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“ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS PARK”

AN APPROACH TO URBAN RIVER REVITALIZATION AND WATER QUALITY

IMPROVEMENT FOR RIVERBANK SLUM SETTLEMENT IN PAMUATAN RIVER

OUTFALL

FOCUSING ON SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING CONSTRUCTED

WETLAND AND APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY OF CHANGING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS IN URBAN PARK DESIGN

BY

BARITOADI BULDAN RAYAGANDA RITO

4057332

Date of Birth : 14th of May, 1979

MASTER THESIS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture

Anhalt University of Applied Sciences

Bernburg, Germany

Submitted on : 26th of August, 2014

1st Advisor : Prof Nicole Uhrig

2nd Advisor : Prof Einar Kretzler

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"Eat and drink from the provision of Allaah, And do not

commit abuse on the earth, spreading corruption." Qur'an, 2:60

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ABSTRACT

In developing country like Indonesia, the large number of population mostly impacts on the problem

related to settlement. Parallel with poverty, this situation caused lack of ability of posessing adequate

shelter in propriate places. In most cities in Indonesia, riverbanks is one among places which taken by this

informal settlers.

In Sampit, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, Mentaya river is one of vital subject to people livelihood as a

source of many activity related to water needs. Nowadays as the city grows its infrastructure most to the

land, Riverbank settlement is remains and leads to many problems. For settlers, they live in unhealthy

condition. Specially in Pamuatan river as the outfall to Mentaya River, it also affects the overall city

drainage system. Urban riverfront has lost its potencies to be a decent public space for the city.

Throughout several integrated urban Plans and studies called RTRW / Rencana Tata ruang dan Wilayah

(Spatial Plan) of Kotawaringin Timur Regency, SPPIP / Studi Pembangunan Permukiman dan Infrastruktur

Perkotaan ( Settlement & Urban Infrastructure Development Study ), RIPJM / Rencana Investasi Jangka

Menengah (Medium-term Investment Plan) and RPKPP or Rencana Pembangunan Kawasan Permukiman

Prioritas ( Priotity Settlement Area Development Plan ) , the local municipality had determined the area

for habitation improvement and planned to massively relocate the dwellers area in the riverbanks of

Mentaya and Pamuatan River. However, as mentioned in these reports, this action will has its challanges,

such as greater cost and social impact.

This thesis is proposing another approach of urban riverfront revitalization and improve the settlement in

the outfall parts of the priority area of the Pamuatan river, by the solution of adaptive or renewal without

massive relocation. The main goals are to focusing on overcome hygienic problem related to the

wastewater management using natural treatment system and the social problem of the need of open

space.

Constructed wetland as natural waste water treatment solution brings benefits in the eye of sustainablity,

ecology and aesthetic. The importance of cleansing and re-using river water is made possible by

implementing this method. The wetland also serve as new home for many habitat. Moreover, Landscape

architect gain opportunity to integrates the engineering-sound application of water treatment into

sophisticated garden and park design of constructed wetland.

As the Unhealthy lifestyle is becoming the part of people habit in the area and in general, of the city,

another goal of the design ideas is how to create a public space which psychologically affects people to

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promotes and educates them towards the awareness of health and hygiene behaviour inspiring by

environmental psychology principles on behavior change. This idea will implemented on the unused site

of PT.INHUTANI III nearby the settlement, which both will becoming visually and functionally integrated.

As once it was a place for a historical timber factory of Dutch collonial, high consideration of the remaining

structures are taken. Along with the issues of future development of the site, this revitalization ideas will

enhance the site values towards more economic, social, cultural and ecolgical potentials.

Key words : Urban Riverfront Revitalization, Riverbank Settlement, Wastewater Management,

Sustainable landscape, Constructed Wetland, Awareness of Health and Hygiene Behaviour, Public Space,

Environmental Psychology, Behaviour Change

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Ultimately, the writing will not be complete without a kind assistance, rigorous reviews, inspiring

discussions and motivational supports from my 1st supervisor, Prof. Nicole Uhrig. She also sparks my

interest in landscape urbanism as well as brings the historical topic comes to life and understanable

thorough her classes. I would also thank to my 2nd supervisor, prof. Einar Kretzler for his kind support

throughout this process.

The thesis is made possible from unlimited access to all necessary resources provided by authorities of

Kotawaringin Timur Regency. I would like to thank Mrs. Siti Rudiyanti and Mr. M. Wijaya Putra from

Regional Planning Agency, Mr. Danang Kurniawan from Department of Public Work , Mrs Umi from

Department of Hygiene, Urban Landscapping and Housing and Mr. H. Moedjiono from Department of

Trade, for their kind support.

I owe a great debt for generous sharing from all professor in MLA Anhalt during my study. Special

mentioned to Prof Joachim Möller as our studio supervisor, who always endrosed us to worked in very

inspiring ways and be a motivational tutor for the students all the time. Also, I would like to thank Prof

Wolfram Kircher for his kind attention, and enlightment about landscape planting, which is something

that competely new world for my inadequate comprehension.

This study will not be realized without great support from many institutions. I have my greatest gratitude

and thankfull for being an awardee of Directorate of the General Higher Educational (DGHE) of Indonesia.

Many thanks are also addressed to Mrs. Citra, who dedicated her effort taken care the process. I also be

very thankful for continous support from Islamic University of Indonesia and all the dearest colleagues in

the Architecture Department. I owe a valuable, an inspiring insight from DR.Ing. Ilya Fadjar Maharika, who

keen to endorsed me in any occasion. Among the most valuable support, this study will not be possible

without the generous genuine of PT.Surya Unggul Nusa’s companion founders, M. Ikhwan and Kukuh

Santiko Wijaya, who sincerely let me pursuing master degree. I owe them an unpayable kindness to fully

support me, also for their hard time during my absence. I would also thank to Wisnu Bayuaji who triggered

my desired of pursuing a master degree and always be my mate of discussion about living in Germany.

Living in Germany will not be cheerful and meaningful without energetic support of my Colleagues. Million

of thanks for my moslem brothers, Adeeb Kanaan and Hushaam Ali Abbasi, who stood beside me all the

time. I also feel grateful to have enjoyable yet challanging collaboration with my both studios collegues,

Karzan Jalal, Daeyong Kim, Michael Olasoji Ajayi, Ye Zhang and Sevinc Zehra Kahrahman. This works taught

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me of working in diversity and intercultural environment, something that surely brings the new dimension

to my perspectives.

I owe a truly endless support of careness from my own and extended family which has brought me to

pursuing study in Germany come true. My Parents and sisters who always support and cheers me , and

my parents in laws with their kindness of taken care my little family.

Finally, This acomplishment is dedicated to my Wife, Faridah, and My Children, Mutia Aqilatul Hanifah,

M. Haidar Taqillah, and Khansa Kiyasati Hanifah,who truly compliance my leave and endeavour during my

absence. I owe them an unreplacable time of years without a husband and a father.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER I. Study background .............................................................................................................. 1

I.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1

I.2. Hypothesis and objectives .................................................................................................................. 4

I.2.1. Content, questions and/or hypotheses ....................................................................................... 4

I.2.2. Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 6

I.3. Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 6

I.4. Limitation ............................................................................................................................................ 7

I.5. Further research ................................................................................................................................. 8

CHAPTER II. City Context and its Development ..................................................................................... 9

II.1. Location .............................................................................................................................................. 9

II.1.1. Kalimantan Island & Central Kalimantan province of Indonesia ................................................ 9

II.1.2. Sampit City and Kotawaringin Timur regency in Central Kalimantan province ........................ 12

II.2. History of Kotawaringin Timur and Sampit ...................................................................................... 13

II.2.1. Original tribe ............................................................................................................................. 13

II.2.2. Historical city development ...................................................................................................... 14

II.3. Population ........................................................................................................................................ 14

II.4. Climate & temperature .................................................................................................................... 15

II.5. Geological features .......................................................................................................................... 18

II.5.1. Topography ............................................................................................................................... 18

II.5.2. Soil ............................................................................................................................................. 18

II.5.3. River profiles ............................................................................................................................. 18

II.6. Economy ........................................................................................................................................... 20

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II.6.1. GRDP Per capita ....................................................................................................................... 20

II.6.2. GRDP According to Business Fields ........................................................................................... 21

II.7. Tourism ............................................................................................................................................ 21

II.7.1. Natural tourism objects ............................................................................................................ 21

II.7.2. Cultural tourism objects ............................................................................................................ 23

II.7.2.1. Traditional ritual and ceremonies ...................................................................................... 23

II.7.2.2. Dances ................................................................................................................................ 25

II.8. City structure and Its development ................................................................................................. 26

II.8.1. City infrastructures, authority bodies and public facilities ....................................................... 26

II.8.1.1. Transportation ................................................................................................................... 26

II.8.1.2. Economic facilities.............................................................................................................. 28

II.8.1.2. Govermental agencies ....................................................................................................... 29

II.8.1.3. Socio cultural facilities ....................................................................................................... 30

II.8.2. The urban structure transformation phases ............................................................................. 34

II.8.2.1. Period of (1826-1897) ........................................................................................................ 35

II.8.2.2. Period of (1826-1897) – Period of (1898-1945) ................................................................. 36

II.8.2.3. Period of (1898-1945) – Period of (1946-1968) ................................................................. 37

II.8.2.4. Period of (1946-1968) – Period of (1969-1990) ................................................................. 38

II.8.2.5. Period of (1969-1990)- Period of (1991-2008) .................................................................. 39

II.8.2.6. Period of (1991-2008) – recent (2014) .............................................................................. 40

II.9. Conclusion of CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................. 41

CHAPTER III. Regional and Urban planning for Settlement Infrastructure Development .................... 42

III.1 General overview of linkages between Studies .............................................................................. 42

III.2. Resume of Planning and Studies ..................................................................................................... 44

III.2.1. Resume of RTRW/ Rencana Tata Ruang dan Wilayah Kabupaten (Regency Spatial & land use

plan) of Kotawaringin Timur regency, year of 2012-2032 .................................................................. 44

III.2.1.1. Spatial Plan of Kotawaringin Timur regency ..................................................................... 44

III.2.1.2. Spatial structure plan ........................................................................................................ 46

III.2.1.3. Regency’s strategic region ................................................................................................ 48

III.2.1.4. Policies and development programs ................................................................................ 49

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III.2.2. Resume of SPPIP / Strategi Pembangunan Permukiman dan Infrastruktur Perkotaan

(Development Strategy of housing and urban infrastructures) .......................................................... 50

III.2.2.1. Aims and policies of SPPIP ................................................................................................ 50

III.2.2.2. Strategies and programs of the housing and urban infrastructure based on SPPIP ........ 52

III.2.3. Resume of RPIJM / Rencana Pembangunan Investasi Jangka Menengah (Medium–term

Investment Development Plan) .......................................................................................................... 53

III.2.4. Resume of RPKPP / Rencana Pengembangan Kawasan Permukiman Prioritas ( Settlement

priority sector development plan) ...................................................................................................... 54

III.2.4.1. Area delineation ................................................................................................................ 54

III.2.4.2. Main concepts of the area development plan .................................................................. 56

III.2.4.3. The problem solving based on typology of physical characters ....................................... 57

III.2.4.4. Assesment criterias for priority 1 sub - area determination ............................................ 61

II.2.4.5. Criterias, Indicators and parameters for development ..................................................... 63

III.2.4.6. Deatiled plan on the selected sub-priority area 1 ............................................................ 64

III.3. Conclusions of CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................. 71

CHAPTER IV. Urban riverfront in developed and developing countries, a comparison ........................ 72

IV.1. Urban waterfront, an overview ...................................................................................................... 72

IV.2. Urban Waterfront in developed country ........................................................................................ 72

IV.2.1. Common principles on urban waterfront design .................................................................... 72

IV.2.2. Design implementation on urban waterfront design .............................................................. 74

IV.3. Urban riverfront as riverbank slum settlement in developing countries, the case of Indonesia ... 81

IV.3.1. The global phenomenon of riverbank slum settlement in developing countries ................... 81

IV.3.2. Typical problem of riverbank slum settlement in Indonesia, the case of Jakarta, Yogyakarta

and Banjarmasin ................................................................................................................................. 84

IV.3.3. The thesis case: The riverbank settlement and its typical problems in Sampit, Central

Kalimantan .......................................................................................................................................... 92

IV.3.4. Goverment related Policies and programmes for slum settlement improvement ................. 99

IV.3.5. Best practices : participatory waterfront design in sungai Jinah Banjarmasin, decreasing

vulnerability with self-reliant urban design for riverfront housing in Banjarmasin, Indonesia ........ 100

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IV.3.5.1. Background ..................................................................................................................... 100

IV.3.5.2. Design concept ............................................................................................................... 103

IV.3.5.3. Participatory process and realization of partial design .................................................. 106

IV.3.5.4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 110

IV.4. Conclusions of CHAPTER IV ........................................................................................................... 110

CHAPTER V. Constructed wetland as sustainable wastewater treatment solution ............................ 112

V.1 The importance of sustainable water cycling ................................................................................. 112

V.1.1. Background ............................................................................................................................. 112

V.1.2. The picture of water hazard in Indonesia ............................................................................... 112

V.2. Sustainability in landscape architecture ........................................................................................ 116

V.2.1. Sustainable development concept ......................................................................................... 116

V.2.2. Sustainability in landscape design ......................................................................................... 116

V.3. Constructed wetland as a sustainable water cleaning method..................................................... 117

V.3.1. Overview ................................................................................................................................. 117

V.3.2. History of constructed wetland .............................................................................................. 119

V.3.3. The principles of constructed wetland design ........................................................................ 119

V.3.3.1. Definition and basic concept ........................................................................................... 119

V.3.3.2. Constructed wetland System ........................................................................................... 120

V.3.3.3. Typical planting types ...................................................................................................... 126

V.3.3.4. Implementation ............................................................................................................... 128

V.3.3.5. Pros and Cons of constructed wetland as water cleansing method ............................... 140

V.3.4. Best practices Case I : Shanghai Houtan park: landscape as a living system .......................... 142

V.3.4.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 142

V.3.4.2. General concept ............................................................................................................... 144

V.3.4.3. Sustainable water cleaning method using constructed wetland .................................... 145

V.3.4.4. Sustainable design approach of recycling material ......................................................... 148

V.3.4.5. Green education and Aesthetic Concept ......................................................................... 150

V.3.4.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 154

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V.3.5. Best Practice Case II : Kallang River-Bishan Park .................................................................... 154

V.3.5.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 154

V.3.5.2. General Concept .............................................................................................................. 155

V.3.5.3. Sustainable water cleansing method ............................................................................... 157

V.3.5.4. Park and Public Spaces .................................................................................................... 161

V.3.5.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 162

V.4 Conclusion of CHAPTER V ............................................................................................................... 162

CHAPTER VI. Applied Environmental psychology and environmental awareness education in urban

park ................................................................................................................................................. 163

VI.1. Overview: Pro Environmental behaviour problems in the developing country, the case of

Indonesia ............................................................................................................................................... 163

VI.2. Environmental psychology ............................................................................................................ 165

VI.2.1. Overview ................................................................................................................................ 165

VI.2.2. How environmental psychology change the world ............................................................... 166

VI.2.3. Old vs recent paradigm on changing behaviour .................................................................... 167

VI.2.3.1. Basic principles ............................................................................................................... 168

VI.2.3.2. Three basic interventions ............................................................................................... 169

VI.2.3.3. Approaches to The basic interventions .......................................................................... 170

VI.3. Landscape perception and its languages towards emotional impact .......................................... 172

VI.3.1. Overview ................................................................................................................................ 172

VI.3.2. Theories on landscape perception ........................................................................................ 173

VI.3.2.1. The biophilia hypothesis ................................................................................................. 173

VI.3.2.2. Information processing theory ....................................................................................... 174

VI.3.3. Landscape “making space” Design tools vs “positive” and “negative” perceptions ............. 176

VI.3.3.1. Enclosure ........................................................................................................................ 176

IV.3.3.2. Dynamics orientation ...................................................................................................... 180

IV.3.3.3. Light and shadow as design tools to provoke emotion .................................................. 184

VI.4. Urban park as a facility to promote environmental awareness .................................................. 189

VI.4.1. Overview ................................................................................................................................ 189

VI.4.2. Urban park as social and educational facilities...................................................................... 190

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VI.4.3. Urban park as an arts showcase of environmental message ................................................ 192

VI.4.4. Best practices case I : Educational recycling park .................................................................. 198

VI.4.4.1. Background ..................................................................................................................... 198

VI.4.4.2. General concept .............................................................................................................. 198

VI.4.4.3. Recycling education concept .......................................................................................... 200

VI.3.4.4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 204

VI.4.5. Best practices case II : Eco Green Park at Jatim Park............................................................. 205

VI.4.5.1. Background ..................................................................................................................... 205

VI.4.5.2. Concept ........................................................................................................................... 205

VI.4.5.3. Environmental awareness learning concept .................................................................. 207

VI.4.5.3. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 208

VI.4. Conclusion of CHAPTER VI ............................................................................................................ 209

CHAPTER VII. Existing Profiles and Analysis ...................................................................................... 210

VII.1. Existing ......................................................................................................................................... 210

VII.1.1 General profiles ..................................................................................................................... 211

VII.1.1.1 Views ............................................................................................................................... 211

VII.1.1.2. Surroundings and urban context ................................................................................... 214

VII.1.1.3. Waterflow direction and level ....................................................................................... 216

VII.1.2. Riverbank settlement area ................................................................................................... 216

VII.1.2.1. Description of the area .................................................................................................. 216

VII.1.2.2. Typical setting and layout .............................................................................................. 217

VII.1.2.3. Accessibility .................................................................................................................... 219

VII.1.3. Unused PT. INHUTANI III Site area ........................................................................................ 220

VII.1.3.1. Description of the area .................................................................................................. 220

VII.1.3.2. Site boundaries and features ......................................................................................... 221

VII.1.3.3. Topography .................................................................................................................... 222

VII.1.3.4. Vegetation ..................................................................................................................... 223

VII.1.3.5. Accessibility .................................................................................................................... 224

VII.2. Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 225

VII.2.1. Site Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 225

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VII.2.1.1. Area Accessibility ........................................................................................................... 225

VII.2.1.2. Views .............................................................................................................................. 226

VII.2.1.3. River Water and pollutant from settlements flow ........................................................ 227

VII.2.2. Functional analysis ................................................................................................................ 228

VII.3. Conclusion of CHAPTER VII .......................................................................................................... 229

CHAPTER VIII. Concept development and masterplan design illustrations ........................................ 230

VIII.1. Design concept ........................................................................................................................... 230

VIII.1.1. Constructed wetland design concept and implementation ................................................ 230

VIII.1.1.1. Riverbank settlement needs ......................................................................................... 231

VIII.1.1.2. Neighborhood and surrounding needs ......................................................................... 235

VIII.1.2. Approach to urban park design ........................................................................................... 241

VIII.1.2.1. Behaviour changing and environmental education concept ........................................ 241

VIII.1.2.2. Social and cultural activities concept ........................................................................... 255

VIII.2. Integration of the both approaches and design illustrations ..................................................... 259

VIII.2.1. Masterplan ........................................................................................................................... 260

VIII.2.2.Accessibility .......................................................................................................................... 261

VIII.2.3. Zonation ............................................................................................................................... 261

VIII.2.4. Aerial views .......................................................................................................................... 263

VIII.2.5. Instructional area illustrations ............................................................................................. 265

VIII.2.6. Motivational area illustrations ............................................................................................ 266

VIII.2.7. Supportive and self management area illustrations ............................................................ 268

VIII.2.8. Cultural and social area illustrations ................................................................................... 270

VIII.2.9. Settlements area illustrations .............................................................................................. 273

VIII.3. Conclusions of CHAPTER VIII ....................................................................................................... 274

Bibliography, List of figures, List of Tables