wareness human Invitations."

By beginning with Not thin!) Ft ve's theory of conventional plotstructure," students woe able to grasp the concept of the work oflittlattlle seen as a thole whose pat ts ( ()exist. Gradually plot (ounce-

ms were enhanced with more sophistic ate(' kinds of connections sothat terms like chaticcteriiat Um, theme. and imagery made sense as pat tsof a whole. Diagraming these diffetent relationships reinforced the ideaof stt ucture and helped to build impot tant skills. Equally significant,the student gtasped the idea that eiu h work of li let mute that he tc'ads canbe related to other %yolks of lite! atm e. Since winks rof literatute do havec tain common c halm set istic s in toms of how they move from begin-ning to middle to end, 11w student began to develop a basic ftinnewot kfor c omparing his different teadings. The student began to mulct stand

SUMMER, 1974 83

hat itu k 01 litet ;tittle( -an lw mulct stood and appret lined more fully%wn it is tead in the (moil of other works (It literature, that the mostimp()) tam and ompieliensive context Within which tohtelatilte is Intl:mite itself.

The Amerit an UniversityVast) ington,

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THE ENGLISH RECORD

Ii

The Reading Teacher'sRight To Write

Jerome Axelrod

There ate several reasons why reading teachers do tun write journalu tides despite frequent rtviests from editors to do so. linden:on-lidence, modesty, la/iness, insufficient knowledge of a subject, and agenuine inability to write t et tainly head the list. But other reasons for aprson's "( mitive dysgtaphia" include an uncertainty as to what kindsof at tit les a pat tic ular journal wants or an awareness of the existence ofrelevant publications that seek manuscripts.

The following bibliography includes most of the reading-ed tic ation jc rut nals published in the Canada and England. Exclud-ed hots this annotated list are general and higher education, appliedlinguistic s and philology journals which never or only sporadicallypublish trading at ticks; also omitted here are all monographs.newslenets and loteign language periodicals. Editorial and subscrip-tion addresses ate included in this list.

Fat IS pIt'WilIed in this article are necessarily temporary: editors die

01 ret ire: journals die or change names (an annoyance to the researcher);headquarters' move. etc. The it nut Ild listings here are also incomplete:sevet al editors did not send this tesearher. fcar one reason or another,«rine% of then join nals. Situ t. trans journals ask their potential author'sfollowing a pat tit ulat style or set of guidelines. it is necessary for theWit I to obtain a recent ropy of the journal he' wishes his article toappeal in. (Often, obtaining a particular journal is difficult becauseeven the largest public and university libtatiesdonot subscribe to all thejournals listed heir. One way of getting a copy of a little-known journalis hr wt icing to the subs( iption address of the journal. This addres canhe' found In looking in the hooks listed in this bibliography. The nameand address of the journal are listed alphabetically under the heading-editc anon."

I 'nits, other wise noted. all jtitnnals in this list seek manuscriptsform all states even in the cases in whit II a pat ticular state or region ismentioned in the title (e.g. (Min Reading Teacher).

.1 tildiled mantis( tip! must tiss.;ts inc hide a self -atidtesstli stampeden% el<Tr. I he least espenst e tvav of mailing is by Diming sixteen centspostage on an envelope and vt iting. "side( cal Ith Class-Manuscript."s ail mail when !nailing outside the' I *.S. tit Canada.

One %tat t beside the desc 14)1 ion of a pat tic ular jout nal imlicatesthat the publi( anon is a I ccognird leaflet in the field of reading. Two%to! ") indit ate that the reseal( hei 'sannotatc11 info, ma trot) is based onhis anal\ sc, of only one issue of that paint that periodical.

SUMMER, 1974 85

What is a join nal? Although thew are many definitionssome ofthem conflictingthe ;mann has chosen the following ct iteria as towhat constitutes a journal: I) a journal is a professional periodical con-sist ing tit articles based on a single genet al motif, like "education." ca amote pato( hial theme, like "leading"; 2) it is published consistently atleast twice pet yea! (exc Ettgb.sh /....,tvoy, once per year); itpublishes sonie unsolicited mantis( ripts by persons not 011 the journalstaff t except ion: Reading NezeNreport accepts only solicitednian(isct ipts): 3) it does not pay for articles except in the form of free«,pies of the journal in which the article appears. In fact. some journalsle% y an autlic it pet -page c hat ge ( e.g. I?eading Improvement ( barges S.Iri-$.18 pet page).

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SUMMER. 1974 87

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subti iplmn. \II (.11,t1I 1-1,thrut 'i11t(1.11% ttt 1611t1t. Island

ulttist Ul 12.)1wP .131tIttuna11. I'mYtsity III Rh( Kit. 1.1.tnt1\Low., pp! ltd.)! !!! y. Bat lima Nitu !is. ut 1)(Htlantl-G1)thain.

Abi 1191 ,I1(ii 1)t) 1111.

\()I? 1'11 (..II?()11.\.1 1...\(.1.1511

sub.1111,11.iii It, 1 IIal)(11 ,)1 (itrensbol().27 112.111114)1 Ill HI 7$7. V.111' F1111"1 I nitt'II1'-

11, "1 F11.-11111 ,11111 111. 1110111(1111n III 1'11)41101 it .11I 11'%1'1: %%11111'11 11111% by

N..1111 ( .11,1111.11!.()ill() /..\ (.1 1s1/ /3/ // /.1/.\

it \ii( jai 1.011, ).111411.11 1.1), tabu!! iii (Alm, 1'inIngtmet.11 Sue.1 wt. I11\1 ti,1111 1.11111% 1).1\ IN O11111 1 111%1 I1I%

%%1'14111111s (11111111/1111,11114 11111 .111111111 1111,1101.111(1F nglish !rat lung .11 let t.ly

.1 %tell .1...tuti. I, ,,11 111,1111h; .11111 %11111.111( t ."

(1111(1 it! 11)1\.i. 1(111'.1?

sub.' ! 11,11..11. 11111,11 1,/.1 ph \11111111. RIA ling (01111 Slaty 111Imql%41...! milt II. 1,11111 ( )1)1.).111...

(IA!. 1/1(1%1.1 I. \ (,/ /s// it/

N1111`4111"1"11` \1111011 .1111 IS111 SI ()11.111,1111.1 ( .11\ 7(111:(

F1111 u, (.111111 1)1)t It . 11111111y . 1-111th 7370I

\1..,t dim is bum ( )1.1.111(m1.111 l'111/111.111 1111.()1.1.11!,,111.1(..,111h11"1 11%1(11(1%

1.11141111

()AI Aii1).11.1

1il1/m/1;0).M, \1.11 I 32 3 F Niatlimm. ()1.1,111.1111,1 ( !t%. 7.i1(1')

\1.1.1 Am, %t t in.-11 !it Olt 1.11)111,ifit

l'( l't #1 I t "IA

1/4.1111s( iptli)l1s 12,11,11 / 1V1111.1111/)(111 ( (M1111111111% (3111t141.. 111c1111,1. 177(11

I 1111,1/ F1.1111, 11,H II.. 1.1111,411 I 11111111%

1'111)11...111 l',1111111.1111.1 ( (11111111 111 11.1t 111'1% 4 1.111411h

1,1 1?( 1.1,11 II 1") %","(iit ski/ s

11,,% / Ili. 11,,o/phi1? /0 ( II ,,, I NI. c),,t., .11i1dtaiiti

\ A It Adult.: 1,1111 1111 11, f 1. 1.11 ,)111.1111 111.111% i1 < .tit 11 MO( Is 141 /c,u1111g

SUMMER, 1974 91

11111.:.11)1Mi;

Sukt !pitons S.V. I iailtv. ti3 I lent.1 (;tmt.. Smith., land. Cu. 1)tithatti. SR 2 91.1.: 'tinedKingdom.

1.1111..1 1.111.1 )1)(11 I 'tint.tsit%. 1Vallon. Bien hlt.%. Rinks. Vnittt1 Kingdom

'.1 lownal I11t thc +11Ith Mitt 11111)1(1141114111o1 Watling anti laittlish111%' ; 1%1 itlen 1)1IllIc111.1114111,i1 .4111114)1s.

/?/..11)1.1, /1()1?//(),VS

Stihst k hiii4111)1,11)1/1 Mt (.1ffills. VcsIvIll Mit 111)4,111 I 'Illu'l11 .1. gnat Ill Is In till Rt..ttling ant1Clinit anti the. I Ionic! (*.met Reading Conn.

111 .11 1111 Ittivittational Rratling tation. kalamaroo.

subst 1111111111. .1tatIcnna Bo\ 12. S. (.).111.o.11. %Vim ()limn, 19(11.

Rtisst.11 (:.1..11, 111114atekt.t.. %Vt.( onsin.

Ill. 14111111.11 tin 1111 inipt111r1111111 (el tat fling" i. -...tic%oteti to the idea01.11 1.11411,11 11.11 11111)4 Iti 111411 11,101.111d «thew i..n.nnitt antis !datd to the tea( fling of

R1...1 .\.11'\1(1.3'()1(1'

1-4111111 I I V. 12nd St.. \ch. Yin!. Cats. 1(1036.

Fin till 1;11111.11 11n1 milieu., study!), Ill leading

! {!.I!)! 1.6 ()I .1/?I./?/.1.'41111,. 111,1111 i-1111,11 1)1 No11411,i ;Irv!. kansas Stan. (.1111rge. l'ittsInng, titi7ti2.

lek tin' Kansa. Intrtnanonal Rratting Avelx Litton.

1 ?1...11)1.\( /?!..11..1/il:/1 ()/ ..-1/{11:/{/.}.

solvo 111,111111.,.. 11111.1nanottal Ra.atling !anon. ti kn. .11nne. Newat k. IN.1.1wate.,1'171 1

1 1111.11. R,m41.! 1.111 1.14111111 11.11f111,1111. Indiana 11

11114 1,-, 1411 leading tt.watt

T.1(3/1?.111111 III1111n1. [11111 II %WC ilnitnal 01 Rading

Di al. 54 nh .t.pri 1. Olt tilt tvat lung eef clvint.ntat anti .et entiat) !vatting. InnI'll 11111.111 (hi 1ItM11)1.11% IU+

Rh I 1)1V(. 11.()1(1.1)

11111.(1111111:11. 1)) I 1..11).1,(1 11(.1.1114. (Aillt.gt grading .1...tot lawn. Reading C.11111(1111.1..

t t11l..1 sawn, I I. wan. shippoiNhing Sian. (.11111g4.. 17257.

Till III kn. IS% n ,if the' 'frill/Me. S111*(101)l1--

I?( 1 1 1\ I 17.1( 1 I 1.\()()I. 1.\'(;111111.1 II{ 1rl IIl. V o l 111 1 . 1 1 ( .111141 1 1 111 11.11 hi t. ot I 1 ) 4 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 Ketitni Road. I Thalia. Ii

11,1.1 sw.111,.1 11.111 Pint,. \% 1.,%..111 t th.tit.t. Ili 1)1801

1111111..1,1 11',1(11111:


A)1 .1RA

%,01,f(11,.%%,111 "Inn, t 1, 4. I 1. :/.3 1 ; 1mgit

.\%utilly %,iskat(uol',low 1 wist1 \Vilmilt. .1%rittit' X %talk SaIN,ItImm,

ill, ism 1.011.01,14( 10t.1,10 t. mitt It.. %% t00.11 11% 1 ititrits ol1,%%,t0.'"

St.

sub.( twitims Latignatty .\11. ti 1111'1 %. 111)\ ISil. 1141131461 .,80:10::

['btu' V1111,00 N11101111.. (:(111)1,04) Stmt. Iit11(.1.m

t tins ,o0(1(.. 111111 111,111 (.1)11 )tail() %%10(1..0*

s(ii. ()I '.1111.1,111.)

subs, 1IptittII. 1,1011. .\ilts. ,1111t;IIm% 1.01%rtsit1

1.11111,1. \I,iiui I 11111111111, Indian.' I 'Imrtsit%

... in mil lit irdebils ul F iiglish li 9w.t1.1.1% 1,1 why, 1.111gibigt.%

I in'( .!.\1.1 inn11111111,1. I ,INIt I ( or,,h,1111, I 111,g111111 1/11tAtt

411/111 \II S I 1.11111 S I., rt" Claud% %% 1111%t. himund 2322'

I II1 1111.1 \ 1.1111111 ut I I ,t(11( is it 1.1t$411.11 1;111,1111111AI

I /\//i/ /. / .1 \ ( .1 11,1

subs, \III Pus.. 1.111111,11s, 2S (..1111.iu11 st (.milinItIgt., Nlass. 02112.

1111111 1)( A11'l.(1(1 1Vlitist,141.

111111110111111.11 111111111 1111 It'sr.t1( 11 1,n All phasyst langilagr 1.1111(.11)1111

111' II /...\(;/ /sit

1(10.111.11 tiptiuns. 1111,, la Ira, !iris Assn, 7,2. 111%111(14w, Nit.,

..10.1t1.3

Ivs it,1",%

II is«) Vs/.\ Is!! 1M-8.N:it111,11,111 ( Lnrnlr 111110311. 1,t/t2,114 Th. 1./1/%11.,111

11111 11 1)1 kitultd, I 'tii,1,,,t%

lik411.1i 11,11 \I \II .

RH'Irtti \( 1.

l I ,. %%147)11,ml Ilitritur%. 1'1711 1it, IR I /.611,t, 11,11,11.11111,.. ( 1110

1, 1)mi 11,1% 1 1,.I.1 stipiormem 1(472. s,, a( )0, 1,

ti 1- 1 h. 1; I.N.11111t, 1.01 ., k It li,, I, 1 ( 1.1,7

\ ,,, ,; I ,, i.,, a Sa lahltaw haat, attmit,, I 11,,i,,, \ t I

R..,; lllll Permit!, IhttI tilt% I lib ( it, 14 14 l.1t, 1.171-

R I- . 14 // *1 I II' I "1-11.mrtRat% 1 Rglish 1 un1 .1, 1.17

SUMMER, 1974 93

One Day In The Life OfIvan Denisovitchi-aAnd One Day In Ours

ititho I 1', !Maw

1 III WV 1111'1111AR', "I hit' Rik III lilt` I h i111

till mutt' I It'It nt rti It It) 4111/111'llikVII, 1111141 %%hi tIt Olt'lilt' int it' ham,41 4,Miciiiiom is tint, III III mipti alwnwh,

III 1111' 111 111111 I% ,I1N11141ti`k III OW 1111(1 )11

10(1111111U, 111)1 Nit MU( tl hvi WI kWh II) ht' 1;1104:V41vi III% Di tbd,11. 4,,k% Nick .111411:11111.111'1 'ttIt II all l'Vi1111;111011(011alllsti )1 !iii' tit ill ta 1)111 het Misr 11 is It I "I hitim, \ial ht,iltip, 'sit put.1(0111,1111r ktl111,11tt ill tIMV I he hal. 1)1 pti%sit tot.11114, (Hilt' 1111)1'1 st)liht,ffitom's Wl king is 1111' 11'+11 ;t11H'ItI III

nun %%h(III,Is 111'1'111111 tilt' 110111 (MIN ('III'lln110111tAntlIcn( And h,ls Iv), 'In 111)111A111011 II) 111, 10111)1V 1111111 10 It'll %VW! il

1)kt..1114,111111'%%111 S11( II 111el1 ill .111 1 IIIIIIICan,Illut jun.,. anti

1111'\ I (1111' II) In' 1144;(1141% 1111111 %%104 It'%%1.1 1111'11 114'11\ 11161 b)11114.1,111.

St) I tvint ptc,Itt.t1 In ht. titsdiptItIlluti With Ilte t,Isitnis(i,nrint% IC% %tot 1)n11t11111(1 IN111k, 1)111 I 11111%1 111)111 I 111,11 111(' 1)11 11111'

UPI" II is .4 tlt,i,trllIr1I', \%111( it. It 111.1 111%

1,1111(' \%111 rjt%% I)\ cf \cm% III Iclnann. ()jlisk. thv111(.11 h Inu Int)\ Ic full MI ()1)14,111(III SulinclIII\ 11 X111111;11 it111111' - And 1111'1 ,11m 11.111 1.111'111 101 1111' 11111 ,11,11 1 MAW, 1111011111

Ir111ust'111,1114)11 111 I111' 11()1k. 111111111 IWO \Vital .1 1111%1'1 1,111'1 111), \VIII( II 1% II)

luscnI 111 .1)1111(1 ,11111 !slid' 1111,1,14C% 11,11 III 111111 1.111 11111% 11111'c111.

s1 1'111's .111(1 1111,1.1.04% 1111111 1111111)1 Ik ,111',111 1111'11', IlittIvqk and 1111.1110 \ ,1111\\ 1,111'., (Li 1)(1011%111,in unntlinctran lit 111 1,1111 ;11111)111

1%11,11 ,1 .1'11,, II kr tht Int(ItIlt.1)1 tht.nntitt. lit' tintst httnidt.Int ,t im.aktitst\%(411, mull) 1.1lt (I \\ tilt skin. lislt. I It. has

,t `...! (ttot.t trittputdinn ( mint tt ht t('litIcti hunt vnt Is. 111' must111,1111) 11111)1101 ilicicss, 1)%1.11 V.011'1,11111.. VnIk III tiugtet.brim% \..titut tot,thied It\ 111111 \% lilt 111.11 111111' 1.1,1111,11111 IX)111 1'11MA%. 1 It'

,1111111, 14%1111 III 1111'11 k J1)14.111111-- in %vitt( 11 t In1It.1

ItIn( , 1 1 . 1'( 1 %% k i t t«.. \% f l ( / l ' s 111'111; ( . 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1)1111111I'd

$,,inh, mf mai 11,1i(It.11%,1111()%1 11('1111 1 AI) 11111(1 1111' 1)114 ks -1134 tn

t thr ,111 .111utult ntrontidt.s. nil .1HAM. 1,111 Anti hl, 111111 IMO( II 11,11 k It) ,111111, ,r,1( `AI 11g1.tlt It)tdi, mt. timnirn. II% lit 11tin1.1, Inv (1,1% (11,1( 111S(' in thUil 11.111,1110,11111,114'

h,iil;0'(I1t111I I It It 11,11 1.11 I.*, .11111 .111.«)1111111 I ,11201111 111.11111' 1 ,I11 141)

I1nIk1111; 1111 %%did \ II) M1111111'1 ILI% just hist. thts unt..


%vItat's p tint ttt (111(11V111V, 11,111'S (1311. 441's silk` i111111 11 hl' t' d ROI ill M(1111'1(1111 11( 1111% in tin. 111:111 kilitiS I11 111t11:

siVillit'1%, 1 11 1 44 1111'1,, St111111%, 111 t I 111.411 11011 %%01 101 S, rikt' t old khilt Ittii 11111Watahit'. I III' Ii it hi is 111131 11 (111S11iiitit'1I1, Ilia it

(,Ill kutit tow alic. 1 ht. Wolk 1.4(11114 1111 Inn not hattlt.1 than that which

tetalt 'twit licittittn. guards d14' 111111161C, 111;11%111141 b/111,11, 1111111W

11111 11t"0114 111 IS 01,11 litt t'ti II Ihtl111411 1114'11.111111111111111414(q1 1111'

1(11%( 11111% 1011, 1 ill'll'il11'11(1 W11111101111 11W111111(11 InIN1"1"1-SI)Itiint11'1111(1111 W11111'11, 11%111 (1111'S 111111'111% 11111111141%, 1111101 lit' 11'11%1101 111

%It Ilt3 ( I I his 111)% el anti (t lilt %% hit I hil I liolt it. v4 isch It1111111t11',t

all ending, I'm suit', (kith It (till 111111(' to tank amung thy gtt.att.st iiiwusttitt lit non:

Shlihhtt. I Int !snaffle fin 1% all I ((till 1i 1 Skil), anti in' Was (1'1 1" hap1)t. it''d had a 11)11)1 Int k OA. 1111. 1)111 him in tht.wlt.),t4,41t; hadn't herti t hastti uttt to (ttlk ill tilt' Stn 1,11111 CO1111111111111

1)('1 elf 'infirm. I It''d littagictl tAtta butyl t mush at lit ton, Tht. busshad gown them 411111th taws it thrit «Ink. 1 Ic'd tt'lt gitutl making thattt Iht. hadn't Intim! that !tic( 01 stt.t.I in the 'tisk.. Calsot had panthint ()II 111 1111' 1'(1'111114;. I It.'d httlight %mut, It that t..\11,1 tic(' gullet' 1)% el

th,at sit kilt,,.

\ ()thing had snuilti Halt anti it hatl ht.tit altintst Ita%.

I « 011(4. thutanti 111111(1i and ilk,. !ilkin Ilk sent( in t', ill(111 1r1c111(' 1114111% 1(111,

in. tilt 001,t tn,s %%rit. mist. cal ."

It etll% t(1111('Illiit (Hlr (1,11 ilt 11,111. lilt' S/11 (11.% 11% 1e,1%1 twit things.

f tom. ugnitt. that tnit of Ow malitirs whit h unit stiitettwin .0141 init t ()mt. 1(1 us 111,1 in Inch uhamant lilt itIcnts hill It% way ()I

1,"wri m1.111114;1\ (wending indignities Nino it ti,11,1\ 4 .1(411 11111)1 igh 1" (LI Ilk(' t( )1)(' hir t" Sit 11 I )1% "I" 1".

101 1 hj I I)( lijSM )(1 Nk, 1)111)(1)(11 1 I hi re \ i I hi )Ij I

Cs! tilt I( (.1 11.1 )11 I I hi )1 I \ II )IIS innd Amid! ink, and « ithotilt 11,i; 'Apt ail )1)1',11 ti l ht. ?t11 )it. than man t dl) 1),11. R111 OW se-

( ()lid 7 lilt it int 1\ It. ..c111% 1(t ht. lust 111,11: man t an withstand tin

%%1111(' With ;( SrilSr itf Sdi iSiat 111)11

,1111111s1 11111S( 111 Snt it( 11..1

11-;1 '1..'11 1 h'.1s,1111. 1 \ Mr (id\ 111 Sihil 1,111 1)1 ISt 111 ;Mil),

atiti ,in 1it. ,1 111,111 mulct )st w'i)1,1 4iitttli11111l, It)

ht. 1111,10' (: \vt' 1;111 1(',11 11 limit his rvittilt1t. hms ft) lit t (MI (1W11 11%

!RUC!.

1('N\ , LimIlt

SUMMER, qin$ 95

Try ItOn Monday

bk Mail II lc Rut.tet%

Summit !him..

I ht. Iii ts ca.\ and all thing. 1)1),,11)h..

\f)%%, hrhitt. lilt icalltic. id (hut lassit)oth siiIi %oft again, IN theWilt' 1(1 I1N1111t II) filam. a If f()% ic M' \1 \cal.

Ntiiimig. but 111)illim4, imithrsand ciclight,a la..th()tt. than mak-111%; mu% ii NI% ha%(. math. Otto. 1111. % rat mil I lop,%% if I .hutildt'L !hum 1111,11 1111.1 1t..t hum Iht. \cat. the. 11101 it'%%11)11111 1/1' it.

I 11c It'..!.t'111% 111111(11N, 11.(11111114 4.111% 1111 tht'll 1)1%11. dith ii M111111t`

PCIIIN111-11,11111111 111,1' t MiNit11 MOWN (I 1()11 ".\11)111 tilt pa% thy irtlt, t411. tit.(1 1O tht. taillt)ad Hat L,, i..a%rd 1)1 Ow

and I ult., ( III Intl) thr.uh.ut 11 hilt' 111.1111 t IlIst'N 1)01111t1 1),11%,;111it ( 111t111Iq It t Iht 11,1(1111t III. I fit. 111111t)1%1)1,11111eti it 111(11 it 111111111 it

Iilttt'1r11 i111t1 11/1 it thrinsckt... NI% (mly (mu ihtiti(11t %%.a.c mt. it)11 111 titc%%ult. un It I ht.% air /01)11(1,4 ow him that ow\ 11,0t. phi ;

tilt ,,,It' t() In. slim% ti Own ttitth tchtli1)11.

w11!l,1,1 0) Inc itinitT,. thr srcrith gtadt.t, nrctitl a 11)1 1)1 lull).I ht. 111.1 !nu% Ow% mad(' 1%,1% a t ;mum', at) adai)tatitm ()I a Itutt)% (141g.ti)I% (Alt I '1,ctic%1(.%r I 1 titily,(11, \Lin.% PreNt 1 ilt'nti :. I he Nt(11 hilt',III 11111,1. 1N .1" .111r.ith /1.11111t11, 1)111 1111 I II '411111allt (1,111 11)1_1,11 111111 plan-1111114 thr Nt t'Ilt'N. 1!(11111 tilt it 11%111 L. ,lith)ting ,1 1t 11 11,1111r% it and111111111 iht di Ili ill it) 111t- t() ,IN 11)111 1010 ,1 1.11/C let 1/1dt'l.

1 1)r 1,1%1 to M 1%,1% .1 (Wit Lit, "Sapt'l SlIt',1kr1 \ItViN ilit tit 1%11

111N1r1 ~111110 I.INI 111111111r 11/114I1111% 1%1%1011'1 till, ,i)11111 Intffighl()nu N,I. 1,1,11)1)111 Arid .11()I ill (Mr 11141%. i /lc t LINN pli1111(11,It 111)11 I lit' 111 Chill 1111 dint' 11(1111 11111 (It 111t) t t`Wlt)nt

Itit.1% 1 1)111 /1111111Itt t' 111,111111 11 t'at 11 W111111111(1'1111 c)Ilt Ni14111(.1)1 1)1 lilt. .111th ttrt 1(11111 till 1()1d lr t,ttlO11,

.1111.41(,,. 1 1)111 ol %III/Wing 1( I II(MI 01(.11 Idt%1%,;01(1111 111111(1i 11 III pc! ItItk.

III NII )1i. \ MI( .111 111.1kt',1 111,11 It'.IN Milt II 1)1 .1N 11111(.11 (11 LIN 1111 1V,Int,m, .pri)(1 a %%rd., '11 ..tt'1,11 vcrks 1)11 it. I 1411,11;111trt' that 11 MI

NIIIdt'llIN 1)1 1111( t'l1 1,1111,11 it II.


I lit. I Imvto.dipii St.( itm

EMU

tialtftull 1141% It's %I hill MI 11:

I. CatIltla Lit Ilrhis s hit II will 111%(' MtItId tltd(Rn MIA ieSt tii he fcunitl It)) as 1111 it' as 52r).(10,

l'ItIftt tot 1)tott.t tots stall lot as litilt' as '3;0.00,

3. 1.11t11 1'14 1. lot him phi, plot cssing about 55.1111 t.tthtct. minute' tltuil tihtt.

1 St)Ii«.t Not wall% he( essa. The% (all be on( haseti lot as11111e as S3.00. lit)%vtkr1, MM.( ,111 witrt t

!mit. 1)1 stns.

Spho's I it Kodak l'ivsstapcs. ts.c or htlaids

att. cast List.. attd t't ) itt(Alichsie. 20 spit( es«Ist about S.7.'.

1't tI 11(t1tit III) I% Its:

fi. flitl'of .11)1111,11P M:

7 suit; It halm. Wits gadgct taks one. ham(' at a tune. It tits

dna( liht fit,t him tt. dttlldS. it (t)St1 I1()1ttlli 53,00.

I( alit'K. I lipid 1 11c 1111Ist and t 111);11)1C

ht flit; pottittli at the. flout.

9. Ail ,((.)})hit's \final wnstt tion papt.t. walking twits,st mot( It tape.. (title., tvtittctltnt hla1 kit tt ith t ate Ohl tit t')

Music tit tvontIrthil things lot vow num it'161 old 1)1,1%(1

"I LIP' l'IovI. I'lan t ht '1v)% it

I he 111%1 %NI) (I) (11(1(11(' thr t% I It' If I11()% It %MI tV:1111 111.11st'.

ti raillul has .1 11)1 tit Ili) tt II11 this. In +01114 and fall. ullItItun I110% it",

\%t.11 in th tt Hurt. It% animation. 1 xv() !ha: v(Ii krd

t%(.II art thr Him bawd ,)1 ',nodal song anti thy Jilin that is basti on a

+!itiiI slot %. )111c1 1/r/ss11)1111it's.11c fl!,11s 1)ast'd ()II a IA'.

"milli's. 111111s tirpIt 11111.t st 11(1111 a plc( IlIcIattlly; palltu1111111e

Li ( pill', fit itaidim, nirlrnitanla ''I Li. I Ii hate'ttIt1I Iu tilt c huh hrs. hrIIII!"; !UM (1)I.Ii Ida. I %Vasa

I tII.II-t II%%1)11 ): MI Ig111.11

I II( st't 1111d step Is III plan SIMI shnls. II %flu happrn ) (Mr (If

the rst MAI %Ill Ills otgantiing-t% pc git Is. thr "Notc-%ou-stantl-hrti.-,ttp.1-%oti.sidhil.thrit. t% pus. title. !land this job Art to hrt and If Hut.

1 )11 5% ill 11.1%c II) (ft) .somt. planning. .1 he basics can be. pht tIo11 itt .1

( hat s11111(11111114 Ilia' 1111s.

SUMMER, 1974 SI

Shot taxationI. (st'lltA ic..-totigue blue c tu ti1)11 ti set ()tuts

cvagging, tail wagging pope, hat isg,t (Hind;cur% irce and oni tittnal I 20 sec otitis

calkitn4 st hold

tette% a.% e jumping initial t:2 .'") sec ondsup on Font, tonguelit king lOni

l of outdocH 1110 it's, ;IIst) 1)1011 %%11011(1 0)111 ,hot, c loseups,medium shots of long shots.

II. Sete( t Clecc.

l he follocving 01), will need to be clone:1. ( :mutt aucan cot men) I ti to give as !natty people' as possible a

t Itatu to shoot a few feet.13. 't t !wit) follows the shooting sc ript and helps get

bat kgtound teach tot the next shot.

sponsible tot timing the length of shots using the se-tgal hand on wilt( h.

I). 1:n41ml:tett tespnsible lot making the small changes in theligut es In ommoted

. .t t 1st. (Mt' silt)111(1 hilt' it t r to contribute to themin it'. some [rote bit( kgtound a tilt', :nut some to draw themoc ohle tiglats, 50)1111. I() It.Itut titles and tedits and some to «)101 itsthat othccs (haw

s,tR %%1;1,1 Adapts the slot s to the time lIns is themost thin( till job and neecls ,mot' cookie.

(.. stoic !cadet Reads the sc 1pt into the tape le( ord('t as thenum le is shown in Its edited loon.

111. 1 )c) the 11 two; k i I his is mostic tot animanon.)

N1,10.1:104 liens arc itic olitable hoe. tdits, and %%inn ont-mcilts must be big mid in )1(1 It) silt )% tip. I (1s(' tit(' latgt. seq., with HIV! lass.I As() as,. 'mgt. sheets of wink. 1)1)s11.1 part to )1 Wks Mut ai impelthirt. tn.! wkit.. ( )tit Intitals wet. elL h1I tvt.1 tutivs.

Utte. Iti4ure, 111,1! 1111151 hat. ttmvablt. !hitt, tart IR. math. tutu tionalIn ono( 11111c.; the moc pat t to the main bock bc a shot t pie( rot thteadonil lc. co plc( es of mutt 11 1,11)c.


I hi, Ist'U1)ti the thit I Ill 10,1(C. hilt tillm it it) !lime it hit.

Ha\ e aailahlt. vitli pit tines II ht'lp aiiisiStItiltV. The ittl-put hint thing, though. is not pellet I dritvings, but big, bright, boldthavinv,.. In at t. the hitinitat the belle,.

It tvtitksa little better it tine prtin is in to }mtge. of all thedrinvingsottint tight e. their Is thole writitittitc tilt drawings. The artist shouldwatt the Ittotie in se\ etal sues and la( t114. 111 thIfettalli tiOnS.

In' in 1)1()putilt)11 the bat kg! minds. All this depends ottthe tianite tti the mu\ le. Hit. !um ae twist chit tate si/e, direction and pose

tit the 111utt.s.

I lit' MR% k 11)1 .1 ,i\ minute him te tool, us about 1-5 p('riods.

IV slit), it the Mit\ U.

.\118 tuin WM has thttl trititutt's I)! ihMcItig time. If vottINtt him,. ()It liae sr\ minutes tidies tiO set tinds tit 360 Seconds in

%%hut It It, \t nn rat Il slit)! he OW litlitibet 01 St.(1)1HIS it1111111 !AC it) 11il t halt pat tf)t lir Nt(11%. ( it. It all V(i)(it(litlitting It ritit

1111)11i, Ill lllitilltt l tit M11)11(iN it 1.1kt.N it )sillu, it paint 111,I1 Fhis hist

(.11I", c,1( t ilrilith4 111(I tu<1rt rt11111114.

hit 11Init ,tic filth passesttit,;11 Ow pit tiet tut at bathes pet se« intl. itit) set finds tithes Iti

halm, rtiakt. Asti tilt twit al 7).760 It,iitit s it you \vett. It) sh(R)tin 'int' h,t111:' .11 ih/h

hit s1)1I11 !lilt's I )t Ulu\ single flame siva, \vitt be /let essai.I", .1 1,111 Inv,. hit iti,Ltiit !lime the tail a tittle, 1,1kt. Once flames%\ith tilt dm, nit t. the tall, sly itit, tilt i I', sh.g)t, Ch .1 his tj krS .1

11111t Tito, 111,111% shut., 1111. plik es. I all ht. it,-()illed.

\\ 11111 Iht II,Is t() Inn% t. Mt'i dIst,111( it Is pussible h) ;Ma( hl N

%\ it w iht 1),1( k I ti the cvit 11 s« it( tape and move itIli )111111 l)\ dn. I he ilitad e\ tends u(It It) the il;tstil tip- pit hitt. anti is

Itch1 t ail t tI t atm ta 1.111141 tw stddrics.

SUMMER, 1974 99

sly itIojc101 d. 11% III(

pcf lints 111 111(11 it.

'I lie dut at! doesn'tshoW anti the st tilt' t allht. shot at Lull speed.

IV. Slit)(811142. thc lilt Ir ttnljn1(1)I II(' Ilt2.111(N hi I'll tilt it)t dild tilt' Still

18,11 kl414 1/l a stildt'lll t ,111 Ilimc 111(11i11 paq the lixt,(1( Icositstilt rhis tilt. 0144 t 4)1 IltU ing met distances.

Vat shuts 1)\ usint2,411114.tcnt hat kgtutinds and dilict-ent silt. liguit.s.1.,44 %at irt%. 4'tia4 1 .4114. ,tone, III ,1 4)11)7411 must! tu Hon papetbat kg14)41114I. ()it aslt Mali\ . t It),t'1ilI' 181 illS1 the head.

.\ 111111 .114'11 slmuting aniniatrd at tonns, an rnetragetaniciatnan (au 1114' hands 441 the pc(81)14. -adjusting the figure,. lie

11111..1 111' Illt It) 1.111 .111 11.111(1% ,(14)111 4)1 Illt'W,11 home shuotinm.

iii th mu% II.Rummi. 1114' Lt(),)t. split r lilt pict t'1 NT(IVIC% SilOt

i n i t I )1 01414.1 ,41141 1114'0 %1)h( 4.41 1)ii4 i, 14)grilici III the 401 14 1 4)1411'1, (S1104)111114-. 1!)(100:, 4)11 1,1111 (I,(.)

vI. (.,H),(1111,41(. \ 10\ 14, x1111 1114' S01111(1.

111 1, slim\ .1, Ow st01 h4'114'1 wads 1111(8 1,11)e, 0141(1slit' pm 01 ,101 ,111m11 011 m

Hillis Air Inn (I) doe i 114 Mt 1814)11(1 of the Iinal I)t4)cluc t.ilt 11.1%C.1 ,1111)1(1 1.1i11111 4)1 1114 18l1H)1 Mid itt }initlue, illVOR(4 I III

MAIM; ,4 1111)\ it. 1 ht' 14'.11 11 11)1)1.111, 1t)t)1.i.!,.1111/4', 14)1 t)(q)Clall', F111.111V,1111 lIit 11.

Ont .it.;.1111. 1 Ili t2.t t4) scud 44441 idcas 14) tilt' I It Ott \1411141-aI 411111141. Fri naps 4411 Ihi4. a in liniquc Ito situutitiit ics that 4,11,s,An .10 11\ I1 11)1 11.14 1111w, 141,1111M 11 ,1 11 It 1. that i1ia1.4.4 lass1444)111 mm1;44 4.-1114111 rasp., . Stud 1114 111 144 I t\ 11 O11 NI44,141.4.. N1.11 1141 iv 1(44)441 s. \It )Iris(:1,1111,11 tit 11,,(11, N14)111.. N4% l (811..


."'

1.11.N1 1:1 11A1'SIlt.tett 11'ildet

"silent t it Runtime tune. 12 munttes 1)tstt tinned h. t.:(litteittlitatthim. NI( t et.th {lilt, 1::21 .te. the Auto 14 it.. Net. Nods, New VW. 1001/2.

-Stlemesn is .0 tit 1 ittltrdat WOO I lir I #1,1 Wail till 11p,1111.11 1%11111'111V 1 Iltll I% pt.I li

11011 to all% 111111 ot %%AI, rhr tilts time% Itc%olttl the 1.51I4'% ol Matt .11151 %%at. and it.k the

ottdent. tut ott.t(10 Mott% tot oh /11 Mr mid &ad! 41e4 hiott% ithio',Ititithito.

is vts1111 t" til "trim? \Vital Me Flit' lIsst 114111)111k al 541V5 Not tv;W I low doe% It'at t to

tIrprtst)It1litatto11A 5ttuttl &Aid the 111111..01v( tIvetle%s lie, III It%Filll III 1111111111' NoiltilltMllt. t% Token.

Sol )11t. %mind Oat k i, pm% I ate IllteleanW, t Ite.etiS, and paintings hill( It atenut plimaids 1110 ('1141 1, but II) add OW-AMIN I the '0011. VIN11,1115 th4 %1105. lite Vast W.1%It.%

ol %pat r, ,11111 111. 11 ottIM011%1 Ill Ills' looltiotottl )41%e tylott. to the plot,

1 Itgli St houl

1 he Sitiknititt (,111% (;)11)1 1:tititung me. ti 1111111Ites. 1)1%011)111rd 1% SIM PtotItIt

1111115, Vcsttil) \\ Clods, CI. 1118411

1 hr 11111)41111m ..11141 Is an (if wat 1 'rated thttitigh ,smibuls in au antique1111 al... 5111 )1 11 Ile, g1111'1% I lmind dim thy students ttittiltivel% undo simd thy film, ;intl

irs111tideil unfl)111)11.111% 111 tilt' AlIct .1 dist iission 1)1 lilt' 111111, I %fumed 11 al.13111 and

tit'potIt 1)11! thy %%1111)14%, and the t otlittitatiolls Whit It thy% t.tit%t 111 tilt'))). It

%%as .111 CAC 11(111 des 14e tin teat !ling the leo' 111 51 MN 1115111, and the 111111%1111,11

1)111,11101h 1)1 15 1111101., 1 /IV% ,1 110 11%110411 110W;1 1.1 R'S 01 5%111 111 111.%111%(' I1110;1 1;111.1 11(4111..

1 'Wu' Me 11 a 1 11 011 ( I 8111 ept teal h. Intl 111111 111,1111. !hunt (putt,

11..11111 tit. !light tit hool

"Catidlellaine (.1)1,n. Runtimg wile 7 minutes.1 (Anne, .111. 11 Rmining ti11' itl minim... Distt ihmed .1C.1 1:111115. \'. Cult

Mire'). Net% Yfirk, N \'.

I Ivy ate thu Jilin. 11,1 stimulating I Iran %sitting The 1111)). hate no dialogue, but

irk lot !licit 11s1,11 ellut I. slotlyttl.' thinking.I had a gym') (if studynis himr a dr.( !ilium! of a (mull(' hin :mtg. 1 then .hotved

(..m.1101ame- and the students \soy amared at %Obit the tat(irta saw. but that dirs. 1):1(1

111.,1.11 1 lat snligilled 5% ill) Ito5% to 1111 .1 18.11:154t,11)11, %.15% st's tit tOttiotes (les( 1111-

HIM 111111)111I1154 helot t 111111 r%ps. \Vital .1 Irs.on Ilit's Ira! fled!

list 11 111c 111111 (Annus" Itt a Minnie 111111 \vial ate teM, }.(111. It'5CI MIt'sst` lilt'

411.011 I'll .1 111 11111'd 5 14'55 ..1111I the shifts Mi ettlidt,enSt Witted %Vite that l flanges 1 clicititt.%"

14111.1111(1 this 1)114 4111 %%1111 111,101 l,t1

Illghl% Irt11111I11eltde d 4110011k iM 55111Ig

St. !light ti( /Ifni!

Death .11 .1 (.8,1111 Ritt11111114 Inillates. 1)1,4,11)11(rd \Liss Ntedid1ssut ( It's tialtintmv, NI.0 land 2121g.

1 mv).1.i% 1.11 11141 IAA rs .1 (,4'1111.11 filing stutad and whist., tu he .hot passitel... but

flees. tun ing the Getman% IC, hum 111111 411 oAll hefuti him IVittle the .ening is %vat

1114. illenie is huh Me m(11%11111.11 la( es his death 1 his is a dtainatu Wm, with its In.IC 1110 111'01 1 1/5 l',11 1.1 11111 phi 111 a41.11 110 1 111' 1 1 1111 I 01 1 1.1.11r% 554'1 1 \5i111 1 111)111.4,' -1)11

Nut (..11 (,etid 1'111'111 111111 1111 .1 1111111.1111111's 11)10t, M1 1455 111111 0Hl 55,11

Senini I ligh St hool

1 he Hall( ICI 11111.11 P.ii ( titm 1') tummy, Dist! ihmed nS, Ma(

millan 1. dins. 3 1 \fat (Inestrii s smith, Muunt Veum). New Yuik 10r0.

SUMMER, 1974 101

1 hi.. 1% MI 11111.11'0111U 111414 111t, t 1,141. 1,1ti` 1111111i111 11; 1/1 1 111%IN 111 %1111/1tt Ih111t1 4141114'111 Mt It111 .1 11,i1Ilt 111 P111 1111 1:k ,111 11tt%.%Iciltrilitt111.1 11414i 111,11elIe ha+ 4% 1 110'11. 1111 1,,11111 %iiitl tit 111111 (11 ki.,11111 111 111.11111101i111.11111't 1111111.11dill( It lit us 111'11\ It 11 thrill

I ,111)\\ 411 1111% 111111 II) a olitil) tit olit Inun111t1 hm% 1111'\ NI 1411'11 .11 1111' 1111v. hiltlit Ili,. i.11%,",11 lilt on lil'1 rit .11111 lit 11/111111 \ t11111 tilt 1)11\ s, ,11111 lit111111111111 1111 11113 11%1/11111 111111 IS ,111,111 /MI x111111 1 114 111111 tilltkti.1 1111%11 IL 11111 It d1144111,11.1. 1114 si)111(' )1 11111, h'1114 II 1114 WAN 11,111' heti) to 1 VI 111.11114'.

114% r%tti 111.11 1114% lihrt1 41,1111 titt;

It alit! '+4 1111411 St 11111'1

I lit' (Muhl 1 (.t 11111 11 11111111114 111114 111 1111111111V I 1041 111111111 h4 44111111111 1;11s11%111%%1111141tit 111111s. 111111 1 1111 Santa \1411111 ,I. t .,1111111111,1 '111101

1 li1( \ 11114 i ill i,.11l.11l41, 11% 40114 11 Ilsr OW1/1.111111101111 !Witt 1411.1 11111 .111t1.1 1111.It111111,11,114 1111' 11.0.1111 1 1r1,1111111s11111S 11141/11 111.4 11114 111(1 111 t'1% 11111 1 11111' 41 1111114.41%1,."I I, 4 Ii,it And t..0.114 unlle'i ihr !HAW 111111 111/ 111 lilt' 111,111\ 1141.111V' 111111.11111,111t Ills 1\ 111t 11 Iht x111 sll 11.11rill 1111111. IVA( 110 Malt, UMW111 1.111111111111.111 111.111

1111, mid Iran% t WIN ct .1 ptt,t 1,111 bt' Ii,rti t% ii lift' 1411.4%.11,iikt 11 los iltis him

,mil si I Ilt411 *it Iwull

1 lit \t till ( 111111 111,11 k Anti 1111114 twit S*1 !mimic% Ditll 111111111 Its 1 .11iltt1.thists ( 21101 \ \1111111111111 \1)'11114. Ant 11111.111. )11111 1%2011.

I lit, 1 11,1t1111111,111, 111111 11.111st 1 1111s 1114 114411 1111 11 11/ 111' 1,1,114)1 III AM .11114111% 11011111111 lit slit/1%11 11) All '011111'111s 1111 II t ill t111111,IssC\ ,ti 1111ili /1 111,11 (1111 slIttli'lll lit1111111 1,11111 1/14 1144l1 It1 11'111,1111 .111 1111111 11111.11. Slit \ 11111' 11) 1111111M; c.11 h (MI' 111 NI ()111,111 111.11 lit 1 ,111 14, 1411 111, 0111'111s ,11111 1111 (111111 11111rS 111 Ir.11 1111114

1 lit, Is .1 h hilt ,1111\ 1,i a I hilt( 11)11111I III I 79S 1%111)11.0 hurt) 1.11111 111 IN' s 111111M's. INII 1 -1r11, 11 1)11%sit 1.111. 11,111 11.11(I ,1111 111111. III 11% du(' Ow kis 1 ILI! rat 11 11'.1111s

,I/11/111 111111,1'11 Is 1111,11 Il 1111s 111111 .111.111 1111111 1111111s 1111. 111111 IS 111114 111 IA 1'1,1111141,1 1 1111.1111. ,11111 ,ii 114,11s his 111g111% 111111%01ml sts It.

1 114 \\ 11,1 ( 111111 I, .1 .11111 ml1stilsc111111 4% hi( it s .11111ill,i1c.011111111...111111%,.1111111,4 It, 1.)11411 1111 Ilt ,11)1 MI Whited 1111.1s /111111 111,11 1111 11 11111 141.1111'1 1.101 1 S11111%111 1111111111 fit Ili ,11114 111%1 11\ 11 441111 4 /111i1 ,11111,1. 1114 Its\ t 1111111* 11111111114. MO 1111111 1 \1111-1 1111.111 11

It aittl tit 1111411 St hunt .1t111141

t 1)1 ( 3)1.11 14.tittiiiite, milt- 21 minim.. Dist) 11fitil it 114 Ca Httiiipt11,11%111111, 14 t .1.44% 11111. 1221 \14nu4 iii 111( .\ 111,111 As. 111 tHls. Nil% 11111, 1110.211

lt.ltl1,til lit tl.itisk I II/Mir this 111111 /A hull lit 14,1% .1 S11.1111111 11 t .111111. s111 11 .11 ,111111st fell ht It 1/114 Itl mill /I tri %s hit 11 .111. thy 111.1a Ills

111111, 1.111 Itt ,1 411 it tit ilit11111 flit .lit ,11.11 Ill sitillictl lit 11141,,)111 4 1 11111,1 I111' ,1111\ 1 111,t1 111 MI 11111

11 1111,111 111111 14 1111, 1 1111'11 s 111111111 11111t1 k1/1' .1111/111 111 1 1111111's, 1111'11 t 11111r 111 1% 1111 1e11111111 lit t ti1 lit t 11.151 III .1 syllt.s (11 t1,1,111,,I, ks shy its all. 1111 !mt.!. 111.1 1 111111mil %%at lit-

,1111,./rwhi1111m h1.1%st.4It lit I ilitsclit lilt .itttl het 1111 1140 111.Ikr Illt 11..41 tiHit study 11, I lit Iv is hum h halt 1111114 111,111.11,11 ill 111, 111111 sum lute, lt.11,1111.1 iitt

.111.1 .1 1.011,,, 1111 11151.,11

1 1 wit 14 101,11 And (.ttllt.Ltt.

11, ti11111I, ts 101,1t.1s1t td 1 ,141 ( nun-. 21 litittittt., 1)1s.11,11H-11 Its I How ( \1111111.1


UO1;111114 \1411its I% it- isill I. .1% oil iliji11111 hint N4 i+.)1n . i tp111 011, 111111 lit

111011 lte 111141'%1 Itt ,1 it Mitt Anil it n,1%.1 4111,101HW, alts t i'Vg 111r 1111111111114r% 11 III 1..in

1111. 111111 nil, 111'1;11» lily IA I1111 IiIrlutr111k. /,1111 talk t Illt r tin N t I411111 %Ur 111r 011011011%

t Hai It d I ft flint 11.1% t %Int 11 11ti It 1 ,1I% tilt It %ItaitrspraIr. 1 it\1 ht/11111'h 11111 1/111'1'

11t1111t It It r1% ill Illinit 1 11 tilrv. al I (nit Ow atm tiny 01 tat 11 %tillingthy, Nr1.1111; th 1011 1111 N111111.111% %%Or ratirl 1,1 tank alit nt1 thoir %I/11111.1N Mid Its 4,1111

,11411111 1111 milling 11/1111 10011 1 It t1111111ellt1 1111% 111111.11,11 .111t1 11t 1.11 111111.

1101 st Ittrttl

--P,tt \lit( ut.

I\ 1111 lit 1111111 tilt %t r11, 1 /1+11 111111131 II% 1 In tt It/111111a 111 11.111111i a 1 '1111.111011.11

( 1 Pit 10% it 1% k11.1{ . t.lt.11%it Inuit it% ttinVi

1111% I% a wild 111111 lit IINI in 11151555.11iNtil 51 %1 till 115.1%% OW'

Illttlllt.11It)11% 'it .1 tutu1;111;,Ittiin .11111,1t.ttti ttl In 1.10.01.1i 1,1%%1% it 111.1

thud t 111 this m11)1111,11% 11%11 If H ,si t 1111,f1)1t, li r1 iptu %1, till dun . Clain'. 411 Alin r aN 1.1.11.t

It at Iii INI 1W tarn ii ?kith ItittlitILIM5' 1110 VilfldfilltItt, %%ell t 11151Vii tirh% f'11111% d 1.10

1a111 t I/111111in It) 1.1111 this It nut lint/kr& it,11trti, pit Hut, ill du. I Itto.ttlt%16. I 11t 1.10w111% a 1.i114.1\ ts1 11111e klItin 11 1,11141% Ill 1111% 11.11111 11141 11011

I In rla Ow t and WW1 trIN. -01.1prt- it/ the 1111,. 1/111

1311111 IOC M555I 11551)15.15% It %%Or sit illy. this 111111 1Nt1111i1 inullttnt. 11101r dint tvetn (111

thr 1111t. 1ht why/

Ottrittita 111t,ih tit hoot

SUMMER, 1974 103

POETRY IVANTED

In It)11"%%ilii; pil111.11, I, i111nrN %..1#1 %111,1111,%1")1,d

1.x111 1 11.11111. I. I. IIII III III I !omit:it 1""," "I.1 1111. Itu mi 1 .11X 1111111111ln ill, al

.11.110 kit Ili %lilt .1,11

Pt II I R1 1 it IIU Ili' tut II i .1 It..sR \ It 0.0..i sk Iluth %.

I i 1/ 11!'1 '!1 11/1 11 / 1 11,11. 1 It II" i i

Bit 1,1,,..64. \ 1 Ii I.

%II 11111 1111-111( 1% Nil 1.1 I I'd;.

N.. is% I'

I \ l'141 ssl% I\ Itli St IL.%

'11.: Bun 1 I

...Hi, "II HI 0,/. /Hy 1.111 111.1%.!

I !11 \ 1 I

1'1 '1 11.1./ I\ // /I \ I /

%% loll]. \ 1 1 t

I 111,x1 Rind Its

J. MARK PRESS

111111% Sin 1.11111. SIMI ',Hit

It \..tilt Rahn hatl 1 Il

!'t 11 1H) t it I It! 1111.11i. In %iittwo. .4111 nil Iti it% Ixo Is

.111%1 inn-Ism 1...1t.111)11 ill 1 1.1, I huh .111,e11 it 11.11.1 1 1., '1,1 mm it.1111 1. I 1111.11 lit I %III

n:ll I: ,1% 1111t.ul 1111,..1 In %% %%II" .11

%1.111t II 1..11.1 I V. ( lull' 5x'11

!iim Ilii .lI t 1 It 1.111 I.% 11.1111.,) I I I. 11, I

I 1.1 It in, .111.1, 1.411i Inn t:.Lin.. 11111 tin %. 1111.11 Inn Ili.11111 )141, I'S

I milli, (11111 " 1,11 All tip h no Is55 .1%

11 1lift 11,, I //St 111 H .mill In %n,i 1.1%,alh in I.1011 %."11..1,1 1%1( 1111 11111i% s,11..11.

1 1111 m.mnli.lb. 1,1.011,...,i% mm i.,

.1,1111 imiutl +%1111.1 h th41%. I %1 mintl 1,

Al. I mu 11.11, 111,11/1t .1 m1.11, %lid rapt. it lin 'di( 1/I, SI .W.1:11141.'1


IMRE( W)R Y. 1973,197.1

New Voile State English Omit' itFAN 4111t'

144,01)1N 1 hwattt, State 1 'itteet sitv kellege. New Pall/ 12retil,PRESIDE N IA. 1 It John [astir, , State I Itieetsitv 'liege, Osvago 13126PAS I PRVSIDEN Ktitit Siiiitirs, ()MIMI Stiiii high Si hotel, I, am stivel, ()lemma

liK20F NI' ( 1VE SECRE VARY. Alan Nelson. 1 ituttattitivs Centel Vtliott Colltgv, Sthence..

tails I :1308

V ICI. PRI.SIDEN 11.t )1 .1.I.t Samuel Hotta!, State l'utketsut Oswelpt 13126.COI 11. t ENtil .1S1 I F DUCA FORS: Kobel( J. 1,.0 ampagetv, The Ciq College..

Cum ,11 451/1 SI/141. Nos' Volk OR 10031.1.0515111'114 01' 10'..5R 'AWN (31AIRNIEN: Ftretrttck I. Koo.

Ito I iligh Si 131 1.tviimmott !Om% itio411,1%it 11201.

'+1 C I )\ I) 14k kattlit'u/1 1 1114 L. \ Pith, i I letli tit hit St Mat lint (;lRoad, Nr Pull/ P2 t011.

1,1.1..511.N .1R1' Matte Egglemegt, Neil ittsilotig School, 3273 Lyell Road,Ktu licort

t LARY Iu meolii Kehoe, letson High SO Edge' tout Pat le, Rite hew.'I R1..551'141 K 1),,e 1.1 K WI 8 lel. Coe S. knot 'Hsu t 13 Fitiltumlt Sheet South, Rut Itestet

11611HI It RF I 1 I 10\s IF1111.4:101t kiln.. t. Stmt. 1 'ttstrhut oNwego

I il:!1)m ,111.14 :. 1 IoN

F1)1lt)14. Nt .1.1111 It 1; ct Ilt1)- kit thitil 1. Knudson. Stall. 1 'ut%ctsityOar, nt.t 113'M

AsSOCIA I I. EDI I (M. I' N(4.1111 IiFC.ORI) Flifultuth [Hui:y.439 Vestal PatitwaV1 do. Itttuthanttott 11903

1.11111)R, NI. WS? I' It. Pyle% 1). )'( :mom! State Itieehite College, Oswego131116

F 1)1 1 OK. NION04.1t.11'1 IS- Philip I. West. English Depat totem. skielititio,(kellege.salmi ieta 'Twig% ta'Ktiti-

Sit 5111111`111IP (.11.\11451.\N Malik' Hatt h. t:t.ttual. Codhatttst tlIt. 12710.1 OR ksliops Div 71(11( Rhodit.1 \yam. un pin' State tullemt. SI N V. P O. liox 130,

1)1,1 tt, ot,i, I,rtut..5[1'11.1.5 1 [ s 1)11111: I. 51.ilgol Adams, Run K11(11.1111 high Si Imo!. Waiiilhgvis

!al nli0III'! I.- N( ,1 1511 11 .5( 1 AssN.: Slate Ili (11 V. Nidgatit%VlwatliIti

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