'l'IIB IIIPLUENCB OP 'l'IIB DOIlIIIANT TUDOR WILL

011 'l'IIB

STATE RBLIOIOII OP ENGLAND

BY

Sister II . Bd1th HOdapp, a. S. B. D., B. A.

""

)

A ftle o1. IUbm1 tted to the pnoulty of the Graduate School, lIarquette Univero1t7,

in Part1al Fulfillment ot the Requ1rements tor the Degree

of llaster ot Arts .

lIILW AUKBll, 'til SC OR SIN

Jul:r. 193'1

ACKlIOWLBOOIlEITS

The writer of this thesis wishe. to

llokn""ledg8 her 1ndebtedne •• to 'levorend

Fa.the r It . N. Hamilton , S . J . under whose

able guidance and direction tho work " 08

a ocomplished.

11.

111.

TABLS OF COBTRHTS

Chapter I . Introduetlon • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1-5

Chapter II . Honry VIII and the 3ch1am • • • • • • • • • 6-39

Attltude toward the Chureh before the Schism. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7

Com1l18 of Anne Boleyn • • • • • • • • • • 9

Dllpeneatlon Bull of pope JUllus II • • • 11

Embassles to the pope • • • • • • • • • • 14

Legatine oourt . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16

The Fall of Wolsey. • • • • • • • • • • • 19

Perelstent Bfforts of Henry • • • • • • • 22

submission of tho Clorgy. • • • • • • • • 25

RelatiOns with Rome • • • • • • • • • • .25

The "Divoroe" • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27

~atharine ' a Sympathisers . • • • • • • • 28

Henry ' s Royal Supromacy • • • • • • • • • 29

The Sohism Oompl et od. • • • • • • • • • • 31

The Organizatlon of the Church. • • • • • 35

Partie I i n the Sch1sm • • • • • • • • • • 3S

Chapt er III . Rosist anoe to Henry ' s Poll cYI His Persecutions . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40-73

Thomas Cromwell, H. nry ' e Vloesorsnt • • • 41

AdmSnistration of the Oaths of Suooes.ion and Supremaoy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 43

Submission or the Maj ority. • • • • • • • 46

Resistanoe of Three Religious Orders . • • .a

Chapter IV.

tv .

Results ot Administration ot Ooths • • • 62

Dominance of Henry' s Will . • • • • • • • 53

The Hol y Mai d ot Kent . • • • • • • • • .~

Pi.her and More Involved • • • • • • • • 67

Oath Administered to More and Fisher • • 59

• • • • 69 Imprlaonment and Tri al ot Pisher

Fiahar Created a Cardinal. His .eoutlon 61

Imprisonment ot Thoma_ More . • • • • • • 62

Trinl and Bxeeution of Thomas More • • • 63

Bl essed John Forest. • • • • • • • • • • 66

Bl e.sed Margaret pole . • • • • • • • • • 68

penalties tor Heresy • • • • • • • • • . 71

Treasons • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 71

ArbitrarJ Me thode in the persecutions . • 72

Henry ' s Wil l Expreesed in the Dissolution ot Monasteries • • • • • • • • • • • • • 74-96

Dlssol ution and Visl tation betore the Sohism • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 75

Henry ' s Determination to Dlssolve Monasteries . • • • • • •••••• • • • 76

Genoral Visitation of Monasteries, 1534-1538. • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 7?

Reports ot GamdsaionerB • • • • • • • • 79

Suppression ot Smaller lIolllls taries • • • 81

Btteets ot the Suppressi on ot the Smaller House. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 83

Northam Insurrections • • • • • • • • . 86

The Pilgrimage of Graco . • • • • • • • • 87

Chapte r V ..

v.

D1Bsolutlon of tbe Larger MOrlaeterio$.. 89

Destruction of shrines. • , ,It ". .. ill! 94

~'tilml Results of' the Dissolution •. .. .. . 95

4bsolute Power of Honry VIII . • • • •• 97

'ary . f!1Udor t s Domina.nt fUll: Iter tlan of catholicism ......

estorn .. if, • • " ... 99--137

Edward VI: Re l1gious Chrmges •. ., .., • • 100

R$volts in the North and South. • • .. .. 102

r(Une Ordinal .. * .. • • . ., . . . • 103

105 Accession of nt'y Tudor .. " .. . " . " .. Chara.c ter ·0£ the Queen OJ • • • • • • .. . 101

ary ts Attitude towards Catholicism ... l OS

proQlamation of Aumst 8 _ 1553 • · " .. l09

et:1vi't1e of tb Reformers • .. . .. . 110

},!ary ' a Leniency • " • • .. • .. . ". . .. " 112

.. estOl"ation of the Ca.tholio Ro11gion". U 3

ar't'i n.~.} Ilee;ot1e.t1ons ._ · . ." .' * .. • 118

116 i'ly'e:tt I G Rebellion .. • .' .. .. '. . " • •

Pardons 8.nd lilXeeut1ana ," " • .. ., .. .. • .. 100

'rhe !r1arr1tl of the Quean • • • • • • • 121

ttl t ude toward Ueros .Y " • · .' . . · ,;, • 124

Responsibility for Perseeut1on_ e\ • .. oJ' 125

F-osistanec to t~ LaWS against Heres:\!' • 12'1

EXBcut:1.ons for Heresy It '.. • • • • •• • 127

Procedure 1n Punishing tor Horeey " , . 129

Uot1v es of Mary • to .• • • • • ., • • • 131

Unpopul arity of Her Methods • " • • • • 152

vi.

iGry 'S Constructivo Act1vit1" ...... " 133

no!' @ailureB~ '" • • .. . 111 ,. " • • • • 13$ .

Sl;rangth of' HIH> Convictions • • • .. .. .. 136

Cho.ptc%' VI . lil l1zabeth t a Settlement of Religion .... , • 13&-176

Her Precarious QSition ... ~ .. • it

•• 150

He l' Advia,ars.. ., . ., " .. - . . ~liza.beth t' a tackef Re11g;ioua

Oonvictions .. .. .. I .. • .. • • .. '"

•

<t) •

Formgl Announcement Wlthl'lold from the

• 142

.. 149

PODe.. • • • lit '" - '. •

.. . ., . • • • " . 143

lizabeth's Caution • • • • • • .. • • 145

ReI' Attitude tO~9.rd Catholic Practi ces. 146

'Rer First Parliament . ... .~ It ~ • .. .. 'ti 148

Aotsof SUP:Nilln8CY end Unlform1ty . e, . .. 150

Objeetions to the Bill of Uniformity .. .. 161

.,.11zt1betl'~"s At'bltI"Gry' f,fethods •• it .. • 150

Injunctions no. l"'ool.amat1ons • • .. . " 153

Visitation of the Dioceses •• · . . '. • 154

Attitude of Catholics t oward th IntlO'V'a tiona .j • • • • • '.. '" • • .. • .. 156

The 'Old Bishops and the UO'V'! • • . ~ . • 158

Claim of Cont1nu1 ty • • • • .. • • • • • l '

.a tum of Exiled BishOps ... jj .. . .. . . 16l

at thew Parkor. ,. . . . .. .. .. . .' .. " 162

ConsoOItnt1on of t~ Archbishop ., • . " '. 163

'":J.ost1'on of Valid! tyot Anrd10an Ordel"s 165

l'arker fa n Adve rU.aements II • _ " .. .. .. • 167

S'Ul!.illl8.ry of First Rapress ive Measnres •• 168

Chapter VI.I ,

vii.

The Oatholio M1n.o~it'Y' :0 ~ •••• ' f :0 • '" 169

eoond. Par11afl1ent,1563 11 ~ .. 11 • ~ :0 ., • 170

Temporizing Oatholics • :0 .. I I ~ • .. .' .. • 172

?lOer-secut1on of Catholics . .. .. . ,.. • • · .. 174

COIlVloe!1t1on of 1563 :0 .. • " .. · ., '" • 175

eaista.nce to E11.zabeth t a Will .. .' '. . .. • 177-219

178 1J.l1am Al len. S Semin..'lry .. '! • .. .. .. ' 'if · .. Opposition to Elizabeth' s Will •• " " .. " 100

:ary G()n of Scots .. • • • • • • • . - " 181

Q.ry' s tuart 1n 13 la.nd. . . .. .. • • ;0 .. 182

Int1'1gues against the een of Scots. • • 19

. 'i7 s tuart's .Imprlsonmen'\a I.ts Et'tects l! 18S

ttitude of Catholics toward Penal Laws • 100

The Northam Ria! s:. .. .. ~ • • • • • • '" 192

Reverses of the Insurgents t Vengea.nce of' the Queen • Ai • • .. • .. • .. '" • • • .. • It 194

Executions for Religion •• • , .. 'II

.. . . 195

Ellzabeth t s P·0l'111nant Will in the FaQ·e of Opposi t1on. • • .. • • • • • • Il' • .. • • . ' 197

Th Bull of F"xeommun1eat1on • • • " . .. .. 197

Raaot1on of l1zabeth to the Bull ., . • • 200

Catholic Re~ct10n: Plots •• • • • • '* .. • 202

The: Seminary Priests. II • t • • • .. .. • .. 203

Babington Plot" • .' • • " • • .. • • II • • 205

,''''eeution Qf l,1Q1"/ s tuart .... • • • • • • 206

The Pun tan Movement. • ••. /I if • ., • • • 208

'Resistance to PQrlce1? ' s n Advert1semonts" . 210

'l\1o (h:'Qupa of Puri tans " • .. • • .. • • • • 212

S'U1mllary '" • • •

~lU .•

E11~a.bethts Oont).1Ql of' ne11g1ous Developments • • " \0 It ,., § . ' • • • • • • 212

Fi rm Stand Oonoerning Orders • .. • • • •. 215

Final D-ee1a1 .. on Ooncerning the I~ritana • 217

Genoral Results of the Dominant Wi l l of 1l:11zabeth~ tt '" ~ • • '" • , f .. • • • « " 218

• • it • • • * , • • • • . , . . . ' f 220 .. 2212

Bibliography. • • .. . '. ,. .11. . ... .,. .. t " .• t . '. • .' " .. 22S.238

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English histor1an& l"eeoe;nlze the ?O~vc:t" and. atr~mgtll of

\"1111 in the Tudo!" rull'3l's ....... H6Zlr1 VIII, idary Tudo~1 end QUeen

E11zsboth . 'Tu.dQr stubbomnosB aru1pertlist enoe 1e reflocted

in every import ant. enterprise of tho! r :reigns . l:>uJ'lng these

yeers Parllement·ary subservionce is NtnRrltBbly evldent. Its {I was s1tn.l>ly to sh1~ld the mas'her·s . TUdor rulers spared

themselves man .ViDa their ar'bl trttfiy mGaSUres

OQ8ot1oned l)y parllsmant . TbOy cnrried out thei:t' own will .. "

yet, al ways with the oonsliJntof parliament, on whioh they

tl'equently b.rou.gbt un<lue proaBUro . ar11f~men:ta:ry acta ,f'.c'u"ned

the eholl" as it were , within whlch oould be found the Will

of' the ruler . Under the ~ubteJlltu!te of logality tho 3QVer...

elm' s 1'1111 bee tl10 lsw of the land. If the laws ortbe

OhUl"c.b "oul d i nterfero with the porsonBl. deol ot the sov-

''''rell'Oh th& Qut hor! t y of the Qb.ur ch was oubs t1tuted 'by the

p~r8()nal B'Ut horlt:r ''Of thO .w.lor. All long a s an En.g118h

sta,t~usman cnr1"ied out the 1'/lshas of hls Bovorelan. be "'''fnli

S0Cure. but it ho tailed ln ',mY' particul Br to 09"7 out t he

,111 of the rolor,. he lost his pos1t1on and, 1nt'luo.nce , en­

was even put t o death f<u· tr.eaaon ..

Althou B&nry VII ~$ the first of the TUdor rulers,

e shall exclude him 1n the dev,

ca.use hie 1rlt"luance WO.O not r

.ent of' t hi18 paper be­

.ble lnbring1ng about

roliIttous nges. 'fhEl 'Otll"pose ot t his p~per 13 to show ho

Henry VII ' s S1:100essors Mveloporl . th:rough t heir tlom1Mtlng

will POliO!', the her! tage they bad recel veo f'rom Henry VII ... •

how these Tudor rulers exercised thetr w111 in 5.n:f'luol\c1ng

relIgion, and nlt'tnaged ,to keep their power in spite of all

opposition.

:3

We shall see howllenry V.III in want1ng to marry Anne

Boleyn OVercame every obstacle to attain his object; bow he

foreed England out ot the Ohurch to get his will; how he in­

fluenCed his Parliament to pass la.ws that he mi ght pOsses s

supt'emaoy in spirt tual matters ; how. when he met seriOUs op·

position he robbed and murdered to aooomplish his purpose .

We shall furthermore see how this will overeame much resist­

ance on the part of the statesmen wbO were inclined to Prot­

estant1sm--how Henry clung to the old 1'al th in dootrine; but,

because he could not reoognize the Pope of Ramass head of

the ChurCh and stlll have his own will, he made himself pope

1nEngland.

We shall pass over the reign of Edward VI very quickly

beoause he was a mere boy and did not dominate the realm h~

self. Tbe ohanges in religion during this reign were brought

about through tbe work of statesmen rather then through the

influence of the will of a Tudor .

Queen Mary, however, in her Short and turbulent reign

so sucoessfully carried out her wishes in reestablisl1ing the

Ca.thol1c religIon that in the short period of :t'iv& years, the

entire nat10n had praotical ly been reunited to the Ohurch.

Her methods were medieval In character , Times had changed,

the world had passed i nto the modern era . Mary, nevertheless,

set herself to her tnsk as one m1ght have done in the ages

of faith . Without subterfuRe she punished protestants as

,

b$l"ottcs bad been 'Qunisb,$d of' old., Counoi·lol·$ G.dvleoo against

the _thod, wt borTudozt, stubborM-EJ.$s made he" heedle8$ of

~lt' adv'. with ~ 11geult that; ldstGr:1 Me long blamed

hor tor klll1ll6 fo"!! cQt1so1encG sakGJ wbl1e hoF eroaf't1Qt'f'atber

end w11yMlt-slster, Who put ;noN people to death fOi'con ...

so1ence aake than she", 1;U'"0Qxcueed because tbl-y did ,.~ UDde1"

the Cl0~kQt treason,

\YhQn Bllzabeth cmne to tbe throne" the Nal1i1 WllS Catho:U.o.

a!¥l Ellsabetb .m1ghtba'l1o been willing enough to 1'em1n OathOllc

bad aM not.anted to rule. He.l' po&1.t1on waS pr-OCArMOW1 i n­

deed. Asa Cathollo, she would not be J'ecognl,Jrj$daa a leg!. t...

be:te heir to tile thl'On.e beoause tUif~ fath.r':a.~lage to

Al'lno !Ole'J'D WU not reoogn111e4b'g the Qh\1.rOh.. Rertoe~ to

maintain be~ pOwer-, She woUld. be obllgett to take 'Up the new

religion IIU1d to pel',ee-eute. i;hemembws ·Cd ·the· ol d. faith.. She

too,llke ber .tatmr; cbCUle able $tatellmen to guide the realm

·end to ca~y ,oat .. ' sfteM1gn'a mll in b.r1D.g1ns 4bOu~ _

s4!t~l~t elt ~1.18tCb 1n England. .$b& was 'lJe7!1 careful to

ha.v~ eve'f!'J .. cUOtl ctmc1)1onedt'tlrough J)tl1'llamelltazt7 $Me't ..

Mnt, thus ~1#l1n1ng bhe ~ood w111 'Of the nation as a

tmol:o, $ld '.t, tllt samet1mtl" dcalnat1ng the pellston ot the

realm by foroe of her _11.

Th. lDtl.uenee of ·thElfudop '1dll on tibe hJ.atot-1 'of ~

lend f:J.?_ 152Q.;.1603 has 1<*8 bet .. Moogntaed by b1ato*,11UU1

as a most potent te.,ctol'in the '.manry O~$ that werG a'",

fcct$d in Erlgland dv1ng this period . Tbe wrlter 18 not

aware ot any work devote4 excl\Ullve-ly to the :pt'Obl.e= of 'bow

5

the TUdor will dominated the religion of' England, but rec­

ognizes thEl ' many authors mentioned tn the bibliography at

the end ot this paper as furnishing background and material

tor the solution of tbe problem.

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II

7

ATTITUDE TOWARD THE CHURCH BEFORE THE SOlUS

The early years of Henry 'a reign, When he was atil.l a

youth, direoted and gulded by the advice of t:oo atateSlllen of

his eOUll't, do not notably foreshadow: the, disastrous :efl'ect of

his powept'ul 1'udOI' will . In the, first years of his reign

Henry VIII l1ved a happy life with Katharine, his wife, and

also in pel'tect harmony with the CbUl'oh ,. HOwever, he wanted

a male heirns. his sueoessor and all but aneof his six Ch11-

dren--she a trail g!rl .... d1ed i n infancy. This 'IIna a great

dl~apJ>01tltment t ,Q the lUng. At his c,ourt was Anne Boleyn,

young, h.ealthy, attractive. She, could bear him an heir, but

not unleasltatba,rine were out of the way_ Here was an Geea­

elon whi ch roused the pOWer ot Henry ' s Tudor wi'll . It soon

became evident that there was nothing he ,would not stake to

obtain hi. object . 'lbe l"esult ot bis policy WaS a compl~te

break with theOhurCb whlOb. as a young man he had lOYed and

defended . The story 'of )le1U7' s divoroe des~l"Vea tlr8t pl.a.ce

s a typical eXflmple or Tudor dom1nanoe as it Inf'luen,ced

religIon, because before t lli s eVentth&re was notb1ng111the

c-ond1tlon ot the ChUrch ot England that in any: way suggested

a break tram Romth Rightly Hilaire Bellocln biB book Bow

the Reto.rmatlon J!&ppened calls Henr:r's schism the tJEng11ah

Accident" «

Let us take a glance at England in berrelatlon to t~

, Ohurch at the opening at tbeProteste.nt Revolt tn 1817 . Ai,...

though Burope was 'bei ng torn tpom the unity of Ohrlstendcxn

by the teachings otLuthel" and. CalVin, the influence of their

a

teaohing 1n England was not alarming. Henry VII! at the time

Luther pub.l1shed h1s ninety-.f1ve theses lmd nQ :intention whap ...

ever of' breQk1ng wlth tho Cbu:Pch . Be had bean a. loyal and

devout :adhevent of the dootrinea and of tbe authorl ty of the

Churen o.f' Rome. Engls,nd was geographically separated frQm

the rest. otEul'ope a.nd the inf'luonc,e of false do·ct:r-inel3 Was

not generally felt . The attitude Qr nem-y toward. the Church

waS indeed more favoftble than that of the majority of rulel's

o.f hIs day. Henry was a firm believer In the doctrines of

tho Ohurc~ ...... ·ltbe s c,entGd the new Luthet-an heresy and sought

speedily to e:x.term.\na.te it" . l

r l!aye;s, Gar1.ton J It U.! '011 tical, and, ~o()1a~ jiston 2! MOdem Burope. Vol. 1. p . 151 .•

AS ProtestlUlt1sm began on the oontinent, he was· engaged

in the writ i ng of' Q bOok whioh he oalled fha· Defet).se.2t . .I'!! Seven sacrament"" and 'which he de4;tcated to the Pope. 1'ope

_ . 6

Leo X. ill turn, gave h1.m the title Fidei Pet'ensQr, or ])0-

tender ot the ' ,a1th, which title Henry cherish.ed tor the rast

ot hia l1t~h '!'here had been grOWlng in EUrope the general

opinion al1long the rulers and their subjeots that ,the Pope ot

nome exercised too muoh political power . , But Henry in this

book did not question the po11t1C4iclaima otthe Pope. Xn

taot, with the· advice and oonnivance of his eb1et adv1ser,

C~ard1nal Wolsey, Henry on aavernl oCCQai,oDS allied himself

wit h Pope lAo X in the game otEUropean politics. So taX"

there wag no se1'1oua 1'nterf'erenoe with lienl"'1' s pll:\lls and

ambitions, 1I1s 1'1111 had not been orossed, Really, the Pope

9

had oo.tered to .him in granting him the title or "The Ps,fender

of thel."nithlt ,.

Even at th:1. s early period of his reign, 1517. bowever,

he showed n tendenoy t()wal~·d po-l1 tical super lor1ty in h1s re­

lations with the f ope-· a fore 'shadomng of h1s complete brea.1(

with the Chureh at 8. label' date . On the oooasion of a via!t

of the Fapal delegate, Qardinal Oam,pegglo:.asld.ng tor help in

a crusade aga1nat the 'PUrks ) there was l i ttle respect shown

to t he Apostolio See. '!he Fapal Lega.te wile plaoed in an In ...

ferior position in comparison with Wolee1. the Eng11sh Oar-

-dinal . Another, 1nstenoe of Henry's attitude regarding the

ope ooncerns an agre~ent. made batween b1msolt and Frano1s

or France during the Popet ,s eapt1vlty in the Oastle of Sen

An~elo.

tray this treaty Honry and F~ane18 bound tbemaelves · to . re4ect any bull signed by the Pope duri~ , h1s oapt1vlty, abd t hey agreed that wbat&ver the blsh ... ops of' a1 tber country, as sembled by the authorlt7 0.£ tbeiXt< l'espectlve $o\teJ:lo;oo elgn's, consentl , should ~e de1)Med and cQnsldet'ed e.G binding, as it ,. t had. been done by the Pope,. 'ThUS WAS Henry taught Mil l.essOll -as t'\1.ture Supreme, 1I0ad o.f th. ahurch ot Imgland~"2

g -- "' --~-

Hope, tlrs . ~ f :1rat p1vot'ce of ReXWI VI I I. p . 54.

Incidents, ot this type l'$V,eal thecharaoter ot llenry WhiCh

was suCh a. to bpook litt le or no 'opposltion.

\lOJlING OF ANNE aOLEfN

As Henry advanced to middle age, Me disappointment at

not havi ng a _le 1)etr began to loom large in bis l ite 8lld

10

s .1mult&neoualy Anne Bol eyn" captivated his sensual appetite .

Thon In qui,Ok suoceseion one. idea atter another presented

itself to his 1maglnation. }I:1$ TUdor p rid.e sa1d there must

be a 'log1tllnate male heir. KatbB1'lne" bis wlfe, 1'1ve ,.ea-rs

.his Ge-n101". , bad outgE'OWD hel> e.tt rnct1"eness as well as her

usef"ul.ness . What ShOll1d he do? There.$ a possibility. .A

marriage to a l;Irothel"s w1dow Wo.s eontral'y to the laws of the

Ohurch; and, although there 'hnd been a d~spense.tlonat the

.1me of his marriagE), was tba t dispenss'M,on lawful' 3

:5 ' -_. . ~'-" '- ' .-' -~ '.-'~-'-- ~. ~" '---~-. ~~- ". ".-- "~

" • .oat Qont emporary Wt'lter~ " whether OatboU.c or ~!'otestsnt. agree that It. was Wolsey ,,'bC) f'l.rst put: It into bis head. " HOP. e, ¥rs . The: P1rst. l?lvoree ~~, VI1I, .p . 43. '!*his has been dleproviCrb7 latel' reseuOli. ~ tYelrdn8r, JQl!1e,S, "lew L1ghts on the D1vo~ of .Henry VIII" ,JHAASh, !p.atoploal !!!"" v1.,w., XI, (l.S96) p .• 6'12. . . ..

'rhe King tn'U.$t flnd: a poss1ble WaY cut Of the Mt:f10Ulty. Hi.

passion tor AMe Boleyn gre" upon him and to ,k.eep her as hi.

mistress WOUld not br1ng h1m a legitimate male helr.

It 1s tru~ that Arme Bol,ey.n was an evil genius for the

.1t1ng of England; .ttll It was the dec1sion o.t Henr1 VIII

hlms.e.lt that finally and peNanently brought. about the dis ...

ruption of the un! ty or Ohr1etendca. 4 In tb;e year 1522 Antle

4 ' 8elloC), B11a.lre. Dow ~ R.eformat1on Ha;epene<1, p . 90.

Boleyn had made be~ appellrallce 1ncourt fl;J!1d Benl7' s pas $lon

tor her waS aroused., !'be court of England had been rather

subdu.ed under tho d1reetl0,n of the good QUeen 'lto.tb,arlne.

With the coDling .of Anne BOleyn, who 'had spent &0IIle time 1ft

the Prenob. oourt, some ot the PreAch finesse was 1ntroduoed,

11

'a;nd the morala Of the eourt of England ·de'l)l1ned. Henl7' h.ad.,

a atronSt>Qsn1on fOP lu.stand his ~Oll'QWel"s daved n.ot Oppoe$

bim.

1.1: was· in the year 1522 that Henry first 8lCPressed his

pre.tended scruples eoneernin.G the va11d1 t1 of his marl·la.ge

witb KatOOr1ilEl. As til'r~ w.",nt on they grew uponh1.m and took

defin,_te ehape. What I1ellry went~ ft.S not Q fld1vorcEJ ft wh1Qh

would be a dlsso1vlng of an ensting oontn.~aet" but an °annul ...

%I1ent". th~ doclarat10l'l frOl!lleceles1a,stioal flutbor1t1.e.a that

the first marrlage with Katharine o~ Aragon waa !"rom the start

invalid. lJ.'h:e progress ot t.he case 'laS $lovr. In 15'22 \'If) find ,

Renr:r elq)l'etlsingh1·g scruples; in A,p»;l.l. 152&,. 'there ill the

e8l'l~.atn-.tl~e of' , the :!f4lyol'oe"' flin,a l~rtter frOUt Arch-. ' ..

bishop ·W~ to wolae'1 ... ... ...... In.l·ell re:terenee ls_de

to. t tb1s great _tter of the ' JUngt S gl':Q.ce-, ttS and on th8 5~~~---~-' ~-'~--,~, ~ ,-~

Hope, Mrs . Cpa. Cit.., p . 43.

seventeenth of 1Ia,. the ronual p1'QQeedlngs toward. getting ..

-divorce'" .ere instltuted,.

:DI3l>DSATIOli BtrLL OF POPE JutlUS Xl

Let us oond.d.er the negotle.tlQnsot BeJ!1r1 VIII .1th the

Cburoh eo!i~e~ hie .d111orce as brletl~ as po.ssible Nea.

1 ts 1~cept1on to '~ flnal decision given b7 Rame, amd 1et

us also tl"aoe the effect ot his dominating w:111 power on the

proogl'ess. ot- 'tal. ~as.h In .1501 ltntbarUle ot Aragon had been "

marr1ed to ~tbur, Henry VIII's older brother. Atter ttve

months Arthur d1ed . '1\t'o years lat er a contract was made be.

~2

tween Bem-y VIII anfl the Xing of Spat'n for Q marr-iag,e of

Itathar:UlG '\rl.th All"th.ur'$ bll'otha"" prO\tlded the lope would

grant a dispensation. .Julius!I granted the dispensation in

wide terms 1noludL"lg the condt tiona of 'Whether the marr'-age

had boon cons~ted or not. A eave:tul ·examinati on of the

bull and the tf)ntlS in 'tm,ioh :t t WQS CGUChed" reV'ealed a £la.w

in its content that d1d lmt eso.ape tbe keen 0'10 of Wolsey

when th10 brief ,¢ t dlsp~noat!Qn was later preaentod for ex"

amination.. lIf1J~bert Thurston. S. J . e.1Cpla1ns the tlQW in the

bull of dispensation issued by Pope JUlius II a t the request

ot the lting ot Spain. The Spaniards wanted to be c9rta,in

that there "as no itDpediment en sting. whether' the .marria.ge

ha.d: been e~~ted 'Or not. Boweve;tt. 'the bull waS: issued

to remov~ the impect1Jerltot ~t1n1tx. But as it bad 'been

proved that the marriage bad not been c .onSUl'I'InQ,ted, the 1,m..

pediment ot att'1n1t'y did 00-1: ex1et. 1'h.erG Wss another 1m­

pediment !mom aa el1oa. !!otl&s:tatls: j;ust1cia that d1d &xist <

because of the JJJA!'rlage QeN)llton"..'th1s l1:.nlped1ment \'faa not

lI1ention.a. 131 the bull. B&s1d6sthe wol'd toraan ~ppeared Ul

the bull. blplylngan unoertain oond1 tlcm rego.rd1116 th~· 1m-­

pedimont. and thentore being in that point 1nconsistent.

»ven w1th theee lnconsistenGlea .. however, the pope bad .in­

clud4ld in th1sbrief' to Ferdinand ·aDi .Is.bella a v.ery clear

and deo1de4etatement a.uthorl~lng the marriage of' Henry .e,nd

latbarine,.

When Henry eJq>ressed his sCl"Ilples CO.boerning the va­

lidity ot bis marriage. th~re weI'S only two cou X'ses open to

him.

nEither he COUld plead that JUlius bad ,acted uli&a vires, that marr1a.ge nth a deceas brother's w.lte VlB,S forbidden by ,divine law and could therefore not b4t validated even by the, Pope, or he could acknowledge this power to bea.d­equete, but alle,ge le~l1"l dete'Ots in the bull ofdlepensatlon wb1dlwould 6 Hmier that in.'JtrUment 1tself invalid .• '"

6" t.." -- ti . 1!! . J" t) ,' )'7

15

Smith .. Rioha,rd La1menee. 30M F,tsher and ThOmas fA!)re,t l)'.2 paU~ S&1,nts, P. 150~ - - ...

' f.

por a long tilne Henry 'wavered between the t\70 emu'ses,

but, tlM.ll'1 he leanod to th,e latter course' otalle~ing legal

detects 1n the bUll or dispeneation. Be re~llY' could not

con81~,tently adhere to the tlrat ~cru.rse, &8 be was trying to

enter a contra.ct wi th Anne Boleyn with lIIhom the impttd1lnent ot

,affinity exlsteGthNugh bl,s rel.tion Tll:tb Mary Boleyn, ' her

sister. AD1 it " .. 8 the 1mped1ment ot erfln1tJ' that was die­

pensed with in th~ bull whioh 'enal)led him to mar,y Katharine,

TherefOre, it" .he wanted to oontraot ., marriage w1 th Anne

Boleyn, h& "would bave to l-eC.ogn:1ee the d1spens1t1G POW$!' of

tbe Pope on the question ot atf'1.n1ty. In making his .deC)is1.on

Henry exere1sed h1s power 01' will., He w ... detem1nGd to

IWU"ry .Anne Boleyn.; therefore he ehoae to recognize the dis ...

p-ensing powerot the pope. This oourse woUld enab18 him.

tb.rQugh another Papal d1spensat!,on to remove the imped:1Jnent

that existed be.t1re4m h1.selt' tmd A.nne BOleyn.!h18 "as the

only me'thad tor biz to :fellow in order to get bis way_ It

he won 111 the dlvol"Ce eat!l~h he would be tree to ask tor

another d1spen8Qtl~n be08.\.\se of the 1mped1ment of ~tt'1ntty

with Anne Boleyn.

14

~tBASSIES TO '1'Im pppg

lfet>.ry- w1sl1ed to oe 'ee~ta1n that the dec1d.ol'l would

ppove, fa:vO'rtllble tQ bim. ~re£0<t'6 . he t:r1ed to persu~d&

f'oP& Clement V.II to p.ermi t; 'Oard!'nal WQl say and llimsel.f tt.> decide the ca.se in EnglAnd 'Without further' appeal. Pope

Clement was patient Mel tractable, ·and f elt bound to He.nry'

by ties of gt'8.t1t~. . Yet, there Was Mother political. co~

s:tdemt1on.. fhe Pope wa:s in th~ powex- ot Oharles V f the Em­

pe~r~ and. the nephew of IDl:tb.sr1ne. It he $.coeded to HenI'3't s

request, Charles V WOUld deeply res~nt it. Embassy .atter

eniOO5:'JY tv&;$ ae'nt t;oRome wltJl dOQuments tOl!' the Pope's slt; ...

nattu"-e and even tram 't)w beginning, tbe ~pOl""ts lertt l.ittle

bopO in \101se,.'s mtnd that the pope would de.Glde faV01'8b1.1

tor Re:ral'7'.

1n one of' tb.eseembassles

'''m.b.e envoYG pl.'eaent~ to h1nx f 'ol' ~i3'" nature two 1nst:rouments" 'b:1 the f'll'8t ,of wht.oh he-WOultl &11power Wol.sey (in o;as8 ot Object.lonto WOlsey th~y lJell'e perm! tted to substitute Sta.pbilaeo) tobea.r and deeide the oa'Urse of the d.1v01"Oe. by the seemld he would ~tto Henry a dlspensation to 111(U'l"7, 111 the place (');fCathezolne" an,. other ~oman 'WhQt!1soe:vo~. evtJnlf ISh. were. elread}" pt-Qm1sQd to another, 01' 'related to ·b1m ... selt

7wltb1n the first degreo ot

atttn1 t'1." " _. f ' - - - --~ - - .. -- . ~ --" --.-~ -' -~----" ----. '"'""---.--'""----~"""""'~.

Linga:rd. tohn and Bell~,~! H11a1re . ~l!1ston S! h~,. Vol. IV., P. ,~.

lle slgned the latte,r W'ith:outal~I'l1t1on. fti.e otA_r was to

be composed in a nm'# style by the Cat'dinal Sant1Q\lQ,trl.

lG.mes Qa1rdnel' saye of this bull that Knigbt obtained a

s-

"Conditional d1epen$atlon for the new mal'l;'1ag~ 1;l the Callie the enst1ng 'Ono wi th ~athor1rie Vlere d&olQ~ed invfll!.dj ud cert~11'lly :1 t :is nQt a 11 ttle rG­markable that such lit doc'WnSnt ,houl.d have b~en actually issued b7 the papal. ohanc~ry. Strange that tlw papal chan­cery did not insist that the sentence of nullity should be .obtained ira the first 1nstance b~f()r&any suoh dooument If'~. oono6ded.u

15

Galt'dnel"1, J~s, _. rtllew L1ght$ on the Dlvorceof Hen:t'7 '\1'!Il~ -bl1slt H1st(!Jr1Cf!J.f !ev1e",. XI, (le96), p . 6~5_

.. ----__ .... ~~ __ .. ~ __ ~~~--~~~-------. , v- : ~

But Knignt had .sOtll"cely left Orvieto when e. requost came

trom En(£la.M tt:l1! a papQl lElgate. Tl1.e result was the eatab-

118.mentot .the tegat1n.e court under the Iluth¢:r! ty ,or Cam­

pegg10·. the: ~,pal .wgatc. ·nndof' Wolsey.. It was Oam.peggl()

who br~t tb Bngland the

1;1 .. -

"bUll wh1Cb aut aDa. tl-oall.y annulled tho ma1"l'lase ot HelU"y,' and ~ther1ne pl'0V'1ded Wolsey ·and Camp~gg1o in the legatine oourt should deoide b t the formal' ~ riage' between Arthur Cil1d Ita th&l'1ne bad beG oon8UllllDeted. But, the bull 'WaS $tzoa.'1gel,. given. lt \t:Qsnot ,to b$ shown or entrusted to anybody. And Oardinal

empceggio ahould oatTy1 tllory slowl:n a.1Id he .~ouldtrywhen he got to ~ to· tettl.fpo~1z(l" tQ allay the King' s p~Ga10ll,t to let ·the att8:lrblO"fl over, $0 thaB the ~lshO\ild nev,e:r he:ge to be uaed .... ,

Sargent. Dan1el. Tbmftas lIo1'e; P . 195.

'1'.b.e~e is eV1dently a dtsagrC:ement .in the ()~1n1on as to

what this brl·e:t "which tlutomat1cAl1y a.nnulled tnt) lrUlrr1a.getf

under the above eGm1 ttons impliod. ,sargent doeiJ not state

that a new ·commission was reqUired from Roma !:Iei'ore jUdgment

was passed. Guggenbergor says that the papal b1'1ef tUm.,lr

10

"empowered Crunpeg gi,:o a.nd Wolse,- to h~ar the ~ause ' at 1os\lO betwoen. HelWYaM CatheriJle.. but llot . to pass . j~gment wdthout .Q new eommis'slon; C~gg10. in that caae,: bad. to l'et'et' tho· ma:1;tor baCk to .RamE!., . An nppeal to the Pope was .1-ways 0i>E»'l to tho QUeen. Not to-r a ~nt, thPO~ all tbeweary nagotiat1ohs otsix 7'ee.ra did Clement give the final. d&e1s'ion out ot his own band. The seore-t deoretal 'oOll:lnission which 1lttrusted 1;0 the !oxclua1v~, keeping otCampegg;io, and 111 which he de. f.1i;led the. law i n the. eventot the facts b.etng aSO$rtal;n.e<i" ls no exceptiQn to thi$ t'Ul.e. pope ana Oa:;.~d1n~.l.l$ we~ al4ltu de .. ten.n1ned t n-ever' to make' Q ,coneession vtdcb tmUld eMble l';ln :1n3ustj.~ to 'be donew1.th the 'sanction or .the 'Soly:See t • It \78:G l10t until behEld. s~ent aOlne weeks in England,,, that OarMml Oanr~$g[1o f'ullI· \Uld~~flltood how bopele!3s the l'eeol)o111at · on otn~ .no. eather1n~ . \T. Q.s:made. 't:t'J the gtu'bbot"m(HJ~ ' Of the ld13g., d .o

16

Guggenbel'g,er,. A. . Agen&t',tl.l, ~~13tonol til&. 9;n.rt~tlae I!':!.. Yol .. II ,,; P. leo-1st.

:t,gGAfiNE eom'tT

Bere tre &$0 hOYt detom1ll'ed: ltaiU"y was to have the Legate i s

Oo~t ot InqU1lT:n~ned q:ui-ekl;r to OQt.ipegg10. helWE:J"J':$I". had

been in.struetaa not to n4t t~o qu1ekly; 'bea;t.des he had been

su.tteri.ng phJ-sleal tlls a.nd W& l,'l unable to ' b0g~n u.tonc~. aut Henrsr wa.:a determined. tov he knew Qt tho 1,)038.10111 ty of the

Pope t s call1ng thG' 'case to h1sown tl"ibu.nal and ot tb'Q p'l.'tv ..

11egf> that the, queen .1 __ 1'8 had of appea11ne to ROl'C&. The

tI'1al wss helA. in the Slaektr1&l"s ·f Palll~e 1nLondon on

lune ~l, 1529. Q\leen ~tbarlne was c'G.l1ed into the ®ulit, ......

sbe whose cause waselear as (lIl1stQ.l before the whol 1lworltl,

Wh,o~~cauoe was the cause: Oit the pSQ91e of ltnsland;sM whO

'Nas t'1$ rr~ as' her o~onents were ,aee~t. $he ~~ ''before.

1'7

the oout'·c aJ:l(l addrasl'!ed. thGnlet.l.lml11~

II"

1''Ttl':! l!o:t'(la r,..,et!at~~, 1.n thi e land you ere prejudioed and incompetent jUdges. 'botJ;: nold!:r~ s::.S ,"ou do 'ben~rlees f'~ the ]tlng. I do not raeogn1.. yQU. I appeal '111¥ oaEJe t o ~~ Holy lre. the~ aM the Oouz;t of' a Ol;e. tt .1J. .

'i¢ ~ I! I' ....,. ... .

~arr1ngton_ E. fPUle. tto1oz:f}1 P. 225. ..... . ! , "' I e!""'~"" ";;".~, -.--___ . ___ ,,,

She then lett the! court, but watt again ~ed. @d

she r.1t~l?e.ted 1\$1' p:rs1P1.O.us deoisiQn. aer& the card$.n4l.$

deni~dher the right of appeal to llQJltf). JIenry's dom1nanoe

made them at'r'aid to gmtnt what popes, bad p~1sed. Again

she· was summoned and t.h1a t100 on her knee$ before the assem­

b11 she_d. bel' hoU't-oP1ercing apPe41 to Uetu'7"s$serted bel'

rights, .. tmpl.oncl his just1oe, an4 thonsolemnl" &l'PEutled to

-,ome.There " bi$ 'Would glve ~er s.nsw&1" ..

"liven lt s~ oould ooneent to' leave tbl

throne ·she oou.ld not, SJ' she ~.~1n$d l\n)' senff. :ofwomanly dig:n1 t,., ~~knowl~e that sb<f ~ nhV~l<> been a wtte to f:tet'1ry. or suffer h~r dau,ghtet- t6 be b!'Sn484 .1th 111egl t imaG1. 1t 1~

12 ", ~dinel', ,Smmlel Rawsml.! ,$~.el'll 't B81a;gr:yot ~ ~~ .Q!larllgs1 T'!m~~ a =llles ~ Vol .. tl, P. '3lJ2.

ltnthar1ne \':a.G quite S'Ul'e -or bor !Wound. l.~D'9c~e,lt,

1526 tho _$rGl' Ghllrle:s V ha4 produced a b~!!$ o~ Julius II

oontaining a ()On.t1.rtr.I9.tlon of the tUspenSllt1on, 'fhen in luna,

1529" \7nen the court Wtaa tn sEtssi()n, ltatbarin" at once en­

tered twop.rotE)$ts... The f1!'"~t was ago.1Mt the comp.eteno. ot

the oourt which eonsi$tedot B0M7'$ blebo»a, and tbe aeoond

as. tbat ber It'ltlniage wd. tb ArthuJ'had not b~eneon8ummated.

18

Henry did not E/.Ont~adiet heI' in thih She l'Jc>on left the

(i1)'Urt IXnd w.)uld not ~ppea:::' ag:1i!".I. 1:n p.orso,ll()!' '!>'y ho~ attor-" . .

no:!. s:tw Vl!.\S thcI"{)fo!"'o p rOl1c.nlllced e>:::>nt\U'Uae lou$ ill ~ons:equ.eno

or ho.r dQ:Pa.~t1;1!'e.1 :ni't~tt' Q;p~~I>i:tlG tn Oourt . neu~ lJlnde l).S9 at

thia opportlli"11ty to Ul"gE1I)Il the ectse s till more porsistently

in hl :; fu'"or . Ai'ta-r b,'er dep«r'l:iu.re the prooeedi1:lgs contlriued,.

'but th$- arg uments !.l'Iel"{) ~ll on the King ' s a1de. Ue saw j.n het'

disappe.&t"ane0 a b~ttcl' oMnce t or- tile suocess of his causa.

'l'heK:1ng' a counsel endeavored to prove tlu~~e thinglH

"1 .. 't'hat ~hS' h'lQrl"1age bet'.leen ArthU1~ und Oather1ne had bGon CODS'Ull:!Illat ed; whenoe they 1nfet"!'ed that he~ !Hli:;H'¢\luan:1; marria.ge Wi th Henr·y WAS ()ontsl"Y to tM cU Vine 19.WJ 2. thnt su.pposing the oase eCb!Utt.ed of cU.a ... pensat1o.n. yet the bull of .TuU.us II •. had been obtai.ned lW,der false· p.tetC!lnces; and:5. that tbe bt'm of . d.'lspensat1o~ prOduQQd by the. qu&en. (lb. remed1~d the ·~~~ee.t$ ·of the bull, was an evident torgez-y .. "" ...

~' -.-~-'-'. . ' -'~- .. '-- ." ~.-

. LingaI'd,. J'Ohn .ant.t 11e110.o.., U:11ftil>e . ~. cib. Vol. IV, P . 525. ' -

~e first two Qr thecae po1nt s tho cour,t railed to prove, an4

the tbi:rd vme far f rom bell1g proven though ,o.pp1:nartlno$s· wet-e

in favor Qf It.

~1ng OBEfot !bh..e first $esI!}1onJ~ ot th~ court BishOp

Fl sher openl y 'esp~sed the ·cause. o,r btbair1ne. He appeared

b,efQre the <QGurtsttlt:l.ng tba.t he hAd !I!;Oltl9 to demonst p&.t-e

with suttic1ent reasons tbatthe mrr1age of the k i ng and

the q:ueen oould !lbt be dt$'solved l.J'SI' . d1vlne or bunm.n p ()WeI"e

For th1s ,Op1n1on he WaS '£'eady t o lny down hi3, 1M"e. He

nlao deola~ tXl oou,-rt that b.!~, sl g1ul:t\we, hat! been rorged '

on the 11ee:nne to:rlnqu.117; Th:1. e ee.used eanf'ust on in the

oourt; am RQl1ry, ehag:;!'1ncd at the ,expQsu1.'eof the fraud.,

di!l301ved the o,I)Ul"t . Aftel' this Fisher' nss ,marked ;man,

1.9

On thetwenty-.f1f th of June t he court mt agab but Katharine

l'ef'used tQ answer the Sl,Ul;'nn¢ne.

lfegotlati'ms continued in th~ Le,'5JiltjJle, Qc)Urt i rtterrupt¢

by repeated adjou.:rnment s . while Oe:mpeggio ikept putting off

anyd,ee1e1on~ unt11th~ whole pr<>e4edtngs ahm11d be- plaeed

before the pontiff . On th(\ twen~thlr4 of .JUly theY' held

the la.st sess10n and O~eg.~o ann()1ll\O,ed that he was deter­

mined to ~<>nJJult tl18 Apo'stoH.t; See, and adjourned the60urt

until. octo'b~r . w1tbin two weeke it W&$ learned that the·

Qomniasiotl ba.-d been. r&"to~ed by Pope 6lem'0nt VXI and the OQ,se

was called to Rome ,

'l'ml PALL £l,P tlOLStrf'

"l'hi,s bad outcome had no etree.t on 1teJl;"1$xeept to

stl:'~th8n hi$ purpO.M to get "bat, bewantQd. One ot Henry" II

most .. Q.rd&nt sU!JpOl'tep8 "as Cnrci~l 'WCl18~. 4s Cha:ncell0t­

He.hry' bad shoWerttd blm w1 thbene tlces and honoli"s. W'01.87

had taken the affalr of' the annulment into his own handS

and .had pledg~i1 h1l1J:seU to sucoeed. Yet he, SI'!:w ,as time went on tmat nUbia <Dtt'ol'tzs wttl'e futile . At tbst the $ste~nn 1n

which Renr, held h1m was not ~atl,. db:l1msh&dJ 7et, he

knew tha t tbe Boleyn's were his enemies and '191 thet' w.ay,

whether he "as successfUl or not lnth1e great atfatv <>.t

Be~ VIII. he ".e bound to iO$,e bis lnfl uen.e. l.t he suo­

ceeded in obtalning the az:anulment, AnnO, as queen, would u ••

20

h~;=, lnl~lue'nce tl.gQ.inet h1maud '1;3;"1 to dit11n1 311 M.a n.o\Vel~ and

,get he:;> j)"fm ff.ntoriteB in cont rol . It ho did nxit: Quc.aeed in.

the aIU1u.1ment. he wCluld pl.aQ'$ 'o.:n obstael e1l'l tbe "i'IIlY of'

HOllry t a w111 and n~tu!'nlly l():'3~the lUng fs :f'a:vor.. Aec.ordlngl.y,

hie fall was cGrtain.

011 oetoba:.t' 9" ),529, the day after the departu{f.eof e~ ... p eggio, Henry had e b111 af i oo. i o tment of Praemun1:N;1 f'.lt)d

against Wolsey. Be,w y ' S fT'l.~AshlP 't79:S turned ' .nto hate be­

oause tMOhanoel1QI' hod fai l ed to o~rry out the will ot the

king,. '1heCaroinal !~~b;;g~t befol"s .a lay court" t'rOlll

whi cb h..e y!\~ r~ally exempt* Wolsey submi tted to its deo1-

alone; and, hoping to t>ego.in tavor, signed a oontess1on ot

his ~ <bing and subm1tt.ed h i s property to the King. "1b18

the !ring ,glsdly toqk and oona1~ed Woleey to h1$$ea of York.

To hisored.1t it may be said thtit iYalsey saw d.n this l:ast

Y{3 fl't:' of h i s 11ft! th~ t'ut1li t y at aer,v1.1e adhe1'0nCe to au . .

eartb11 lOOlJ.B):toh aM gavet t$st;t.monyot si'nc:are convorsion by

!nanyaots of' hum'111 ty and ohari t1- On NOV'~:mbe:r 4" 1530" at

tM ins tigatiQn. ·f:>t Anne Boleyn he WQS sunrnoneCt tO' London on

a cha:r~e of lUgh tr~asoh. Hi s llealtll did not permit him to

t ravel immedle,tely, at"" wh~n 11e (lid set 'Out it waa only to

take refuge at tba Abbe'Y ot Loloestor to die .

Chapuys, the ,ambas$Qdor or the li.!mpe1"'or to ~landi g1"'6S

some enll,gh:tenlng deta1.1e in 1118 1 e,tte:r's' to the ilJlnpe:!'or'l

liOn· ·N()V'emb~lI 27. Che,puys annOU114e~ his an-est, and adds. what 1& important. tbat his 'Pl.lyaioian had bQen arrested also, and 1IQ.S enterta1n.ed like 8: prinGe by the Duke .Qt' Norfolk ", • •• It oan scaroely be doubted that the ph ysician

14

had turned against Wolsey, ani bad given the information wbleb would ba~e led to 'WOl'S6consequenCes 1f he< had not antic ... ipatea the machinations ot M$ enemies1bY dying on the eve of st . ADirew's Day. n4:"

21

GaySllgos, Pascual de. "'I'm Divoroe of Katherine of .Aragon" . Art Xi Ed1tiburSh Review, 0111 (1880), p . ' 140. '

1he CarcU,nalt s death tar trom cheoking llenryt's stubborn.

pursuit ot PlU"Poso was only one 01' theoa_astropb1es VIh10b

were to illustrate the stubbornness of this Tudor lIonarCll

Once he had made up b1s mind that he wanted tH)mething. Oome,

what might, be must haTe It.15

15 ~-~~- ..... _ .. - ,~----~~.~- -.~- --- -~-~-~. ----~--~. -~ --- -~ ---~-~~--. --

The follo.ing quotat1'on from Shakespearer s Hem7 YIIl gives a favorable estlmate ottha Oardlnal. A comment on it .follO •••

Gr1tt'eth.: It'l'h1scal"d1na.l, -. "ough from fU1 humble stock, undOUbted11

Was t aah10n fd to _eh honour hoan his oradle. Be was a s'cholU" ara4 a ripe end good one; EXotu!I'dtng Wise" talr- sPQken $1'Id persuading, Loft,. and SOUl' to tb_ that lOYed him DOt, But to those men that sought b1m. swe.et a.8 8umme~. AId though he were unsat1sfied in gett1ng; WhiCh was .. 81ft, 7et 1n bestOWing, madam, Be w.8 most 1'1"11).081,.: ."er witi)e.88 tor h1m Those twins o~ learning tbat he raised in you, Ipa1f1,oh and OxfOrd. one or 1Ihio.h tell with h1m t1nw11l1ng to outUve 1?he good that did U~, The other;; though unt1nlsb'd, yet 80 ramous, aoexcellent In art EUl4 stl11 80 rising. That Cbriatendc;)lllBball ever apeak h1a vll'tue. B18overthrow heap1d happiness upOn Mm, P,orthen., and not till then, he tal t bimseU', AM touml the blessedness of being 11ttle, And. toaAd grEta ter honOlUt8 to b1a age , '!'ban man 6,ould gl". him, he died tearlng (104. fI

Shakespeare, William. 1be PulOus !l1stO§! of the Lite o.t .I!Y lem III;. Act nn~.!!., p ~ 11 ' 1.1i.

'the greatest of dramatists l 'ltted the -qe11 tor a momentl and, notwithstanding bis intense respect' tor the .genei-al judgment ,ot mankind, an4 the universal .1m:~re8s1onot his own da78t saw tha.' there •• s .. better and a brighter slde~ _hiGh "en

::as

he unanimOUs Q.nd llnOrlt1oal pre3udices ot h1stol7' snd trsd1tlon could not Wbol11 obscUP&. To men wbr)se knowledge and e st1.matlon ot such events were exclusively .derived. tram the pages of 70B and Ball. th1.a defence of the Ca1'd1nal, beautiful yet sUght aD:! insutficient as 1 t ns, ' put in the m.outh O.t Katherine ' s recelver, must haveappesx-ed no. lesa remarkable tor· its boldness than tor its innovation on lOng established prejud14ea . Protestant and even Catbol1,c historians badahut ever" avenue to clearer and more taitbtul lntelligenoe • •• • Yet 1ft spite ota11 these heavy U1puta.tf.ons, on bie memory, 111 apl te of all tb1e load ot , obloq-uy,. _ obeouriDg our view ot the man .. and di.storttng ,h1S 11neamentB, the Oard1nal still remains. ami .,111 ever remain, aa the one prominent t'lgu-pe O.t thls p611104. "

81'ewer" ,I •. S • .. ~ Re,f( iOr ~ VXIX. :t;J'Qn. biB. a~c.ss109 .~ ,f.he df!$th ar .'oIii";t;. 0 _', ~5~

Ptm31·8TENT EPFORTS 0' BElfRY

low that Henry had d.1spos~d 'Ot Wolsey 1t was necessary

tbattb;ere be 'another 6hanoellol'. 'J,'homas JIore .. a.s f1nally

Chosen to t111 tile plaoe as he was considered the best t1tted

tor the position.

Henry SAW that h6 'as meet1ngHverses . '!l'he J;..egat1ne

OOUl'"t bad tailed aM now wo1se7'8 e:rrorta had proved futile

in fl'VerrynegotlatlGD. w1th R~. But, Benr1 would not stop.

Se was untir1118 in his etf'~8 to get' mat he want~.. a%¥i

theretore in ONezt to strengthen. the oatUile or thedlvorce

Henry cons'u1~ed tb,e Univeps1tles ()t -EUl"Ope and BnglU14 1ft

'ebru8l'7', 1530, aeking whether .. marriage with a brother'le

widow would be .contrary to diVine and natufie.l la"_ ''1'he wbole

lnqull"1 .as it terce. Gardiner and POX we" ~ ob.1-.t' .a ... vocetea ot the King. In orde~ to get a 4eoision favorable

to the 1t1ng it was necessary to use brlbes01" thHats ,OJ:>

packed oOJDtn1ttees, and even then as at OXf'oX'd. where the

23

'Opposition lias ,s\trongep 'tha.n atCsmbl"1dge, tho ,aael!J1.on "as

not to be ~~~~od with. e.eal. as 1t had. notboen puoed by

oom'()o$tl~'f On ~ oont1iient whlil!l:'othe lin,paror was able to brlbe or ~ll,. · tb& un:1v~rs~;ty men) tbe4ee1's1on was agaU'Ult

Hem"1.

on the twelt,tb ot June. 1500. there VIAS a petition dt-~wn:

up to the Pope ,tn lnsolentt toms t-equest1ng h1:al to d.ol~e

Be!1!'yfs n1a~r1ag6 inva11d. It was signed ZUl,. 1.3, 1$30 by ,

Com.paJ:>t\tlveljY few of'the high ottletAls--.... twoarehb1.shOps and

t'or~""'two noble., tOlU'"b1./:Jl.aops,. a 6_11 n\Ullbar 'Of 'abbots .a.D4

commonera,fhenames ot the blo'st diatlngut.sbed men otEngland..

as lto~e abitl$he~f ·and the: majority ·or blShoP$. ,olllr4'1,pd

gent.l"'1were lfl1~u.tns . 'l'his, pet1t1on droatrn uppract1cal1.1I'

under omaptilslonwas to l'8pMSent the 8ent,1ill&nt ot the nation

eonoe~ll8 the O~1lse or He~. hnl'Y" •• tfo:11'1ts he~e to $eeure

his polBt.ereb~talmost to' the break1~ po-lnt.. Reua ••

this 8.ubtert\tge to :tntlu~ne:e th& Pope tti» glve a deets.lon U

hi,s favor. a" ,C'On'tlnuedtomatke pl-epo!ltorou8 d~s upon '

the POP.'l tUld the. 1'ope eontltmed: todelB:F de.cl 's1·oa. Pope an(l

Qa~Ual.s ~e4 to '4ela,. t4'fi tear ~ t in gtv 1nS ·the, a.o! ..

slon ~re nd.,gnt b~ an bSu.t,1t)e 40ne Wltb. the sanction ot

the< HOly ;$... fbj.$, the,,. cou14 Mtpel'll\1~ . ''lbe pOpe. 1u)o"

hoped tbat III t1.me 'Het'll'Y would relent,,· or ' that perMp. Ood

would 1,ntel"'t'ene th1'101lgh the 4eath 'Of Xa'tbar:lu" 'Wl1t!Oh event

would autamatloal.ly fltop tllrtbe:rd:S.ttloulties.. TheR, too,

be "as still between the "11$'11 and the hamnle~"'-.. ·U' be 4e014.4

favorably tor, lletuT:. the Emperor .ould be htsenEl!m7; It

24

against Henry, England woul.d show bel' 111 wil.l ..

Toward the e'nd of this year the Qlllba$sa.dQ~_, Ohap'UY's"

gives s,ome ,1nterG:st1ng information about "e. mea t1ng held on

~'Unday the 19th (Dec. 15.30) atLGmb(ttb by Warham, A;rehb1Shop

ot CanterbUl"J .. at 'Wh1oh. s tokes'by, Le<e" and F'oxe 'V,te.re pr$so-nt. ,,16

--' -' "--'--~ ... -~~--' _ ._'-- .---~~-" .'- .--,-.--.. ~--.--.. ---.--- .--.~-~~.::............--.. ....... ~ •... - . ~.-.-,, -~ ..

GSYallgos,. Pascual de. .2l2.. Qlt ... p . 141 .. 142

" They tried to induce Fisher to oome ovet'to the f:t!ng's s1d • •

He remained firm aa $V$r and dQclared tba t the Pope wastJle

only person who COU.ld apeak authorltat1vel.'1 on the· marriage

case. Purtber on ClhapUY8 expressed re~et tbat the Arch-. ,

bishOp had been won over to the oause ot the IU.ng.,

The Pope knew that be would soon have to give ~ deolaloD

forbidding .Anne Boleyn and Henry to live together . Henry bad

his Al'guments to excuse his act1ons. The Unlvere: lt1e.s of

England aJXl 801'116 learned men o.f hUt k1ft€pom badte.vored thO,

snnulm~t. It 'bbt pOpe would noi;, 480.14e ln h1stavor.eOl!Al4

he not, as tbe German pi'1.nGes bad done. break .WflY from this

authority and oet up an obedience of Ms own? 81s a ttltu4.

had@ana.4. So ttU' th&re was no thought 01" a complete

'b.reak with the Obul'o:hJbut, now 1f' h& oould not haTe hi.s ""'1 through the, ordinary pl'Ocees 01' Churab legislat1on" be ft'.

detenn.ined to 11se other means . "1'he die waS ca,stw• ,and the

closeot the .,ear 1530 pt'act1cally end.L an era of Engl1sh

liberties umel' the guidance o.t th$ ChwOh.

25

SUBMISSION OF 'TltE OLERGY

The beglnniJ'l..g of the year 1501wQ,s Ii cr1t1aal period in

the development ·of the eaSe. Since the doath 01' Wolsey, the

trend ot events trosls.rgely in th€o banda of '1'b:omaa Cromwell,

the ne1'l minister. CI'OlnWell would stop at nothing 1IJh:en it

came to caPrJlng out the will ot Henry, Be would not hesltate

at tho overthrow of the ·Papacy.

During the delay of the dlvoree prooeedings Henry, with

the strong SUppOI't .ofCrOD'lell, had been campaigning against

the ,Ohurch ot Rome . Be was .led on by paesion and resentment,

and he bel)8.ZI1e more and more tyrannical toward the clergy.

General direotlons to support the divorce tle!'e a·ent to the

Q.lel'gy. It one upheld the truth. that 1s tihe Papacy, he was

hailed bofore the court. '!'he clergy, it! general, but espe­

ciallY' those whO were most loyal to the .Pope, .felt the effeot

of the lingfs wrath, In 1531 he .requlr:ed end obta1ned the

submission ot the clepg,' thrOUgh oomoeatton.. Atter a 8tru.s-

ole .the bisbops submitted to his demands ot notenaoting or

executing lawswlthou·t hi,s conof>nt . Henry o.lso demanded

that his subjects should Bot 8'Wsal' tealty to the Pope; in

tallt .. to no one but to h1lUselt. U'termueh b1'okerih(JOon­

vocation tiMlly gave 1n to the dema.nd.sot the King !taS' tar

as the Law ot Clut1st permits·It , It was on this ve1!Y day,

Februar1 l.1, 1531. that 'l'homas More 1'.e131gned his Chanael­

lorship. He toresaw wbat was bound to come.

Henry kept himself seeUl'e by aGting through the oonsent

of' both bousesot Parliament and Ooovoaation. But tM e~

26

ample just given ofdOOlinatlng the latter 1~ typical ot his

bigbhanded dea.ling with the former .

RELATIONS WITH ROd

The Act o,t Annates was ptlssedb,. Par11Qm~nt in 1532\.

This act fQrbade the English. clergy to send the Pope the

first fruit.s ot fa new benefice . The main purpose ot HeJll"'1

'in urging ' this act was not so muehto get mone'1'--for he would

have spent much more t o succeed. in the divorce case· ... bu.t to

influence the Pope by' consideration of interes t " and thereby

obtain a sat1st'actory deoision by Rome

In the meantime the case in game was being .f'uz.ther de­

layed. Briets were, sent to Henry at the beginning ot 1530,

1531, and 1532. The f1rst two were much alike in content, ,

forbidding HeZ'1.17 to marry before the publioation ot his sen-

tence and enjOining him to tx-eat Catherine a.S his lawtul wit ••

The tb11!d bo~e a definite ozodertQ dimni 88 Anne Boleyn until

tinal sentenoe were passed by 'the Qourt of Rotne ,

rr -~'

If 'fhi. a, Brief was dated at Rome on lev ember the 15th., 1532, but, atte~ the Pope badmfl)t tru, Brnperor a t Bologna, & second date. December th~ 23rd, .as at­t1xod to lt~, Even then it was not to be mad.o Pt~b110 till tbe nunoio had tn­f'Ormod Henry II This the nuncio did about the ml d41e at January 153>5, atter which it was publls}Wd at J>unklrk

1ft the 1st"

8234 atBrug~s on the 23l'"d. ,n

Hope, JIli's . !2. clt •• p. 293.

It contained the injunction that it he did not dismiss Anne

Boleyn within Il month atte:r the f'ecept1on ot the brief' he

would be exeommunteated.18

IS

27

Ga1rdner; J'ameS . "'rhe D1voree of Ontb.er:tne of Aragon" . Edlnburtk R&viev~, c1x (lS84) , p . 89 ... l.17.

'l'HE' f~DIVORaEu

Archb1shop Warb.am. of Cante·rbury had died in 1532, and

Dr. Oranmer WaS apPointed as bis successor, H(! waS a tnan in.

sympathy 'Witb the ref at'ma.tion on the cont.1nent,Th1s appoint.

m.ent gave a pl"Qspoet tor ndeeision o:t 'the d1vorce case :in

lI".ngland. Aeoupt for the divorce was soon held neal" Ampth111

near the Qu.eenlls rosidence . The QUeen al~o w8.sealledto tho

court. but she ignored the call. $he waS deolared oontumacious,

and theoourt decided that the meJ!'r1Qgaot Katha.rine and Henry

had been null end void t1:"Om the beginning.

Innnt1clpation of tb16 decision nell17 ha.d seoretly mal"<"

riea Anne Bole7l1 in Janual"y, 1533. AS early o.s UArd:l. , 1533,

it had been well k::rlOWntba. tHenry and Anne bad been married.

This fact was disclosed through the instructions that Henry'

had g1'\ren 1113 ambassador to tho Imperor. lie urged the am-

e:ror to intel'oede fo~ him at, Rome, sotbat the Popo wQU.ld

:atlctlonwhat bad b.e,n done in Englttnd •

. At .any PElte" in O.~der that the expeoted heir to the

~ne would be legitimate tbey oould. no longer keop the mar­

r1age. secret. ~,r&.forejl on APril 12 .. 1533 tho l'lUU"rlago was

aolemt11 zed.. On Ha1 P.5. Cl"IU11T1or pub11cly declared the m1.U'­

rlage .of He1'ir1 and ~tlmr1ne null and V.old fl"om. the beg1.Mlng,

and the marrl~e with Arlne S.ole.y.n valid and l.egal . On.Tune 1,

Anne we,s c~ed.queen by Q1"Q1':ll'Iler 11). westminster Abbey. 1S

28

w-Lingard gives the fol:tow1ng note conoerning the irreg­

ularity o£ this marriage: "1 conoeive t.'b$tj ll'm!l$d1s.t&ly at'ter Jud~nt pronounoed by Oranmer, Hen17 and Anne were 11&1'1"18<1 again. Otherwise, Lee., al'"Cl:lb1shopo£ York, and Tun­stall . bishop of Durham, .lm1St have .aso~ui·ted a falsehood, when they told OatJhevine, that after his bigbness was discharged of the marriage made with her,. he oontracted new marr19f8 with hie dea1'8st wtfe. Q;u.een Anne ., - ... Stat. PaP. 1, 419. Vol. V, L1ngard, JOhn and BellOCt H11a'1re, lllstorz:2!. ¥lj18Jld, P . 12. ..

Bllt all of these events d1d not 'set:tle matters . Henry

s t 111 wanted tho assent of th& Pope to h1a marriage . He knew

that the.rlgbt was not over_ On June 29 be appealed in the

presenoe of the ArChbiShop of York and other witnesses against

tbe .possible exc0lI'JIIl\U11oation wbl:ch the Pope, woUld giye . , On

July 11 POpe Olement VII issued the bull of excommunication ,

&tid thedeol aration ofnul.ltty or the mal'rlage with A.rme

BOleyn, but sus-pended its operat1on until the ,end ot Septembe2', ,

153.3.

K,A1'ltARINltit S SDtPATlIIZElRS

In the .ant. Renl7' issued an iJnportant proolamation

whioh rOl'),)ade a.1.1 persons to 8e:1 Olt'" do anything pre.judioial \

to the marrill3eand foroed them to onll gathap.ine bf no other

title than p:01no$$ ' dowagel'. Durlng the oc:nuose of the prO'­

'oeedings the popular fee11ngwns grf)&tlj1' In ravol" of Katharine.

Many had to eutt$'l" because of the1, conv1ot;lon of the justioe

ot her cause. 1Ian:;r ot the pl"lno1pnl peern their wives

favored bel'OQuse.. D1e!)uke. land OUc:shas,$ of Norfolk .. and the

Marquis ot Dorset weH bani shed f 'rGm court. !'he E.ar1 ot

ShrewsbUZ01. 81l' Thomas. More. and S1,r Henry Gu1ldtord. W8're

.:.!~

openly intavor of the Quol.:m. G~!'d'tne~ , C. fomer amaaa sader

tor Henryt s oauoo:; had changed ltls r~'lind about t..lle qUr.;Jstion ..

B1sho1')s ll'iaJ'ler 'l1Ji1d 'l'unstmll weite openly oppo~efI to the King's

cm,useJ and, what '\.\Tas b.!1rdeot f'or the lC..1ng to bear, Roginald

Pole, hie eo,usin, would not suppo:r>t him. Poll'} went to the

continent ,to, avo1.d complications and lo.oor 'Wase:roeated a ear­

dinal of the Ohureb..

The oommon people, too,. te.V01~ed ltatht:t!t1ne" 'I'hey gave none

at tbe ordtna17 public, demonstl'(l tlons tor Anne Boleyn as they

had bcenaecustamed to glva tor Katha.!'ine. In fact, wben

Anne was on a trip o.t any kind they would rather' cry" "Nan

8ullen ... ~we will. have none of he'l". tt :Soma or the popular

teeltn¢ was tO$tered by tMvel1ng fries who went about ad­

m1n1stering the saoraments and p~eaQh1'ng:l and who in thoi!!'

d~8oour$e3 would uphold the oause of Ks:tharlne . F~1ar ~eto.

the pl"Ov1nelel 0:1 the Observants, wasespeeia.lly zealous 1n

'Upholding the ,oaU$e of the Que,eh, and dId not hecsi tate to

denounoe Henry ud Anne t:r.om the pulpi t in tboir very Pl.'"&8-

20 enoe.

20 Qonst4lnt, G. :t'be Refo0Mtion.tn, EnS1Mld, P. l32 bOte .

lmNRY"S ROYAL SUPRmlAOY

F%'Q1!l. these tsct~ we ·can see ve'r"Y clearly the. tRetlJ'Y' s

will WtU~ the or! terion of all aotion., He was virtually an

absolute mottarohe.l.t.h'ough 118 c~11ed in Pa.r)J.~ent and Oonvo.

eatl~n to lS'anotlon his aots ., Sis Pnr.l1,ament W,QflI subse"~1ent

thongb. masy indiv1w'81 membern dtd.. not &g'!'ee with his p~in-

:30

ciples. Those who had the' oourage along \dth their eonvio­

tl.onc we·re indeed tew. It WQS Qenry' $ d.ond.nant will power

thtlt brought tuatters GO far toot he and the entire nation

"erooarr1e<1 into sehism becuuse of his passion for Anne

eoleyn.. But the people would have to beconvinoed. If they

\"Iero to roeogn1z-e Anne Boleyn 9.13 hls la\fful wite, it was

necessary' that he be. a."eoo(5nlzed as ,supreme' :tn both api,ritual.

aml t€'~orS!l mattere;for had he not defied the Papal author­

ity in taking Anne BOleyn as b1s 'w1te oontrary to the laws or

tbo Ohuroh and Without the (.:on&ent of her Supreme. Head?

The meenn he used to secure his supremaoy.e~d&ee1ttul .

In urging BUpr6111aay he tried to keep theapiritual .s1dtl in

the baekgrcnmd. '!'he people badalwe,ys unquestlomtbly held

the bellef in the ?ope1 $ op1rltual supr~'ma01, even though

'there were disagreements between Rome and England in temporal

matters ,Now. when the t1mc came f'Ol!' England to throw o£t

the yoke ot Rome, it was neoess.a~ to just1ty th,ls aot1on.

The writings ot th1s t:1m13 revealtha't this justificatIon was

lIIade in tbemindJ: of' 'the people by turnine: their thoughts to

the tempor.a.1Qsp~et of the papacy" "he,reaa thO' re11gt QUS

e.spect was rel~g4ted to a s6condtU"Y position. Gasquet says.

'"gven the actual:rneaning attached to the formal aoknowledgment Oct the J.t1ng's R-ead'ship by' the clef'gy was suft'101ont11 amb.1guous to beunderatood, by some at! l48.st. a.a a1med: merely at the temporal juriad1etl,on of tb:e n~ cU1~la . It is true it 1& usually understood that Con­'location. 'b7 lte aot a 6kn,Qwledglng ll~n17 as sale supreme Head. or the ChUi-ch ot Englund, 8&V$ h1m absolute apirl bual 3urlsdiotion. Whatev~~ may have bean the 1ntentiohof the king in ~oqu1r'ing

""'1 l!:

tho n;eltno\tl~m' frOI:l t;b.G clergy, !t s eems abgOlutely certain 'that th~ l"u.ling p (:)\'lel"'S in th.o Gh'Ul'"'eh con$idei"~d that by the1p grAnt there was 110 dt'!l~osat1Qn rf' tbt) ]?Ol'Hf1S apt~1tual j'1t'icd:tot10p. .. n2

Gasquet, Ft>aneis. Aida!h ~.£l.)e 7~ve o~ th~ Hctormat10n. nn ~ ...... ~ .• 'f - .

p ~ ,)/;\7.

Oonvocation always oorefully gw;u.·doo against Em'J ad ...

mission thnt the lt1ng had sp:!.r1tu1l1 jurisdiction . tl'h11e

31

Henry and CronmGll doBired t..'"le SUI2r$1umOnput clause to 0Q'1er

t.he spir1tuallurlstUction, AI·chblsh.op Warblim and the Other

bishops intended the e~auae to apply only to temporal matteIts

f ormerly taken Care ot by the pope., 'l'hegeneral idea of the

cleJ:'gy' was tba t the king shOUld be supratnehead tn. 80 "al:'

tha t t.he peopl. should 'be protected from h:erel$yand their

tew:poralltles should be maintained. When cGnvocatlon 'W4S to

admit Benrya.s supreme head, Archbishop WarhBtn

ltth-at protested that the adm1$slon waS not to be twisted fin. derogatlOl'l of tbs ROman Pont1tt or the Aposto11c See, t ,and the VtJ'l"1 last act .~ his litGl qlll tllo. dra£tlng 'Of an elaborate exposition, to be dellvE>re,d in the. UOUS~ of Lords"of the 1mpoasi'b111tyof the ldngte havl,ng spiritual ju:r1edl.ott<m. t ,r am the very ne.'bUre o.t the cOnstitution of the Ohl'istlen Church, Such jUI'lSdlction. he 'Cla1. 'med, belonged of riGht to tbG n.-..... See n2.2 ,..,-... .

la2'~~--~-~-~-~

Ibid." Ih 100 ..

T'B'E S01l3J4 eoMPU'l'D

Ph, LOng hr11ame.nt of the R$C¢l'11:l.4tlon which began

,ovember, lS29 Ilnd wa~ not dissolved until Apr11, 1530., w8.3

32

subservient and under the direotion of Cromwell. In the

autumn of 1553 there were a numbsl' of vacancies in Parl1a ...

ment and the s'\lats we:te filled at "the kl-ngts pleasurett •

snus intertel'e.tlce of the CrO't'fn tn eleotions ountinuE:)d. Oertain

abbots weretorced to l'asigll ,am the vacancies lJOl"S tilled by'

royal eorrmissionel'$. !t the opening or P~liement, JfUlUa:t7'15,

1534, meaGures were d1sCllssed 1l'llmedle.taJ.y to o01fiPlet~ the

Seh1Sl11.

~.

_ "In the spring of 1534, th1 s Pa.~ l"',a:ment tre:nsi"erl'ed the powers otths pope to th0 sovere:1an. l'aymep.ts which. bad been hitherto mad~ to the Pope, wore now to go t o the king t s tl'eas1;try'. Ap'" peala .f'ormlrl'1 lOdged in nome were n;ow earried to the royal. courts .. '1'ho blal10ps we:rehen-cetorthappolnted b,-tho king. to l'l1.m they took thal'%' oath ot fealty, ,tr¢m h1m they :recelv~ both the 1.1:911'1 tua.11tlas o:nd tempopal! ties of the,tr se&s.ifJ23

G~enb.l'ger, A. A General a.ts t.o!7; 2! ~ Ohr1st 1all ir~, Vol . Ill. P . 194-19!.

~--~--~~~--.. --.. --------~~------~ .. ~--~~--.. ~~----~~~--~--------"" .. ----~~~~.~~

IJ."h1s latter act was called the statute tor the Reatra.1:nt

of Appeals and the lust s~ntoneo quoted above contains the

f'und...'UUenta l prtne1pla of the n-eformat1on in EnglAnd under

lIenry VIII .•

PUvins tho fifth session.. 1534. Pnrliament passed tour·

i.mnortsnt aot9t

1. Tbe fAot f :or t..lte Sub!ission at tbe Olorgr' ratifying

the threear~leleG contained tn the aubmJ.esion made tn 1·6a2

by CQnvocat;1~n.

2. 'rho ' Second An.nat(5)3 Aot' .. 'Oonfit'mlng the Annates Act

33

or 1532 ,and adding a eleuse :fo.r the elEiotion ot bishOps by

the GatfiedJ.'tal Ohapter.

3 . The T.h1rdaet was thm. t f"orbidd1ng paJ;)Ql dispensRt10ns

and the pa-ament ot: raOl'leY in the fOl."l\.? ot pena1ons, 1?et~r ' ~

ponee1 eto., to the Pope.

4. The first of the fluoc6$sl.on aets waa 'passed aoknowl ..

edgtngthe marr1(\ge. of Anne Boleyn With Henry' and enta111ng

the crown on her oh11dItI!lm. It was .misprision of treason to

lre.t'U.se to' take ~n Qath to observe this Qot .

Lingard $=5 up the ,a 'eta pe.ssed in the Parliam-ent 1n

Jovattlber. 15MI

/'1 . The Act of $up~e1llae.y deelared tba t the Sing is, and ought to be, SUpreme Read

~or the ,Ch'urCh ot England flw1 th full power to visit, ps,form" ·and eOPNot a1.1 auah errors , b.er-es1es. abuses, oontempts. and

~ -enol"l!J.i tie s .

"2. 'Po relll&dy the defect in the late aot at succession. it Was deo.lared that the oath administered at the conolusion ot the session was the Va17 oath lnten,ded by the leg1s1atu!'e, and that f!{Very BUbj~c't was bOund tQ take :r.t undett the p.(IJn9.1tl~8 02 the same act . "

5. Th~ 'Mvd Annates :a.ot p.rOVided that all f irst fruits fU'ld tenths. b'ene­f l ces , spirt tual di,gn:ttle,s . offices be annexed to the .c:rown. '!'bus b isbops. be'" esme exclus,1ve.l y I'oyal nom'.n~Hu~, and ne longer j Q1nt naminees ot the l'op.e and King.

4 . 131 the !reasons Act lt was made hi«b, ~reG.8on tt.otto admit the royal. 8Upl'emacy- .. ,tl to wish or ,,111 maliciOUSly, by word Qr wr1t1ng, or to 8.t~exnpt by craft, e.:ny bOdily h~rm to the king ott q'U.3etl, or their heirs, or to deprive nny or them or the d1gn1tv, style, aJld nme of their royal -estates , or slc ... de!t'ously am maH,Cj.ousl1 to publish ,01"

24--

pronounce 'by words or writing tb:r.: t the ldng is a her0t1e~ Sc.h1s:nlatia,. tyrru:tt, or Widel."

"S., AS an additional secur1ty a ne\' oath wQ.stenderoo to the biShOps . by Wl1i cl1 that not only adjur&d the .supJ:temacy of the po!)e , ~md a almowladged. that of the king, but a l so suare never to consent that the b1,shop of Rome should have any e.utbority tdth1n the realm; never to ap-p pau. nor to suf'fe1" anyot}'l..e;r to appeal to h1.~. never to ~1 te or aEmd to him without the· royul pe'misG1Qn~ and never tOlJ6cel ve <a111 messa.ge from h1m \nthout communioating :1 t imr.lod1a.tely to the ldng. "24

L1nga.ro, john sW Bel lco, n11a1~,e. op . cit , Vol. V, p ., 34 ... ~:$ . '

M

------.---~----~---~. ~ ... ,~------~----------~----,----~~--~~----~.-... But all this legi slat10n WQ~ nQ·t sufficient· to oonvince

tho pi9ople..The idoa of Il lay pr1neeas iJ.p11"'1 tual head was

epugnant t o them. Uen-'"1', however. u.sed psyehOlog1cal ;mi9"thods

° OV81"00l!16 theia:- ~ejud1ee;j and foroed t hem t.o t.!Ublld. t their

wl l1 to his . To keep t 'l:le idea of Pope away from the minds

Of the people, he o.rd.ered even the \~ '"pope" to be taken

frau all books used ~or publ1e wo,"ship. !he teachers 1n the

ehools were to ineuloate th1.a dootl"ine of the It1n6' s au­

primUl0l In the ,minds ot the ehildren ; the olergymen bad to

preach that the pope.l3 formot' aut..l-tor1ty had been usurpEld and

that now the ltinlt tTaB the true head ot the Church; an~ the

h er11"ts in the count,1e:'J\ bad tG l'"~'port 8llY negleot on tile

part ot the preae.b.e.r-s . f!'he moat lo.at'no-d and loyal prel.ates

were aleo l'equ.1re(l to decry the !luthor! t;t 01" the pope and,

at the o:i!me t1~r£ . to s'..!p!)ort the new dignity that the king

had as sUl.n:~d, 8emeof tb.~Me, nctnol71 Ttm~tsl1 am Gardiner,

35

complied wi th the delnG.ooc .rathel" f'r"Olll fear oJ: the royal dis­

pl~aillJre thB:n from r~:;;l adherence to the CQU5~ . We 8&e by

these details how lt61l1"'J eon$ldal~ed nothing ,1nsigllif1cant

when thel'G \~as e.n 'Ildv!tnt~ee- to 00 ga1ned for hhnsGlf . He

certainly "'EJn~ O\lt (,If his way-to attend tD coMpuX'atlvely

minor pOints in the hope of reee:tvi,ng InQii'>e ~()7n1 4db,0l'"~'nGe

to b.1s t)ause.

By the. leg131atiot:t 'Of 15M l{f.':!t:Vy had atto.1nedhis;ma.in

'Object- .. hl,s mal'r1ago w1:'th. Jm.n~ Boleyn. wt at the sacrifioe

of s$paration from Rome . I{e wart by no lJlaena:au adhar&nt ot

oJ! ot the dootrlnG5 of' l.t~ther or Galv1n, but r 'amained or­

tbodox in the. point of dogmat1e theolO:g:f 'fh1ch did. notoanCel'B

the ~t(l:ndstt()n to tho dls,c1pi1nc' 0'1 the, ,(J,hu:re1'.!. ,ot RomEh , Ris

Religion M$ a. '$~sm. \f1thl:n t.'I:1e naxt ;rive Y03.l,\G, by 1559,

he h,~d orgnn1t~d hls, church am ll1ada. 1:ts ellis! t~nets a part

ot pa:pl1atOOntary lagislat10n aswoll ns ~ceeptanee 'by Co~

vO'cat1on.

fllE ORGA!nZAfION ()1i' ·TBE OHU.ROR

In 153e Hen1'7 with tb-i3 aid of tbi)ol ogi@.8 compiled 1';1.1 s

book of tArti()l~s. that w~a prssentoo to t1on:i1oaation.

"It 17'.0.1 be d.1"Wed '.nto tlwe.e ;pa:vta. Tbe first deelues that tM belief ot the Ap(')athrs' Oreed, th.s· lt1~ene Greed., 1:!nq ~hO Athen~u'1nn Ql!'O'ed, i:a neces:la17 rot' ~lva­t1on.; the second. e:q>lQl!Ul tl'te ttwee ~eA' sacr9l!'lento of b~ptl ~, penanee, and the al tRzo , andpwnouuo.:ec thGmtlW . Ordinary means ot j'ust1tlcatlon, th'eth1l"d t eaehe·" , tha.t ,. though the, 'Use, otlmagea, tll.a hon­OU1.'1nr:,: of the :r.a1nts ;r the so11eltb'lg of the'!r tnterc$>sslt::m. a..l'ld tba usual ce~ mo~leg tnthe M:MI'1,ee, 1;.'UlV0 not in th.~n­se,lvre s the pow'ar to !'emlt sin. or jU$~U·y tJl~ e<H.l.'tt y(!,t t.h.eY ,e.!'$ hi. g~tY r\l~<?t1table. aDdoughti t o be retained. Ii "

20-Lingard, John and Bellae, Hilaire . .22- .ill- Vol . V, p . 105.

HOnJ7worked earnestly at the establishment af h1a

36

Churoh. In this he was deeply attached to the ancient faith

and deplored any departur e from the tenets ot the old religion,

exoept where his own authority was conoerned . Tbe men of the

ne. learninp: were given no· conoessions exoept where the re­

moval of abuses was concerned. Convocation was assigned the

task 01' cOmpiling a olea1" explanation of the doctr1ne as set

forth in the ' Articles t • These are geM rally known as the

'Ten ~tiole8 ' of 1536. Oonvocation complled a book enti tled:

"The gOdl y and p10us Institution of t ie. Ohristian Man' It .

-It expla1ns 1n succession the creed,. the seven saoraments wblch it divides into three of a highe?, and tOUl' of a l ower order, the ten cmmnancbnents" the Pater noatej. and Ave )(arla; just1ti.oatlon, and pl1rgato17. It 1s chiefly relJl8.rkable for the earneetneas with wb.lob 1t retuses salvation to all peI'sOfts out of the pale 01 the Catholio church, denles the su .. premaoy of tbe pontiff, and lno~cates 'passive obedienoe to the klng. ·

26 - ~---. ------~ --.- - - -

Lingard, John and Belloe, H11a.l:re . 3 . 011; . Vol . V. , p . lO5-l0~ . - .

Yet wit h all the oare conoerning the articles of doctrine,

1nnmtat1one •• re bo'UlK\ tOOl'eep in. Henry had promised the

remova l ot abuses, and he madea.n attempt at keeping this

promise by abol ishing certain hOl i daY$ that he considered

superfluou8, and he told the clergy they oould use images

.only as a means of instruotion. Images and shrines as anald

37

for prayer wer e to be considered as sources of 1dol~t;vy ~ F0!'

tba treason" 1 t was claimed, Henry would "move anY' source ot,

abuse by 4emolishlng sh%'ines, b~rnlng .genuine or superstitious

relics, and breaking or burning even the most celeb!M.t"0dcru ..

c1fixes and tmage s .

In 1559 the.re was another i"$or .gan1zatlon ot the dootrines.

This t1m6 they adOpted the Six Articles and inCluded the pen­

alties t or nonwacceptsnce ., . Henry met w1th s tl?ong oppolid.t1on.

in this instance trom Cranmer whO proclalmed both in Parlia ...

ment and in Oonvocati on , that the passing 01 the Six 4%'tl o16S

betokened a QathqU.O react1~n. Yet the :SS-x Articles were

passed in spite of these protests , !bese articles were:

(1) Transubstantiation

( 2 ~ Oomm:unlon unclel' one speoi es

( 3) lIasses t'Or the dead

(4) Oonte a slon

( 5 ) Vows

( 6) Celibaoy.

The penalti68 tor the nolat1on of these articles 18

suzamarlzedby Lingardl

"1. It ,an,. pe1'son wrl te, preaoh. 0.1' cit-sputa agatnat t~ts.rst ar~ll,'Jle~ .be shall not be allowed to. abjure. but sluUl SUffer death a8 a he:pet1c, l.U'lI1 ' torte1t 1118 go.ods and ohattels to thek1ng; 2 . It he preach In .. any s"1'iIlon Ol'ool.lat1on. 0.1' apeak openly beter e the ~udge8 against a~ one of the othe!' tiVe!f ~e Aball. tnour the usual penalties or te:1Ony, but 11' he only hold. ooutran opinions, an4 pUblish them, he shall tor the . tir at ottenoe be

. 1:mpr.1soned a, t the ;kt ngl s ple8.sU1'e j > ·and sbBl.l torfeit bis ,lands during I1te.I and his goods for-ever, tor theseooM he shall

Vl

&'U.tter death' 3 . '.Cbe aot ~()nounoe8 the bJalI1"1ages of P1'1'8 fltS Or' J:1UAS of no effect, ordes such persons so ~adto bo s$p­arate4J, am W\kes lt felony lIthey co­habit attel"W81'ds, 4., It subJeots ptt1eota, living ~11Y' with women, 01'UUDS w1th men. to lmp'rJ,sotllinGnt Ul.d torfeiture on the tJlts too1$1ot1on, QIld todeatb em. the oeood. and wtly, it enaots that persons ·oontemptuously .1:'etun1ng toooDf'eas at the usual tJmes" 01' to reoaS/ve, the "acr"nt, Shallt,ol' the first offenoe be t1ned ana. 1nrprlaoned, tmd for the .. oo11dbe&4jud~ed le,lana, fF sutt~ the punismf1llt ot telony. -

!bid.. p . 130.

PARTIES Dr TIm scmax

38

1he law ~ the su ~tlo1es marked the .en! th in tb

stwggl.e bet_en tbiI, tOU_8ft of BelU"1 ,and the followers of

Opa ...... r . l)J.8cuaalone .. ~ held on both slde8 by' the l&flliers

or the two gNUpa. SCmeO.t the lead1mg b1shoDsamong tb.ead­

herents 'Ot Hetl17 "re, Le.e. (hl~lMr, 'TUnstall. Stokes1.,.,

samps~, Russ" and, Al41'l,Oh. fJ!b.e. blebope "'ttl Luthol'atl tend­

enoies ... re. CrtU1lrl$l', Lat1nLo~, Barlow. Goodrich, Bilney', and

Sbaltton.Th. ·whip Wittt the aU 8tr1nss~ was bard on tbe

reformers'. tor ·the denying Of any of the 81't101.8 meant oeve~

puniebme.t . 1'.be law •• s entcr •• db.medtatel,. abl wtt.b1n ..

tortnight the" 1M" 500 al"1'eatfl in LortdCllft 'alone. tbe 8\1-

thol'lt1e3. hOweVer. cUd mt4eemlt ad'f'1sl1ble to heYe _SS

exeout1on; aDd, theN tore·. they set the pl'.i.80ne1'8 at Uberty_

In 1560 a 00IrII!11 tilee bad been e;ppolntedto coml)OS. Q M1f

cOde or doot1'1.ne and oeremon1es. Attel' three' 788rS ot work

on theeubjeot the _.081um waS ltd.d betere the lr1rlg axx1 •

t1nally publ1abed UDder the title tA neoossary Doctr1no .0lld

39

:Erudition for 9.l;.y 'Obristened Man- it It was commonly known as

the Kingfa boolh FQ~ the r est at 1:leXll"Y'sre1gn the bOolt wae

the authorized standard ot Sng11sh Ql'thodoq.

'lhere wereotbe r agen.ts at work at the ~rune time. Cranmer

WAS an important authority on Lutheran vle1J8 , and he attempted

at various t!mea to IntluenoeBenry toabol.! .. sh old customs an!

cet>emonies 1n their Vlor ship . Cranmerc'l1d not suooeed indo1ng

th1s dUring lIenpY'ta Feign, 'but he di d prepare a Book of HOl'A1 ...

lles, which wa.s the fi1'at Book ot Oommon Prayer, and al.soa

l"-fJ"ia1on oS thecanon1cal laws ,. ~8e wer,,, published in

EdwaN VI 't s reign and brought the real .spil"ttot the retozva.

tion into lngland . ,

'l'hu.s was tbe sebimnat1c ch\U'ch otHenry VIII as he con'"

oalved it, organ1zed1l'1 order to be able t:o .carry aut his own

designs . l'hQse lntecte4 w1thLutbe r{.l l'1ilimt, notably Qral1l'l1er and

bis group" had the11' plans tor oontrolling altairs 1ater on"

but they made little progress towa~ 'that .er¥idur1ng Henry' a

lite time . The resistance Henry eJ).eounter-ed t'rom thoae loyal

to the .Apostoll0 see was soon :to be.t. In the nextcbaptel'

we shall trace more in detai l how the supremaoy Was reslsted

in various part s ot Ingland.. and hoW lf61U'1 resorted to per­

secution 01 saae Who consls'tentl1 adhered t o the supremacy-ot

the ,opeand thel'ebY' resisted the rOJal w111,.

i !i;2

H

et· =

0

ca

(')

-I"

i .... >-

0

i ;:u

I fJ

J ~ to

t .... ..

""" 0

Cll

I:id

0'.1

"til'

0 t't ,... 0 i< ..

41

'mOMAS Cn01AWEI,.I., JtEliRY' a VI.CBGEllENT

In all ~ decisions of Henry a,nd hiG l'Eu'11amtmtl t..hwe

could bal"dlY' bt um.vovsal &Cquls30ei1Ce. , Re.~i8tance.8 bold

to come .from various 'lU4l:'terl:J .. but that wOUld not detel1 Henr'1

ham establlSb1D& himself firmly tn Ms ftW position as head

of tbe Cb.l.u'chot ~land af) lega.lly detemlned by the Aot of

SUpremacy,. passed in NovE!mbe1", 1.534.

He bad esk'b11Sb4d his pO$1Uton tbrQUgb Q wl1111'lg ~11 ....

mOllt. lc ~~ o~ hS.& Pal'11a:ment ever thought Of actinG

oontzta17 to b:t a w1 shes.

"It the lU.ng Wished to bum heretios, they were w1111ng be :should burn them. It he wi.bed. to tbNaten the Pope by a.bOl1ab1bg annates and tl1"sth\l1ts"th&l Offered DO o'boP je4tlon. Parliament <1,14 DO. t pay t helia, With tbia U~ WOQ,ld. 'ba.. ~en equall,. orthOdox tm4 :s01'1ptul'al ~ paaa . an .lot at, on. time tor a8s~1D8 thAt Ilng's sup,...oy, and at 8J)!I>

01lher the S1.x Al'tloles denouno1D8 tbe Ore«l 01 Pro~stan.tl_. In the reign of Bcm:t7 VIII. the Retoraation 18 tbft work ot the nng,.s.n.all , l"espeotJltSS tar' I's £t went, .tm4 ot: b1am1D1ete1' Crcmtrell. -

1'--- -----·-Srnel", Z. S. ~1~ of' ltuY ,VIIX ,hamill" Ar' gesst on ~, .I.l!. -::CJitsg_ vol, xT;P.4Ia.

Thoma. Cl'"OIInfeU ft_ ln4eectthe tttroDg advooate ot

Henry ' s oause, the lnst.rument throug11 Wb1eh. the reign ot

terror tollow1q the Solrl.S1l'l 1nUl l~ted. (h~Odr.ll ft8

lIenn'ta able minister who besides 6arryingoa.t tbo wiebe.

or the lUtJg, had d.ea1 for hims elf ~anc1 bS.s own eggran ...

d1$_.nt~ Crcmwell t $ r1ao to powell' Is the me" ~ rlcable

because be had been \fIol.e.,' 8 ee6rtttst"1. It me;ttors not

mt be d14 to gdn the favor fU).(iesteemot Re~; but that

42

he galned it by stratagEml is most certain. It is thQught

that 11" Pl"Oourod. and tM:t unjustl,.. o!lQQf \YOl.SQyt 3 doc­

\JIlMnta Wh10h gave WOlsey Rom"7' s permlas:lon tot" the letJa'tlne

pmrel's . After ·thEl· 41sapPQQ:tanae Qf the dQ4Umont 91ola.,. cou.14

no loneer l'll'ove th&t he held thco6 'ora t':rgm the ldng, and

thereby had ~o be at the mSt"ey' ot the ld.q in b1a indiotment

for l£aeR!B!li~Q. It i s most likely tbat atter this tavO'Jt

toward the 'ldns. bUt tlI'attOl"oue act apUlet bie maste,,:. Crom­

.ell ~OBe ra1)ld1Y' in J;>OWG%' in the state, and maintained that

pO\lXJtl> as 1«ng as he aat1st1ed the k1n8 aM hls 1nte"sts •

.Gasquet haa thl.s to oa,yabout him.

"'lbe position occupied by t'hamatt Q~ll d'Ur1118 the years ot hla POW'-1eu.n1que 1n &ngUah h1atol'7. Asvi .. gex-ent;, aDd v10ar ~Ml be wtUt plaoe4 above the uchbtshope am b lshops . even in convocation and otber striotl1' eool .... 31&8t10&1 assaab11es. llardly n a the, venerable!'1 mel' eJ'.H~utedj tban 1\4 _.

leoted h1s 8U0C61l1SQr Ala- ~ellorot' .1;b.e t1nS:'erdty 01 Cambridge. ThoU8h a layman, he d14 not eoruple ,~ hold 'the 4eeno~ or -'11$ and otb$~ ecclesiastical benefio.a. In parliamen'~ be -took pl'e'" oedenoe or the nObill ty oJ:' evJJr1!!r rank by Vi1'W4I. .. . of h1. s . e001.'._ ta3 ts.-ce1 t1 tleot klnm1a . 1ear geMM1",e2

~-~" , - -~ -- - - ' -

Oacquet, F'r&no1G AldaD. Rep!;( VIII etbe bl&.h .... ,.,.1"18 •• ~ . 141- 14.2.

·OlQfl".11 tu.ll., una.ratood". bef'ore tntGrJ,ng onbts .•••• "10 • • __ t Its cond1t1ona •• e, aDd :n.e1t"~ wtu nor al>111ty wal laOkinS to thei r ,tulf'1lm_t. UD4.el' bia ~8--t, atone. skiltul aDd UI1S0l'Upuloue., Retl'l'y mastered the .Pal­l~amen~ and paralysed tb$ .etlon of Con­vooat1on. moulMllg then a8~11-:ut 'to hi .. 1"07a1 .111 and pleasure. ft

~

~

aaa~et. Pranc1s Aldan. !7ltt Last Abbot g! 2.laatonbU£Z. p ., wI .

O·romwel.l'18 influ.ence In ca~g out the wl'll Q~ the

Klngowm.ot be OV'eres ttmated. 1'bat 1nt1uenoe follows all the

1mportant developaents in llln61'8lld up to his tall 1n 1540. He

18 the asent. tbroulJl whm'lt Ile1'l1"1cwel"OUle 0.11 ()b»tac1es 1n

Oal'~out bie program. Henryt s w11l. was expreesed 1n the

aots 01" OJlCllllftll •• speQta.lly lnoar1"1ing on the lDternalde­

lIelopment of the ,realm. 01'omwell t s power wa.$ 80 geat and

his lmowl.e4gO Of' state attalrs SQ complete, tbatbe 'could have

1ft intimates, ne _I f'1'lerJdl,. wttb. t,.. people.. and. When ~

oooai·lon pl.'iesented I t •• U to Hetn'7 tm4 W'hel'!e he knew ~U

had made A p6l1tloal blun4e~ •. he soon got rid ·or him as he

had W()l$ey In 1529. Cl1(JQ1Wo-ll. was unpopular. and Henry anted

to remain I.e the SQod graces Of the })eOple. !be .. fON" when

Oromwell no lOlll.l" served his: p.urpoMa. he had b.SJb .. ttalnteci.

OlU.'obiet purp()ae in th1s Obaptel' is to shoW how the

.chism"as 'N,oe1 ... ed 1n Brlgland. and how HeJU"1 impaled upOn

hie fluojeot8 tbelr QllGg1~ to b1m as supreme head of' tiM

~()b in E%JglQlld, ·and 11_11., laO'll he <wercnme the 1'.s1etanoe

'b7 potlseout1ng lndl1'1dQ8.1 $ 'Iftloae 4onee1 __ WOUld. not pend t

them to aOknO'l'lle4Se. h1s headGh1p .

ADlUmS'.fll.A1Il611 OF 'l'ltI OATHS OF suCoas..i;)ION A1fD SU'PRDAoY

~ the aot or SUpre_~7 Parliament bad 4eolared

the k1ng .~pr_. btBd of the OhUrOh 0-: Bnglandrt , aooorcUftg

44

to 'the dicta tea of B$nl'1_ Att~ Ol sno:-t ,Gnd 1neftectual

l'0sistenQe (lonvocrat1on also aeq1U.escQ(1. tlenry had now to

obtain ua1Yel'"GQl recognlt1on ot hl,$ tttle of Supreme 1fead

end to do &".:1 with a~ trsees of Qdhe~neG to the Papacy.

4~' . -

'·WJ.th his hond,s ~pon tb,«1r thrtoats Henrydamanded what;, in th. quarrel wS.'h Rame. WS$, at tho time, 3 retaliation upOn 'the pope torMs refusal to accede to tM :royal wlGhoiD, the aeknowl~nt 01 the king as suppeme b.ead ot the Church o~ England. Pew tlmOllg lCngUah <shuI'cta.en

re tOtmd 'bold enough 'to N8b,t tb1a lNet 4ertand. or 'fIh.o ,even, peZ'hnps"

NCO,gniaed ho'W the,. we:rerlt.18..,tlnS papal. ~ey in matte:':) spIrltual. AS I; role, tbe "quired oath Of l"o,'al supremacy •• app.41'&l'1tly taken wbel"8ve1!! ' lt W8.8 ten ... dereel. an4 the abbots ald monks Of Col­. 'ster', of Glo.stonb'ur.f" tm4 probably also ot Read1aL were ,no exoeption" , and OIl september -19th, 1534, Abbot WMt4.1'1g ell4 his .<laI:!tU.n1 ty I ntty .. one 1n rNmbep,at­tached , tlwil,'l name's to t."1~ Hqulred 4, laNtlon./t

.B.a-, P,. 2'1 .... 00.,

It .ook th. gre,ater p .. ~t o~ tbeYeal's 1534 ,am. 15$1 ~o ed­

m1n1ate~ the oaths oS SUoeesalon end $Up~emaoy. Consequent17.

1.n: the au:t1!l8!'ot 1534 tbe Officials un4ezt the :tmme41ate 41 ....

Notion ot C~ll .eN bus,- adm1n1s'ter1ng tile oath ot

,oo.sa'1on to vartoue ebbota or beads 'Of re,lJ.g1ous bauMa.

1'h1s as tho B~ betore the Aot of S\qJrema01 bad been

.so4. but the .lot o-t SUOoe8Sto:n. n$v~tb&l$sEl" contained 1n

sulistanoe a r-eoOsn1t1on ot Uel1,l"1fa 8'U9l'erJac1. 'l'hi,ij ac~ also

conta1ned tbe ~l1ty1118 claus, "90 tar as tbe 1n..., ot Chl"'ist

_ em1 ts', and the:tt8t()P(t M moat ahuro.htlandtd not c3nsidezt 1t

:nlnst their. oonaclenoe, to subm1 t to the oath.

5

"All $ubjGCts. at eitb<11" sex. \Vb,) b.a.d t iin1ved nt tull age' wee Nqu1red to :l\t'~"3:t to thE> Act of t)J.oc(l)$$1on • ••• 'l'h1a aot 2apUed a denial of pa~ au ... thol"lty. s1nce 11; "oo{';ll1.zed theva).1d1tw or tM m~1age "between iten1"y ~ 4nne Boleyn. 'Iho \lording 01" the oath ablwed that 1. t W(\$ « blow alu.ed at tn. POpe. for the peoplo /N'Oi'"G te.1tb, . f1d011ty at'1d obe­d1enM on1'1 to· tho k i ng' a mBjo a"tY,. and not te any tore1e;n tautb<n" .tr. S1nee the ~:1801'l Act ot NovemberI' 3.534. i t WIW a ontne of hlP-A tl'$UQll to oall fbI) kine G.otd~e1c.·,5

45

t;onstant., G. ''f1'>,$ !~;to~ttlp~ !e ~nd. I • . t p. 129.

Th!.& Act of 3uoceealOb. atl~a:nge to aay" bad not been

scribed by. sta:tute.. 00t1Boquent17 as taw ocoa8ion d~e4

Henry cCU.ld QdJust a1'11:Do~.nts he pl&asod., llcreq:uired the

ele.rQ to ,dec.1ar0 1n addition to the ~l&l?' (tob that tho

Siehop ot Rane had t4Q mcveouthori't y in lhltlnnd tlUm l'm1 oCher

ore1EJ\N1er.. Be alsQom1ttcy.l the· quallf'y1.»g Clau .. '&S tar

./1 the law ot· Cb:ttlnt iD8nd.ta '1n tbe l'f)oogni tion. of t_ k1J1B

as auprl heed 'ot tbb Ohur~ o~ England"

In -tale OCJu~$. of edm:1.n1ster1tlg the oetb the" • . as gon­

erelly not mu. 41tf1oultylll obtalningffle submission. con­

'vooation itsell 8&t tbe *.aunple at e»ntClR1l1ty .•

~.

liOn .~318t the 8OutbemConvooa'" t1cm dMla:red. b y th1rt;'-four ·.ateG to tOUl' (md one dO\l.bVul 'Vot.)-snd the nortl!.u,m C()DYO~atlon t 'oll.,:Mi)d t. t5 l:etd with .. 'QIl8nimoua: 4eolaMtlcm on -T 5th-... that, according to the G~i>lpture$, tho 8iShop Of' RcIIM bad l'lO mope pow ... ill :bglSl'ld tban an,. otbor .f'oNi!).l 1?r1!!,l(~e_ and no mer. lurS.:sd10tign than an, otbGJ$ tat'et~ blahop. fi

lbi.4.. p. 130

46

Gasquet called the !:dmi ssion that the: pope had no power

in Ingla.nd the "thi n em of t he w«'1gewh1ch .f'1nally$ev.e~ed

the ingliShOh'urch from thespir1tus.l jur1e-diet1on of the

Holy Ste. "" 7- ~~ -~- -~ -~~-~- ~ - - ~ ~-~~ - -- ---~--~ ~ ~-~----~ ~ - ~ --~--

Gasque~. F~ncls Aidan. T.hB E'va of the Reforsnation, p . 100 . ----

>;1m31U$5ION OF mE MA..tORITY

It is relZlarkable thet so !I.'.e.ny ot ttle ste:unchest bishops

of the realm ae Gar.d1mr. TUnstall, Bonnel'. and Thlrlby

should g1ve their $~~sio~-they wno had been strong ad­

herents of tbe oause of the GhurGh. It ls t rue these bishops

did .not suoo\lDib to tile doctrines of' Luther or Galvin; yet

their exa:mple ot t1ln&+ sel"'91ng QS an tneentive to many an

1nt1midatedsoul wh.08~ con solanoe most l1kely protested.

Prominent m.en of the age were themselves. surprised at tne

~~reat number who ooniorm6d.

g-

ft "Iamashamed ~o say.' wrote Harps­,t1e,let.. 'how ~ eas~lY' people consented to take the. oath, q.sPS~ the protests ot thetr .coneo1eno • • t"

Constant, G. .22. cit. ~ p . 131 • .d !:It , ~ .. ""

"' I :t'lOV81' was more d~ee1yed; t wrote pole to Oontat'in1" 'for 1 a1ft,.", toought Tuneta.ll Was tull ot seal tOl' the reli. g:t.on. WMreas be contests l'J!13' belief ar;o ra~r the Ohuroh's beliet 1n 'the 'O~'8 authority, Wb!ch he ·cfes1pes t<:» 8ee wholly defltroyed . ' !'bue «runs,tall. lIke the reet of the HenI"io1ans, aocepted the ,theory' of and praotised pass ive obedience to t l1e ciVil powers . ·~

411

9 . <Oito-.....-.~ __ -.. ___ ..... t

Ibid.., P. 363 .. ~ , ---------------... "-~~.~.--'----.-~.---

In tbo fOllowing ptlragraph Gasquet fUrnishes 'Us vii th an

expl1l.l'l9.tion Qf' why so few offered l'o.s1Bt~nee to the hendship

of lienryend wh.y they Gould even in good t(-lith Rnd w1tb

olear' oonsoienoe take the oath.

"The idea of head,shlp was not abao­lutoly new~ it hRa. in A. motlsuro bQen eon­oedQd aome ytHU'S bator·a . without; so fat' as appears, exc1 tihg %'GIDonst1:'anee fl"'om ROll16.. Beyond t his to mRX'ry, the oath or royal supremaey Q'ite 1J' the Church of 1:::og­l snd wsa nGvor un(ier'etoodIlG derogator'y" to the See of' n.oma .. While even thone who had taker. th..ta oa th we re in, nw.ny 1'nstano,es 1:J\ll"prisad. th~t, 1t should be oonstrued. 1111;0 any such hostility. tt 10

).0 : "_._ . .. ".

Gasquet,. Franeis Aidan., !P-! X!a~ Al?bot .2! ~laa.t()l1.'t.mrZJ p. 28- 29

_____________ • _____ ~_ ... ; •. _____ ~~ ............. _ .~ . /It · ' l ~

Henry ' lS work was X'eruiored eaSier throu~)1 tho a lmost

un:i.versal confo:rm:1t:v. He reo.11e6d that it waS possible to

t uke care ot t.he small minor! ty and to dee 1 \'11 th them an he

pleased. ThiS;, we shtlll see . he d1d. tillP.Ol..\gh inpl."laonJ110nts;

e .:tecut:1ons,. a,nd depriva tion of :prope :lJty;, Among the noted

hea.ds of l1lQn.aaterieS \"lh.o Ilgonarall~t' conformed w'Oro Robert

Holtla te . heed of t he Gilbsll;'Une Ord,er. no bec1an:c eIl.n,plain

to Henl'1 VIII And. latar bl.shap. of rJilandoff.. '!'hrough SUl;l..

rende l-ing twenty-four hotuJOS ,of h ie order to the ·st g:) te he

hastened thesup'p~ss1on ot tho ot'de:r.. lte gmvG up his t tltlth

l ater. but \'las reconoiled to the Ohurch be·fore his c.taatb.

John Bird, a Cnrm:elite tr1al?" alao supported tho dlvorce

. and upheld the supremacy of tyent>y.> He was later made bishop

;

4S

Of Oh$st&tt 'and also t1n~r1od. W1111f'lm Barlow.. an Augustinian

(lemon" wn$ & f'nVOM te of Am~ SOl,Cjn and bQllGv~d vilth Cl"6fto'o

mer that .. J'jl"l'e ltt \1(Yuld $!mpl~ have to fiOce1va E".n Qp:pointiment

•• bishop) ccn:JeOl'at1on tVQu]d not be no:e.en"8="1. '!'hen the"

\TElS m\!l Bush. prwl ncll:il 01: tbe A~t1n1Nl:.<J,; othe:~ ~:x­

Augurstl111s.na., ne RobeJ:'t Bamao, Who waa latOl' 'bUrned by the

ktng t~r h~re3l';' 'Mtl.es Qovolto ... '11e, l ater known ral' h1s trans­

lation of' th$ DlblGJ Oowgo Bt-Qtm.O, \1110 1t 13 thriU.gbt otti ...

oiated at the mAll'rttlM of' Hanl'7r nnd Iu'in~ Bol.~ \l,'br~

;'Jrominen\ Domimcan3. John 1111GC7. 3a1m SOQl'Y'. mid .rOhn,

ode;1;:'-n later belpod 1r, the 3'UppN).:lu1on ot mt:mtu~ter1es . 'l'h ....

• ",9, in40od. an arr4y or p~nent men t'ln1 Ua:1ef1 wh~ ~spouse4

the OtlUM of ttanrt. end he not had Iweu~t1call'T untvereal

BUppon. be oO\lfd n9t baV., l!iQ OQmplete~ and thOrQUghl.7 DZ'Oktm.

nth tb.e GUtbOrit7 ot RCISG.

a~'1I 3'l'A:tCi QP 'rlIREB im'L!O IOU$) OllDmts

'fh1'rGe reu.gtous O1'd&n , ~.tt)Nd a, $plend1d res1.sto.nce to

the taklnm or ~ oath. ~~ .~I'e th& Fran.e1aClm, Obsei"laftt ••

the 8r181tt1il&~ and tb,e. Oarth'tlSSans . 'We MY. alr.-ady noted

bow lJOme ot tb.e Pl"an013~ hlara, espqoiallylfetber Pet;o.

bad. 4lU'lt)ou/JG4 th •• u sC! of xa~1n.h Peto, Slstow, and.

For.eet weN '~ the moat Mted. 17NQ,chel's ,ot tbat U_. l'fben B047U £md Ro,land Lee oame to adm1rl1sWPthe oat.h. the

nan all Hlua'" ·tot$ke tlW os.th. !"ho Whol e ot'del' \m.

att41nttd aDd the ao?en hOWI.a b England wfWeclo •• d an4

',iven 1iobA\\8Ustibtue. Of ,he two 1mbdrecl monk&, tbe

tMst obstlne.te .tlN S$1t to the TQwcU', tltt¥ to tbe '\lJlH ...

49

tOBBed, FranclacnJls wl~X'a ,thoy \7&1"'\11 pu4:, tn oha1ns and lntor'

41&4 1n :taXi. n1.llnbCl?:if s.nd otbE.u,·s 'went to Pranco 01:" Sc::otl8l'14.

Thea& we~e tb& first ot the religiOUS to 'be d:J:>iven out W

oNer of R&n1';7' VIl lI tu1d t.hG1 Wti)N al.so the first to return

under Mat7.

The moa' notable ireSist!ln6& ftfl ottGred bJt the LOndon

Obartel*bOuae. In 15:S4 tbe;1 took the oath w1 tb the elause ftas

rar as the 1." or Obt4at l!)erndt~~ J but. u&n, 1n 16S6 the qual.­

~ Glaus. was (tfllttoo, ~.~ pmminent leaders, JOhn

Hou,ghton, priOl' ()t tllh London house. Robert La,,"nGe ot Beau ...

..... le., and AugustiD8 Webster ot Axbolmeden1ed in Oroutdll t. resence the ··,t or a~. a m.eI.~ la~ to be head of the

Churab. As a matter Qt OQ~Be the,' _re SmprlsoMd. but the,.

conttmaed "'reject the ~ S\\P~07. ' 10m Baileot

1.leWOfitb was vaated 2.n tIbe same, mamar. ~a. OOtlf •• S01'8

of tbe ralth auttel'eil4eatb on Kay 4. 153S--all ~Dg tne

\OrtuNs ••• el"Ytd tor ilion ~Uty of blgh tNAacm.

"T1e4 'bi) hDl'dle • .t they.PO ~ ~o the g1bb&tat 'l'1bu.l*n. 'lnlerQ the1 ... tabed 111 til ,s.4mUiableoourage wb1~ their l)Nt'b.re1'l_.O to~ nne ~1;e tbtt 0"1', 8D4 wltalout atrt Obang6 :S.n 'their feature$ Qr 'be) wne of i;helr Y01'Ha they emos-\ed tb. peoPle to obe,. the king ~ all. tmt waG rlOt OOOtl;'t:U.7 to the b.~ ot GOd or ot the C11.'urob. In ... It'.iUa~led stata they 'wm .. -e Plaoed on tbebl-'lok bJ tbe ._cu.t1()ne~f "bo e,.~ededtro teal' out the1rhea;pt ·aJd . .1. __ !het~ bOdie. were then dlSlllembered. ~ t11.8i:r hoad and lbbu ~ lnto-a oauldrGn ot boU1ng , .. pr101' to belng expoaQdon ~ Bridge an4 at tbe gates ot to. ... lty. "

so

11 constant" G. ~~ s!!., p . 131-132.

Many ot the lords and courtiers assisted at this spec­

tacle just for pa stime. Throe weeks later three ot..1-}er Ltmdon

Carthusians were condemned and put; to death (June 19; 1535).

Gasquet says that fif~ o~ the Observants died from the hard­

ships of their prison life . 12

yz-

-Gasquet_ Francis !lidiln. Monasteries, P . 57.,

£ienry VIII and .!h! EIlilish ~ . .

----------------------~--------~-,

we note hare especially how Henry was determined to

dispose of any a;I'Ou.p that might prove disastrous to his po­

sition. as supreme hs,ad of tho Ohurch" and how he did not

hesitate to use arb1trarv power to B.ooompl1sh his purpose~

His pl ans were made, he 'Would n0t be foiled i n hj.s designs,

and. therefore he aoted promptly and effectuall:y. That these

Friars and Carthusians really died for the:tr faith ,'11 th the

g l ')ry of martyrdom is very nerally aoeepted. The ~ollowlng

quotation 1s representat:tve of the general opinion.

fl'I profess", ' said the Prior Houghton, 'that it is not out of obstina te malice or a ,mind of rebell10n that I do disobey the king, but only f or the f ea r of God, that ! offend not the Supreme Ma.jesty; because our Holy Mother the Church hath deCreed and apvointed othe rwise than the king and ParliAment hath ordained, t RQue-pton and bis fellows were as tr'uly ma.rtyrs a.s l;i'rlth had, been, thoy ~.t .lea.st had sown no Seeds of rebellion, and they dIed beMuse it ty­ra.nnical king insisted on ruling over con­soiencee e..a well as over bodily aceta . If 13

~

51

Gardiner" ~f;UttU.f)1 Uat"3en. A Studo:nt ' 3 li1r..t.Qry of E~land trom the Bar11!3t T1JIlea to-laBS.. '01. II. A~ 1>. :t~g:; nmr;"1); StU. . .' . . . - - .

- - -- -.--- . . -.--.- ,-~- - -~~ - -~~ --.---.

The· gist Qt the wbol.e ~Q.tt&r 1s that Henry bad sot h;1,

Jll1nd on b~com.1ng ;pqpe .!!! inSl~artd as S\lch;he was d~~\.l'mlned

to be l"e~Og1'l1zed by all ·ot hi s subjects . In ordfl)r to be cser­

ta.1n that the administrati on of the . o~t!lll V1~1d hI?) carr-1eci

out thOI'ougbly, HenI7. together wi t h tUa. v:1C':!lr;..gertaral Cram­

"ell, pl anned: the v1s1ta of tl:l..e offic.ial·a cil:Petully. John

ll11sey, a Dom1.~co.n Frial', MlO had I..caeptod HenrY'$ 3Up~CY

and Dr. George Browne, a. prior of' the Augustinlan hernita,

were appo1n.ted as "grand vis itors". 'l'hey wsre to &Dlnin& the

re-llgiou.s bou.ses ·caref'UllYI to discover t~'l~1r feelings con ...

cernl.ng Henl"1; to ~l'flak to the aS$embled ol¥lt11t&r.. 'lUl.d to

lntervie't'f'ea oh friar ' '-ndt v 1d.ually. Thelr inGtruo t ionD \1ere

det:a11ed ark! p1."'ec1se.

"'!be oath of! ,e.11 eg1anee. to Anne »010'111 .. s to b$ 8.<lmin1ster.ed to them, am. they wttl"$ to b e b!lWld to atl'f)13.r .sto~am.."lly t.hat they 1t'OUld pNach and pex-suade tba people. to acoept the ~oynl' 8upremQCY, to conf~as tbatthe bish,op o.r Rome had no Eore power than .ft!3,Y o~~ blehop 11m to call him Po.pe no J.onge1*. l?u~~l". th~ semons . ot' eaeh p1'~ttehe!' were to bJ9oa.ra~11:r e.1'J!.m" 1ned" and l.t'not orthodox they wera to be bUrned. !9'el"1 f riar W!Ut to b.3 ntr1.ot17 811j o.1ned tooOJmOOnd the k~ as head ot tb-e Ohutoeb... the queen. the arehblehop o£ Canter'bUI7 and the Clergy to the p.royers or the tat thtul. Lastl'1 * ~Ch houfJO was 'to be obliged to shoo l .ts gOld, s11ver, tlnd ·other m.<weable- goodS', find deli ve:l" an 1mrentor,. or ttlem., t aM to take a common oath. ~&aled . 'l?1th tha eon·'14 " ·e·nt seal, to ObSer1l8 the, above orde:?!'s . tt

.! i "'.

14

52

Gasque t , Francis Aidan. Henry.Yl!.! and ~ English Monas teries, P. 51~52 .

RESULTS OF ADMINISTRATION OF OATHS

The resul ts of the adminis tering or the oatha were

drastic , There were many defeations among the Fri ars ; many

a monastery was demoralized , discipline VIas relaxed , and the

life Of prayer was abandoned . Those who took the Oath served

in turn as spies of Cromwell and reported secretly to Cromwell

any aot of their brethren t hat indi oated adnerence to the Pope

of Rome . Mombers of the same house grew suspicious of each

other a~d the 11te of char ity and study was a t hins of the

past , The agents of Cromwell could not be persuaded by the

abbots and priors , abbesses and pr i ore sses , to be bought off

with any kind of remunera t ion. en where t he oaths of obe-

dienoe were t aken t o the tl new pope" t h ese visitors did. not

restsatlsfied . As we shall see l ater; they did not rest

until l ands and treasures of monks and of nuns were given to

the king , and the members of the houses were dispersod . 15

15 Clayton, Joseph. The Protestant Reformation i n Great Britain, p . 66. -

These me thods were pursued through the years 1534 and

1535 . By the end of 1535 royal supr emacy was reoognized by

the great majority . The defe ction was complete and absolute .

A whole nation had become sohisma.tic , pr aotically through

the w11l of one man . Still there were numerous agents at

work, both on t he side of' Rome and that of England that were

responsible at leas t 1n part for the compl e t e schism that

S'eaulted. Joseph ,01&"00 gives Q pt:Wtle.l explnnnt:lon 11\

tb8 t.ll~ linesi

"Tel ~ a lloble--abd. .the JlOblU. t7 "" ,moatl, J1IIJW _11 Who baa coma to the ,front urXler ~'Y VII, the .-.1>$ ot the RO.e. bav!!lg uprooted the o1a.eJ> ba~.­CardlDal Wolee7, papal. legate .tIl J"ON, Obanoel101". bad been eo obv1ousl'1bead of tal. O:t1Ureb and. $t .. te that it .a, ,not partt..cu1U'17stutllngto be tOld'" lIOWaM henutOP"* tbe ldng was head. , •• .,

"!be b-.4s 'OtftUgtOh -tnoiu4~ .. al~,.dlaatf.cted trdm •• 014 rel.lglon and nll1Dg to toll_ where 0 ...... aD! LatSaeJ:t led , Jlarqa el uple ',:rl01' con-I •• 1!1611"W the letters ....... "u" tba' b1tbtl'~O 'be -.4 al:n.,s 'be1teved the pope to be e., $1preme hea4 ot .~, CJbUroh, but, as be UDSeS'stoodtt, this ".u...r ••• 0Ill7 .. . b'uIrIm op1D1on ad .t of 4J.vs..: r-evelatlol'l .. ... . f

If , . . , ,,":'_. t'dltCllft_ .. . ;of the d.-trllvJ -." ...... -t:l"-~- . .. - ,- """

the .~ perple.dt7 of ~i ts.m.. 141ty tba~ a_aM fJlOll bodl1.y t~nt~ :a.o.r .. , grow., .. n , .014f~ ILll ,"Be t'fllAll:t te.. .".., ,41 ... , pl~ b,. .mae P"la~8 who 1DA4 .. " t~.· .. 1'. s1oc;l to tlMJ .• ~ .11.1 at .. 8'WIDOJl8 6t r~. O~11.

!PST -.' 01a~. loeeph. sa-a.. p . 6"1.68.

DOU.UCI OJ- 1lIIRt" a WlU

It IIU' ~ _ ~Jl8too4,lIonY.". ..t .econ.1M'!'

theo1el"Q' &4 me as.n'. In· all 'b1,s l.&gtslatlo.n ap1nllt

the ObUfth ,of It __ • ttD" Ch114. \be 111.t.lb. ..,. •.•

"The ..,1. til.to., or -. ,.. ... 1ft qoeatlOD, a.s lela ".84 in th8 3kt. ,papel'a, lad 4M1rDout ill Appds.x l"I .~ the ael>Ol't Of ... BoOlee1aetloal, Courts Carat.alon, a"l plalo1,. .. , the ,Pf!lat .ag .. brought .1)00.1: lil .. 1;)4)8it1. at the .. 11ab Q'burOh

:tt" -=:-ti. ~u!= :~:::t.:s J# ~ ....

63

84

U&1ID$nt.but that the clergy were helpless tools 1n their bendIJ tbrO'llgho.lo.-they elther we," not oonsulted 01' else .drs.­goone4" "

-If By .$ belp ot hls ~ll_ent he

{Beii.f'1} coerced the oleztgy Anto jol1'11n3 Main l'8pud1attng the annulliDg his au.­thor! ty but by 4eprS:'I1ll1; b1a ot hie revenue to .bJ.:s own person. Vlbl1e, all the t1mc be ma1J1tal.Md the CburOb 1D appearenoeve17 JIll. GS it _s botOH" aM made 1t. in taot, tar more subs&"Y1ent to Masea tMn " .. or had be&n ,to the ~." J:"l"""'~

IT''-~--~-~~

Oh!ld. 011bel"t. ~h .an.'l $_, under the flBs p • 99 aDd 101-10a. .. Qu.o~J.'IOm'ope, .. , I . (I.;-Je~;! it l1l! e\N5U"tanOhUreh, P. B. . - - .

TbIls aeDl7 tOJ'oeCi Me w111 'iQpon ~ Dation. Those who

tte3$ote4 it 1M1'$ disposed of bY' tbe ord1nal"1 1)1'00838 ot la1f.

9Ih1eb tn_t'1)Hted b 'be l1e:ht ormod81'll .l'e.ttaroll. .as reall,.

persecutlon because ot religious ocavlctlona.. '1'b.e next atep

in the 4ey.lo~' ot our topic So the dlsousSloq ot a tew

of the var1ou8 t1Pes ~t pel-Gone put todhth under Hen1"1 VIII,

tor the sake ot r:eU.g1on am 8speolall7tor adb8rence to t~

l'at:*oy. 'l'hese •• re _tn1,. pel"aOfts ;J.hQ .1Ift" aVGl'se to RemIT •

. 8D4 whose 1n1"lu.moe, 11" allowed to oUr? em. and. live. m1gbt

trust.r4te his plana. lJ.!ley 8Jge. Ellsabeth Barton, "The Hol,.

Ma1d Of Ken'·, 'Who had ''beoama ratbDr popular with. epeolal

&rOUP ot· tbe oClrDCrlpeOple, st. ~8 More. the elD"ohIlnoellOr"

who l"epre.entMld the bettel't olass of Oatholio laymen and

whose &.1:>111" ..... universally t-eoognl_ed, st. J'ohn Pleber"

the B1$1O.() at Roobe&tel", who 8et the example tor Clh'ul-cbmenJ

Friar JObJ'lroftst, whO badal.l along been an, a.dberentot the

caus. of Queen bthU1neJ md tiMl17 Blessed lIargaret lole,

tSe

the COunt,fU:JS of SQllsbuJ.'ty and rolative of Renl7t"wbO was tho

tJ.rst person to be attBlnt'e4under the new 1.o.w., Tho events

l"elat1ve to the execution ,of these peraons Bl'e aepe.rntod in

time b1 a period of aeven years, 1534-1541.

mE HGLY DID OF KJ:."lfl!

~e tit-at ot this group is EUzabetb. Bal'ton. She lived

in Ald!:cstOl1, Kent, AO fA; eel'Vln[J tmdd.. In 1525. atter 11

serious illness, she claimed she bact 'had vlslons tmd. tol d

i-ondrousl,. tihings ,clone in other plac.s Whll.stsho was neither

herself preaent nor 'Yet beat-d to " PO!'t. thereof . ,,,16 $he W«1a

18 lU.a. OhriatoplMll"iII, !!lees 101'., p. 190.

advised 'o~t • .., aoanYent . ~s she 414 'and a.tter tba t ber

Visions 1rl~eOJledf When the Archb18hop of' CAnterbury WAS, .tn­

tortn$d ot b&i" "S.slont aM. prophecies. he appo1.n'e4 .Dr . BoOking

QS her oq~.alol'. -n,. or t .ba tal tbtul bell'pc 1n hM-, and

even Tbcmas IIol'e am: Bishop Plsber bad had same lntel'ooUP ••

'1tb. btu",. ... ..... 1', hel' net.oDs 'bore no po11tloal 8speot

until they made all usion to lIenry;'s divoroe. She upl'tesod

berse1t rree11 against tbe lUll'rlue anctnen toretol d that

Hem'"J 'I(Ou14 10$. bis ld.l1$dom in seven montho it bet married

Allne BOle,n .•

.An SmpOl'tant polnt Qf oontrowers7 is that Elizabetb

Berton heJl,ao1t .. ami t ted that She w&s&n ltrlpQater. A ()Onte.81on

to tbrt..t ettect was extorted tl"atl bel" 1n .ov~bel' .• 1533.

Shortly alt.. the publiopenanoe of b8l'sclt and tba't; of bel'

abettors, .... 1i1Wa.t'd Booking .. .tohn Dering, HUgh lU.ah,. lUchard

56

Risby, Riohard Masters . and Henry GOld . This oonfeasion,

hO\'lTever., proves lit'l:ile. In fact, any confessions of this

kind meant very little under oirCUlllstances where at times a

faint glimmer- of hope might lead one toconfes l3 even against

one t s will. Such a conf'esalon ws.s always a. prepared document

that tho accused person was asked to sign, In this case it

waS wr-itten by those in whose power she had been in the past

four months--from November to April , the time of her death.

It was a matter of vital importance for the officials at this

t ime to have an acknowledgment from Elizabc·th Barton that she

was f'or 0, l ong t ime en imposter.

II • ~ ••• And with CrOMie 11 to manage the affair, that confession would not be dif­ficult to procure. In fact, the draft of a letter exists , with cOI'r-eetio.ns i n Crom ... well ' s own hand, by which the Marohioness of Exeter- 1s made to ask; pardon of Henry VIII, for putting such belief ' in the most unworthy aud deceivable woman called the holy maid of Kent. I (Calendar, vi . NO •. · 1464 . ) What he did in this case he may. with better reason have used every effort to do in regard to the nun hersel f . Ac­cording to the oct of att ainder" indeed, the poor woman 1s said to have co.nfessed her dupli city and f a lsehood before 'divers of the k1 ng 's ~ounae 1 . t" 1.9

l~-~--- - -- -.-~- ------------ ----- -.,

Gasquet. Franois Aidan . llenr;y VIII and the English Monasteries , P. 41.

After the publio penance Henry VIII and Cromwell had

tried to seoure sufficient eVidenoe to convic t her of high

treason. The trial was closed \71thout a sentence . But it

wa.s more conven1ent and more secure to re sort to a bill of

a.ttainder by parli ament for high treRson. Under this la'Iii'

of attainder no tria l was allovlad . The per-son \7€lS sir.nply

5'1

attainted. bl.'oU8ht to the 'rower .. nnet exeouted in due eour.e.

It BOii>n beeome ~ne:pal.17 lmo\"m tb4t the bill olattniMer hed <

been 1ssu.od, but the names ot theabet,t01"s were kept oon-

ealed. .etfe-ct or th1s aXtl"OMement WIlS to put every one

who had had any lntercoW''k'lQ with t11

bG1:rut CQl'ld.G.mn$d to Qoath.

1d 1n Ql'OQ t t'ear of

In tb1e ctute, tbl"OUSl1 ordimry podeas of law, l1enry " ...

et e1'Jll1ned to nut top to Q..'·l~th.1ng that would interfere

wlth the universal adeeptanee of himself IlS head of tho Qhurch.

B11B&bQtb, laarton was ilOt tlotloed a& long a.8 &be did not speak

of \he d1voroe. But When sbeteal"less11 declal'ed her ad­

h.renGe to the Hol y See fiild 'oponl;J' expreaaOd her Stelmkes to

tbB king, be~ 1.1,t8 was no longet' sate., HeraoettOl's were

oJ'fered the1r h.odQl1" O<D.e of' tb.eIn twioe, it' they woul d ac­

knowledge Hcruwy as head or tJ?;e ChuX'Cb tn . England. Tbey ,1111

retused tho otter, $nd oonsequant11 tJut~ered death with

Eli.beth Barton on Apr1~ 20,,, 16M.

20-~

If'lt 1s almost tmpos81bla not to teel on the • !de· or 'this Mai d 01 Kent" not b ... caue. 8l'1¥boctr :knOWs, _~ t o bfj ,But'S th.t heJ" ... ..,elationa .el'egenuloo1 but 81mpl,. because .be was the one person 1tl England exoopt tott England' s 801m ·thO· DDptlat BtshOp P1Sbel'" Who. ~ the cOt.U-M e to sa wbat so JDl,nY' telt."

SUA/eat, Daniel. . 1bQlt8.s !!N, P. 235. ,-----------..... _-----------------------------,,_ . . . ~~~ .. -

'''I SDR ANI> .ORE IWVOX.V'ED

St. JObn Habet" aal st . ibQUlae ,)foro's names "we1'e 1ft­

olud(td 1n the bill at a ttn1nder whiCh was 't<)out tbe nun to

58

death, as if she nne. 9,S if they had been interes ted in pol ...

itics, fomenting rebell1on.u 2J. At one ot tho sess1onsof' the

21 Ib~d., P. 234-235 .

Legatine Oourt we lJQ,whoo Flanar had stood. firmly t1$tainst the

rest of the English elerf!l1 in upholding the vs11d1ty of the

f irst ma~r1age . Since then be was Go ~1arked man. Ue and

ThOlnas More were both charsad with mispriSion or treason be­

cause Of t.h~lr having had in the wast sane alight interoQurse

with Elizabeth Barton. lfhiB 'b111 or attaindo1'againat Eliz­

abeth Barton VIas read before Parliam.ent, March 6, 15:34.

Atthls t1me Ft,sbel' was unable to be pl"Gsenton account

of illness. but he &xpressed his opinion througb. Q letter to

the Rouse ot Lords. He spoke favorably of lUlzabetb Barton

and her contes8or,Dr. Booking.

U 'I sought not for this woman f s coming unto mee,' he to~d them, 'nor tbought 1n. her manner ot deoe1t. '" ,.,..And as I w111 answer before tbethrOne of' Ohrl~t j .1 knew not of eny ma110eo1' ev1.1 that was intended by her , or by any other eartbly Qreature' unto the kins's highness.' Why repeat tQ the king .bat she deolaredsbe bad alre ady told hil\1? He po1nted out that la"8 or tnter­pretntlons. otlars wh'1cl'. 1nt,rlnged up,an the OQftstl tut10nal freedom were a8 dangerous .tor themsGlves--'OrOllW8ll was one day to ex­parlence th1s--a.8 tor him. t And the~etoPe ett800ns 1 beseech all your ben1gn 'Chnr1ties to tender th1s 1:IC'1 most humble suit as, you "oul.d. be ten(~(ered it 10U wel?e in the 8lUl'1e danger yourselves.' Tried in hie absenoe, be was oondemned to be '.mpr! sQnad and to bave all 111s prope1't,. conf1scated, '1'J}e king, bowever, ~~ted the penalty into a tine ot i3OO."

·59

72~j "ii!!IIfilllil!n· ..,.t .... -....... " "' .. - f~ -1ft 1'1 ___

Oonatant, G. 01'. ott. I ,., J,h. 213,

OATU ADlUN'IS'l'EnEO 'PO MORf~ AND FISHER

'b Oath of SUccessl0n 'was ad;mln18tf)~ed to' the bishops

and al.l important In:9'L1Gtl ol1rly '0 l5~# 001>&01.a11:; VIMI'

there mlght bo A aue.stlonu tQ 1, totbe king.. More

an:i ,isher, of oo\.lr'$e., wo~ tn-ol\1de~ Sotbacee:pted the sue­

CGaeion &0. tt stOOd . It _de no ditferenoe to theta WhO

should %"\118 In ttmll"O :ttovs . But bOtb rejected that Dart

of the oatb which" 1t a.ocepted, would be a dental of the au ...

~emao'1 of the 'ope .. 1hese. tw .pea't ,men" saints of GOd"

declared tb.elr loyal. t1 to the Ohurchot Rame and ble1nta1ned

tholr l oyalty to ttJG ki.n..o: 1n oral =nttern . Both had come

to the Game conclusion w1 thout tll":$t lltlvlng consulted (taCh

other on the subject. but by bavtng to'l' long yea" de11be1"o*

ated on the .. tte~ in thell' Olm aouls. Conscience 'flas the!r

de. bacm$d up 1)1 the SUP"_ :uuth,ol1tty 'of the OhUl"ob. 01

cd. Upon the Ni.'uaal of tb1s 'Oath botb 'were Cast 1!)to

nson for l'il1sp1'"1a1 on .of' tHus-on, 4fJ(1 ail thoir property

confiscated.

l;PRISOmmNft AND· ~lAL OP FISlmR

BlGhOp Bisher e1'ed the ol'd1nar'1 rl;{orous

treatment dven to PQUtlcal offo.mi&t's" ln spite or the taQt

that his health wau very POOl' . V1s1toM otten !tl~ed to cU.u-

8UadG bim from h1 ''UrS& am, to t~ke the oath 1n ita &.n-

tirety. or to Cateth h1m unawares in hiD apeoOh. He waa kept

in p:olson tOI:' about a yealr befQX'O b1se~GC\lt1on. e.tlC1urlneJ

60

$oll the ~dsh1ps in his bOdy,. and 1:10t lesG ill his soul be-·

.OIlWlQ (;)1' tIle deprivQtion of all sp1~ tual com£01"t.

In UovexnbeI'. 1534, tlJ.hll ¢a$O against Fif)l1er tooltallew

tum wl'um -eh.e Act of $'ij.P~C1 waS passed. '1'hla very' Pa~lla­

m.~lilt ~d cQnQ.e'nm-ed b oth. tiare .and I~1$bsr tQ P&t'pctual :J,m....

prisQl'W1ont ooeau$c thGy md not Qeee-pted the Aot ·01' SuceefHtLon

in. :its entit-'&t~. Afta,i' the firstot Februa:r:1t 1535, it "a.s

mad~ b:tgb. t:reseo-rJ;

23

fft ma11aious l y t .e wish" wtll oX" 'IlaS:1re by woi1ds or \Vrl tlng .. ., . to d~pr.i.ve th&m( the ldng. tb.o q~on~, O~ their hell'S aj'JIPQ~&nt) 0» any of thom of' the!r dignity. tl:tlet· GIl" name Of tb~1l? r<>71e..l $etatie · ...... a futi l.e Pl'Gctl'Ution 'indeed" tor in the ty:fannical bandc:of ' IiGl'U!~ VIII tllo \7eQ.pon Wt'!.~ not 1essdeadly.u~3

.%b1.4 .,. p . 21$.

It WG.a a great pr-obl'9l't! ( 01'" thG author1t1~'$ to secure

suttlC:i:ent tes~1nlonY' for a trial agalns t 'isher. Tbey were·

obliged to 'S8ctU-ea ve~bal refusal ottne A'ct ot 8up~c.y

as a r-easOn .f ·o.r cond6'nml~3 F'l,Sbe.:r" fOl'b1gh treason.) on

May '1 .. 1535 Cromwell ,and. Q number otth$ 1!r1tr1 Ooune:U put

Fieber under ase'Ve~.e e ' (H.H'l-e:t4mi~t1on in Grd~r to &~tt'aet

rt'om him suffl·o1e#t _ tter to'll t he n <tlW non ... ~;.l:1stent 1ndiet­

;m.~nt agaimt him. 'l'h.eJ"e i 's fl ~stl()n whether 1t was an

thlu occasion <JI> iYhethelP it w.am· before th9s,"ngle, b1as$d

witness. ItlWi, that Fieber stated tmt tne king was not

suprE»ne head. of the (fuu:reh of a'nglarul.

IITbeee i.rrtel"Views: could not be ·avowed openly. no""

could they pt'OVe Fla,her t ~l guilt .. ... ~L!:tPd ua,c&.ula.y ·calls the

61

:state ~nala otthoSQI &:i:1S lmut"dOl" " Needed. by ~.X7'lIIn24

2"'4 Constant, G. !PJt cit. , Ih 21.?, ... SUa.

, ( ' It . • ~~~*.~. ____ .... ~ .. __ ~ .. ~ __ ~~~ .. ~ .. -" __ . o ms.tt01." .bat v1e­ n.ecopt" knOtt thai t the k1t\G was bent

upon banng P1.Sher ec:mdemnGd t01-' high t~aSon.

05

UHe was charged helOt's & common 3u1"1 ,,1. th bltyitlgtalselte.f!UOlcnuS1Z, M4 tm1 tOl"OUall "sOIa ~ ·~th& 'rIng 1s not too ~"meHea on lSarth Qf the Ohurch of England! lte mninto.lned that he had not

de the statement, ma1M1ou,alJ: and .a. t~&rore not gu11tyu?ot" ~£e statuto .• , Nevertheless he WaG condemned to 'be banged dPa\'m, and quarteNd. but .... 't the. lQ.f$.tm1~ ute the kina bad an oyerwhelni1118 ttt ot

:&r01 I~ ordered t~ Sl\i:Iltt S bend to be at "oK otf with an axe. ftBU'

;. J ~ .~ - ,,--,-' .---~-~.~.-~~"'-.~----

[.eelttlu,~, G. C,. "B~essed 301m V1Sberll • !!!t ale" May, 1036;, P't 500 .•

N1'ED .1., OARDIBALI HIS EXEOUTION

A month l)atore thi8 trial POl'

bad 4!'eated fJ1_bOp John ,1sher (l Oa.rdl oal.

i n Cons1s tol'7'

.' .en the kiQS

hear4 'o't 'thla. be -o.oame e.~emely 1lmS17 a.td, then and there,

detel'mined that theft 1I6u14 be no hett.d.toZ' the· Qal'd1na1"a

bat to 1'$8' upon. :Popo Paul XI I latOl'adJ'A\\:tted tbAt A$ dJ.d

not reallze the extx' .. tension 'then e:d.st1ng betw • • n th'

1138 aJld BlshOp 'lshe.r, a.nd tbs;t ht meant no otfonse wha tweS"

1>, the o.ot. The l:d.ng 1m8 JDOHdetemine4 aft.er t;b1s to COJl'oii'

elude the a ctiQn aga1nst 'both Fl sher and JlOt"e , Bithe!" they

would yield ott the;, would sutter death,. And they auttered

death in spi te of the pleQot not gul1t'1 and ot the bmve

ali!. .stra1gbttOl'ward anner which evoked theeympath3' of aftY

of ·the QOurt. $he: twelve men of the CClIIlrt knew that 1 t Wl1$

foregone aonclueion. tbat they would have ~ pronoun-ee the

rlsOtler gtd.lty. - And this they 41d~ Ronl"1 oou.ld pe:ru:d<bno

opposltton 'tJt IUlJ ld.nd. H.,,· wns dQtermined to submIt to no

ono. :rel'Gonal aggrMd1ze.ment, dGs! EJl',tFee<i, dee

aMtrJd passion, ~"fl.r of 10so Of lntlu'Once ttD4 deetH, fot- au ..

P1'8l!lQCY, both. in spllti tuAl and ta!l1)}oi'al matters ...... I1U of these

moti'MS retl.~t the K1nit; 8 C10mlnant will ~ hi a own

h!~ ... banded acts. tbaBe of h1s llt1l'1'11aa.nt, ond of hS.aOouaoU.,

ConsequentlJl.t Odrod'tual 30htt F:tslJ;l1·,. 'IJhO~e sent$D.oe had been

ted to behead lng, WAS executed JUne 22, 1636.

IMPR!SO~

!hQD8.. I10N bad beetl . -1aoned because ho bad not talteD.

the oath ()t 6uo()&sslon in its ent1~ety •. ,'It -1 be noted

tOOt t.b& form of t;beoatb for Wh1Cb b01lh Mol"$ !Uri rlslUt~ ....

.uiprls0ned wee not passed by tbelegtalature, until If<Wembel',

1534. an.d the ,tatuto' 'Wider wblOh theJ' were cond~ was no'

pa.a.:! until Pebrullr1, 1635. This b~t in the nllX'aQ ......

llc1oua11to wlah.,.Ul ~d •• l1'-. b!I words ~1!1n'1t.1M to .c.\e­

pr".e them(tbe ldDg, the queen,. ortbeU heirs app8;r$'1t)or

an1o~ them Of thQ~ dlgn1ty, title. or UlIlO of the;Ut ~

.atat_. tr26

1m on~tfU1t, O. 91. !!1.,P., 21,6.,

Alter t1.ttGen tDOntbs, of tmprl,SoDlnon.t,. ~a IIOre 'wae

t1DJlll.1 la'OuB1t to trial on tho flrst t}t JUly, 1535, to tbe'

Oourt of t.be l1nBt '$ SeMh. 1n WeD.tmlnster IDl11. liIi,rtean

'63

jus t i ces and ~lve j 'Ut".,1men nwo,i t ad Thom.as JIOJ;'e . 1'116:/ held

th$ i~1 c~uon<t t b-l t U!):tte \',t'neS gul 1t ,... of' tl"GasQn . !h08~ tlttoen

just1oe3 wero commissioned 'to do tl1e \fill. ol' 'bhO Kin(;_ 'No

't1r$O:.!$on 't r ial., trait tlX,f.)4l()ted t o )'·eadel' 1ll'f$ dGcls10n mtc.ep t thfat

of gu11!t y,. tf~e King \11ab£tJ to dluerQd!;l1 Yore. in the oyes or

~. on wiShed in b1s<iet onao to 'Ul'lmnak tho lt1ng. tr2'1

::rr--~-~' -'-.-'~--

s.~g.l\t. D4n1el. ft!'be Trlal of strThe:lnas ... If .

CathoU, Uis~()r1gnl Rovlew. Vol. :as , ~11. ).936. P . 1 . _ Ii • t • t £1 ... .,.+ .". 'l - ( _ , )

lltmJ'Y VIII had been asaumt~ $I. d1agu1..ft tOJJ n long t1mo

on the $t1on of bie tl'Ull"l'lage. .ore bad to be exeeuted eo

that Henry mlt#.1t "'80"8 h1.e tace".

m-

"'l'ho altuA,tiQ) WbtCh cnused tbe bat­tle 1n wel.l known. 'l'he kiDS 111 QIldot' to cl::\nnge wlv.a had taken a sElr1es of stSl').f} '4Ih1oa tiMlly led him to aOflaunt h1mselt a.a 'k!.m fJ.t: looa1 ' Pope . or tMl ~ ot Engl.&D1. 1'0 saye, .Me pride lD suah .. disguise. :dD:l to t'1'6aerovo tho, ~t blea,s1DS ~ b1a ad 1;0 &ng1aDd or a united. oountl'1. be ·had. tobtt.vo b1# d1egu.1se acc~ted by bis ,SUbl'eets. Sb 1.'hOIIiaa lore, bis ·own .~h8n­oellor.nnd pttrbapa: the mostpo~ or o.u Ms GUbjflots, lac1 ,ma4e it e"ident tbat he .!t).wtb~gb the dia~sel' and eons1dlared th wu1ngot l.t but_. llUJ&l'lS ()r aa1c1ng rl6ht a wrong d1 voroe. ~tOl:?lG,. Tilemaa, )tore hIld .1tl1D .~ to ,. !Ct4de to a.cknOwle4ge b1tnsel1' ~, Of! tso b Q -.do to 4.".,..1' WNma_1w' ~s.a.g eX&l)'Qted AI a proven traltOr~~"

lp1! . .. p . e .. , t - ", _ ~ -.. ~ -~- - .- .- . " .~.~~-.~

'tRIAL AW kDmOUTION OF fl.lG.taS BORE

The point thli!.t Jlozte trial was to prove that

tho, statute on 1Ih10b his indictment was based was illegal.

Bo d$clAHdtbat th'$ .lot 0'1 SUP~OJ' wa, 111egal tor three

:t>Gtlsons i s Okvn WOl'Cis follm'h

1I1~b1$ 1fld1etn:ent is gz-ouncled upon .an Aot of' parliament. direotly op~unt to the lawea. of God and hls hol;e Church, the S'U.p:'&aIOO gov-arnment 0'1 "blOb. or of

:'1 part the t"Gof." ma1e no t$lllpo..,ll l'r:t.:nce ,l'esume by any lawe to tgke uporm b1m aG

rightfUlly oelorJ,S1ngo to the See of' Itomo •• ~; l ,t 1s oontl'ary to Mail Sbl:\r~oo.ntmry' to that s.acl:'-Od oadi w.OCl. 5 ·, .a Itelgbnes8 h1maeltc" and. eve'Z"'/ Ot..'-lefl'C11:t't'lt1an Pl'1noe all_yes at Ubi':liX" COrot'lflt1o.tlS l'eoaayed~ ·noe more mi~t 'ibiS Ree.lm& of ~M rofus. obe41ence to tlls sea of RQIiae, than might; , 'the 0h:114f) vef'us eoood1enoo to his naturell f8t1uw. ~ds ll&alul.e" beitJge but one lI'DI1ber and small pa:l''be of the ~ob might not make a part:1c.ular lawe dlEJQhargable with the geneMll law. or Oht'lat'~ ho1r Catbollque ChurQb, no more Ulan the Cltt1E) 0 ' London,. being bUt one poore 'l.USIiber 1n re~pect ot tbe wb01e Reallw mtght make a laJ_ agalnstan Act or Pat'l1an:te~t •• , •• ,Alkl thereto~ tim 1 not bca1nd, .'QE1 £01'4&" to CIOntOm. my oonse1etlOe to the COUncell of OM .reB:tJne aga1n§ ,the generell counoall ot0br1stend~.' I'

M - -• ....... 4: . J Jvwr

64

OOMtfmt, G. ~ !,t'at'e~tpn .m !p:s~., 1, P. 248-249.

No matar 'fIbat prOof's 'Welte brought forth. tha' oourt was

belpless. It waatopaas l~At on tbe act 4S it stood.

'" nt .... P8IJlled and ~s»o;re ft8 to be hanged, drawn.

am quarto.red tot' ~lgh tresGon. H1s sentence Wns late!' 00Ja-.

wte4 'to beh"'~.

1tWh$l he "68 told tlJAt the king. no .. spec1al ravO'llr~ bad i30~ted hts pun­

labQlent , to ditOllt)l tation, 'Ood', he r .... P,lJ,fKl.,. · p HlMNO ~ll 1lr'.I .frS-endu £rom Buell ",avoUPOe t" jjQ

'3() I " .. 1.' " &

, LitlPM, JOIhn .and Bell04~, Rl11~~e. l!l! aiston g! .l.!el. Vol. Y _# P. 45. ,

tl5

An out.otmi:l.ng charaater1at1·o of Th.Omas More \faS hie

'f' risllt :mtll.·lrry splr1t"t . l,1'bo chrOnlo1er· of Rerwy VIII. E~

Hall p.J.vea an estUtflte ot tb1s $p1V1t.

U

"1 cru:mot toU whether 1 ahouldc' CAlle b.1r1 for a too~1Ghe .,-eeam m.-

ae too11ii.l~n., tor 'Undoub~l1 beside hts leamyng had n gt'f)atwttte. but1t Wan GO m,yngled with te.unt~ Ind m~, that :ttnQ~ to tham tbat 'best knli.\\l 111m", thnt he tl'loue;ht nt)~ to bG wel SpOken fl~pt, be had m1a:t$t71!KL S~ moCk& in the eoaralni-04c1on,ti~

al~ Edward. ~ V:Ul;, P. 265.

In this -'1 he went to his e.~ut1on. bnJU1'1e, 1535

tb a t.l"Ul,y j 0,.00 beart lit.

!tIl 011,11 , you to witbGSD" broth()!"~l fbe ,cried tt-cB the aOaff'old, tthAt 1 <l1e tibe ta1 thtUl sonant of Gorl n1¥l the It ,and sutter 4eath 1n nzd tor the t41th of 'th$ tiOl,. Oatholio OlluttCh.'

liKe -t'NlibNcad t:J:l,$ e;eeut10flet>,,1:Iou.nc1 1'1.18 own e,..a, aD1 oa~' prostratOrl b1JzJ.­~ol.t.

t, :;~:yt., he wl"ll.'IUl'ed 111tl'i hi'U last bt-e~tb.. J'l'1O'Itiug his bQl'd aolc1e., ' .Pity tbn t cbould be cut \1h1oh l:i.tttb COilii'l1 t 'e. no treason .. '

IJ'SQ he G1\tei'ed 3Dto the meny eten'l1 tr h9d l~ cravod. fl

~ . - ---. ---~, "---

- Ub;t., troel JI~d. ttSt.'1'h~$ M&HJt . ~ A!m.. 1-11 14" Wo.U, 1>. 001. -'

- , • ... : !!! . , 1 JiIjIKt ... r

Thea'6 two sG1ntfit St, 30lm Plsbar ,and :3t . ~$ More.

ralse4 t ,G the dtgnS.. tI1 ottbe altar 1n our own 441, 4tlUld om;

1ft boltl relief ,as true viotims of -the tUstol'ted S,48flotOM'

66

men \'1l1O must ba.VG hie 'will d,an1nate ,eVel1. O'iTel~ tbG cou3clcmoe.

()t' lDdi'l11d:utU21.

BLESSED JaUll ,Ii'On:Bs'l;

. i).0t13ed JOhn For-ust 113 th~ lat'Jt in tills gl~P, that we

are eou&lde:r1ng, ld\~ wel'>O $~e~lte<i. ut1!.ler IIOlll7 VIII because

01: tho cOM~et1on ",ith Q;\1~on ~t1l!U'!n(i . 'nQ had 'bG@ 1'1'1..,

c:dv 1 sa "'j

most

11 lttl tl'1s-:t"1ne . 116 ft.! one of t.l38

QbsPttVQnt;a. tl3)I1 bov>tl;gc to those

:upp~a~Qd tn 1536. J'Q'b.'ll PQNst WU$ "tlIDr1$~ ,aa

1554. but he t'lQtll llot ,e:~ uute<l unttl Jea:r. 1538. It

s 11ke'1:y tlw.t he took tilS oatl1. laber wltll tho mM!tal reael'-

vatlon tb.s:t 00 ~ h ad done In tbooe d IlVS. !3ut1t.bsthor o.r.

~ot ha ~11J' saYa in to Ii t~t;rit'an at tho t1me~o" ubethO

he was lp.:nora:nt 0:£ 1 t~ complete tm!)()rt, VIe are 'UllIilble to

3udg~ . BUt 6t the ~e that h9 \faa agalntakGn v:-1aon$r,

tMJ'$ 13 ,no q'Wtut,lQn, wt that he ~Qa 1l10.ut1oyal. to ~ Vapal

4utbOr1·ty tor "hio.h bel-lei' he 1'111&117 aa"o up bis 11to. It

_l\t POltect OX])rbG!Zed in, oontesston on 1)Q1ng asked

oonoe~ tbfIt Una's supl'ftlaC:'f,. blo o.dhe~e~ ·to 'ijbo p~

pr1maQ'y. ftds 'It&.$ soon nolsedabroad 9.nd S uaedln tl1e

'-nt a.gaiust 'atmso that ln the end . aD wt to 4enth

hot onlY'tor "naBon but also to~ hG.rGs:r. Ao in the oaS8 of

_~O a~ Fisher it GOuld easlly be fl~ QUt bow be was

.CQUsedottreo.&on. but hOvl tMy ctmld 4Etolaro b11u gul1t7

of heNay Is d1tflQult to cl1800vor, tor ·the. only thing that

he was Uled to:r .fc)1? MMST was that be had d1asuaded Me

penitents in oontesslon hom admltting the ltS.ni'e SUpl'8lD8.01.

f/l

t\ cont~l'gry o.r Q'tiaon El1eabeuh and n stl."ang adheront

ot' thCl CrOl.'1:.1-John l?om-... no1\tiona !1itl 1n h13 A;~~~ !!!! sow­m'Outa.. Be 5aYSl

'S4"

nI'orast1Udb ruJ the llumb6~ of yOOlJ'S ,d~th le$d un the»$lnto, W~ ril.l 8Of1ewbat ,.ouch ~d opetlk 'or i"':&,ltU" P,o~'ef)tJ a,l'bhou~ ha be unwol't.'l.y of Q. p),.ace, and not to be nump.erGd in tlu ~ oa. tiillozue,.

Th1& Fort-'~ct WI!Ul an obseiVVont t'rlatt. and baa. sCloret,lYt , !Jl eOl11'esslo11a, declnJ10d to' flB.Jl¥ ,0£ the lu.ng t s uub j eots, tbI1 t the ldng was not su.pX-$l'Ile head J and belng theH-' of d;cousQ<i and app1.'~endQd., b.& 'WaD exmn1ned how he ,could Stl'7 1.i.lat the 1d.ng as not ~ premo bead ~ tllGChllr"Oh. wben 'he b:bu,eU had SlIOm. to the contl'av:r? 8s ahBW01'&4., t that he took h1s ou.tmuod _n" bat hi. .10-ward wan nevor '~Qngentod tbot'eunto .. ' 4n4 ~1ns ~th.er t.ccuaed ot d1vel"s darmable ~tlclG3, ruz3. t..'r}aI'$ttpOU eanv1oted, lio gl,Gd11. f.lubIIU t,t~ h1laael.f toab1de the p~ lsbuen't 'Of the ollurab. ij33 '

,.,-_ ....... - Jl!!low l5!!!.

haquet sa"a tba

-Thadeposltlons against l"o:-eat e, clear «01 da.ais;1vo ,of b1s ~oa.l o(mth"l&nt~ as to the matteJ'!'aa t 4. Sm1& betw$QU ~ k1.ng QDl Ramo-, am . ~t r.l6.j'" be . talron a3 .~ tab that h. Meet fo-z; his beUot1n the· ne~3s!ty of the Papal $UP~~01_ and ~t ,even 1ft the agony at Me f'1)f1rf'UJ. .4eath b6 r(Qll\l~O)llS'tant. IiUX! tJtue to tlt1s bie taith. lI · ,

t)asquet~ Fran~ G A.1&.-m. .22,. Att.. p . et .

A a64_1Dg wlth Qraawell and :ta t1t1e~ was bGld a.nd the .

result Wail that lQhn F~8t .as oondemned to be burnocl 10

1~:19ld on the a2Dd ot Ma7. 1538. Blshop La~ 1n the

68

end tI-l .... to make Jol'test recant_ but to no avail. 1fh. F'nu

deol.aPeci .. ,

3!)~-~~~

"t.t an angel should ccme dow tram Beaven and teaoh him any otb$.-dootr1M t..b,iln he b:a4 reoel.ed hom hi • . ~tb.,_.oul4 not DOW belleve h1m., Atld . t U hi. bod,. lboW,4 be out joint at'beJt jo11lt, ol'~J'I' attel" *,,"l'burnt. hanged or What pain . 8QeveF m.esht be done to his bOdy, _aJOu14 be'fertura from h1s 014 profe •• !Qlh lt . .

lbY •• p.69.

SLBSSBD KARflAUf ,OUi

81.s.ed Mrgaret ro14 1s 8flOtheJ'l~t example 01

pereeeut1oll. Jt~ was d.,temi~ toge' ~'enge on the

faml l, lit tb. :"ole., hi,'1 own l'$1&t1.8.. aegtna14 tole. wbO

bad been a speoial tavGrlte ot the kSAg lnM. earller at'lys,

ooul4 DOt lt1 :oonso1enoe appJ.tove ot the· dlv~.. pOle fled

to nome, wor,k4td tor ~De '*U8. or tbI unity 01 .. OhUI'Ob.,

aM opel,. .'-tkM the kbg in bi,s book !! Un! ta!! I.,aleatg.

Hl. attaek ... made. boW •• ,." ODlr llJlOn the 1D.lstentd".rJd

ot Benrr lI.Iadlt.·a a .. ad tbat ~ 81". hi. 00IIQ)1A'- aD4

pftolae Op1Dlon wltbOUt meatal Nle1"9attous or dl s aSilmllatl.a

ot ,t.n:1 ld.D4 aoJ1oePft1:llg the 41.01"0. qu.eatlOD.

"b; Gin ot .. bOok .•• e, whOle may perhaps be btlet, ___ saed in POl.'. toros.-ble phP ... bt a..,-'8 HeadSblp ottbe CJhurOh Sa a ,,141ou1ou8 olatm 11_. 1t leach, to'lh. ~ oonolwslon tlB.t ._;sa-- the SDlrlt­ual super1,. otst. Paul. ·

Ie: 1. l ' . ~ . t

Walsh. Ciera14t)rcw.,l aad. "CaNiJ14l Pole and tht Probl-' or ChX"latS. lhll .,.tt .. gatho1\c Hl~t.ol'lAA! Bpi .. , lan, 1930, VOl. , XV ..

69

'ole's reprtl'sentat1on Or tbe ooJll4it1ons in England had

bas tOlled t:be: ex.commun1·olltlon pronoun.ed upon Ilenry by the

pe, aM llenr,. decldedupon co_rdl~ revenge token uJ:)on the

~~-.-

01 Pole.

"'They .ball feel what tt is t o bave 4 tl'!Utor tOtt tbe'1r kitUlman". or1e4 be. ead fortt.i tb. LOl'd llonta;u.." Pole' e elder l).rotb.er, Wae e:&ecutedk togetherwlth. tbe ~. ot Exeter " on. TOwer BU1. SlP

Geot'fl'.,. .POle, a 1'ounger b~tbe,... 'fIb.<i) hac! beeR p~_al1~ ugOD to b.ar witness ,agaill8t them, 'Was pardoned, aDd passed the Hst or bi8 'lUe inal1i seNb1e regret tor Me .1'Udasl1ke flO.1) . " ··

Sl.mo1;-~On, E. M. !~k st. !98Ml$.l!tDTs, P. 64.

Me . aatA _the" was questioned, be." hems. -.. aeaChed,

eM be~ netgbbOl's and teritUlta weJIe Oloaely sorutinized. Thor f'o'QDCl .. t ... undated papt.l bu.lls ElDS a White s ilk tunic whlOb

bad embroidered. ln 1t together with the firma ot England \Ze

badge of the Pll8l'1mage of G~oe . A f'fIIII months after the

search she was sent to the Towel' Wbe"e she 1'GJIBt..mt4 tor two

lOa" untll ber 4 •• th.Oft • ., 1;0, 1&39 cromweU Dl'.sente4

to DaJ'11ament a hi).). or attalndel' 43tll,nst theoountes8 and

her 'familY-tal. latter of whQl!1bad already been exocu_ed.

'ho day.s J.ate~ Cro.ell eh01N!l4 the -.111 te tuzdc to Ptll"lla:ment.

fb1e was suf't101ent. and ParU"'llt paase4 the b111 01 a~

.inder 1n,...... ,0D17 after alJDost two 'years of u.pnlbA-

111_' "at t.he ObWlte..bebeade4*. :Mal' 28. 1541. SM· pro~ete4

her llmooene •• bUt gladly autt.Nd t. the fUth ., 1!h. 1Jra,.,

""'er1al ambassador relates 'bt. an lbeJr;'pel'lenced .xecutloner

hacked her h .• d aXld. ehoul4el'-s betq,e bar hee4 f 1nallY' tell .

ti ll wa.s ri12:'1 OardlDal Pole. t wrote ieoad.1111., 'when he hea%"d ot b1smtbw t s aeath. To me he said. tH1tbe~I thought GOd had given me the paoe to be the SOD o.f one ot the best and most honourable ladle. In Englfmd, rux! I glol'led 1n timt t.at &Ddtbaaked God fGJ'I it. low, 'hOW­.... , .. bas honc>Ured _ sUll DlOH aM 1110".884 us,' debt of gJ.mtltude to lim. tor se baa made _ the son of a JIlU'~. or ber a:>neMnq 1n the CathOlio te ttl

the nne baa oaused he» to be publlo1,. baheadedl s.n.pl.'te of beJ'l " .. ent,. 7$51-Blessed and thanked be 004 tor _wi"

70

3IJ -- --__ - -c_ - _ c_~

Constant. G. !m • . cS. t.. I, n. 2'72.

Skal. ·a:aowYene.tec1 in the Chureb under the t1tle

"Ble.se4 largaret P018-.. Pastor lUlU up tlIe eaS8 thuBJ

...... t hoU' '. alag1e wttnees belDg oalle<l abe ... ..,out«1 -bl the 'TOweJ:t, :<*e?th

sa

"'I, 1141.,_~!, tile $Ott NaSOD .. t abe waaa td.1alI'\U_Catbo1.10 and t'be Oardl-nall 8 mobr.""

toN BlShOp ot :CURoll,., "lOpUlal' Real.tanoe ,. the _. ReUst.-. In 0_. Bed_. at8lls\18h .£tn •• I). 134.

-'l'hf death or the CouDe •• p~la1me4 to the wor14 tbat

the beanot Rem'?' w...st..led agallUtt any' reeliDg of at-:reation and tbat there .... . notb1ng but abaolut. obedlenoe

thatooul4 .-.ap ah1a14 AD7 one hem h\a Y'engeanoe. 40

40 lta; the .... of BlA.stMtd arpMt Me a p"e04dent ftS ...

tabU8h4td by baY·iDa taw person _ttalnted without a trtal. Tbl. was 01"<18.1.1." SUM.atton to the ju4pe~ S~ .. '&'1, the _.a tAlAt «;..-811 \1I;eel . 0 molntatn bllPel.t 1n pow. 1.0., to b1.s owrn 40W!itall. Tbeatta.l124ett. .ft. UMa a­g&1:nat h1a la 1640.

'71

PBNALTIES FOR lmREsY

.. Oat:lho11;08 de~ the ~l 8uPl'ema.01 were not ~

0Dl.,. onea who Halsted itl.e will ot HmslT on 1"811g1ous mat­

'.ra IU'Jd 1rho weft put to death fox- religious opinionl. The

Lutherans ·and ZW1ngllans W." puniShed tor h,Me.,. !he pen­

alty lntlioted on thOse wllQ den1ed the t1~8t ot the su It:I!­

tiel.s, Tr~8ub8tant1atlon, was bVn1ng at _ stake, The

f1rea ~ :)ILt tbtleld " e1'6 so$bhoJlred that tbeve't'J h .m

fta-A tbt1.14" at times almost be..- a.n obseaalon. ThOee who

apoke apmattbe otfbel' five or tM Sla Art101 •• we" 1q>rl-'. "

eOn6d tOJ!Che tb$ii o.ttenee aDd: hal1ge4 tor t.be , •• oond. ~. , .

N oult .. tbat at ttm.s baretl'ea aD4 C.thOU~8 we" 4rawn

on '118 same 'b'LIrd.l •• to ~.

TBBAson

'fbi .xepl •• tbat ". !laY_ oited urdU' res1.unoe to

1l.m'1'8 1fl11 .. ·hl. peHeout1one-40 not _ taztlnolude ell

the O8e8. Of ,., .. outlon. ~ 1_. 'Ot oOUP ... the legal

.ide to oon.I4.. SO ~ aota '8.114 volida, even tbO\1~t8. 01

people ... 111&4. ... ·lIUbS eo' ot .... eon 'Utldei" tbt la... t,Sn­

ga1'd NIlS up U .. tol1ow1n8 paragftphaCllJMt of the tHa­

sOD4lble ao,. pNOlalM4 4u1'taa BeIl1T'. 1"elSl. A1 thOUgh ,

theae"'.", ,dQ .t dlNatly' Nt".rto the rel181ouaquea­

tlcm..they aN an lnda Of the ~'bl"'rJ_anj5 uled 'b7 b

ISJJg to •• 0000b1s n11.

'tth'easODa, .... INl ttpl$e4 bf· th • .,a' ••• t1ous. ,and. otten, it .waul. 6OUlc1 attaob to eo gray. a matteJ!', _ tIW .at l'14t.a.olul lawa. ,i~ wal ~ tNa40ft to, alapl1., i' was attel'W6rds tH8eGn to _tn'am. the ya'1S,41ty· to

41

t.be 2IIa1'l"iag& rith Anne Bol81'Jl. 0'1'1 the leg1t,imao," of' hel" a.USb'-1". It be .. V.asOD to mtlr~l wlthOQt licen_. an,. of the, ldnat s ~n, Wbebhe1" legtt­,... OJ! natural. or hilS paterDal. broth­-Hor 811!~rs. or 'theil'i 1118\1~J or tor &.rl¥ Wor:aD to 1D8l'l'J' the 1d.!l8 twa~l unless ebe ftl'6 $ mald, Ot" bad p ,', oual,. HYealtWl to h1m ber taNJel' iDoantinenM. It .... ltJII4e treason to .11 the k1D8 a be~tlo 01" aOb1SDa, t10. openly to wieh b1a ~ Dr to .~I' h1at h$1!i n.ra. or hi. issue. !bis, the moa' belnou. Cit .""8 111 tbt.,-e of the' law ._ eP' ten4edtrom 4.-48 aDd 4ss.rt10ns to 'tbe YU7 thqugbts of.n. Ita, pllt wa. in-0UI'N4 'by &D7 person w110 abould, bJ' "oMit writing" imprlnUng. '(,1P '~ ~1" extertOJt aot, dlreotly or -'1a11Hot1.7 .... oept Ol' take, ,fwSae, 'Ol" beUfte, ~, 81 ..... 0'1 the ~0f8l ~14pa, tbat witb. O.tber~. or Wlat with .tnne 801e,n. "., • •• 114., 01' Wbo 8bou14. Jrateat tlat U .. I not bOUII4 to dMlu. bta 0Pin1_, 01' ,.beNld HfUa. to ".&i' t}at he wOuld an­.... ' WUl7 mob quIIlSttona as dbould be .eke4 h1mon, tbond.ar@.r.oua BUbj . ,t.,. ·41

'72

t,SD8*1'd,f: 101m aaa BellOo, HUalN. sm..!U. .01, Y. , , . 22&-22tS. '

ARBl1'lWtY D"!HOD$ 111 HI ,.uSBOtnlONS

'ifhe """1' 1n -'Db. -.. It._ttons _no0n4uote4 an, , ,

nol •• s ubJ.~. ~ .... QO $banOe ot teUure to oan­

viet, it $lOll _0 tbe l'07U plea8'Ul'e,t \'be 1)1+1Ion .. s .....

l11teROe;a'*4 1n 'their 0811, ur'Aed to ... a ocmtea81on 'with

tbe hope or J)8.~On. eu~ 1n.to ad.'1:!18s1ona dangerous to

thea. PJ'Ca, ~tb1.,a the P?Cu •• outlon .. 11 pHpaN4, plaoed be1'ON

tbe ~ 1J1queat, a.D1 the .s.elalon -.cSt. 1"NI JU1"7 was to

~otd. \9h1ab of the h04eMl'I'ed moM oJied1t--tb,e prl.ODeI'

ma1fttaSDlM b.1e Amtooena., 01' the "g1'Q1'J4 1l1q\1.a~1 ~

73

bi. gUilt. 'lb.. Uldtet.m.enteonta1n1t)ga $~r" o£ the p1'Oo,t.

qaliult the acoused Wl1S1 XJeBd. .tU.'ld the ppisOftsl" perba.,s for

the t1X"13t t~ tQ\.tt'Jd out the &IU'StlsaGa1:nst him; ~1' arter

ib1s" _s he 611/),," to .speak In his own 4effJnaewl'bhou.if_

howv~f beiD6 allowed to oall fOJ1 bie Qocuse:rs O'I! oiaJ.m. tm.J'

~ ot oouaael.; It/$t'iy Ohance W$B tn f'aVQl' 0'1: the P1"OSH'UtiOl'h

ltet ·tb!. 'W8S not c6:cta1nen~1h to~ ·the author!..tl •••

(l:rOl'a'Hll" a •• 6 httVe eeen, .round a JI10H ~eriQ;1n _thad ........

b1l1 of ·a'_l~.er-tb$' ms b:raugbt up ·byPal'lJ.am.ent tbrDuah

\Yh1Ob the Cl4cuseQ found h1mseltc0Q4.,.d to 4_tb witlmut

anY' op;porWnl'J' *-teve·p t .o vlnd1 Gate himBelt.

In the _xtohapter " abal1 S" h_~ as a tte6ul t of

the diG801ut 1on IO~ the monaa'e1'1os" -n:r .OM .... _.outect.

topt.r.a~on b6Otlu •• 01 thetr- part in tbe M.l.pimQgeot (traG . ..

'1'b11 upl'tslnt;""e 1,n rflal1t7 ,a r .. otlon .in the ~th of Sns­laid 10 'fJledisao];u'llon of the moM.8ibenO&!, 8l1d to. that

reaSQn tbi.8 He.luta:tlC6to the RoyalS\apNJra4y 11111 'be trMte4

in. the tOl1~. QbapMI' .•

'115

DISSOLUTIO V13ITAf,('I . o E

The DJ.-aot1oe of 41ssolVing mcma8tertes ,.8 not new :1n

",1",[lV ttUlilWritles t1"Oqttentl~ t

1 housoa which the? thought no longer tultl11ed

the pul"Poae "!"OY' wh10h the,. were destS.ned G.lXl 5.

that small houS8S onC't»llbGrod with debt or badly adm1n1ateMd

l onaer usef'..u . Could any ODe objeot '0 their dia.o-

lut1on' '!'bat .. " what wo18'

forty monasteries to bu11d hl

81 on mONulterS.es

of "":1'01'7 £.II[.U' .

gr;uaage ot (}I-ace

JaoI ..... cen.s. '!'be

BUpDl'essed

·'0 0011e.8, oztol'Cland

N

• .up'Ore

bv tho aeau.1arl

s t%'Io~Y In the Pl1.

a~Olut1on 0, • lesser

on tb ntel' 8

as eonumenta of the past WheN tai.th and ttellgton \1&.X-&

at; their 1)e" t. They objeoted to tlUs ~n"atlon of

$Ol.ldl'1l'eUgtOU$ lntluenoe \'Ilh1,cb they "oeSved tl~

1tt1Mtl'.oouree with the monks aM nunB.

76

10 the t:iJlae or I'$tuT VIlt th(J: I'tpt .~ Ylo1t$t1~ of

mODaat;e1'1es l7,y Ob'\ll'l\b or aeoulo.11' ott:101a1s undeX' the o.u~r­

it1 of tb& gOVe~t ~/tl& :r ,coogn.\fJ..t; and ttrl.,$ Z'1.ght wall

:'1'1"1" out 1n $_6 S,nstanoes under Arohb1shOp Warbam. ',l'hi

»~~t$ ooneond.na tba <lePl'a.vt~ ,ot the r eligious tn the

}1es ot th1.$ t1Ute WGre otten gl'O •• l.y exaae:erated.

CQl1para'1"~ly X'eoent l't~$~Z"M ~8 ttJls qul 'be OOn<11uol"ol,..

MalT Ba~80n .1lllS up the ~e#Ult!ot !$uch fA yiatto.tlon In

tbb tOll~ pa~lPh.

"''lI~re the· v1$1tl1t1on~,oded. Ita Uat or complatnt! con.ta1ns ~7 that are ludi­crously human-menythat might OC)rn~· t~ ar),!rbody ~ pel:lBOl't8e~'0'11ng Q, stet. cbRrl~7 a t the preSGDt d8.7. · 1'be,. lend ~ su.pport ~. the tbB~", that 111M teo of "11g1()U~ bMl.~. \f!9"steeped til Sl'.lhUInaa wtettoaneaa .. On the ot;b$!' haria the decay of the :m'DQo·tlc ,splr1t 1s0bV1ous ~~ut.1ta

a" -'. I C, .... -P .... iII .. ~ ~ ' 0 ' _f' t ' -, " q'--.' i!P - ....

Bat ee.on., -P1-- "A:rohb1,al\op W8::t"hsm t !? Visitation of ,M'o1'l&st el'1e$,. 15U .• " taWllshn1s11on;eAl tlOV1g'!_ VI, P . $5. ,.." . , -, " - ~~

,B!tt' $ OO'TEma!T1T1O!J 1:'O DIS~OLVE UQ!U8'lERlBS

Ho'iU7r VII,I a& S\ipram$ Bead of the Ohurch ot ~ltmC.l

.uld ol.!aim evot?! :r!ght Ovelr tbe monaster1es. knew tha1J

'here above all there wcmld be tho graQteBt 101'Glts" to the

ibU.l?c.h of R~:ntJ evon .~ th$ monks Mcl tQk(lO tbe- oath O't

SUnftfmUlC'S'-- 1n tfi~t. be Ct.m&1dered ~monat3teries as

'n'

stNnsholds of th~ 1:apaC7. ,lIe tfQ,S d,ettmDined by atl means'

to rid twn.eltot any d..~Gl' 01 '1atluenoo tNmRome now tbat '

he ba.d COMurumtlted t~ $cht~ ;and tbe1'etc)J;te .PNS$ed \lpOD

Pul:tament to pass tb~4ct tor ~ dl •• 0:1u~1@ ot the .. U er

moD.t!ltf)nes. flo, 'thereby ae.t:Jm1pliahed 4 t\fQto14 ~s." nam ....

,1,. ~ak1ng down any dan.gGl' .Qgflin&C flclm.OVt].<edgm.en,t , ot the

S'UP~C'f ot the Pope ia ~'tand, and' o.l&O~,equlr1na tOI! the

(ll"OWn the need&u "YIllIllUl)$ to eaN",1 on the goYtUV!CUlt and to

lWoS'OC!'nO b1t.t adve¥"Q.er1eth

.~lm'£lW" V1alTA~IOll t:J!! MONJUlift:fil~ ,; l~·l5.,e

'l.b.$ a,. tot.t the dis8'olut1on wa·. prop4Nd bs' til .. geneml

'f1s1ttttioJ" ~ themonas,terles in th$sUflllMl' of 1534 and. ot

1638. IJ)! the p.l"ec.tlbgaMptel' (n. 52) 1M $On8l1d~reda_e

ot tbe oond1t1Ob.t ae~~~ng ~a~ ~1sltations. Wbl'eh at

the SAm", 'time \!eremt\de the: Qceaalon of~n1.ater~!lthe

Oaths Of au~c.fI.i·t:m Md of ~1'Cm8"'" In nary .Q8.:$.&. e~_lfel1,

If'Uldortook to ~, tJ:te· ~l{ ot ;r."lt11e;1au.G .(fal (Wer tho

!.njutJtloe of the v.~oee(t1.Ag8 . "~

\!r-~-'-" ~,~~." ..

~~, .r()~ aJId 13&1100, fU.1all'(a _ ~. Jjt!t9!;7!! 1!ltAaDti,., VOl, V,., p.. 53.

- 1 - u - fi ' , j --Y' ". .1 L

*!b$tnltnQtlon~ wb1011 they ~~j,vO'd bJ'e .•.. . ' . A.thad .. atiI."rl. t ot._' pl~ty . tU14 .. . 1't)toma ... -'1 on" tmd wo", t01'!:!'l&don tho modQl of t,b.i)se ,C()m&~11 Ulu)d Jon ef,Jtscopo.l mn4 1eafit 1ne ,.lsltationa; 80 tbat. tC)men ~t t.ntl'Uste4 with the aeeN., ·the ob-3ect orB.~ appea~i l10ti the &001'­t1on" but tJ~ ,eU,PI'()pt $ll4. ~r'pVO\roTt\<ill'1t. ot t lmmaOQ.stlc J,nstltutc . "4

13 -; i"'I •• ii __ ! - ~li.ii: - ,- .~- . n u''"! .!"'_ ....... '!!l¢ . ~ - - : • • ~. "" . ',' -: ' " ' ~ '

i.hfd .• , p. M. - ............... ,--~- - ... --- ... .........,~~. ~ .. ~.,~ - ~ .. ~~~-' ~' - .--"-..•. -~-. --

''18

'hG 1nq't.li.l"loa made at tMsa visl tnt1onC8--~lgbty.s1x

in ~l'-... "eM drawn up by Dr. Layton. Besides that there

were added lnj't1netlons 111. t'WEtnty .... s1x. artioles relat1ve to

papal pOWOX'. ~upremac'Y'j sueooss1ou t~ the Cl'OWtl .. internal

d1so1pllne. r-evsnueat and giving Q~ allnS . 'l1lGNSU1A:U.ons

Nld1nqutr1eo, W9l'EJ aeM'eh1ng/exa.ot~~ Ottlt\1te" 11'1'1 tatlng-....

w1tb. tho pl'lvtl.ose Qj' addlng more. at th&dl~.e1'0tion o~ the

cOllD1ss1..one:re .

!Yon:

£fffl oXl'UJ'J.nloc 'of the liI6g'.1lnt1ons may- bo

"All l'Gl:1g1.ous 'Utlda!' twent7r"'f'our year­ot ag.,t or \tho bad boen p~teoaed \#l4e1' twonty., W-9~ fj() be dlftllaaed. t1*om the l'e11g1ou8 ute. Th,oso wllo we~ left be­OfJJ!le prn4tl,oally pnaon.w.rs In the!%! :monQ$~rie.. 10 one wasallo.reKl to leaye· tbe, pveelno;s (Wb1Oh., &yen in the luger motlAbtGJI'les, werQ ver'1 ·00n,tlne4 ,~s to l1m1tl 01' '" visit tbe~. In many tnst.anoe& pon4"·., whO W8M lnJ'OA11tJ $401.", we~ apJ>Q1nttM1 to 3e~ that th1 ~881~. rogul8tlan "aG kopt. ¥ft\a1J wa' lS~l1' cletl,~ctlve ot all d!$Upl1:ne and ql'd~l' in the mocasterlea wes an ·1Z.1junctton tAlo.t c'ter;r ~11gtowt WhO 1d.8h6d to . com­platn or anything (tOM by his 8UJ:)er1w or laDY' qt hi. brethJ.'ien tl'aS to baY~ rt ~t at! 4'tI;f ",me to aplj)ea.l to O~eU.To t'a0111'.'& thie, the' superior WlU,' o~eNd to ~1.ft4 -trt wb3eet themone7 tu7d m.~ tor p1"Oe.outUg such an appeal in peNon" if be ao de.~re4.1t5

o~ --~-~- ~~, ---GfUJqU.t, ~ancls . A1¢on. Pea pIX ~ t1}Q §Ml.i~b iQM.st.1'l'~!.P. 00.

_____________ ..... ______ .... -. lie: • • • ... t ..

fl'be eQIIn1$,atOt'let's .. -thG Ohiot of whOm 'm)l'~ tel

Layton" 4p-R1cn~, DZ'. tontlonJ $Pd ned:Yll-"'pro~eded to the

leseer housGe, .f1rst. 'l'h6vo they endea90"d b:r inb1m1dat1.o11

to force the Umit.tos to ~u1"l"'I!Indor the!» PMPcrty to tl,.e king.

"'19

Where th1ato11ed, they a3t1ggel"o.ted the reports 80 g:reatly

tlutt tho su'bseqQM't 'cl~.)$:l:lg of the houllttu, WOUld seem Just!,.

ned. Bl1t 4w1l'Jg tbo winter of lSSs.l.S8G tb4 9.g(mts QOUld

~ce1ve the e'lU"'l'ender of or...!,- aevon hOUSflhJ .

REPORTS or'" OQm.lISSIOlfERO

rrhe Colrtu1salOMt's brought ~ck wt.th t.bem aft(:fr the

'Y18itat1on of l.:Q$S-15~~G b.irP.'.hly e:Jtaggfjl-'a'tod aO;oount~ ,or t.'b4.

uselessness, ~ol!'a11ty. s.nd laekot N11.g1r-A!lSGplX"lt ill

ol'der tb.o.t theH !tJwld. 'be Q 1~:ratense- tOl' closing the llWl'lQO ....

teries. yet with all tho exaggorut1on we f ind the rQ110wtng

~ry wh10b doe" not at all %'Elf.14Ct unta:vQ'N!,bl,t on tho

il\ObQs.toriea tn genel~~l.

"Against tll1rty ot the In\')na9tezti~B nothing oauld be "o\bie~l>t their l'evemtes . or tho Ol'lO ~Nd ard f'it'ty­r1ve ·mQtla.$t$nOB g1v(ln in the .!nd1~ S~~~ t~tbzteG ~el'"& s .. , l:i . 9.ccuiia of' PQ!t$..Q.$s1ne reUe:; . In c.wtnin ~e~ the . r.U.g1ous 11.1'0 MS 0 0 IltUC' a.'b<1H. II1lsp1Qion um so ~f1ir~ that the V'},r"¥ 1nqu:l:J1 tom. though 11 ttlo Bddl·eted to ae'1"U})leS' 01" eent1tnent .. ee:uld not help llnplo.nng Or~U. ·s pi t~ tor them.

,' " : 9 . ~ 2 ,. . . 1' .2 - .... --.

Ootl-sttmt. 0. ~e ae.to~t~Ora !! " Mla:q4_ 1,1". 162. ") ') .. *. u . fir ? f Y l ' ~ _P " .....

The NPOrt$ Showed lrregula1"1.tj,el! tn hoth. tbelarger

and the $DAller W7na8ter1e~;.

intention 'of el.o,o1nr- largor hauoa" and oonoequentl1

QonSt.Ned the raport& to au!. it b.13 Wb.Sma . :'!'hoamaUGf" mona

torlel w.ore ndvot'tl.std. 8,G dOl.'l:'l o.f vt.04 ·nnd the l ,nrge» os

Mvaneot v1.r-tue.

IlifO eome men it t!l.ppeAred eontra17 to o~T1Gllce tbQt Vl%'tufl &nould f'lour1.'lh

moat whe~ th~tGl<lPtat1 Otlll to vioe were more ,nw, , e~t and ,t;b.e, • ma~n,,8 at. tndU,l$enee l!1Ort;I Dl'entlJ."Ul.; but tlwy Sbould huvo reoolleoted 'that tbeab'bot.$ and 1)1'10!"9 oftrm l2lQ).'l0 wonltfuy hou~e$ "61'0 loro,s of parll9l.Uent, and th&x-~ p.~elJ«nb to juat1t'y tll.etilgelves And thi)i~} c~ti,(,lJ,c~ the eUpe:rto%'s ot tht) Qtbers W$:11~ tlt a d10-tence, unaequa1n~)d ui~b \the ~lrgee bl,"U~t. aga.inst tll~, ond Of COUl."OO ~ able t'O olea!' the11' own ¢11uraetcr::." or to 'C~QSIi~ tho a~ts ot their n~l)Users. if?

_ L . ' b j lets; .. t Ii 1 &

'be ropOX'ta Of the e.omn!i{S,d,o:ner a go.V$ ~ft~ u¥CU$e fOr!

the intlfOd.UQ;t1on of tho bill into l'arllara.0rtt In tbe &P~ng

of 1536 tor ~ d1eteolution of tho :smaller l1.otli.n,s. 'lllen,

too. tUS had bcEm donf.t in lJo,l.sel ts tit$. l1on:tty o~dothr

the e~- that ~re gOOd could bo done ~y dlS$olvtng tbe

tIloneste%'ies a.M in tb&1r otead. eI'e~t1ng new 'btslmpr:1.C$ "

so

nd ne'%U""Y reall¥' dtd $()tabl.1.$b au ap1s.~opCtl s(f)e& • .although

he had plmne4 elgb.teen" after the dtasolut1on of tbe 18,l'"ger

.DlONU:,tOriE'J81n lStO. <Tb1:; "Wa., perha:t's to 1'u1.1 111.8 O\"'m eon­

'·ol~nc.. but mos'1'1lml1 ,~ Silence the ~:Nl of h1~

subject.,.

(be. 1lIiImed18te .ttects of the v1$:ttntiona weN fJOduolng

at ~e numbe~ of re11~lou3, OV'eJ"t8!'1ilUt of tn! 10us

'h0u8es 'b1 tb$ te1d,ng of their val\lsbl19s to I;lOOOOt1, dbprivlng

them 01 tMl~ ri$ht to $$11. 01' leasQ PI~Mrjt ema.ust1ng

11'" ,~Qurc&3 ~ e~to.rtion b1 the agfin'ts. and d1$­

Orgs.n1=1n~ l"eliAiou8 11t •• 8

a Oonstant" (h oJ?_ cit., p . 159.

91

SiJi'l? ~~S!OU OF S14ALL&f{ MCfoN Ii.S'1'EHl1ilS

ConM. tlo-n,s hrul d~vo loped. ~agnx'd1n8 the smillieI' monas ..

tt:n'1ea \'1OOro QU tllt'lt tll1B' ne()esaary to cnri"'1 out tUe dis ...

aol.ution "as lts .n.utllOl:'1SQ~i-on b,. an act of PIll'1.1(WJont.

Therotoro .. whtm the Pnl'lltl.tllenn ;mI-}t tn ;?Qbru!uJ'9# 1586. the

'IU.ng nsked tor' " bl11 ~Ql~ t.t"\~ d1sso1u.:eion of tll~ l'Ilonastal'ioa

WhOse l"OV"iO.Ues aid ~lQt 0-ltoeed t per ~nl'l:u:.I1!, 'l'he 1rODO~S

ot the V1s1 tO~8 'ja~ so Zl:lSutly exs}!;t(e;ratcld tb.ri't pa.rl!r~nt

reaosn1:at"d that OoMlt.:i.on arul it Wtl$ .forced to aocept Raruy'$

tBtGlMnt the' tb.(:) b,ouses WI31'$ cionG o£ v:lce ~

!.!u.eb garble4 r avoX't a wOI.,l d M .tur'll..ly he: .. ., t'beir ~'(J'11

resultG .. axld !104lht ;ost ~o:r-t.e.nt rte-,ault Of th.1o 1lot

wa.o tlm't It roi:iood. till':) monu-ntG1"te.e of )1::.11~1r ~~Ood nOOle and tOJJ

O-entw."iEH'l ntt el', UlJ. Qf ev11 re~ut~ rema1n&d with them.

'.1ator1ens e'O'01' sinee hsv~ r G1Qtad t..~ evil c()l'!'11t1¢l'..$ Of tb

liv6tl ot ·I:1Q:r.\lts and ).11l.D3-JlQ'VOX' quaa'tl1()n1r~ th4i!r "i1ei·~a1. t-j' of

tlle ott1cia.1s Who orlg1natied the. atorios. ~von a pI"Ominent

·lter like G~~n 1.11 his Iilatofl !it. .~ EWl1ah, r.!:l0:e~ b.l1a

~oepted the otQl'1e$a.e: g0no~a.ll;; t~E;l ttl: det9.11a thQ;ti.gh

rooogn1~1ns the tact tbQt t: re ~~rate411l H$~!'1tesl

tf,'P\to royal eormn1.oiOM~B _re d'3Pi!;t~hed an, ~ ce.n&;I.'*u vtal. t.a tion ¢;f.:' the religious bout;l(~8f- end th'Gir rf}~Ql"tsro~d ~ tblttck lxJokt I wblob ll'a8 ldd botore l?arlif.lUl6nt 111 1556 t It "as . aClmO'tfledged tM t nbout $ third ·of t:he houses" including tilo bulk -ot thilt l.ax·ge ll." flbbojO j , 1rere ta.b·l~ an4 do­oent1.ycoMuetect. Th;s 1"6at we:r041ltll'l!N w1 th dll1mkttnne88. ttl the~ny I and 111 th tho tou1e~t and moat l'i6volting c.rime.s. '1b~ ~rnoter ot tlm ,,151 tora, the sweetp.. 1l1$ natuX'e ot tho!r report. and the long debGto thnt tollowf}cf ,on its l"eOt}pt1on.

lU'Vies l1ttl.~ d01lbt. that tb-ese olu~rrte~ were gro$$~ ~i'atGdf"9

" )' _ - , ", " - . I ' ) . "":i 1('" "~~-.-"","",'"'- . _~L __ __ • _ _ ·._ ----'-"

QUoted trom Gtlsquat" Ft'f.lnci12 Airl@. W~x:'J.:. V:!l.f. ~ the , i9R1:1,.h M.<?ptl.~~~'i$"_ P. 97 ... ga ..

8S

l' t ;; - 3'; ' sJ\ ""!_, ........ ~"".~~I'. -. ,' .... . ••• ,_. __________ _

'ltd$' 1.$ a a~')l$ of tho mQderat~ v~lt'tI1on or ~ t'Cl1son$

tor the con/1so.,t1on Qt 't!l;) p.~(tl;'t..":1' ot: the nlOntltltorio3 . ,

Yet th~l'O is GO Bv1dan~o oft 'bhe~dston~-e 01" u fblfi$ book'.,

t>e<¢.o¥'da malt'" it ,at le~gt 1ttprob!tblCJ thnt Buch P.col'its

e,x.1ated.. Tho 'blfl·Ckbook1' Wl'p.oh n~bnbly novor ex13ted .and

t.h9 O:nerte_ l"'G~ts of inqu1191 tor.s I "&i'e bo,~ full or in­

tenttonal '4~ggfl~tlona. It ta Gllly in ~oont t:ttoo3 thu.t tbi

'l."Ue OQ~ttion.8· !'f11lfJ' bo1'DS d1:ael !'f~ed:.,

.~. tl\eb111 for the d:l.ssolut1on 4f the 8tJ1Qller hoUs.ElS

,oame to bo D48~ed iJl palt'l1~nt* 1tlrnlfJ 4C1181del"'Jt'i rOl! a 10ng

'-11M 1n the ltx'rer bWl3e. :tt is l1kt)ly t.bat the ~ came 1n

peNton to, Pa.r11t1M~nt.

10

'*'11 haBr,. be said. ftlmt fq bill u111 llot pasa" llut I Will b.'itve 1 t ~S.iSj 'Or mil l.\ayaSOOle of "100~ bonds. I 1'b18 'H~ttl.-6d tbIt t.te 'CAr the -.llei" monas ...

r-1ee" tt10

)?$8 .• n~~el'l. A. yel'loPfil l~iat;o;rz st ~eg~w1t.lt1,flJl ~*~. 1101... IIsp., ' . •

'i1aus fn:rl:1.at,ll'JUt deol~

ntha'b tJ',l.ll :p~erty or tl1title l't"J.11g:tou.e ' tJhoul:4 'be; ooov6rted to better u$ee:, and tho U11tb1-:t.ttS pOrSOOS8(l) $PCnd1ng' the Swn& be ~ll6.d to ~toPm their 1.1"lo,!Jl . t And th~t'~;;o:rfl tlw'J7 Plf~7ad tl1e ldtlg to take 'nll tho pzoop$~t,. ot .mo;:mr:tol'"l l'!,$ h$'I1;lt,,~ an i:noC):'.(t} m'\('l(Jr ~. a .. ye.a;r .. "'ll

83

n · U I • ....."~ ........ ~~,,.~ .. ,.~~,.~;(I \(' " ' - i' ''M''~ ,.

Qas . .Ml<et ... ~:rl~nel$ A1.d~.;, o';r" cit .. " ft. lOl. , ~- ~ , . ~~~ ...... ~' .Y -_ .... ______ A _ ___ ~'_i.,......"""t'* ~I~ .1._ ~ .. '" . * l !it4ll: ri . · ~ .,.

!hoP:t'eflmbJ.e, to tll1~ tt~t too¥' tho d1o$olut1oli ot the

l El.Is-f>.v monrtaf;$t"'ie~ ·~~~nC~3 \dth tho ~lt!1t<~nt that sin

and aboorl,'l'lRbl$ l:1!\1i~ e;rtst in llo,'\u~e,e 'Of' :Wa ~1\ than 'twelvQ

in :numbnr;~ldtl!~tly pr."liS~n$ tJ;:w.t all tll()I~G h~uses 'With

!nON tl~n t.w~lve would have muc11 'b~ttex- «1getpl1ne t\M mortals.

~"" s1de<s the l}'V~~:la 'f;r1c~ to ,e{~\1'f)lC' up Vie fo.et that !H) much

roP&l'*ty ot valu$ hsd been Q:PPNpl1iflt~ hI tbe 4amrJlisl'l1.oilel'S

tmd b;;thQ ldns. lienr;r t:i/a1d h.a ~\l'OOld GQt~ the ll1mates 0.1' tbe

=allot" UOUJJe:3' to la.rs-eX' o-;nal..1 wh.el'& tltG'S'qoUld llve bettel"

1."{.1~s " but tblit !Atn~ done fore£.JnPtlUi'Rt~Vt)ll1 fetr, lJte.!l*Y d!~

pGll8at1oDB: hr ~ aacr<K'i p:rorJisel!l ~~e, at t aking vows 11'1

rol1g1on W"'l~t) gt"l'Intod",t'Lnd the motm IiW nut} .. ~~s g!i.y,:'l)tt.i.~.:r

$ pa:-lest'tl ·or a. l-$J,;lnn f!,! ~Jnand f'oll'tl1 ,~bJ.1J;l"gs .~ aake4

to eh1tt t'Oir." ~alf tl~ bf,;et he ~'tgbti'

!t ,ommot be 4cn1~d 't.'l1mt in some- WQ? oZ' otb}}t' tM~

n 'J,<tC deteet10ns in tb.f: ~e.wH'l 't.Ql":ltls. Ill: $uQ1 u l.I1Z~gc l11ll!1bo:>

'Wi'mtel:aG' cOuld be elQ)'Cctcd1 In Aomn ~ij~S tJ':Wy hlull 1}ce:n.,111

1031; t:l'lnir tll"st to'l!VG/,/~* 'Sltt t.o ta~ such OXeUStHl QS d._re, ... tion end lOaa .of t~Qr a-:t l1~a .. on~ rQrdtsaQlVitl.g th., mona."

ter~el :t&, u-ot to ho· eone.~d~df: T'h~ee lllotlv1';ls 'SllO'tlld M?O

\)$_ a refls~n :tor 't'Otol'm1n:s 'tb~ IllMlQS't erioe, ltot tOl.'" diG""

801v1ng th$ln ...

snRC!.r$ 'i,F' 1'HE: $~U~f~ itomlUs

Hofty; knew What he W3nted a.nd under the p~tell$t Of

lookins fo...r th'()s.pl~1tu~ weltaro Of' th~ 1ma't()U, he broke

down flJVG.'I!:IVos$rtlge Q! ' Q:Pp()-j):1tS"Q):1 t t, 1U13 RQyal~l'(;l_01',

in putt~ t;fi, ~~ to these ~ct:ronf.!;h.ol~ , ottho l?np'f1C1" .

N'o OM un tm!intCll11:l that ~he dilt'lGolut1ol1 Of It/.on:a6t61~3.e t)

l"$fJ\llted In tfu1 l/:'1StolttJati,Qu ot' t.b.~ Itvotllot these) 'monks.

S4

bu~ most ~op.le 'wi.ll f-tdmtt th:~t t:;.~e brt;:aldllt1; up 01" at) m~

,c&ntol's OX ll'\:,;liS!<k'l w!.!la~;)n(7d t.."l7e %''1oll'~llli)t!ltuJ3 ()t tb<ocountry'

'and h01pad t., P.Np$~~tha ';tlf:1:Y f '01" th0 l'l$W -doetrme's ot Lutb.tu·

flJlI.1 0alvt:n. . '. -"

'~le fIDl{rtl, ~eQgn1~G, of o0"<1ree~ th-at tho w()o.lth Qr th$

monaerttlriell t~ll1Ved. $, 13 $It. e~t'i,olltl tGmP~tion to Ren r:r antlb18

milli liter, I'Jl'VUN/\:)ll. (lon3t:?11"it$l.'QtS thtit:t fI'fh,CY wet'o n.ot ;Joan ..

dal'.~ed bJ ~h&il?Jj.Vi$8i nnt",1lth0.';f W{,U'$ t~ptO(~ by tile 1%'-

111;)al tb l ' i 1~ .. lrl .~ -.. ', ,,, t . . !/JW' j '" 'i "_~ ."(l ~ . .: "J '. ' . • ·· ....... ~io -

Cons'ant,. Git ~~~~';~.-J' p " 156 •

.1\1 ~11:ll1, t1t11.' ~'ns.n plll"pO~" :\,!;It.o ~ elY} lnfluiSrJ:oo ot

tl:l0 +f'Udov ,,:t11 on tljU~ religion or 1~!r.lglM1tl) \~ 1$ !,~l!ltl~p.111

bJ,poafl'1ble t,tl Ua.PA1:'tit (l t b:0 1ntl'!6fleo. OJ:l 1"e11,gion trnm the

t.loQUltl:r etreot~f tbG .!lQ(fIl!a1tiou I)C .a.nol\moua lMnlth 'Oy·· the

crown tll:t'(JUgn the ds;U,vel.~ Qcf ~ J:n,~li)per~Qt tM mO'nast0~e:s

t o tbs· ~~l t.l?aNl1JUl."" ..

Thll WOl'l{ of' di-::ulol;,,,tton l'tlsde :ra1~td st:r!i&~s ,. 'rt~e

hUDdrtJd $Jlld t\v1mtl""'sl,9ven '~l .. tg:t-O-"'G $;JDtUHliS..-two bundred ~nt7"

t'~ Of Ulell ~m Oll~ il:Ul1dred tRNUl tjj' ~B."Mvtn.g; tt l'GV1~nUO

OIf ltUI ~ ~ . 200 GGl9 under tJ1G kw., All but titty-tW'Qwere

dissolved, 'but theaG Md to pay .fill tl~l StU to the O):'Ovnb

two hCu$&tS, dis,solved 1,n a.~ "Terce ~'0()r~~~lti~ .. l 1R 11~37. The

mona3-t .eJll.e.s that were, nllowed to stalld weN d~1nOd of' thGlr

85

reeOUJtcea byeont1nuallY' LWaater domnJ1(lS,

Tbe act to:t1'the dissolution ot the smallel' mona8toriea

had BttaOhed to it tM p!>1vl1eg~· tl1l':.\" nell~ mid CPOllttfell

coUld use the tnOQt'l..e at tl1<~ll" own discrGtl0l!h 131 tb1a aot

the J)t'op."ty of thG moncurtel"iGs. the donatloM by the poor.

the wealth of the' oh:ul"cl'Wsl' and the shrlnoe ...... nll. wlth1n the

periOd of tour :111"9.1'"3 p a.$ S OO into t1W banda of Henry ·and

On:mroll to be tls¢d as t'l\o'V Gal1 fit .

I~OR'rll'1.mN L"tSUllrmaTIONS

.All of this ,SPQU .. I'! t.1.QllfU1d htGl'l ... :handed robbel"'1 was not

baw1ed 011 W1thutlt protest.. 1b.erfl weN 1nsur;reot1ona in

the NOrth, tlDtnbly in L1ncolnsblre Qtld 1n Yo't'ksll.1~ . 00l"'o'

tain oountteS' .eN 9Bpec1ally ~i"eeted:by the recent 1Movs­

t1ona", ... by tbtlJ loot111B of ~ monasteriea tmd their d1esolutlon,

by the reorgardz!ng of ptU"lshes by margtDg two or t.'b:rf.)& !.nto

one, and 'by the pa.slng of' thO 'lAte 'IlSitatute or Usea i'! wh1t'lh

domand~d that; the property be t1"'alltti'erred by w111- thus

a&"llrl~ t;b;tI ldna of b1s, feudal d\a$s. The peOple wore con

quentll brou{llt to a bigb tena10n ,oonoorning 'both sDl:rltrusl

·and t ,empQX"Ill tsmovG.tlon8. V01!1 'mal'lY' hOuses or J'011g1on had

b'een fNl)'t)~Gled 1n LlnaolnSb1re aM the" weX"C MpOl~a that

llOre d1$solut1ons were to take place. I~Sld.8 tJlB.t tht)Z'6

,ft" t1\u-rWtl .a.ad Ohantlt1es d&8.orated and deatrQyed. SQ on

' Obl1clmae, 1636, the insurrection began at LOuth. on oc.tober 3 the oountI7 l"oundRomotls-tle rose "1 th peat

un&n1m1ty. T.hG insurreotion waa PQo~ly o~gon1Bed and no­

eomp.lln1od 'by CJonf)1d(JrabloaoJn~ge . At L1ncOln itself thel'O

86

\fas II ri,s1ng G,t tIm p(Joplo. A n~be~ of tll& impOl'tllnt

abbots of 'the: la~g$1" ~nusta!'1{)s oupport'Eld the k1Dg tn th1s

1l1au.. ..... eo1S1 S~ of' V'flllom W():vt\) eecuted tor treason ~ee

"anrs tnttu"" At HOl'nc.astle .ill number of :ltnB'lances were

drawn 'U'. tIUlxc i. ttM by a. woos senge-r to t~ ldng. 1.They

were the fOll~~;

, 'They ~~18.1nod. (1) of the dlsa~ lu~lon of the r&lig~ous bouse. and at the consequent daat1tutl.on or 'the pooroalty of tMZ'eo.~;' ( 2 ) or the at~1n't13 t nposed on thO distribution

of' prop • . rty l;)y 'the statute of \lOtUS;. ( 5) Qf tbo grant to, thek1ns of the tenths /100 £btzH;; .. tl'U1 tsar sptr:t. tUQl bene.tloeB J (4) ot tho P&~nt o~ the crub81d,. demtmded of thC!lft; ( ,5) 01 thG intrtXt1ctton into the lting't s oQWlol1 of (JfiQr.ell", Riob. and Qthtu" "!Suan ;pert­SOl:1ag&8 as bo of l ow 'b1t*th and IiJl1all x-eputatl0h; t nnd (a) ofthep1'()J;tl(lt1<m or the ftl"chb1 shops of Canterb\.U'J ·aIMl. DubliD, and the blshopa at ROQl\osterlt st,. DaVid' 3, aDdOtbct-a, WhO, . s.n their op1'nion. had cleorl~ f aubVel'tOd the faith of' ChXtistJ, t those articles we d1sp6tch"'~d at anee to thG ldng at Wl1ndeor, and HI!lt.l$$l,ge", ~ royal com-­niso1<mf)r" WllS nllO'WO'J to n4\l~Y the ~S0E)ng.1'.,1i.13

18 ~ A - ~ , • lil!)l .. I!t ~jI _.'. " : ' !!!, , A; 4 .,.

Gasq"uQt, ?1'al'lc1 Q A1d~n. nam:z .l!!!A,nd ~e IinG~1Sh Uonaaterles. P. 2~O.211 ,

___ ~_~=-.. •. _""""""" __ ~_._,, ___________ ~ ____ ---...........o __ • __ _ ._~, _ _ ~ . ___ '-_____ _ • ____ ~. ' , .. ,.

By' Octob~l' 11thc klng t s be-r&ld C$& with tmt t'01u

answer to the articles , It waD $ivan 1n fJngL'7 and vlgoPOU.

l~age with a str, t'Utation ot en4h. point., ~ kins ..

ot cQ'U:fse,. :rQa11zed. thtlb his positton .abJO()~,d would be 1'1'83"

Ud1eed by :duch Wl exp:l:""5s":';' on of d :1-tuJatlott\etlon on tho part

of th$ })00pl$ , He wsnted. to ele~r \lpr;.n"'l 1:£'1119.* l"epo:·ts

about his looting of ohur0hes ruld mcmtreter-:1ea 1n the minds

tl7

of tho pOWers abttOad and sant hie ambassadors a message

oxpWn1nS hi$ position and tho treason ot tne men 1n

lAncolnsh1J.iQ,. no o.lso exPlain.ed tbGt the lenders were 0.1-

read,. taken ca" of by th.e law" Suf"tolk, h1aagent, obt.a1naCl

~ .u1.1rnil!Jsion of tha 1I1en of L1nco1nsh1re. and Henry \hen

i.sued 6 proclamation for their p~vdon.

Hlstorians MVG dtetol'ted t.a.otiJCtllloe~ thi9 1"1s1ng.

TheY' ba"e made the 'al>bota, eapeo1Q].1', BUlJ.ngs ~ Maclcoml.

the bead Of the zt1a1tlS. ~es:bboto_, however. deola.~ ttl., they weH i"Ol'oed by' the lOl1detls 'ot t.M rif!1116 to eiva holp

and r~Od to th& reb.l~. number or theBft monka who. tlided

tbelnaurget)t8 ~tor-e d~o~-ed and l"oeelvet1 terr1b1., pun13bment.

AJ.th~Jg'b. the' paroon hrul boon ~ntrn1. nbout , ono ~ 'Of

the lnaurgentn weN taken to the Towep of London and tI'1ec1

the next spring., '!'bey l1ere condemned el th<N~ the j'U1'7 ft

in thEr!r ,ff1Y<>r. Slltt~tlwee we.2'0 l'e$p1ted, and eal"ly in

.. 1'Ch th1~th~e W-eh e:S~(tuted to'll ~.&Ql\iI'

14

,,~s the, em ot Ma.reh the abbOt 01 B$rl1nga~. William Roreland, monk ot LaUth-pe:rk,!hCJna$ Kendal, vi-oat' of LOuth. w:1:tm '.'0 otbel" pr1ost8 4nci ~l"EJ .laymttn, were tl'led in Londoltbe,t'ore Chanoellot' _61.~ • . 'ound gu11tj. and oondetrlmet1 to d.~tb. 14

lb14., p .2.1.9" .............. '

-.-. -- -~.-- > t , . & . .....

TBS FlrAa~AGi OF GRAO~

ShortlJ o.file.v the 'UP.l1. $itlg 1ri Uneol.rWbS.re 'was· quelled

otheX'a bemen in "lOl»ltsh1l'tl# Ouml)f')'rlsua~and Wes~el,fUld.

fil6se 1'1a1nge "ere kl1O'lS'X19ir;l the r 11g;r1m, of G~aoe.'th$1

88

stood for tho old o1'det· in religion and tbeir membcI"a VJoro

the badge of the wounds of' Chriat~

tl Broaldng up the l'cl1gj.oU3 omeX'"", deatroying monasteries .. rnok1nt;; tho k:l.n~"J head at' the Ch'UI'ch, aDd holdl.ng the pope of no neaouat, \1'1(1)1'0 the. 01 ttar6otnpln1.:nte of the p11gr1r.lB of crace" nnd for tho rodress of theoe things they YJoro bandod together in !'ovo.1t.fl15

1"6 ~--~-~'

Olayton , .JoSeph.. 'rne "'rotestnnt Rai'o·nna.tiotJ, in Great B!'1.~a in, P . 00 . -.. , -- ---. _ . . .

h~ k1ng nr01:llised r edrcns end. pn l'dOn, un1 thal)uke of

ort'olk \"lOS to aocop t the :robel t or'lus : (l) to hold a pOl.'l J.o.-

ment at York J (2) to rootore the monks; (3) to gr ant .;enornl

pardon, 18 solemn prOlnJ.ae ~7f1a g1 von 1n pocomber; but nft el.'

t he ki ng had time to recover his t ore0G his, o.gent. the Dtll:e of

Norf'oU:, vii t.h his troops war ant to alnuGhtor t al" and ,tide .

Th!~ inro(n'tnnt l(~A:do:rs;, Aako,. l,oI'd Dar cy t ond 3 i1;' Rob~rt

onstable

10

1'0 exeouted. us trAitora.

'Darcy wn$ behoadod In t he Touer of Loml0n .. Constable WI'S t tlnge-d nt null, a nd /\.ske a t York; a.fter 001~tt drawn through t.he atreGts on h urdlos . In the month of Febt'oory . the king che cked Q f1n·a.l 4:lttonmt to revolt" in cumberlnnd and 'leatroorolAnd, by Iltrik1n tarror into thQ1r heerts : seventy- four 1usu onts Vlere l'lt:mged at Carlisle,. ~l :nd f:l good SlOy othe:rs at £)urha1!l "l l'id York . It wait then

the .ddcile of ii!1nter wrote nnrpsf1eld ,. onl yet one mi ~)lt have believed i t wa s autumn, the treQS Viera so laden i.'11 th theso strange .fruits Which, banginr; hi .;h up 1n tho branche"" thrsQt$ned to f oll u~on tho heod~ ot those who passed by,,"16

f'onstant , • op .. c1.t .) • 100- 181.

eo

The abbots 9:no. monks \10re no~; spal-.cd in this r:ls1nt~ .

'rney \'Vera acCused of connea t iono 1ntne r1s1ngstllint they

had never hnd . It \19,8 the kine's will that tlie7T be triad"

a.nd 1 t wno understood tllf'lt they be conv:1.cted.. These ubbots

and monks , without doubt , 11 vict1Jna to Henl""!* svengeanee ..

He was d~term1ned. that no resistance against his supFsmaoy

should sucoeed. It is true they we~o put to deatb tor t l"CU1-'

son, but it was the royal will that decided thair fate.

1'1

!1The fate of thOSe who had \v1th" stoo(i tbe royo1 \~111 and appealed evan to IU'11lB to save the fJnc1ent abbeys Qf' 8ngland from spoliation and to pr otest against t he chanf.,;aa 11'1 Nll1.')10U8 11\1 tll e.nd pl'e ctice 1Illpoued upon on UJ1lV/iJ.HrlS natiol~, struek tOM'or into tIle hearts 0.t the English people i , The Collapse of the :rising removed evo1fY l?~etx'1l 1nt upon tllG Q;utocre.tio POWt1l1' of tbE) a:r~\"1l1 QD< opened the u"'Y tor furt her sei zure S ot mormatic mld chul"<".h pl"operty . (1 1'7

6.sque e,. Fr s ne1a Aidnn. on . cit., p . 263.264 ~

--------------------.. -----------------------------------------ISSOLUTIOH OF Tlill LAnCma ~.ONAS'l'8RL

The Pilgr-tmageof Gro.ee plioved a ft.t11Ul~a :fOl' tbo 1nsur ..

:0nts" This was I) good oxeuae for Henry to 1~1n1sh up the

bus1ness of d1.saolution. s have seen, num.ber ofth

bbots and D1'1ors who had t Aken rt in the rIsings were

xecuted. , and their monasteries were confiscated" \~h.erQ .

.noth:lng !'omarklZible eould be proved ngnlrl$t the largar mOMS'"

terioR ;! tOl~ 'h7 act of PA l'lto.ment they ho,d 1.>o-&n declared .fl"G·e

.from vice , their t:\b'bo.ts wore t £)l"l'1t:'led tnto volunt l1ry S \lo-

m1 ::Hllon. Soles ware ov thero. Honry an<'l. Cromwell no'

nctod o.n n new pl"'~Mdent ...... thtl.t of ft ttll1ndor of the a.bbots

of monasteries followed and. llccom.prmiod by the dis nolut1on

of" tho monastery .

lS

\tHi therto th0 attt'l.looel' or n b i shop or abbot would. not fl. t.f"aot the l:il;Opel'ty of the diooese or o.bb~'Y ovel' whi cb the o.t ...

lnt¢cl superior ruled. . It was 10ft to Ionry to 1nclud~ th0 forfei t ll t'O of pos ­sessions of (l cOI';)orrlt i on i n t.ho punish ...

nt m.:Vl1roed to i t~. hl';Hld fop su.m:'tQaf'.Hl or ronl trensorntbl.G . r rlot l ces . T~van Burnett

'1~es. t..~f1 t s ll,ch !) ~roeClecllng WtlS unjusti­fiable . ' How j ustly aoaver these abbots "ere o. t ta.1ntod ,. t ho Wl. ... 1te3; ttho ee1~111G f t heir abbey l~nda , pureunnt t o those

o.tt~l.:tnders , \'Vus thO'\..l, ht ·R gran t stretch of l6.1W, s ince the offence o,t 1m o~cl&$ i'" 4sticsl ineurtibant i s s. parso·nnl t w'r-.g .. and carulot preJudlca tho chut'ch; no more tha.n a secular man, being 1ncffic.e ,. does by be-ing a tta.inted brine; any d1m1nut1C;);!:1 Qf the r:l.gh'ts or the off ice on his, 'SUCeGHiHlors •• 1/ l~

IJ:;fd", p . 26t)- 270 ..

--.... ----------~ ... , :---"'~ , ..... , . .......

00

Henry, t hrough bi$a.genta. took vengou.nce on the large r

onastel'iea of the North a.tter the inSlWreetlonn . The actual

d issol ution by nt tllindor wa s eart"'1eu on without legBl tore!i.i ;

howevor, surrender \'!llstlle mol' .. dlsso1utlcUl

of the> lnr~iH' monns t er1ss . l' roIH.ltu:'e wus pl~eed on the n'tibot.G

tU'ld priors , o.nd f.1 good pension ot Sail l!.40 yo nX' waS ottel;'e d

them... I t persuasion tail<Hl.t sevel."i ty o..l'lCl int1an1dat1on £o11ot'led.

"1 . 'Fho Supol'1.or e nd his monli:5 , the tenants. o6rvanta~ and no1ghb.Qurs, weI" subjected to I;'l minuto nn el rigorous oltomi ­na,t 1on; eooh Wfl S exhor tod; VUl t! c oro.roAnaod, to a cc use the other l"Ot'l. ever y groundl'"ss t a lc" 0very l'Jl!l11c1.outl insinuation, wos oarofu lly-oolle cted and fflooroed .. g . Th.e OOlTlL11j.$sic:mora c allod for the a ocounts of the house . eomt.>~red the o:xp0nd1 ture "d .. t,h

the rcce'~p ts , a crut1n1zeu. every nrti ole with 6lne,;<> of' S\1~lpl e1on {md hosti111:i~rMl and I'eq'u1reu t he prodUCU ,()1 oC all tIlt:;

oneYfl , nl at o, and jewel s. 3 . 'l'hey pro ... cr,oaod to 061'l1'ch the l H,)t'nry and tho pr.'1· .. . vut e X'OOlU$ fol," papo.-re aud bonke; and the d1a covt.'ll;'Y ~'r ~my opinioll or trootlsG :1l'l

.vaur of tbo papal. fjl premacl . or o.f tbe lidi-tiY 0 .:(' Henr~' I s first mar r i tlgo , wus

tlO.ken a5 t1 aU£f1cient proof of e.dhos :L on to the l:d.ng te enomies, ~nd of diaob6(\1.-ene~) t o the' s.t o.tut aa of tho reolm. ':he gen.eral ree,ult Tins a ve.el or ficti ti0u.s ollfu'ga of.' lramora11 ty, O~ pee:ulat1on,. 01' l1.1~)"l t !teason .

t many .superiors .'!t .•• obe~ed the rO:Vl'll ploQsul.'!0. ul

91

~---.. -~ . --~

OM and 1301l or.;, U11o.1.ve . Q'Q.,. 01 t. Vol. . V, '1'''

~...... _ ' ............... ~ ... ~I .. lr ~ ..........,

Surrendor \'10.8 rea lly the only method thRt Henry 6ou~d

:noW' usa safely . r!l.t'11nmenth€lQ grnnted. by ln~l that l'IlOl1(.lS-

t ari€ls of' 1 G08 t hiu·. !200 year coul d bo suppreSs ed" The

lQr~er houses did not e o.me tmdar t h1a law. und tbe;t'efo~e,

the aupp~osa ion of' the houses without surrender. bu t b

Iltt-aindGt' baoa.us(\) of' t h.e "troason' of' thenbbots , VlOS a.

ett'etch1 o the 1 ·01 It was sirn~ly iln expressioll of JIenry 's

dominnnt wil l to me1ntQ1n his OUp:t:'<JlJ1D.0Y .. I t waG not until

p:r1l, 1539 tbnt Parliament lego 11~el1 t be sUppression of the

l a rgor hOUSes a tter rllO S t of t,.'lo houses h~Hi ~~lrelldy co:me in.t o

t he ld.ns t s bnnda . Tho f1rct aot f or tho dissolu t ion of t ho

nastfJriea would no t hel}) the king flgflillst any reoalo1tl"a.nt

9up()r1or off,! ltou.ae .

ca se in April , 15.;; ... , .

rov1a1on was .made 1:ndi:roetl y for su ah

"'rh1.s ~ct, whi oh i n oluded a ;retro,., &pe ot1v€) 01e'lu8e .cove ring th~ 111egol aUppr(Hu.~!on of' tho ~ra~t.or :monaseorias

2''''

which hnd uready pn(~sed lnto. the king's hAros, crrantod to llenry all nlouastea:l<3s , te ., whioh sholl here[!ftor happen to b

dissolved, SUP:)N~8Sod , reno'.lDced , I'cltn­qulshed, forfoitod .. given up or come unto t he }r1:ng ' a h1glmeIH.l . TbO$t3 tes:'l'll:Q seem t/ide enoul7,h, blJt thoZ's is also an omlnoHs po.X'Qnthea:ts referr1ngtn such oth.er relig10ua houSGS as 'shal l happen tacoma to the king f (3 hightleOs b 7 a tt&in­del' or 'l ttflindot'3 of troaf$on. The clnuac did n.ot find its w"iy ! ntotlio Act unawares . 1 t Vl111 be aeon tb~ tit wns Ol'Olllwall ' a ClQ l.'e how and in whose cane the clause ohoul d be-

e operative.. tmd wi ~b j~lst 80 much of oountonnnoo ns is thus gi von him by the Act , \V1 t h tho king to b1.clt him, tbe fl10llaflteriefl Of lllastonbUl>y, Rsnding, OolChester I fron. which no OUI'rondor eOtt,ld be obtt.lined, ' W01'Q, againat every principle of I'eeelvad law, beld to tfill 1:U tho nttn1ndar of t.hoil' abbots for hi}m treason. II 00

92

Gas quet" Francia I" 46

i dsn . (.rho ~~~ A;bbo~ ()t G~f4.n~~l!l11!l~Y:1

-------------.,------------_ ... - ---.-:-.......-.--............,.."' ... _--------' 0 "surrenders" weromlldo l:tlainly 1u 1538 n.nd 153w+

.bout onG hU11drQd. fifty nast6ries roaip.:uod oval' to th

kinfZ: in thi~ manner and r,my opposition to the rC)"f!'1l w111

would probnbl doath.. 'rna aurrendera are t o be do-pl ol'Gd;

yet, who eouldoxpect ,,!'eat tl\U:l'1.bor to reslst heroiu(l11y"

e monas teries tvere n t tn·aired .slnitly anti they fell singly.

Concerning l\iolwrd \>1hit1!\'1' of Gl!~ stonbur1 we find. tho

follow!

If r-'or art abbot to hnnd bQ c.l~ I'lM demur, and worGS still, to seeret e such plat a woney

I!t he could f O.r his co:m.l'.;'luni ty .nnd himself, 1.n tbe hope of better days CQlnlng, nnd 80 bf~ftle t he r oyal l<lIlrnuder , e.a one would no~ trick f.I C01l'l- on burglnr. WB'8 to rog~- st t h s uprc'!Da0Y. and a s k tor a bill of attainder ~I:'he bill come ond BJ"essed nicruu'd wna dono to dea t h 'in odium fidei f" Q verdict which,

8.S Benetl10t XIV IHya dmm" it is fOl' til Churoo t a tribunnl s to .pronounce . whn.tever the il;';otivc or pretext n11015o(1 by t ho oJ)'" pr~aaor nny hD.',e been. 'tho 'trcnsona t oOlmni tt~d by him vtGI'e £let. fo;r1lh in n Book of depoa1 t iona sell. t \rp to London from (Jolls bv the lUne ' S vis1 torG * "2:)

9~

~~~~~~~ ... ~---~ .. - . p "-~~----

l.ard Bishop of Cli fton . !lpopulor Hes1st;nnce to th, New l1e11 g1ontt , in. OQt."IX'!'l, Sede . tt'he 1~M11$1! l~o, r:t·.\C:r:'!lt

• 133. . . . . -_~ __ ,,"~_, ,""'·t ~ ---------

Iu this way t hroughout the north n>lfind the eonmd.s ..

eionet's unde r Sus sex lnbored. to tmke control Of the mGtl~atet'ie9.

':i.they sol d e l l e r t tcles b.e-v;tni.-~ n prIce, t;l.nd left the wo. l la a s

a quarry t or ta. apl o of the neighborhood. Sornetim$(;the

llbbot s who hSd eonfaEJ{ tbell'lsolvea grol3. t slnnors., by Signing

rQc.d:y- mado t 'ornru.la.o fot" coni'eo siena II weI'(t rewarded with 80t:10

eo~losittotle~ l benet1.ck ..,

'lot a l ()ne in t he 'North but t' lao in the South were thoso

drastic thod.t oorried . In taot, the suceeas of tho sup.,..

p rear:ion in t he Nort h gave new impetus to tho oommissioner

in the Sou.t h .. p'Ol' four yee.r s the$6 cotlll~:isa1onors w6nt rl~om

ho}) sEt t o houae u r g i ng il'.M o'l1en oom'Dollt t h@ 1~~t6S of the

lnono.ster:v t o subm1 t t o t l1e roytll plenaur e ~ By ti"leao mOlina

avery oonaatar1 ,ruld aubrnl tte(l and El'V'ory vestigo of pap!"' l

O'W'Ol'> in I t! nd wns doatroyed,.

trOn Mc.rQh 2:31.">(1 " 1540 the one l'emn1n1ng a.bb&y in the countl""J ...... t ha tof Wa1tl'mm J:n lSSGo;r ... · wo.s sUl"rendor-od to the l'ine; ~ Between t b e years 1537 ,:m.d 15.0 onobunc;l.l"oo and f i fty ... e ight In:>go mon .. .''}s t e r l e s fGl" man, not eGUn't}lng their' cell !) or tb!J j."altgioua hoitsas 1n t ho towns; htld boen dissolved. anti t hirtY' nun .. no r ias ; t wel ve hnd, beel1 d issolV'ed by attainder. In 1640 fort y ... three OOmtr.l8.ndarl as .. belong to the K,nlght s of %.iral t 'a , were oonf' isoa ted .•

"['he Frenoh amba.$s~flOl" hF.H.\ predioted 'that not e. d.ngle abbey would. bo lott at~nd1ng; in Anr1.1# 1540" he Wilt. nl)le towr1te to Fr.£H1Ci$ I t:hat in th$ whol-aof Engl t:md tbarn wns not tl singlem(mk whohe.d not 0xoJl , nt.t~d h13 hnh1 t 'foX't~ dross or &

seoul.sr' -pr1est. ;'23 2~-""'''''''' ~) . 1 • .. -..... ~ " -

Con.stf.!nt, fl . .Qn '~ Q!t.;#p", I f.HS-18G.,

94

--.... -----.-------,.,'''''-, .... ; ....... -,~.---.-~,~--...... -....... -~, -~""""""~~-~--,~~.-...... --,. )ESTRUOlr!Ol~ 01'· SHRINES

Another phase oC a"m,ry!3 Ii ct,ua l v t1f'ldnl1gm 1111:15 t hat ot'

tbe ciestruotiol1 of the sb:r.;;1nes. I n 11538 nUnl',. oro.ared tll$

o~s$ion~l'o to $o1~~ t}he shrines o.f saints in llll the

c.l'lIlI'oh e s of t1:nglB.:rld 81ld to Ct.11"' r:{ 011 X"i)l:te:s , gold, silve r,

e!.n.d jeweJ..s t;;l 'the TOwel'"

"From 153e Oll'MGl;Jildstht,!)ct'Uaad~ against r eH.(\s and imngs$ went bend in h(d3.d vll tJl thfl d :lstllolu.t1on ot' . t.'he fflt,>nastex·1os . Ct}:rt.ain failso rol1QLl nnd. $uporstit1o'Wld~vot1QllS' wet'e t he pro­te>:x.t .for an ~ lmoat universal des t:l'"l.lct:ton"

f'!!'l'om oevot1ona tlwt wera BUn()~"" ot t tioua they p!i\6sed to othors tll€rt we!'"1 not., O~I'ts1n .e~leb~ ted annetua~1es . ~tun) o s OU.I' I.ed";ll ' s a 't !p3w1ch~ ~~t. tul1~Of6 ~t auxton" Bnd ():uJ. Lad, of' Wnls1n~ ~eI'e all dGS6ernted ~ f:flh.a I'caliq'USriea ot St. R1ehnN nt Ch1eh.e$tIi)1~ _ f3 t. ~ f1 wi thun at \1.11l(}});e~tot·f sro St. (lu th'bar't at !)lu'hem were 0nlpt1ed oj: their r&lles and :sent t" the T<>V/E,U" ():t' London,. < 1558) St. trhomaa a Beoket ' s shrlnent C9.nterblt:ry was tt'..e rtehcst nil:! the tno~t famous of' all .. jI •••

The sh!'lne was mnss.hodto ni oGea. 1100 tlle g;ol,d ~nd preelo'll;) etones aEmt to the Treasu.x·y. (I 24

"!'!fit ;. is ... ".,...... ·,{ . Wet ~

cons tant" tit. .iE:- ,oit .. ,. p . 003-.&ht,. _~· t ....... ;.__ I#'"'

st . ThomaS Qf CanteI''bu:f;Si' ','Ias e$pe-c1.a lly dIshonored by

being clacltu"ed guiltY'ot tr(H130n. H() ttr'Y'!3 own gl'e '-d 1:'01' tho

95

we a.l t h of the ohr1ne \'IUS t hu.s COv Gl"odovor b~ most oingu-

l nr and abeurod prooeodir..g", St. Thomas was to bo strtlokof.'f

the liat ot $ t) . .ints . LingnX'd tells the s t ox'Y most interest;­

l.ngl.v ,.

20

ItT11e kiur.4 t a attorney tvll.S t he-l'c,tor i ns t r ucted. to exhlb1 t on infOl'1l'mtiol1 gnlns t him; and' Tbo.t1"J1s Beoket , $Or,18

tUno &l:'chbishop of Oanterbur y , t \Vas t Ol"ms.lly (li ted. to npp<"w.t' .in COU1"t ~nd tlr~Gwer to the ehtH"go .. 'fhe i n t e r 'h)l of.' t hirt y doye, ttll ~wod by th~ onnon law.,. Villf} suffered to olapse; still t ho ardnt nea l oc tod ~ qui t tho 'tomb in whlcb he had r eposed for tTiO eent urlesEmd a hnlt; :nd J udgment would 'hav o 'bonn g1vl}!1, agni.ns t

h im tor def ault, bad not the king, of h1s special gre.ce ,. t:.Hl lSl~}lEld him tl eou,nsol . The court sOot a.t WasfAni natar; the Attornav ...

;-eneva l 1100 tbe f'dvocn t a of th.a nccused. we re ]:wArdJ end SEH,tence w(I.s ,f'i n lllly ,p1'o­nOWl.ced , that Thoman ,. some t11j~e a. r chbisho

f Otant er'bury, hnd b.e{tn gullt y of r ebe l lion, oont umo.cj', lind t reason; thJ.' t his bones shoul d be publl .ely bUI'tl t , to adruon1sh thv living of' their dut y b y t he pu~lSlmumt of tho de~(l s (mel tht'1 t tha offor:tl'lgs whi ch h a d bee n m.~de a t hi ·s shrine , the personal prop­e r t y of t he reput ed so.int ~ sh OUl d be fo r ­t el t ed t o t h(J Crown .. 11 25

Ling;al'ti,. John and '1301100 .. Hl10.ire , on . 01 t . Vol .. V, W9 · ~ --p . •

FINAL RESULTS O~~ 'r'ltS DISSOLUTI ON

Durl~ t hese :rive years, 1535- 1540, Hem'Y had a ceom­

pl1..shed what be set out to do . Ri3 a.gent s on tho whol e hll.d

been loyal in oarl"1ing out his wi shes . At t he boginnln t!: of

these f 1vt) years Henry was de terro1nod to ~ve uniV'eZ"s t'll

roeognition of' hi s aupr

taropot'6J.l mat tel's ..

ey in s.piri tual o.s \'/0 .1 1 tlS in

cQomp11sb.ed , for a1.ll.o~ t he

monasteries we.re dis solved thero vlould be n() daMer of tho

90

I! :roaet've toroo of' tno Pi;lpncyfl to rise and demo.~'ld 10;1111 t;r to

the Holy Zoo . ne some rc~X'e<l the lmno.to8 of mons.8terioa would

dQ ~ 13 ~'1 the d1sI301u tion liQUlt'Y also hnd oo t 13i'led h1s apir1t

of 1J;l'0od in a~sumi.n!:5 fOr! USe accordin g to' b.1s own oo.pr1 ce"

the \vc1l1th of the huw.Jredeof motltlstorie8 r ehu.ntl~iN~ J &00

sllrtne$. 'hal."O is no othoI' conelt.~s1on to be drawn. from All

theso ovont-s hut th·~t thls <fu~(}r ::ncma:t"ch nne tll~U thlc a s

t yrllnt ft whose obst1r.noy Of w111 \V'I"S r i'loctcd 11'1 u r t:.et1cnlly

OV8'1'V phase 1n hi ll rci6l'l_

GUI~gerJ:ber$er p::t\l'OS .on (~3ti.mS.tc :)f S:)IDn of too resuJ.ts

at' the d is801,ut1oD::S in tho .roll;~;wing pal'l.l.gl".aplu

u Almu t 8 . 000 iC¥,)llgious pe:ttoons of: b oth s exea and .30, 000 paN10l1S de1>endtmt u ;-:on the-Ill were expelled in thi u I SUppreA:1-s ian 'by t:l ttail'ldor. f <J?l'le t a.ll of thQ rlOnalJ ~ teriQs tr'o..naflilrr'od Q yo r>rly 1noon~.o Of mora than t wo million pounds starling of the present money from t he Clluron and the poor t o tl:l () pursea 0 .;(' th(~ ld.'.ng apd h1B e.ucom ... p l1eea ,t IIJS

. :as j :.

ellberPLor, A. on,. ;g:1.t., Vol:. n , p . 199 .

~tlt whet wert) the afteets on re11gion of this uUPPI'sas ion

of mGna:uiltQ.l"lea an (j deatx'uoh1on of ~jhr.l.n68 ,? N'UmoX'oUG c~ntera

of wo~ahi,p end of N li/d.ous lif no loyalty to GOd and uoly

Chureh t"$ thus destroyed . The i ndivi dual s who \"wre (iis ...

bandGd suf.f'ered in their spiritusl volODment~ Chal~i t y,

lJn.S j;tiv1rm~ .GG1:f ..... S!lOl'i .flce , i n f oot . nIl r.tai ghboX'ly vi r t uos

deel1ned~ (Ina tho influence ot the religious 8t;ron~,hold8 was

no l ongor falt in England ,~ ''l'be monns tGrioo otton sUPoOl·t·od

otudente f o!' tl1Q universi t 19s Jlnd sinM tholl- disoolution

Ull1V~l l)91t10e,1 dooH:led ~nd , QontJ,oquently" th0re was lese

dlsa~lninatio:J. 0,1' X"'Jllgious knowledge. A.llQthev important

97

rusult VIas tb. Englnnd wos dOi,'I'1v(;)rl of f'ln inmort9l1.t 60U1" C!6

of ita idoala, l!~l:l , tho monast:lo 11ft}" The Ellgl:l sh are

practical :., .. 00.0" .d up to this d U:'f tlJ.ey 1'e()l the want of

tb6130 idGals .. Th1::J 10 tt1allH'e~t from the fact tl:t..'tt durhM/

the lest thr'eo qUGt'to;rn of (;l cf3l<)tm.";Y bhey hnva been trying

to ti~l thi,s voi{i--ln fact, B1noo 1.347 aoor.es of mQnaot1o.

.00 oonvel1tuul esto.bliahments huve boen erectod

I. Bl 'unt,; Prot-::)stf)~'b histo!'iq,n, summ'1rizos the drastic

trouts of th . 3up):i'peaaion.

2V-

li On tnG wnole quotJtion it mlly bo arid ·tlbet we ouat over l ook bnck trlth Sl1/11n.O on that difHl!>lut1on, flB on Q a<l)ri~a of' trrU'Ul­G.ct1ona in wh:1(",h thosol'I'oW', til\'.) tnl$ta" the 1mpii$ty that weI'S WI'ov.ght " w'Gr~ enough tQ malH} I':ln~els wOen • •• • ,I; b lot tlnd a. scandal 'wore ina Hblt inpres3Gd upon our h1otory; mel avo'!"t b"1'e s1 to t every ruined gable ,

isst1l1 " witness to ''ltha t wns notl"...1111l less thtU'l Q gras t n~t1onill trngedy. 11 2'7

oonstant , 0 .. ~,t 1?,.1t .; l'J . 198-·1G9. _____ ........ ______ ...... _______ ~.~ . ......-- ~,..~ "~I!!"" "'_.~

ABSOLUTS POiiRR ()Ii' l!~NnX VIII

e m wonder now 1 t . VI posetale for Henry to mnlntal:n

hiss tX'enlitth of inf'luence thr()Ugh ell t yearo . When he

I1scaooE)d thl"one, ~hat'o \!I!lS 0, ~rtt\ln F!mount of freedom in

court c<lrcleSi. Thin . tl'\eod rad'lla.lly d12appoared and bafor'

the death of aenn' VII J ... E:n,glIHl.d t a k1.ng bad become n despot

nd tho 'People pra,c't1.oall:y '1::1 • 'L1ngL~ro

aSOribes t his covd1t1on to threo eaus~ n ,. nomely ... -the sub-·

ervloncy of Pl~rlil1mant , the ecelasiast1col supremaoy assumed

96

by Henry, and the servi li ty of'tbe tWQ hostile g:r-oups of

re l1giOlls bOdif)$~-those adhol" i ng t o the old doctrine and

those wishin g 'CO adop t th~) new . 2H

~~8 ~,~,,,,-----,,,-----

Lingaro , John ond BelloC j Ililal:r<::t . M . (~t1J . Vol. V, p , 219 . .

We hav e Seen the effe cts of tho s 1.lbaer'tlicn e1 Qi' r>0rlia-

mont dnd of t ho acclesiastiCEH suprel1la cy . '.10 may close thi.s

ch apt er wi th an 19st 1nHlt e of the infl uenoo tha t these two

parties had upon k~H~pil1g l1en!'y ,. s vrill eve r in the f'ol"'3ground .

'l'hese g 't'oups we r e s o j eA loue of at:! oh othe!' t ha t:; they coul d

not watoh :nor r esbt; the onCX' OtlOll."lUel1'l:;s of the Cl'OWllt Bach

gr o.upwant ed t o win 'the f (l>,vor of t he king i n oros!' to crush

the ot hel' " s p:Ower . TO obte:in. this t hey flat t e r ed h im, sub ··

mi tted t .o. hi s caprice ,,} , and bec ame hie s l aves . Bl1t liem:>y

p l ayed them off D,galust e &ch other' by s ometlmas p r>etend l n g

t o ac1hol'e, t o t he ne,w d.octrine e nd at other' t i.m(}$ ,showing

f a V01'U;ism to t he old .. Thus t hc iv h opes wer'£: eltel'n~A.tely

raised or depres sed , bu t neit.her side eve ".!.' gu1nt3d c Olllp lete

power . I n th,;' s way Henry cou l d baVe lU ~ wlll i n ev er y rae li!. ,'J -

ur(~ that pas slon or capri co \10u1o. sugges t, whether or not

1 t was i n a ccordance ",d. th p rudence " j usti ce , rea s on ; Oil' tlle

f:utld~u-110nt~tl l aws of ll.'llgland .

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100

EDWARD VI: ron/lOIOU3 CHANGES

Before c<>nsldel'ing j,1ary 'l'i.:l.uor t s influenee on l"oligion

during the 'brief per1odof' her reign" it will be necessary

to give a 'brief resu:me of the rel1g1oua changes during the'

reign of Edward VIii It is not within the scope of this

paper to develop these ehanges at any great length because

Edward VI did not manifest any inf'l'Uence on the development

of religion during his reign,. He \'18$ a boy of nine \vhen he

ascended the throne in 1547, and six years l ater he died .

The Earl of Hertf'ord, Edward seymour, who later 'beC81:n8

the Duke of Somerset was really the upower bebind the throne!l.

wi t h the virtual authority ot' the Crown during the first

years o£ Edward 1 s minority, Tbese Yl'}ars • . 1547"'1553, were

years of great changes both :tn polt tloal and in religious

matter's . Somer-eat and his group wore strong adheren.ts of I

the new dootrine ~ and the young king wll.saooo:.rdingl y trained

al ong these princlpl~s .,

One or the first changes on the question of religion

mitigated the s everity of the Treasons Act and the .Act of

the Six Articles whioh bad been psssed in the reign of'

Henry VIII . Legisla tion against hel?esy followed and prot­

estant prinoiples gradually took the place of the orthodox.

doctrine's.. In 1549 the fir'st Act of' Unltol?i'll1ty was passed.

It included the use or a oOJl1mon prayer book composed lar'gely

by Cranmer and modeled on the old ceremonial of HGl1ry' VIII .

Cranmer was so muob influenced bytne reformers on. the con­

tinent that in places his book of common pr>ayer l eaned

101

decidedly toward Protestantism. The language of the book

was so obscure that sometimes one d1d not know which opinion

t o hold ~ In one plaoe transubstantiation was pI'aoticl',lly

denied. and oomttlunion oonsidered as a memorial. Under

SomeI'~et there were no laws of re cusancy as later under

Northumberland, b~t the clergymen who refused the new prayer­

book inourred heavy penalties .

In 1545 under Henry VIII the law fQr the dissolution

of ehe.ntr1es and other J:'elig1ou8 endOwments had been passed

by Pa.rliament . A chantry was !it religious endowment given

to a ' pries.t to say Masses for a. departed soul. This 1a.

WQS hardly under way when Henry died and the act lapsed.

It WQS renewe.d , however, under Edwa rd., and most o.r the

ohantriea were abolished. If these were allowed to remain,

they w<>u1d retain the prayers for the dead and at the same

time a tendency for promoting t!superstitionll, as the ad­

Vocates of the new dootrine claimed. Re lics , shrines,

statues, and pictures were destroyed at tne same time as

the dissolution ot cbantries. This vandalism shocked the

religious sensibilities of a: la.rge number o·f people who ad ...

hared to the ol d dootrine a nd practioes , Under Henry VIII

there waS a distinotion made between those that they thought

were superstitious and those that were not . During this

reign there Was no lOll.,rr.er a distinction made . All the

images and relics were confiscated or destroyed, evon at

times without legal process 01" authority.

Camden sums up the religious changes in the following

paragraph:

,ff'f.b.1s pet'nicious La.w of s,t x Articles and others whiCh had been est abllshedby King Henry the Eighth, against tlte Prot. ... estants, a.re suppressed, Qnd those which tended to the sbeli shing of the Pope.s autllor1tle 'conf11"med; the Masse abrogated; the Images t aken out of the Te~ple8; the Bookes o:f' the Old and New Testament im­printed; the Service celebrated in the vulgar 1:'ongue,; the Euehal"lst distributed under both k1ndEHH But neve:l?t heless the e.v&r1t~ous saer11edge fell r avenously upon pillaging the goods of the Chnroh, Colledges, Quiers , Hospitals, as things judged. to b¢e for supersti t1o'Us vse~H runb! t1c:m and envy among the grea t ones, and audeoi te a.nd cti,sobedienc.e amo.ng the COmmOllJ3 , so irlso1ently e :;r;ult ed t hat Engl and seemed to 'be raging madde with rebellious tumults ., te.1rlng ddes, deprava. tl on of money, I1J1£1 wi thall, the evils that aX's accustomed to be during the minority of a K:tng .• fll

I - --.~.-.~~---. --'~~-. -~-"~"

Ct'lmden, Will1run ~ AMalea , P it *5

REVOLTS l:.1f THP.l .NQRTH :Arm SOU'l'B

102

I n 1549 &$ e. result 0-£ theseehan,ges in religion, there

w.era numerous uprisings 1n the NOt"th and the south o£ ingl nnd ,

Somerset had been in Seotland working for a union with that

oount ry and when he returned he found the oount~J in a b laze ..

"roo people of Devon and Cornvisll del'lllanded:

2

If ' We will ha.ve the holy deorees; of our forefl'.l thers observed, kep t, and per­formed, and the Sacraments resto1"'ed to its ancient honoX'.,f They demanded to h ave the Ma.ss in Latin, the Sacrament ,worShiped as of old , cormmmion under one speei .es end pUbl.1e. prall. era . and. Masses for the souls in 'Purgatory . ·t:e .

Guggenberger, A. A General History of t ,he Christian Era. Yol . II , p . ~oG . ' . -- - . .

3

103

In fact the p.:r1evallces were general . The \l'Iants of the

poor had been neglectedJl and nOw above all there were 1nno-

vatlons in the form of theil' religion whieh they felt they

eould not tolera.te .

flThey complained of that s.ystem which had d.lm:i.nished their resources" and now compelled them to pr actice a worship foreign fro:rn their habits nnd feelings. The day approached when the use of the old liturgy waS to cease , and that of the now to begin, inst.e nd of the high mass , its musie and its ceremonies, with which they had been familiarized f rom their infancy, they were to he8!' wha t they deemed 9011 in­animate servic8« a ' mere Chrlstmas pl oy ' . 113

Lingard" JOhn and Belloe, Hilaire . ~he tlisto!:l .2! England, Vol, V •• P . 285.

'The riSings were suppressed, butthev l ed to Somerset's

f all . The s ame year Warwick, Duke of l-Torthumberl and, had

gained the aseendancy , Somerse t was exe cuted ·f'or treason

onl y in 1652.

EDWARDINE ORDIUAL

After Warwick's ascendency; in 1550, the new Ordinal

was adopted a ccording to which ministeJ:fs should be ordained .

It waS drawn up by Cranmer and Ridley, modeled on Bucer ' s

ordinal at St rassburg . They emphasized the tact that the

new ordinal was not to provide for the ordina.tion of pri e sts

a.ocording to the Ca.thollc ceremonial .. The ceremony of the

presenta. tion of t he chalice and paten was omitted, t hus

emDhasl z1n~ the f aet that no Mass was to be celebrated .

The mini.sters were "to admini ster tbe doctrine and sacraments

104

and the discipline of Christ as the Lord hath eowlnanded and.

as thie Chureh and rea.lm hath r>aeelved tll0 $ame . 1I 4 4 .......... -.-.-.. ----. ,_. -"""-...... ~----.

Clayton, Joseph" "lne Prot,estant R~:f'·onnation in Grea~ .8rltai~ j P. 98 .

o •

--------~----.~. .~

The Bishops who were moat a.verse to the mH1 form were

gradually depl'lved ~nd advocates of' th() new doctrine were

installed ~ The Protestant group f avorUlg further 1nnovatlons

was growing stronger up to the execution of Somerset in 1552 .

After this , every opposition wa s qui.ck1y met by Warwi ck ,

Consequent ly in 1552 a new Actor Unlforndty was passed Ctnd

a Second book of cOmmon prayer urascr>1bed which "\ITa.S more C" . ,.

~otestant in t one than the first.. In the next yell!' the

couneil dre\'l up forty .. two aI'tie)'es 01' doctrine distinctly

p rot eata.nt "

5

IIThey asserted the t ypi ca. l Prot estant doctrine Of Justifi oa t ion by f l!:ith, deniad transubstantiat10n and abandoned five of the seven n1$­d1eva l saerronents ,though t hey were otherwise moderate towards Rome . " 5

Lunt, 'N .• E. Hlston~ of E961and; ; P . 360 .;

The f i rst really prot estant ,Cl1ul .... ch in :u:.ngland was thus

formed with a. cOlnparat1ve l y sll'lQll percentage of pe op le will",

1ng to a.dhere to its t enets a.nd with t h@ majorltystil1

tlttQched to the pri esthood, the ep iaco.paey ,. and above all

to the Ha.ss . Under' these coOO1 tiona it ia not surprising

t oot a large number Qf peopl e weloomed a return to the

Churoh of' Ro;cne i n the reign of' Mary.

105

A Short tim€) 'before the death of Edward VI in 1553,

Northumberland /lnd the C011).1c11 t:'h~ew up a new form of'

succession whicb Edwa rd was prevailed upon to sign. This

document provided tor the succession of the oro\~ upon

Lady .jane Grey who had married NOI·thumberlandfs son. Il'hose

who advocated this succession claimed the illegitimacy of

both Ml:ll'Y and Elizabeth, and under thnt pretex.t , broke

their sworn promise of carr-ilng out the will of Henry VIII .

ACCESSION OF WAF(Y TUDOR

The news Of the death of Bdward VI was not a llowed to

be Gpread. until Lady J ane GreY' had been proclaimed the l"le ....

sovereign. They told Mar:r (ruder that Edwaro wanted to see

her and ahe prepared to go to him, but Throckmorton secretly

informed her of her brotherts death and of a conspiraoy to

take b.er into custody and to deprivQ her of' her right of'

suooession to the '1'h1"ono . She acted upon this information

wi th char a'cteristic precision a.nd dispatch. ReI' heritage

of TUdor obstInacy man:tfested 1 tself on th.,ts occasion to

great adv{,mtage., In a few days sn,e had a willing army at --' ')

her command; and with the VJ~}lrted support of the

peopl e of London brought about fa revolution. Even

Northumberland turned to her and offered his allegiance

when he saw there VIas no other a lternative . HiS own forces

that were a.ont aga.inst her did not tollow his orders, but

espoused the cause of Mary . Having been an unwilling queen

in the 'Power of London for nine days , Lady Jane Grey now

became a.n unwilling prisoner 1n the Ga.me towGr.

106

MaPy" had succeeded in dominating ovor her advorsal"ies ,

and the people were willing to acknowledge her as their

queen . She had been despised and abused , but she had held

her own against all attacks on her fidelity to t...tl€~ old

r(,ligion . Large numbers Of Englishmen, thourJ1 they deulored

the fires of' Smltb.fleld,6 felt unmixed relief at the return

6 S.m1tht'ie l d Vias notorious beoause it ws.s the pl ace of execution V'lhere heratics, in the dayS of Henry VIII, were burned at the stake .

of Mary, for it meant a return to Oatholicism. Al l that had

been dear to them had beentnken 9.\'vay during t he l ast reigns

--the pries ts. the chantriesj tho llnages of' Christ and of

thesaint~, even in rna.ny instances their very means of sup­

port . It was especially the landed gentry t't'ho welcomed the

change ,

r~

!1Tbey had not wavered, in their f al t h , but all that had been to them of aid cnd consolation in theil" often lonely lives had been swep t away ; In pl nCe of the genial parish pri est they found some lunder groom ' or unlearned cura te, jeel"ed at by the country lads as 'la ck-Latins VIOO Blub­be red up their services,' or .... 10r8e still, r!.'>8.d s. service that60unded atrange and irreverent to ears attuned to the fine cadences of the Roman Missal .

"!~o l ::.>nger eou l d they send their boys and girls to the neighbouring nbboy school or convent, tor the beautiful old clolaters, where the children had stood to sing their ' pricksong ', now stood roofless and desolate"tf 7

Wilmot-Buxton, R. M. aOO! 2! English MartI!'s , p . 70 .

10'7

'rhe people welcomed Me.I'Y , for they knew little of

La.dy Jane Grey and much of l~ol"thumberle.nd " s ambition.,

Mary gathered forces of over thirty thousand men- .. all

volunteers , an.d triumphOl:l'tly entered tondon .. The leaders

of the opposition were SOon imprisoned , but of the twenty~

seven imprisoned only thre e \"Jere executed . 'This leniency ,

how~,ver " secured for !anry g l'B fl tel" assu ranoe of holding her

power . That Mary was well r eceived by many of her subjects,

we deduce from some of the writings of the tirr..e . Littl e has

been written about the Marian period or how well Mar y waS

liked . The following quot a tll;m shows tho a ttitude of some

of hal' people towards her .•

'fLet us all pra1.e God bot h(;} mOl~e and les se that ha~h sent us a queue, our. thralles to release Vlb.ere VI we were aap tyve both in soule and body We may be FIght gl ad , :re god hath noVl ohanged A l ambe for wolves , ye unsatiably devoured The realme and t he oanlons wi thout p i tie or me r cy-a . God save and preserve our noble Quene Marl OVer ua longe to r e1gne , l e t us al pr ay hartlie

God save the Quene . 1t 8 g--.. --~--.----

M,al'sha ll, Gorgias . Fugitive Poeti cal J ) . ~e- , -_~

ser .

CHARlIC'rER OF 'llJiE QUEEN

Mary ' s outlook on l ite bud been warped on a ccount of the

sad days of her youth. She had been deprived of the presence

. nd he l p of her mother and her friends :! and subje cted to uu,.

marous abuses because of the hostility of Anne Boleyn. Dur ..

ing t be period of Not'th'tunberland t s power she was c()nt1nually

persecu ted be cause of her adheren.ce to the CO-tholic religion.

11.11 of these reverses, however, did not break her spirit.

loa

Sho ll .. ad 11 her1 t Rge of strength of \7111 fi>om both her fflthel'

and 1101" .mothltu, ....... .f'rOtl hen" father egotism ond 1ln1'lGrloluJnooa;

from hoI' !:lothar, doterrn1nodobatlnt1oy ,~ Her experiences '1l1

bound to lCHlve upon hmr 0 mark of bi ttGrne$~ ond even hal?sb ...

nes s . In bel' ~~rly years ~lO received her sole consolation

from her odhe1'Ol:),ee to the prf'ottm~B of hor rolig.ion and sho

as conv3 nood t hat (111 the ~vil~} 111 Eugland wer!,) 11 puniahlnont

from God for the sopnro tlon of l'!ngland ix'om the Ghu:t?oo ot :Rome .

t waS her fi nn conviction thr~t h~r mission as ~1Uoen of England

was to resto:ve tha ancient form of \lorslUp ~md to bring Bngl and

bnclf into the fold of the Ohul"('"h. under thEieupretnfl 0'1 of the

P01:)O a. t Items It

J4ARY ' S ATT:tTlJDE TO~'M,RDS ONl'IiO):JIOISf,

t tho Vlll"1 beginning Mary lUmouneed that. hoI' inte:nt1on

waS t o rostore the old relihiQn. B.1Shop Garo1nor ~ together

~·1th ot het' biShOps 1mpr.1f:loned during Edward"s t'01gn. \'l&S re­

called and lll(!.de hat' chief adviseI'. M"lry bad also Qcquainted

the Spani sh Emperor Chnrl es V of her dO!it'l;o to reestnbllsh

the Catholie ra11gion in the CQU1'l'ta .... y , but he ndvioed her to

proceed quietly and OautioUSl y and to koen f rom D~blle 1nno­

vaUona unt i l she obtained the conoent of par11runent . She

acted upon this advice and l a S\led no orde1? tor the r ostoration

of the Old religion.

HoI' mind , however, W.9.S bent upon the I'e-~toX"f~tlon ot" tho

Catholic l"el1g1on, and ahe hGl'Self set tbe o.xnmpl e of Attend ..

1tlB Catholio, worship . Ot hers nho wo!'o tt ttnehod to the old

o'N!bip were emboldened by hor nttitude and ce le'Oratl}d. Maas

109

or attended at the celebratj,on, contra ry to oxis t i ng laws,

Difficulties were bound to s r13e ... On one occasion a riot

re sui ted .fI'om an l.t.."'l9.U thor :i. z:ed oe 1 0 o r& t1 on of Mas s ; BouI'ne oJ

e. roysl chapl ai n , compl a i ned i n his sonnon of th.e innovations

of the l ate re ign and of the deprivat i On of the Catholic

clergy. IIpull h im d own" was hea r d f rom the crowd , and B OU1"ll6

had t o flee at the r:tsk of hI s life . 9

9 t i ngard, John and Balloo, liilaiJ:e . sm. cit., VOlt V~ p • . 398 ,

PROOLAMATI0l1 OF AUGUST 28 , 1553

This incident led the ~\Uc en to ia8U(~ an order forbidding

preaching without license ., Soon af ter , she issued a. Droclll.ma ..

tion to the effect that she ' cou l d not com~qal her religion,

but that she had no i ntention of foroing anyone to embra oe i t

until matters could be r a tified by common eonsent ..... a hint that

she mi ght do it later. This procedure was a little imprudent

but t ypiclrl l of TUdor willfulness , She a lso bade the people

t o rofrain i'!'OID any opprobrious l anguage by colling ea ch

other horetic or papist. This procleme.tlon .... the main points

of which i'ollow .. - waS given Augus t 28 , 1553 .

"The Queen ts Highness , well-remembering wha t graat inconv$niencea ann dangers hE_va grown ••• through divers! ty of opinions ..... ha.th t hought good • ." being n011l well flsettled i n hoI' just poss es sion of the Ilnperial Crown of thi $'; Ttealm,. and other dominions thereunto belonging, " to require the restora tion of the Reli gion "which God and tho \'/orl d knoweth

v she hath evar nro:f'essed from her infance • •• 11

Urgently deSiring her subjects to " embra ce. the same , n she preferred t heir willing con­vera.ion: and GO "she doe·s signi.f'y unto a ll .....

th~t Qf her most gI'aoious di.epoeition (lnd olemene;r!t she !'mi~deeh not to ,compel a,n.y 0'1 hl9l" Said subjeots thereto, unto .such tim us f arther o~der by common Qs sent muy be t llkan. n

(tlioQnwhilo sho bade bor 'if g O'Od loving subjects to live together in quiet sort and jhrist1''H1 oharity" l'lot us1ne against ea~h otllGl' ·the f100·W found dev111sl) t orrn of Papist

110

nd. ltov~t:tel £1 but avoiding tlraah tnlkf* and cont~nt1oua 'I1oroa II aud unt tins ill lOYQ.l ty f\nd devotion,. (I And hor lUgh..~9ss it •• ohargoth and oommanciethUthut none of her suhje.Q·t PPfulumo on thoir own (rutho!'1 t y to punish ox­ris e agninst any person guilty or printing f 'orb1dd.cm matter; II or .ogainst "any other offonder in words Ol~ deeds 'in tho l a te ro .. bellion ••• * by ~he Dl..L\t:e o.f Nort hunborlruld • .". t '.

IlThO'U{f')l aha would be aot'ry to hOVQ to ut the l aws sevorely into 0xuoutiol1 II she

utterly determines llot '1;0 pGt't'11t ouch un .. lawful and rebollious dotngs of ber sub ... jacts to r-ot!l£lin unpun1shiSld •. " 10

TonillO.n. [1, ,. JIjJ; .. ---~- -.-.-.. --.--. ..

","," .. :"'ti;a~ ·- :,:::,

ACTIVITIES OF TF~ RUl~HS

iter this proolBl'£l.."I.t1on th~) t'e'f'omera plnced t'h~b" hOl)(HJ

i n Rllznueth {lS possibl o rival to MAry. But within the

next montll F.:l1z.abe tb. was instructod in t be Cvt ho11c reUgion"

gllva 1;(1' the px>a oticeof reformed I1f".J.on, end pre,/ilt1oed

tho OathoU.o . The Protestant eau.ae did not re~rr this action

groR t l y, for Mary ood rcally been lement with them. }!}ven

r, who had grantod the divor ce dichonor1ng her mother

and who had. been one of the lli\st to llPhold t ho lost O$JJ.lS~

of liforthumberle.nd. had tel t the effects o f' bet' leniency and

bad not boen sent to the Tower, NOW ,> hm'l6VO l" , whil.e t n, bis

retiremont at Lnmbat h " he M f\!'d that Mass hnd been Dain at

111

his Oa.thod!~t1l.1 ot Cuntorbu'I'Y and tmt at his erdors. It WflS

lao repol'tod that he had sc.id M&$%3 'boforo tbo \luoan", 'l'hoae ,

reports inoensed him ~rcatly And hQ propared a refutation of

tp,e chargos by tl public deninl, tbrougn thG circulation of

psmphlets giving hi$ v1ew8 t Tl1,$ paper ~trn:ted hia 'bitter

feelinss evon if it did honor to his courage ", In1t he de­

olared thnt 't11Q masa waS invented b:r the t a tl'lo1" of 11ea, that

the MaSs bad boen };'Ostorad at Conterb't,ll:;'":1 by a deccitt'Ul monk,

that he had not offered to say MtLsa 'bero-l'6 th een, but

that 1\'0 wut! ready to prove with tho he lp Of ,poten:' !~~~tyr thnt

the Mass oontained meny 1.l1aaphemiesj' and that the dootrin

taugh.b during Edwnro VI f S roign was tha.t used in the early

days of tn,a Ohriatian era . Some of the oop1os WISI~ publicly

read in the streets.

nThe council sent for the archbiShop and tattara. 1 me; and ~er1{',ms deba t e com,.... mltted h1mto the TOVler,. a.s v/ol.1 for the treason committod by him against tho queen ' a h1gl'.u:less ,. as for the Qggravating tho swne his offenoe by spreading .abroad

itlO1ls billa , and moving t\zmu1ta to the disqute,tnosa ot the p<r0sont sta te. I

f'GW do:ys af'bertuu:-da ,. Latimor, \~ho probably bQ.d 1m1 t il ted the oonduct of the lOOtropolite.n, was also ,Bont to tho Grnno prison. for this sedl t1eU8 deme~out'" •• /I 11

Ii .. - ••

Lingard, .robn and Bellvc." Itll£l. i!'o •. 0» . cit. '101. V, p . 401. ~~ .

This wa,s in September,. 1563. Here boga..."l hiG agony of

1mpri.sQnments j bis. d1sput at1ona , his reoantations, his degiro",

dnt1ons , and finnl scone at St. faery "a , Be peti tioned fOft

life,. but M'ary WaS detormined. He had ruined all hie chrmcea

by the traG,t he had t'lr1 tten a/:tninst the Mas e shortlY' aCt or

112

EdWard's deat h . He was tpansf erred to Oxford in 1554, tor

the Queen WlAS detennined that he should di e . Therefore, with ,

I.l9.timel' and Ri dley, he \"J'ilS sent to Boc0tJ!rdo p.rison. in April,

1554 . He was being kept until the country wasreconei l ed to

tho Papacy and tne anti~ P9.pill legislation was repealed .

MAIrr ' S LEIUENOY

But this C8llle a.fterthe first eighteen months of Mary's

reign . In the first period the queen showed rather exceptional

lanieney under provoking conditione .

12

IIRer leniency in the Case of Nor thumberland accOfllplices had been almost unparal leled . A second r e­bel110n when she bad been barely six lnonths on the th!'o1'lo \VaS treated with no more . t han ordinary severity. t hough 9. very few of those llnplica ted with Northumberland, who 'Woul d othe;rwise have been s:pared, were executed ;In consequence. The e.dvoeat es o f: tbe old religion had come into power, but thei r power had eeI'ta:inly not been used mor'e oppres sively than that of t he opposi tion party under Warwick or even under Somer~et: and there wa s more excuso fot' t he troea tment of Cran."Il8r and Ridl ey a t least t han there had been for that of Gal'di.nel' and Bonnet' , If Latimer and Hooper,. Ferrar and Ooverdale , were im­pris oned, 1t \'1aa no more t han neath and Day and Tunstall had suffered " The depl'i vat1on of' the mal:'r1ed clergy was certe.i n l y a. harsh measure .. since the marI'ia.ges had b@en made under the aegis o·r the law; but t hat appears to be the one meaSure \'Ihi eh had hi therto Savored of blg0try--a t least , \vb.i ch had gone be-y ond t he bounds (l)fe-ven- hauded x>eta liatlon ."12

lnnes ~ Arthur Dil Engl and un~ tl!!, TUdol"$, P. 229 .

In regard to t his l a s t p Oint we Qan ea.s11y see how llary

felt in conscience bound to have the pa:rished served by the

113

unmarried olergy. This was both the rule according to Henry

VI II and also e.ccordlng to the Church of RO:ri1o . That 1 t does .

s;aem harsh., 1s likely true to those who do not understand the

Catholic point of view . In t his she was l'Jll;I.nifesting her

natu:l>el Tudor obstinacy and determination of earrying out her

~vl11 .

RESrrOllATION OF tfll'ill CATHOLIO RELIGIOll

!n Rome Mar y 'S a ceess1.on \'!la s looked upon tiS a trt umph

f or Catholicism • . ·There was har'dly a qu,estion as to what Mar y

would do, and plans v/ere made accordingly .. The pope of Rome ,

Ju11us iII " tore.seeing vd10t \1&3 to come , appOin ted Cardina.l

pole as his lega te to England . Pole deSiring to obt ain more

satisfactOry information" secured t he help of the legat e ,

Dmndino , a t Brusse l s . The latter' diepatcned Commendone to

Engl a.nd to g@t a s much information a s he eoui d concerni ng the

condl tions in EnA;l a,nd. He r emai.ned i n London tor some time

in disguise and pl'ocured severa l audi ence s with t he Queen ,.

He bI'ought the following message from the Queen to the pope

and to Ca rdinal Pole ·~

"That it WQ$ her most tu ... .xj.QUS vriah to see hel" kingdom r eeonclled with the liol,. See ; t h a. t for t his purp Q$e she meant to pr1)Qure the repea l of all l a.ws trench­i ng On the doctrine or d1seipl lneo:f' the Oatholic church; t hat on the other hand ahe hoped to e:x:.po!>ience no obstacle on the part ot t he p ontiff , o.l~o:f her kineman the papal representat ive ; and th.qt tor the stlceess of the undertaking i t Vloul d be ne cessary to act wi t h temper and prudEince ; to re spect the pr ojudice s .of her subjeots; a.nd most caref ul l y to conceal the least t rsoe of any cQrrespondence botween her and the court of Home . tI 13

13

114

L1ngard" John and BaI1oc , 1111a.11-a . .2J2. . c1 t . Vol . V, , p . 402 .

However determined MtU~y wa.s to restore the religion, she

did w~ll in not acting independently. She Via! ted for 'tho

meeting of her first parliament i n October, 1533 .. ACcol'dlng

to an ancient eustom the members first a ttended a MaSS in

honor of the Holy Ghost . Hero JJi€t.ry received w.a.ny expl'essions

of l oyalty and attaclunant . At this parliament Mary hoped to

aceomp1ish two t hings: she wanted to r emove ailY sta i n of

illegi timacy .from herself ond to establish the anOient religion .•

··rlth the first she had no dU'ficulty . In t a c t , the bill

reCeiVed unanimous GOnl;lElUt . But wi th the second , as she anti-

clpated j there was some trouble . 'Most of the pears were

wi lling to a ccede to her wishes , but there was conSiderable

discussion among the Oommons . They preferred to retBin the

Royal Supremacy. The idea. of p l a cing the church under the

authori t y of Romo waS repugnant to them, They preferred to

reator>e the l"el1;tlon as it was at the death of Henry.

An impor'tant considera.tion i.n the restoration to the

church under the aut hor! ty of the pope was the l"'estorlng of

the e cclesiastical prop erty. This had been distributed very

w1dely by t his time , and it was p r a cti cally i mpossible to

rEHltore all 'the property to the Church which had been in

its possession before the dissolution of' the m.:>nasteries .

The difficulty; however" was later removed when the pope

treed persons in possession of church lands trom the

115

obl1ga.tlorl of rctul."ning them if they bocumo Catholics, while

thOBQ remain1ng Protc~tn.nt$f of COU1"'Oo~

Cnmdon gives f., bl'lef o3tirJ..'lto of this

ing pUl"eeWD.';;)ht

not botherod jj

tu:~tlon in tho foll0~-

14

"nut tho 0 t o. tes of tho Kin@on.a ( Cl nd lJnry bethought hexo sal£o of it) fO I'-l I'ed t o j,"e­ee1vo and a cknol.1ledgo tho r opes authority wbl.oh tll""Y h ad already Etho .. ken Oi.'f , net t he!' eould they suffer ·ch9.t t ho Quoene ~hould quit the Title of' SouQraigno h9sd or the Ch1.reh of' Engler-A, to ul'liOh the :most part of' tlWlll" Prelntes; ?eor'6s, and COllfmOll-o people , had sworne to Honr-.r the Eighth, hi.s nairas aM sUOCeSSo.l~S and t hore wert, mnny of thom that had got t heir> rlch0s frmn thos's of the Ohwr-eh t E/u1:; tQ.(>l(e it

atlic t\) heqrt to forsa.ke him., POi>swo<!­ing horself'o that ~11 the rlght tha t ahe had t ,o thQ Kingclomc of England, was W'''' holden by ne othet> r:;~e'uw,. then by t l;!o pow&r of'the pcpe J \',i'}10 gave sontellOG of hoI' slde, a,rt el" he-%> fath.e r had deClt~X'od hGI' 111oJr.i t1ma.t\i . II 14 ~

Cl.UIlden." Will1.tUl1 . Annales . 1) ., A2"'A3 . _ .... __________ ...... !""""""""_~ ____ -_ ... , .. ~-. __ Ie,. .-.. "-", ___ .... _______ ..... __ _

hor.cel,f QS nce;a that abo ehould not

retain the t1t1.c o. ad. of thr& Cbux"on of Engl and,

bt:.t 1r~ this CGocsh in to tbQ judgment or P·Q.v11e,mol'lt •

.nd tbat body pa.S '1od the bill wi th out dIvision.

11 By 1 t 'r.f;'.8o. t once razed totl'~ gttou.nd tb4t i"tibl"10 t"Ihieh the ingenu:1ty and perstivero.neo of f.rchbishcp er&r.nlG1X" had orae.t ed 1n tho last I'o1go; thQ 1"0 '" tow-ed 11 turgsr" which Bdwo.rd 1 $ pllv11a.­ment hs.d att:r1butod to t ho i nsn:il"at1on of thQ Holy Ghos.t , and now P4"'<lJl,()unoctl 'a now th1:r.g, 1mt.'.glned ~nd dev1.sed b," .s rev; of singul ar> opini ons;' the nots as t abliahing the f1:NI t arn'l G60Ctnd Dooies Or OOmmon p .1?nya.p, t he 1'l.O't'f ol:"di nal, and. the acdmin1stra.M.on of the s-e.erruD,ent in both ld.:nds. thet nutl101"1z1n.g the l'.J.m.rrle.ges

o£ priests, and legltu~~ting their eh:tldron" and th.ose abolishing ,eoX'''' tain fos tivnls '100 fr.sts" 'Veatlng 1n. the king the n:ppolntment of' b i shops by l e tters patent. l1nd r egulating tho exe~­o!sc ot: thO epic30pal juriadlct1on, tJe~ 1'0pet11ed.; Elnd. ~ :ttl 111£),1.\ thereot J ' :1 t wno enjo:tn('1d thttt from t he, tVl'30ti('Ith dny of tho next month should 'be X'{3viv "d o.nd pr~ cti3Qd such to~s of divine worship and admin1stl?Gt~ o.n of fHlcz'C'.J':lOnts, as had 'been mos t eommonly u.sed in l'!nglnnd In tho lent y¢a.r of Itt-tIt'y vn:-; fi fI 15

116

15 , . ..~~ r;- .~ ..... *e", .- ..,.;;o;; 4"", .. , · e ' ' liill "''''''' -.

Lingard, John and B0110e, :.i:tlu1:re..o:!?" c1~~ 'Vol" V., ih 406 .

'-"- "

Other 'bills ~e:re paased 'by tl:li$ p f'J rliemant . Treasons

croated sinon tho twont~~fif I'd. :en, t elonies and

caSeS of 'Dl"s,eruun:1.re as-nee the first of Honry VIX! WElX''G

nbol:1.shGd. ut the attl.tuto uoocr Edward VI eO}10erniYl.g

riotous naael:ibliof} was pertly rC'lJ'1v~d , oxtnn<11n.1t to meet­

inss whose object 17ao t .o chang e by force olti.S'ti.ng l.aws

rogsI'(\ing rs11g1.on.

.'l.Rf{IAGl! NEGO'rIA'rIONS

"a:rl,. in 1554 :'1e.r:y made kn.mllll. to pa:r11nment hel" pro­

jEtct ed marl'i agc with Philip II of Sno.in . In the eyes of

hostile Englishmen,

liThe lMl'r'ingo P~0111isod. to throw tSnglnnd. into the ar.ms of Spain and p lacd th~ reSOU1~ce s of the klngdoma t tho OQ1Ul:ll.tt.!ld ot t he l"~~erort $ 3011 ." 1

16 ,. 1:]:llo1010paedlA, Br1tarullea. Vol. XV ., p ,. 000 ..

tary ' a I.lubjects nidely opposed the mnrr1Hge . Gnrdirler

.. dvisoaagllinst it,. and some thought t hut even pole t'ts.a not

117

in favor Of it. But Mary was a 'rudor and her obst1na'cy and

determinat10n helped her to earry this through to the dis ..

satisfaction of all these groups... So many people wanted an

Englishman asking that aeonspiraey was formed with the

help of the French amba.ssador. 'the memool"ll of the con-

spiracy planned to have CourtenaJ pI'opose to Mary atter

Arundel and Paget" the strongest adherents of the Spanish

tnarriagef were mUl'dered . If Mary should ref,,-se to accept,

Courtenay should marry Elizabeth and gather an army from

Devonshire and Oornwall to support Elizabeth as queen. But

Courtenay was timid and Of.),ut1ous. :and he had not the eourage

to carry out the plans.

A,bout the srune time " Ma.ry addressed herself to the

ConJmons expressing her rlgh.t to choose for herself regat'd­

ing her marr1age and promising tha t it would be fOr the

happiness of the people . Gardiner lnthe early part of 1564

saw that it wa.s fruitless to oppose further, consented to

negotiate a trea.ty respecting the marriage. In this treaty

Gnrdine:l" deserv'os the ored! t of guarding the: liberties of the

English aga.inst any possible attompts o,fa: foreign prince to

the throne Of England "

Mary hardly realized hOW critical a thing it was for her

to form suell an alliance .

"How waS Mary to understand her subjeots' hatred, oI:' toreal1$6 that even if Philip ' s credentials had i.ncluded a. PQssport 1'01" the kingdom of heaven they would havo been utterly usele$s wi.thout an English birth- certificate? Insul ar feeling, jea lousy of Spain's trading monopoly in the New World, e.nd the belief

that Spain beyond all ether l~urepelan countries was identified wi til th,e Papacy, rendered whateVe1" he did 0\18-pect. It made no difference tha t during part ef the reign Philip was at war wi th the Pope , Tho antl ... Spanish feeling that, wi thin a weel<: of t he s .1gning cf the. marriage treaty; had declared itself in Wyatt l's rebellion grew steadily in inte'nsity.. And as Mary ts devetion te philip flnd his interests became more and more apparent. so hei" Qwn unpopu.1ari t y c eme almost to equal his . lt 17

17 . ---- --~~------------

1113

Byrne, M. St. 01are . tlMary Irr . Garvin" Katharine , p. 195-196 .

~. Gres. t Tudet.~ by

Although the marrIage with Phili p Qf Spain is not di ....

rect11' a re11gious issue, yet tbe people saw in it a greater

possibIlity of reunion with ROlnO under tJae centrol of the

Papacy. But Mary would not see the polnt~, Her Tudor obsti ...

nacy and Spanish inflexibility were not a saets to her for the

difficult period ot transition in which she lived. lier mind

was too rigid and direet to cope successfully with the changes.

\VYATT'S RB;SE:LLION

Agitated by the proposed Spanish marriage the Prot()s t ants

in Kent and in the Midlands pl anned to overthrow Mary and

place Eli zabeth on the throne .t Insurreetions broke out and

it :is theught that even Elizabeth was not inactive in the

cause ef' the rebels . Guggenberger also recognizes her con­

nection with the rebellion when he says :

"Elizabeth and Oourtenay, the real CUlpI'! ts ; vTho wanted to depri va Mary of her crown and life, escaped .. , owing to the Lord Chancellor1s partiality tor Oourtenay, with a light punishment . tI 18

119

181 -. '" . ,.;. i _......, .... ~ jj, ).- i : .. 1 . ! ~-..... --

(1uggEtl;1berg<) ril A. 91" ~~ 11. Vol. I! ., p . 210 .

'l'he most fa:mouare'bellion was that of \\"1att :tnK(I)nt ~

The insurgents bi1d oon~idG~nble5'1lCM$e l but they were

pro'ba,bly deCle1ved in thatr hope Q,f aUO:<less frmn the late

rEwoluti1on--,<as L.ady Ji:l.ne had be~n supplanted by fiiary; Mn~

:tn tum, e.ould be 8~I)planted. b'1 E11tabet tt. D'llt Mary again

a cted "1 '.i ickl ynnd the oi'.f':1c,S.als d1d all. in tbalr POW01" to

put dow t,.ho f*:obellion. Bridges 'W01'e tt>rn down fmo. tbe

important pl aceso:f' London WOI'S fOl.'tif1ocl ., YJy€,.,tt!iU1d a large

fOl l owing IMnnged to ropelr .a. b:t'1dge autf'1e1e.ntllto orogS

Over and boldl.y entered the oi ty,.

~' Hlsm~}!!" however; were for. the n1.()s,t pnrt cut oft' in foUl orlgngt',nnent ne#~ r Iryde Park 001'>00%'. and it Wf),S wlth ()nly t~e ltun&rod follow-ero t..b.at he retlch(~d tudgllt e ... --to find ~e gate elosed against Mm .• II r.l$ve l~ept tOUGh t he so.id, und s\tfte~ad

""'elf to be l a.a il'.;;1'Q.Y 1;.1 p rt30nCllr .. tt 19' 19 )~ I TUI ... ~-"~-....- - Ie », ."!f '

o urdillGI'" Sr.JIiUol na~;;son: l~ $tudent to Hi.6 t()£l ,of fill:'1g1and t:t>Qm tn~ gs;rl1es~ ~~~ to-1885, p .. ""l:a3; . - . .. '. ~,~ " . . ..--. - """,",,'-~

_1 d _'

.s1v Mnux-1ee Berksley it vIas wh.o oat'risd Wya.tt be·fore

th~ caul''\; and t1na:ny to theTowa~ • Within til; tew hours the

X'etna.in:Lng cOf).$pl::,,·a tOl"G f/li)110 n100 Qc;:p tUl'cd ,~

l"vom the l\1dor ~l'r fj at~ we findthllt P~1:t5ion \'Vas X'f.Ha.lly

the cau se of t he i nau!'1-.act 1on, wh11~ th.e otlells1on was the

Spani$h trUlr:r>iage .

11 And oO:tll.<1 ;idell'ing wi f;h . h1.maelf i.hat ,to make the p~Ji:)tenoo 0$ h10 R~'t'h)ll:ion to be the !'0storillg; or ocn~tinua:tlQe of the new am ne't71y .. rQ:rged Religion was

neitber agreeable to the nature of Heresy {whiCh always dei'endeth itself by the n~e and oounten8~ce of other matter more p l ausible} ; nEIl ther $ .<;)

ap e to fur ther his Wi eked };mrpOS8, being not a $9.se so general to alure all sorts to 'cake part wi thhim-: he determined to speak no word of' Relig1on, but to make .the o.nly 01.0,*1:' ( p re t ence) of bis commotion, only to withstand s trangers (i ., e . the Spall1 /3,ros), a.ooto advance tlberty.ll . th B. The c~:ruse why Wya. t t made not Re ligion the outward pretence of bis Rebe lH.on, 20

120

2~ Pollard, A. F\ tudor'1,'r,aot;s,,,1532 ... 1588~ p . 209

',file issue in tl'lese rebe lliO'ns \'1as malnly politieal

and therefore must be pG.ulsed by quickly ,

PARDONS AND EXE~U\fIONS

But Mary~s tJ'111 was manifest here alsO'. She was deter­

mined even before the end of the lnsuX'X'EH~tion, tha.t justice

must be done , e s.pecially to Winoheste r and Wyatt , the leader"s

of the insurreotion.

21

fiRer MQijesty 1ndloate s tb.e COUP$e. ahe intends the law to t ake = ' Mercy to mean of t enders we 111 extend.; Not unto s 'UI. ch tha. t &area usurp Our Or()'wn., f But a ctuallY the!'e ianothlng to prove tha t she thus ear1l made up her mind they shou l d not 1:1,ve . I 21

Toni s'on. Iii , M .• .9E,_ clt ., V01." 1 " P . 29 ,.

The Dudl eys; inc·l.ud1ng Lady Je.ne Gr ey" who had been in

. t he Tower sinoe 11.e1" acees~ion, wer e beheaded within the TOW'6r

on Febr:uary 8 , 1554.. Among the insurgents t he gr ea t er number

was p-ardoned, a.bout fifty deserlers were 1l1lngtiHl" and in Kent.

onl y s1x.suffered,t' There were Six \.,ho were broU€,,ht to -the

121

bar and l'our ... -the Duke of S\,lffolk, Sir Thomas Wyatt, 'l'homas

Grey, and William ThQJllQs ..... vHH·El executed. 'Fha Spanish am­

bassador, R~maudJ agitated for the death of' Elizabeth, but

no one could convlnee Mary tba.tEl1 za.bathahould be put to

death. The e xecutions a.fter this rebe llion hElve been the

cause of charging MJ.u "y w1th unnec6ssa:ry cruelty; but they

reveal a motive of poll tical justice ~ An orderl y government

,could not tolere.tesucl1 risings .

THE ~~RRIAGE OF 'FW~ Q~~EN

NOW tha t Mary had successfully quelled the rebellion of

Wyatt" and that with the support of he r Council .. t hero Vias

little difficulty tor het' i n concludi n.g tn6 Spanish lnarriage .

The new parliame nt approved tho mar.:r1 age which took p l a ce"

Jul y 25, 1554 .

'l'heart1eles of nl!lr':da.ge hLld been d rawn up by Gardiner ,

The ul."ad1 tiona of Englf.wd were therein p rOVided f :or' ,

'22

tiThe administ ration of the kingdom was to be wholly in the queen,no tor ... eigner shoul d hold any Office in the realm, and no ohange should. be made in the English laws., eu.ato_ms; ~nd privi leges4j II 22

Guggenberger, A. 0l2. .~ 01 t . Vol . I I • • p , :310 .

lmU!U ON WI TR ROr.1;E

'l'he nex.t import'ant a ecompl.ishment of the QUeen was the

reunion with Rome .. There were a rrumber Qfsteps in this

process. liiary had now de termined t o l oso no time in restor-

i l1g tb.e :religion. in Engl and to that condition i t had at the

tUne of her birth. Her fi.l"st parliament had offered no

122

resistanoe t o the reatoretlon of. the old form of roligion;

the second had Qt)proved h!l'r l1larriage , but\7hen a.slted to

ronew tho ata tuto:) against heresy €Uld tho Si.x ArticlGs . it

t ailed to pas s the legislation: the third parliamont was

destined to bring England back to union \11 tll Rome . But

before the third parliament was sur~oned, Mrt~! instructed

" t he r~rturnillg otfice,rs to ndmol'liah the e lootors ot tbo

Co.tholie aort t Tlle warning appl3.rontly had etreet, .for this

parliament proved more amenablo . ff 23 ~----,~----- , -- - ---, -,-~-- ---~- .- -~------~ .. ------ .

Lunt, W. 1};' Ql!. . ctt .• , p . 364.

In the third parliS1llont there were two groups ot men who

would pNsent serious difticultioa·- .. ,thoso who \yaro oPf)osed to

t he Roman Pontlf!' and those who objeoted boenuae of' personal

interest ., From the :first thero was no·t much to fen~ as they

wore an apostat e group, not grent in nmn'beX' nOr deep 1n eon-

vi etion, but ready to Ileeepta.l:most any fo thtlt auited thei

convenienoe . The second group oampri$od a l arger number--in

t act, nJ,mQst nll the wealtby olass who had profited so

rentl;, by the oonfisoation of church property 1nthe pro­

oeding reigns .. , Gardiner foresaw the trouble and proourod

from the pope a promise that On the .r eturn of Ellgla.nd t o th

Church of Rome . the old propert y or t he monastevies , olumt rles,

shrines,. and. ohurches t'lou,ld be left 1n the hands of the

present possessors . An offioial bill

effect

s drawn up to tbn t

24

It empowa ztl:ng the legr-l to to gl va , nlieno to.. Qnd transfer to the persant posses(!!ors Qll property, moveable or tmmoveable ~ ~lllch bad 'been torn from tbe churoh dur-

123

ing the reigns of H.enry VIII and Edward VI ,. lI24

,--_.---------......... Lil'1{!&I'd, John and Balloe" 1I11ail'(h ,22- cit . Vol. V., }h 44g...450 . -

, .. ~------~~~~~~~~--~--~~ In tho meantime Cardinal Pole :N)turned. to Enp.land as

Pnpel Legato . ~he pa;r>lillIl'lent shortly be:fore had passed a

'b1ll repealing the attainder against pole " n he met

parli.ament he urged that bo.dy to uphold 0.11 measures that

Vlould repeal the sepllrs,t l on from Rome and he a ssured thom

that he woul d hasten tue union of the Chureh of Engl and wItb

the Church of' Rol?"~ . Tho next morning tho two houses delib­

erated and. passed the Act of Union, Novemb-er 29jf 1554.

25

"'l'he motion for the reunion wa.s carried almost by f.\ cc).'0lIlQ,t1olh, In t he LOrds every ~o1ee was raised in ita f avour; in the COl'ml'lOnS , out of three hundred mem.oors , two only demurred, and these desistod from thoir oppoal t16n the next day . It 1139 de­terminod to present f.l potition in the nru».o of both houses to the king a.nd queen,. sta ting thtllt they look baok wi tll Gt)rrow and regret on the dofeetton of t..he l"Onlm from thecommU111on of the Apos.to110 See1 that tho¥ ttera ready to repoal , as tnr e.S in them lay, ove!"! sta tute whi ob bad 131 ther ooused Or supported. that defeot1onJ and that they hoped. through the media.tion of their majesties, to be absolved from all ecclesiastical censures . and.t.o be received into the bosom o,t the universal ehul'ch. tI 25

~.; P. 452. ~ __ ~ .. ~~ ____ ~ __ ~~ __ ~~ ____ ~ __ ~ __ ~~~~ __________ ~ __ ~ ... ~~ __ ~_~; ______ - I ~.

The following day Oa.rdinal Pole o.bsol.ved the nation from

a~l heresy, SChism, and f'rom censures; Judgments., and

124

penalties inour;rosd. Fpom. the taot that tH3,1"11mneut received

this nbsol.u t1onon its Itnees , it 13 frequently spoken ot as

the tlKDee11ng Parliament" It

On the wbole th0 :peo~le wel~om~~d tb$ return of Hngland

to the Church . They aoalQi:l'l!£ld this by delttOtlstrfiltions of

rejoicing. Cardinal pole favorably guided tho (,htholle 11£e

in Eng,l and . He ul."god the clorg;y not to norse-cute the Prot ...

. satanta, but be renewed. in t1101.1' own spirits, The oon'llooati",n

of 1555 enacted de0~e0a similar to tl1oao ot the aounoil of

Trent .

Mary ' 0 gre8:t PU1"POSO 1:0 1U'0 had beenaocompllsood.

lier Tud.or w111 would not let hor rest secure until she had

submitted to tho Church of Rome , Like hert's.tnar. ahe bad an

Obstina te determination to (~>6t bel" Gmlj which spurred b.el~ on.

but u.nlike ,him, she con(!ult(~d helP oounoil or advisors , aaqui1"od

tho nOCEU'Hlary 1nf'orl.l'lat1on, tlnd aeted more On tho principle ot

x-!g.h.t than Qf exped1eneY,a She was convinoed tha t bOl" l>;t'>1n­

'o1p1os \"IGre oOi'l"aet l1nd tunt it was her duty to see tbem

oarried out "

ATTITUDE TOWARD HERESY

The next stop in Mul'1T 's prog:vam, whioh s.he oona1dered

her Gonse1entioul'l duty tn splte otevery protest to the

oontl'ary, was to root out heNsy f'rolll tbe oountry" and to

b:rinp! baek the old laws against heresy--not only QS they

were tlt tho time of the death of hel;" father , bu.t o.l,ao as

they vIera a t the time ot the r.,c,ll~rdo in thef1fteenth

oentulrlY.. There fJaS really notll1ng new about 0).1 this

125

procedure , nor about the penalties . It was simply a rever­

sion to the days when there was a. defini t e line dralJll betweEm ,

heresy and orthodoxy' . But conditions had in the meantime

changed considere.bly. Here sy had been the sta te religion

for six years , th.e Church of gngl a nd htl.d been independent

of the Pope for thirty years , and now Mary "vas to resort to

forceful mea.ns to cause a I'etu:r'n to the conditions before

Henry I s schism,. Mary ha.d alvl8.Ys been a devout Ca tholic and

perhaps did not realize the i mmonse change that had taken

place in the minds of' the people . Her leniency in t he be­

ginning of her r eign brought her wide support , but now she

was determined to stamp out heresy aecordin~ to the severer

methods of medieval ages . That she was \vise in her me thods

1s questionable . It is cer t ain that she did not succeed in

stamping out heresy by these methods , nor did she bring

upon herself 'tiL gl~ea.t amount Qf .hl1pp1nea~1 .

RI~SPONSIBILI'l'Y FOR PERSECUTION

\Vhere does t he responsibility Of this persecution for

heresy lie? It 1s hardly possibl e that the Spaniards incited

persecut ion . They knew t hat to incite the persecution would

by no means pacify the people of the country . .And they were

bent on paci ficat ion. The lay noblli t y surely <.lid Iiot urge

tho suppression of heresy; as generally they were ready to

accopt whate,ver form of religion was used in the country.

No polltica l motive for this persecution can be dis covered .

There was no one section of the country t hat desired the

burnings of here t ics . Mos t eertpinly the outstanding r eason

126

that tI18.kes these burnings intelligible is the Queen herself

who felt a. moral duty to ato.rttp out heresy . HoI' conscience

urged her to a ot .

'l'he method applied in stamping out heresy by burning was

not new. It had been used in both of the proceding reigns .

Thore can hardly be ony doubt but that Mary and her advisers

were tbe chief instigators in adopting this for.m of punish­

ment . Innes thinks that pole, whose personal influence over

Mary was very great from the time tha t he CDme to England,

must share mol'S than Gardiner with Mary in the ultimate

responsibili ty . 26

26 Innes, Arthur D. .2.l2.- 01 t • . , p •. 230 ,

We cannot neglect the fact tha t Mary -s parliament shares

some of the responsibility . But what was tho charuoter of

Mary ' s parl iament? The members of that body did not , fi acord­

ing to our modern view of representa tion, really represent

the nation" Many of them Vle r e chosen by undue pressure under

the direction of Mary ' s sgents ~ who \Ii'ere instructed to .£'111

the Rouse wi th men who were of the s Srile opinions as the Queen.

AS a resul t , the ptlrllwnent was pli able and natura lly wi lling

to endorse the de SireS of the sovere1~n and the men in power .

The members hardly .t'oresaw the extent to whi ch this legisla­

tion would be cerrled, nor real ized c.ompletely the gravi t y of

.its appli cation.

127

RESISTAliCE TO THE LAWS AGAINST HBRESY

AS soon as the laws against hcI'osy werel"evived, the

reformed preachers natul'a lly were alarmed . They orfl.:e.nised .,

their eonfession of faith and presented a petition to the

king and queen, and to the Lords and Oommons of Parlisment.

One of the preachers, ROSS, Was vert zealous in the cause

of Protestantism. He collected a congregation at which he

administered communion and prayed that Qed would convert

the 'queen or call her out of the world. This was reported,

ROSS" and his. followers Vlare imprisoned, and it was made £I.

treason to prl3!y for, or to have p.rnyed for the death of the

queen sinee the opening of the session of parliament . It

Vias " however , provided that those whO would &clroowledge

their sorrow for having prayed for the death of the queen

end would promise runendraent, would be set at liberty. . ,

EXECUTIONS FOR HERESY

with the beginning of the year 1555t;he persecu tion

began in earnest. Gardiner pr esided at the hearings . Six

prisoners were brought before him . One pretended to reoant

and another asked for time , The other four, Hooper, Rogers,

Saunders, and Ta.ylo'I' said that they could not in conscience

oonfOrnl" They were given twenty .. .four hours more to consider

and then upOn refusal they were excommuh1cated . Rotl:-el"s was

the first tr1etim- .. he \'Iho i n the previous reign hDd pleaded

.for the burning of Jean Bocher. He Was burned at Smithfield;

Saunders was burned a t the stake nt Ooventry.. John Foxo

lauds his constancy and compares him to s t .. Laurence .

II And thus haV'e ye the full his.tory of Laureno6 Saunders, vthom I may well oompare to St ..Lai.vrenoe, or any other ejf the old .martyrs of Christ "5 ohurch; both for 'the fervent zeal of the truth and gospel of Obrist* and the most for the cruel torments that he , in his pa­tient bOdy, di d sustain in the flame o·f .fire . For so cruel hisenemles bandIed him, that they burned him with gI'een wood,., and the smothering, 1'8 the!' than burning .fuel, whieh put bim too much pain, but the grace and most plentiful consolation o.fOhrist, who never fOr>­saketh his servants, and gave strengtb to s t . L/ii\V!lEH'1Ce, gave also patienoe to this LaUrence, aboye .all that his tor­ments could work again.st, which well appeaped by his quiet ata.nding, and sweet sl.eeping in the tire , .as above declared. " 27

§.rl ---

128

f!oxe, John,: rrll~ Act,s'¥l..£ }i!ol'l'l,iments !!:! John Foxe" Vol . VI., P . ~., ·· .

BiShop Hooper was carr ied to Gloucester-· ... one of his

two Sees that, he };net I!Itrippcd of wealth in order to anl-ieb

the Crown., 'l'€rylol' was burned at Hadley . All displayed an

equal constane:y . They soorned to purohase life by feigning

toasorlbe to doctrines in whieh they d.td not belielle . They

were the proto-o,martyrs 01' the refoI'lr'.ed ehurch .

Latimer and Ridley, two o.;t' the lea.ders in the insurrec­

tion of Wyatt, we,re priests . They-had been ordered to confer

on controverted topies, refused to renounce their opiniOns ,

were degra.ded from the priesthood;J and h !1mded oVt<)r to the

seCUlar pcrwer , They were condemned to be burned a.nd suffered

\"lith ,greatconstano1T.

Ct'anmer would naturally have t'l cc01l1panied LatimerQrui

Ridley to thestske, but as he .had b een COIlSeCl"ated a bishop

129

it was thought proper to get th~ permission from the Pope

to perform the act . T~ia authorization came :1n 1556 and.

Oranme!" wa s a. ocordin~ly burned at the stake . He had reoanted

six. times in the hope of being pardoll~d and not from Qonv1c~

t1.on. When be saw that his recanting would not help tUm,

he recl3Jlted his rec~mts tion . lie plaoed his 1'1ghthand in

the (lames and hel d it there steadily saying thf:lt as ;1 thad

offended it should be the fi rst -to be burnt .

PROOEDURE IN PtfNISHING ll'OH HEREilY

In the treatment of' these heretic,s, and. as \'te l l as those

Vlho f ,011owed them wei find t hat the method was fi r st to reform

them by admon1a,hing them, then, if obstinate to send them to

the ordinary to instruct them and give them the right 000-

trines, a.nd only then to prcceedaccor'diug to the l aw , There

'Was SOme difficulty with the prel ates, eapeciall-y Bonner, in

carr'yiXlg out these instructions . They were averse t ,c follow ...

ing such orders and at til!1eS refused to receive such prisoners

that were sent to them,

l't '1'h1a 'reluctance of' the p r e le.tes was t'6tnarked by the lOl'd treasurer, the mar­quess of Winchester , who complained to the oounoil, l;OO prooured ~l reprimand to be sent to Bonner. ate,ting that the Idng and queen l'fI.arvelled at bis \'/ant of zeal and dil1gen¢e" and requiring 1tim to pro­ceed a ocording to l aw., for the adVance­ment of God's glor-i, a.nd the better preserva tion of the peace of the real.ni. 'rhe prelates no longe r besitated. a.nd of th. prisoners sent before t hem by the magis tra t es,; many recanted" but :many 9,1so refused to listen t o their exhortations., and defied their -s.uthor1ty ., C: onvietiott followed conviotion; and. the f'~ te of one vietim ~erved only to eneoure.ge ,others to imitate his. cons.tancy . To describe

the ,sUfferings of enoh 1na1v1chlt:tl v10uld fA.t1gue tile pat1E:t;n()e" ~.nd tort'U;l:*o the teelinf,);s Of tho l"oe.der,. n 28

130

2S . i!! .. J -t! ~ ~~ I. • ~-'''''-''''-~~~.,".--~,--''

L1ngo.rd, John and BollQc, Hila.ire ,,,, p. 470- 471.

Em_eS;.tl/' Vol. V.,

tiir\Iri( .. ~ r . !iI' ''''' ... _........... ., -~~.-~ .. -.-~.~--.-... ~~

we must nQtstoQ that in those &xeoutiona there wGt>O

very fet'!! ot the highn' cla.ss of J:)Gople and .man,. fl'om the

lower group . fhe fluthor1t1oa had hoped that by subjecting

,1..\ few to the flrunea. thero would bema.ny v/ho would bo con ..

verted to the t .rue Ch~ch and l"Oellnt their errorg " The

per,secut1Qt:l" however, htld tlro oppositeefteQt. 'rhose who

su£t'erod so brl1V()ly gave ne~J coura.ge to their fellowo and

man,. nl0;re ~eM willing to die '.

Shor-tly atter Cranmett's death pele became nrchbishop ot'

C~terbut"y ," Under him the per.seout1on c.ontlnu.ed.. In a.ll

:1. t lasted tour years ~nd in tllat t1l:no th01'6 \Vel~eWI7 put to

death tGl' heresy" Moat of these 'e'lere fromthoeaatern nnd

southeastern pn~ta. of ttnglandwhere FrotEHJtant:!em was, mQst;

widely nprea.d . The number Of viot.1ms in these parts also

bad the eft.oct of increasing thc numbers, of protestants

rntber than ot ttim1niahing them!!> Sex nor agEt had n.nl influ­

enOe on thejudgee. but vie fi!l!'l ttw.t ae a whole the la~en

ot stat,ion, most gEtne.rallyaonforlned. tt 'waS found. too t.oot

there could bemo;re fear inst illed by putting to death l .A.rger

munbers at ona t1m<h

'l'he persecut.ion o¢n tinuGd up to· the de~th of M.~I7~ but

lw~ys w1th tibe consent of the ooune11." 50lneti1l19$ mt,l der

counc11o preva.11ed IUld all 'thf) pr1soners 'were disehol'god on

131

taking an o.a th to be true to God and to the Queen,. Ganer­

ally, howavel~" intolol."ance h~,ld SW8.Yoi

AS regards the ~lle thoo. of execution, we find tha.t the

reformed writers stress the f act of tTbul'niugs ll as it that

were so very muc:l). more terrible than hanging, followed by

euttlng the rope ,,{hile tbe victim was consclous,opening

the body, and dra.wl ng out ttle heart and entrails while -the

v1.otim was still oonsciou$ . 1:rl the burnings many efforts

were made to hasten the delltb.. Very frequently the flame·s

were s tarted, and gunpowder \'7as expl oded i n order to les sen

the su.t'fel"ings by hastening the death,

MOTIVES OF MARY

Th.raugh1t sr.11 we find the.t Mary was determined and

eame$t, Il'lways intent on follOwing the dictates of her

o011science . She mu~t bAve realized that ahe was winning

unpopularity" but still she perSisted in her policy,- which

was no longersanCitloned by popular opinion.. ~ue, Cranmer

and Ridl.ey had acted in Ii sirn11al'manner and Md instilled

simlaI' prinoipl(:is in the mind ot the young King EdwBl'd,

when they we're making England Protestant . Lingard quotes

their a,dv:i.¢e to Edward;

flThat" as MOSes ordered blaspheme,r9 to 'be put to dee. th. so it \19 8 the au ty of a Christian prinee#, and more so of one who bore the ti tIe of Defender of tbe Faith, to era.dica te t he eoeklefr.ol11 the field o·f God t e ohurch,; to aut out the gangrene that it m1gb.t not Spread t o the sounder parts . " 29

29 --.-. Ibid., p . 487.

132

lflle mo ti va give n was dlf.fe r ®n t • Under Edwa.rd :1 twas

treason to the SuprellJ.e Head of the Ev..glleh ,Ch\l,rch. Under

Mary hel' methods were CI':i. t1c1sed as stopping freedom of'

cons'cienee ., Tb1s is a. ,subterfuge, but it add:ed to M.t1lty t s

growing opposition. All in aliI VlO can seG that Me.:l"Y 's a:tm

..... and to'!' her it WaB &eonseil$nt1ou$ duty-... was to' stt'EJngthen

the Catholic Cause by punishing for herosy and thHt in aU

age VJhen the medieval spirit was departing and when it would

have been w1.ser to use the mellns 16 ,ss intolerant, But for

Mary ''Ie see th$t her intense conviction WaS that she cotlld

not be too s~v'ere in infliOting tllo punishment so that

soul a might b~ s aved ,

UNPOPULARI TY OF ll:f£R METliOns

Her me t hods eoul d not resch the tens- of thouaands l.'/ho

bad already imbibed the doctrines or tbe reformed :religion~

A :few hundred vi ctims were mere'ly a handful.;, and produced the

effect of bringing more to the beraticnl doctrines . H~1d: Mary

mude treas'on t he issue rather tha'n heresy sbe would perhaps

not have been $0 reviled,.. Persecution fot' religious opinionS'

hereafter wo·uld. have to be e. poll tical issue r .u'ther ths,n 11

religious one ,. Arthur:l;) . Innes gives 9. 'l'tlther unbias.ed op.in­

ion of thesituatlon which made Mary fs, persecution unpopul.ar

in tbe following quotation ~

"Religious opinions as s!l,leh might be penalized by ,t1,nes ,. imp risonment, the boot or the thwnbscI'ew , t he i mpos i tion of d i sabilities; still the ultimate' peh'lllty had to be associated at least with the idea of trea son. !n Maz>y ' stim&. heresy assuoh waS the pla:in issue, The s t llltus of all but some M.lfdozen of the early

cler-leal victims precludes any other view; and the first movement agains t the heretics in ,January 1555 waS con­tempor aneous wi t h an amnesty for the surviving prisoners of the lfyn t t r e­be llion. 1~e i mmediate practica l effect was that every mart yrdom brought f're.sh adh erents to p rote ·sta ntism, and intensified ~rotesta.nt sentiment while extending the conviction t hat perse cution was part and parcel of the noman creed . 'l'hatany of those responsi ble , from Mar y down, took an unholy joy in the 3uf'fer1ngs of the victims, appesl's t o be a libel wholly wi t hout foundat i on; tor t he most part t hey hones tly believed t hemselves to be app l y i ng the only remedy left tor t he removs l of n mort al disease trom the body politi o; Bonner, perhaps the bes.t abused of the whole group" con­stantly went out of' his way to give the accused opportunit1es of r e canting a nd race! '\ling pardon.~ The f uno.ru'.1(;}ntll l f act which must not be forgotten in j udging the authors of tlla persecu tlon 1e, ·chD.t the gener al horror of death as the pen­alty for tl f alse opinion was not ante­cedent to but consequent upon it . rJhat they did ,'laS on nn unprecedented ectl le in Engl and b e cause heresy existed on an unprecedented s eale; 0.00 the res ult waS tha t t he ge neral cons eience wa s, El\YB1!ened t o the f'a1se ness of the principle . !I 30

3(J --- --~---- --- .

I nnes, Arthur D.. .$l, Cit . , p . 231- 232 .

MARY ' S CONSTRUCT:rV'.l~ ACTIVI TY

133

i th all t .he efforts to uproot heresy 1 Mary did not

neglect 0011:8 tructlV'e work during her short reign . She

brought b ack into Engl nnd the true Oatholic 11£e, f or whi ch

many of the olde r people had longed since the daysot Henry

VIII . It 1s true , the younger generation did no t know much

of the s cM.ve Gatholic spirt tof the eat'l y deys of Henry VIII;

yet there 'I.'1HS Q l a r ge percentage who s till clung to the

134

anoient dootrine and practice . This was their r:lghtful

heritage . Ma.ry' s will dominated in bringing back l~uoh that

had been lost;, and hnd she lived t wenty years l ongeI' there

is no question but that Catholi cism would have triumphed .

ary did not understand he r peopl e and thoir national feel­

ings . She rever t ed to the Pilst in her' methods . She we,a

mediova l while the WOl~ld had ps.saed into the modern era ,

But we know t hat Mary was sincere in what she did .

31

flFor Mary did W!w.t she oould to build up again the l"ellg1ous lire 1n Engl and" not only by inv1 ting the re­turn of monks , fri ars , nnd nuns ; but also by re-end,ovling the restored oom­munities with Cl"''Own l ands , annexed trom t he Ohurch.. The exrunpl e did not eommond it&elf to l andlords not al ways in pOssessi<1n of a good t itle to their property . The new landl ords were wi ll­ing enough for the most part t Gl support the oldre11gion , sinGe t.he queen, her eOlll'lcil, and parliament so Ordered 1 t· they had flO obj ecti on to monaateries , priories, andcoments--prov1ded pres­ent owners were not to be disturbed . But there was always da.nger of sucb disturbance when a Catholic sovere! desired eccl,eslastical property to be restored to the Churcb_

"Jll11ry 'l'udor did what she cou l d to bring back religion to Engl and,; it was the purpose tha.t ruled her life . The abbey A.t We stminster once more had i ·ts Benedictine monks ; a t the old priory of St ., Bartholomew, i n Smithfield , the Dominican fri ars were granted 8! tempo­r ary home . Br1dgittine nuns returned to their forme;t:· eonv,ent at !lyon House , Isleworth;- Ca rtbusianmonl<s to their charterhousea t Riohlnond--t;he house of Jesus of Bethlehem at $heen.~ tr 31

Clayton, JOseph.. The Protestant Reforma tion 1n Great Bri tain, P it 125 , - -

~35

t t'OlU tl.'us el1ttrae-l'at1on we ,seQ tll@ POW(1l" bE~h:in(i bor

domina~lt, vdll,. We Q·ft-s)l t ail 'to flPPltocla'te the f aet tho.t

Mary ill thEi short pSl'iod of five yeere a coOl'.lp11shed !.is

much QSSM d1.d \~i th all tho ,a ppeal tiO£'1 tht'l.tO abo onooun'"

ter0d.. I t Vias th.c vtill of M~l'Y pel->sia t entl;t spl1etidi11g ·t.h~

feH .. l' of pcnulty t hat kept m1l1'~]I' £1 onp frw lapsing into

X'ott)- s'tl;o.lltism.. A Spo.n1eh SttJ. tt) l?ap€JX'" dated 11,O',,(Hllbel" 81"

1.1)581 I,OOOOll, p.¢int~$ to thi.s in referring to iial'Y'S dea.th.

'l'bo (jount Pe T'er1a to King PI'lilip ; tllnc100d the Mtlol'l s().Qn seO$ \VMt good OlU'ist:ian shr.i fiaS ~ fOI' slnoe ib was known that she was dying tr~y hnvc bogun to tl'f:Hlt the ilAagoa and r e l ig1m.1n porgone d1eroapeotfulljf!! ft 32

32 ~~---.. -.. ( !TJ . ........... --. $ ;,kti _ii!l+;o!IJ

Mumby, Fl'a.nk A. q:h',U'.I.C?OO, 2.t £iu~,~ R4.i~$.~et4; p.249 .. """"""'*'~~~-..,... ,. . -.-...-,~""..-,,-- ... ~~---... ~ ~~~~~,~.~~.~~~~ ..

mm F Al tOOI£S

,tfter' Q I'e1gnof five "$'Otll"S J!:aryd.1ed.l Novembol? 14,

1658 bea.r111g with .hel" the odium of tho Spanish mBrr1~,Hte

'Ilhieh I.a;ddene¢i. her beoause of th~ abs.enee and neglect of

Philip. M~reov®>r sb~ waf;!' b!'olren by the PQ11.t1eal reverses

in her .relat1ol'l$ wi tll If'r:G.noe whieh causadibhe 1o", of Cala1s;

tp"1ovea. at )?()pe '$?o.u). ' s w1thdrQ,wal of the lega t ine powors for

O'ardi:nal pOle. and un.BtrU:ng by tho tnl1u:ro, of the religious

peraecut1on ~ Her Gonvi¢t1ous W'e<~ s1:a'onlj, hel' methoda terr ibl e;

but her lite b,nd 'beense.ddened fr'om bel" ve17 1313.1-11 ji'tlara, and

pi ty HI' evoked for her even by suoh l\ highly pl"ejudiood tluthor

as Gulzo·t . Spe&ld.~of ;Ma1.7 a nd Of' Cardinal pole Who died

'!Jfi thin e. few days ot the QU6<U:l. Gu1zQt Says l

rlThe two pillars of tho CathOlic , Church in England f ·ell at the srune time, Pole had hoped to 111SU:rO trilimph of his eauee by gentleness and just;1.·ce, Mary had supported it by steel and fire . Both wereeque.l1y sincel"e and conacit;}ntiou8 , Mary was of fa religious m1.nd , her ehQrao­ter:; n~tturally stern and dstet'i.'ldl1ed;;had been embittered by injustice a.nd suffering; but she \'I~l~l upright r3.nd honest ., avo1d1rlg the subterfuges and deceits whieh Queen FJlizabeth too of ton practiced .. .... ... ..

"The memory of these g ood t,1l,l9.;l1 ties and lfiisfortunes placed in the presenCe of '11 supreme f ault: a tOl'rlhle 3t~ in ;rexnains imprinted upon the broVl of th.e unf'ortune. te queon 'by her f ano:ticislt! I1 Ud. her Gons nien ... tious cruelty" She persecuted plo'l,ts.ly, s·pe burnt Sincerely; her $.cts j ' nlorethan her ¢har~eter, merit the od1ousne.me \lJh1Ch history hus given her" on examining her life closelY', onais tempted to pity ' Bloody Mary* . lf 33

33 . , , ,~-

Graig; Ass II.. Christian persec'Utlolle, P . 2'79 , r

STFJU~GTH OF I-mR CONVICT-IONS

136

HolinSbed in his Chronicl es sees in all t he reverses of

Mar y 'S reign a man1 festa t:1 on ot God's wrath. ReQent research

has generall;r planed a more correct tlnd at the sruno M.1110 a

more cllaritnole int{'lt1'retatlon on the events of' her J;'eign .

She was thoroughl y convinced en the question ,of' her religion.

She was hor.est.1y sincere in its practi ce and. it Wf:i S her

det~L~ttina~tion to have every person in her kingdom practice

'that religion.. Her wtll dOminated her aots , but it w:as 11

w111 g'Uided by right and oonse:t~nceas she saw i t . The:t~) was

not the duplle1 ty tha·twe find in Elizabeth" s chara.oter!, :aut

the tlmf$~ W6!'e out of ;101nt, S}:xe reV'~rt..ed to rnedlovaJ. methods

ot strunping out. heresy . 'lhese methods were t akei,l runlss by her

13Jf

su.b jeots, and ever oince they have been marked with the

odium of ¢'I'1lelty~ How6vel"l: we do find pc.apl e who IlIipreel-

ated hEn' Sincerity and ila!' a."btaomnent t o her fa:t th~ &1 though

they were net i ll sympathy with tl':!:atfaith . The fol ).:ow;l.ng

quotation i lluGtra t (l:S' t...~:ta poInt.

54

t i IIf we count he!' :t1el1{''!iion a. de:fonnlty, t Yl1'ote the .:P:potestant :5 1'(1 R1chardBeket lo,o}r .... ing b ack tI'0l11 the .t):(iJxt eentIUry, ':ret !tel? OO~l$t3.noy and devotiQn in it we l!Illst needs oOUl'lt a be9.ut'Y~ t n 34:,

Ten1son, B. :ttl. OPt pit . '\TOl ,. I u P . 12S" . .--~-- .. ~ .. -- ~ .~---.----~------'-~.~.-'--' --~-----"",,~"""'~---'

~ H ~ &i tr.1 ~ "" tl2

e.G

0 t>1

l:%

S

~ :::- 'T

J &;

t-3

t:j

El3

:::r

let

~

8 0 "\1

f}g l:: Q

H

0 ~

139

HER PRECARIOUS POSITION

Queen Ma ry had hardly 8ltp1x'ed aru.l 111l1.sQbeth \1O:S pJ'iQ..

claimed bel' SUIM}OSsor. El llzn'bothI: a posl tlon, however, was

recarlouo at the time . flex' advlae1"s and cou,!c11 claimed

tbaro was no Question ~bout the l$gallty of tho situation.

By the statute of the 35 Henry VI!I .. () 1.

1

flpe.rllru:nent had grl1nted the disposal of the Orown to the Klng.rlllo in pUll'''' Iluance of this Act arra:nged tor the suocession of Mary and Elizabeth to the throne, failIng lawful heil's el-ther to h.1mselt 01' his son Edwlu"d ft! 1

Blrt 'l Ron~ Norbert.. ~e Wlignbtlt han Settl ement, p _ 2.

11S~o:ao

Ir hQI'O Was anEHl'rU.tH> statute ( 28 H<3nry VIII) that had

not been repealed.

ftTecbni cally Elizabeth" s position was somo'l.'lbAt dubious . By the succession statute (38 Henry VIII) she wns the l.a,'1ful lnheri t orot the cremn a.fter MtU'y; but an earlier sta tute (20 Henry VIII ) had deolared h er tpre ... closed. exclude4. and barred to tho cla1m' , and th1a stetute waa st111 unrepealed." 2

B-~--' --- -- ---------------,--._------BlaeIt, J .. B. The lle1lY1;of811zabeth, 1;556-1605, P . 15.

o • _. • •

Lingar d says that

'Though the I;l t stute of Henry VIII. ~J Whioh Ellza'/:)otb had been p,ronounoed illegitimate was still in .foroe , she '\'laS made in her proolGJ.Q,at1on '010 t ho people to style herself tthe only right h&yre :tn bludde,, ' and in bel" Ie ttet'6 to for-eign 1,r1.nO<:)3 to attri u t e bel" succession to her right ot 1nher1 tonOG, nnd the consent of the nat1on. u S

,3

140

LingSl,)d, John and Bolloc., Hl1all"'e . ~"he nll:\~oIil 9! England ., Vol. VI ~ P ~ 4- .

__ - _____________ ... ),_~---- - - , I .. ·,'..".--~ ,-""-~~--...-.....~

It had been n medieval principle t-11n.t no 111eg1timate

per ,sonsboul d o ccupy €l throne . MUr>1 TUdor bad met this

diff Iculty by ho.vlng pa.rliament p,tts o an a.ot declaring bel''''

$01t ,1.eg1.t:1.mate" Wi tb Elizabeth 1 t l'<'!ma.ined n moot question,

but it tIns deoided to \1a1vQthe earlier atttt;ut0 ( 28 ltO'l1J:11' VIII )

and tlC't aocording to the latcl'one (351Ieltt"Y\fTII ). Rer will

,to rule England was eVident !'rom. tho start. In Wl'i tins to

Pb1lip II. her 'brother. l n...1Q,\V f't'ol1l I{Qtt1el.d 800 1lU;'ol"med him

that

t

tf ' by the s ingul a.r mercy of G'od, and by the ,conse·nt and appxoovtll or 0.11 . rnnks f

and to the entire joy of her subj ec t s; t hat , the Idngdom e.nd dominion of Engl an.d had Qevol"ed on her. a s being the un .. doubted and most legitimata sole heiross by hl.~eat right Qf her moat dear lather 01.' happy memory. BenryVlll .. f l~oreover, i~rl t1~ to t he Engl ! ab OOl'Ai'll1asionera tl'eatlng with t he Fre neh for penes at Ce.teau Orunbres1a ,~ to a.nnOl.mea her s.eees-, s,i on and. to ~new thei;ro pow~rs , Elianbeth used the e.xpressiom'Whereby, as ther~of 10 be not i gnQrant, the Orown of this RoaJ.rA 1s by natural. blood and l awful sue ... oeas:t.ofl desc81med unto us as to the only , rtght he1:r thereot . f tt "

B1rt., .Henry Nol'bert . 0l? ,e1t. •• P. 3 ~

1'be question .0.1' l eg1tilna07 was i gnored ill the political

. ettlement$ still l t conti nued to trouble, Elizabeth from othe,l'

sources tor 8 long time.. It vias t his t'o1"ntthat rea:Uy seGlnB

to have settled El izabeth i n ber deals10n regnrdl 'D6 the Change

141

in her religion. She \'Tantedt~Q be queen, she ~u,\s deter-

mined to hold her tl'l!'one,. but it would be hard for h.erto

lteep hOll throne and romain n Catholio. If' she retained tho

Quthortty of Rome over the Church of' Engl and, she would have

to acknowledge the deois1on of the pope regarding tbe me.r­

rlBge of her mother, Anne Boleyn, with het' father., Henry VIIIJ

and she \"1ould over have to bOllr the sting ai' 11J..egl t1macYli

This she could not do as shG had 11.01' mind set on ruling l :ng ...

land, and catholio trad1 t10n tmJ?red trom the throne an:! eh1ld

born to f.l king out of lawf ul wedlook . rro Elizabeth, then,

her I't")11g1ous changes nl6 t'nt much mo:re than freedom f.rom flUb­

mission to the Pope of Rome "

H()t'l6Ver, this sort of reasoIdng oould not stand tho

light of public op1nion. 'he neVi Queen hadpI'tlotioed Onthol-

io1smduring the r>e1gnof Mary w1thout- n mul'lml.l" . If now she

9s1gned a rOBson for her new trend 1n ro11310n baSad upon

rounds other than those of eonGoience_ it would maka hal'

attitude appoar hypocritical . Bence, as is evinced from can·

tempo'I'19.neous wri ting, she ohose to find 11 re11tr.ious moti va

foX' the ch.qnge .

tt At thase hntmY beginnings, her first and obiefoat care wns r0~estnb11ah the Pro-teatant Re11~1o:n: too which as n~Gb by tho instruetion Qnd knowledge that shee bad received thereof trom hal' infanoy .. as also by hoI' own particular judgement, she f1mly hold and. main~ tGinedto be Vt)ry true . and llioat eo~ formable to the holy Sc r'ip tut'e , and to the sinoerity oftha primitive ohu~eh, and so effectually resolving 1n her he~rt t o settle and re-establish the same.. too t ahe 1m,ployed to that purpo:)& some of hov Counoel.lol'a , be1np: the moet intimate . !} S .

142

5'. ----..-.... ~.--~ ' . -~ ...--.-- - .-~-,- · .. ·· ... . 41 4

aMidon. Wl11iatu. Anna los" p . 4 . , ---.- -

.-----~~, .. ~ .. ~--~~-~--~--~~----~~--~~--~ .. ~~~~--~~~--~~-- *~

HER ADVISERS

Elizabet h vas Vf3'rY d1s cr1m1n.'lting l n ehoa1ru.: hGr adviser4.

ler choice fl"Oi!1 the lr.ost ell."Periencod statcmoon in the

realm. wi th emphasis on t hose who had opposed Oe:tho11elty.

1l1imm oeCil. who had been secretary to If-dward VI ,. wasehosen

the ehiat advlaer. Eliza.beth ohose f or her oouncil aome 01'

the most dist1nguished of ftnry t s advisers and eight others

who had es-peeially helped hoI' end who were indebt ed to her

S0cretAry, William Oeol l. The oounoi l , therefore , waS greatly

<i1 '\Tided in l;mlnion , lrhe ol d members adhered to the ol d <N11-

ion, and t he new members. ~1er() all Pt"otest f.:mts . llatura l .l:y

the l'a \"1oul d be diffi oulties , but th6I'O o an i nner 01ro1e

domina ted by W111igm Cecil that woul d direot all affuirs ,

polit1cal and re11gious .

ELI~A8gTn ' S LACK OF RJil.LJ:GIOtia o OlNIOT! 01-,13

'I:'U 1 zabClt h ' s pod tioo 1n rasaX'd to Gtltablish1ng Il deft .. ,

nito form of religion was 1n$eoure.

"Her d.i s like f o;r Oo.t hQ11oiam mtA"Y have 00 en due to the OirCUI!lstanees of bel' blrth~ whioh the Ohurch oould never regard a.S leg1 t1nl9.t e , a lthough the in· j urious ot'.f'eots Qf th.e at161W1 eould hnve ooen canonicall y romoved. in ordar t .o ee ... cure hoI' suoooss1onto the tl'aIiol1e. It 18 oer t nlnly arguable that she was act u­ated by the Tudor pOl1 tica l theory v/h:l:eh rejected a l l 1dotl o f' Em independeZl.t eecl.o$iast1onl jUl·1sd1ot:lon \vltbin the o.osolut1st 000 omnipotont stat e . A not itllproboble motive tins the deplornble fln.a.nci 'a l 0 01;41 tion ot~ t he ki ngdOllh /I

143

s -, Rogors, .1. F. «The Eliznbethfan tDev1ce fol.~ tho Altera­tion of Religion til. Gamm.. Bede. 'rhe En~lioh Mo.rtZI'<J" p . 157 . - - -- - -

---------.---~------~------------~~-----~-~

AS rogf;l,rd:a E1.1za'betb t a actual :religious conviotions ahe

ll'1i rr.ht btlVe relll8.i ned tl Catholic es wol1 as beoomin~ a protes­

ttmt/J She really did not invor Calv1nism" The faot that ohe

made no formal announcement of her 800-0$ Bion to' the POPQ of

ROme shows that she inte~..ded to break wi th the Church. She

prei'el."red to 19n01'6 the Pope by not lnfoming him of bel:' 0.0-

ceaden. 111 h(:}t" dubious pos1 t10n she wanted to bo 1ndepend.ent

ot flny authOrity . She feared that if ahe submitted to pope

Paul IV She would have been in groate:r da.nger ot losing her

throne because of the very eh-aI'acter or the pope,? and also

Of' the maeh1nnt1ona of the French repl'esentt'l ti..ves Qt Rome \7M

wOUld fnvor lAlU"Y' Stuart' s accession to the throne of Engl.a.nd. 7- . ----~

flFully conscious of his own dignity, he regarded princes not a8 his sons but as his subjects ••• He told the embasoadors that the place of kings 'Was at the teet of' the pope, f'rom Whom thoY' should receive tholr laws a s his pupils . .. ,. The ut­tera,nces of his vOloanic na ture wore aG sudden as the erup­tions ot Vosuvius. U Pllotor. L. :RistOn! gf !he. popes, vol. xiv, ch. 111, P . 69-70. ...

FORMAL ANNOUNCEONT vn'I.'litlELD FROM THE !>O;Pl~

istorians , amona thom L1ngo.l'd and Canon Tierney, editor

of DOdd -s R1storz. have p~aeed the blame upon Pope Paul IV for

not recognizing the accession of the queen. ':rhoy

state that Carne Wtls ordered to noti fy tne P-ontU't' ot 1!:li3abeth's accession, but tha.t PQul IV, persuaded by the s t atements of the F'1."encbMlbassador, m td Np11ed'that ho wa.s unable tooompreband the hEn-ad1 tatty 'ri£!'llt

@f one who was not 'born in l a.wful wed­lOOI!; thnt the Queene:£' Sect.s claimed the Cl"Own as the noarest leg! t1mnte de­s cendant of Henry VII, but thnt i£ lizabeth were willing to submit the

oontroversy to his nrbitI' '') tlon. sbe should reoeive from. him every indul ... gence whiob ju.stice eould allow' (~. of En!, .. vi., p . 347) ~ It appeAl"s tbnt &ter. bot..li Lingard and Tierney llclmowlede;od tbta,t the.y h ad been r,rl,s1ed. (Or. Rtlmb1f)l,', Nov., 1861, PPtJ 124-9 ,, ) 8

144

§.. ". - -Birt, Henry Norbe1"t. ~. oit. , p . 10·11.

Later x>eeel1!'eh has changed th:1s opinion .

'bnssador to Rome, writes to the Oueen:

ir Cr.ume,. the. am-

9

" •••• the. t the f'l"ench h&rs ean obtain noth1..ng at h1s-U.ol inel3s J 11Orul$ against yOUr Majesty; and tlUl t h!s Holinees hath such respect to your Ma.jesty a nd to your realms, that he will at-tempt nothing aga lnS'e 'YOUl't roa lms , unless the occasion be g iven first thence. as I om credibly lntonnad . One of the Ca rdinale tha t is groatest with his Holiness showed me that he and -others , that be chief ,nth me Rol:tnsss , do mind to move his nolines s to send hie NunciO to your ;Majesty thither, but t oot the stay till your Majesty do send h1thol" t 1%Ost to his I:101 iness l whereof' 1 thought good to adve,rtlse your l'la jesty ..... ,. 9

Ibld., p ., 9 .

'I'he pope showod. that it waa his 1ntent10n to aeknowletlge

;;11ze.beth indue Qourse after having 'been offioially informed

of her aeeeaslon.

Ih.rhe Pope .showed thn t he wa a (anxiOUS to smooth over difficulties of a temporal nature J such a.s the alie nation of' ecele .. sle.et1eal pr-operty; IUld ,l in a dooument drnwn up to embody and attest bis

10

8StlUrMoeS" oX,prossed himself thus: "If eve~ the moat serene t.tueen shall be vri ll­ing to return to 1.'OO10n 'Uath the CburCh rmdtheOb0d1ence of this 80e , his Holi­ness p romises tha t be wi:U l'Goo!ve her Ttl t il fatherly affeotion nnd wi t h nIl the love that sho can des1X'th And a/3 for the above-mentioned difficulties , ho tl111 e.p. ply to them suCh remedies as the Queen ts sjosty and :Parliament e.nd the united will

of the entire re alm sboll judge :most fit

145

f or the G,t ab1l:1 by of tho tp~one snO. {aSSur­anoe of peace and quiet Qt'" the wh.ole people;

nd that h'l Qvery po.rt1cul1lr he will oon ... fl~a whatever shMll be judged just end pious' (Oath. Record ~~; Uisoallanes.., 15. j •

PP. 5-6)-;v-iO ..

Ibid,., 1'" 11., not",,. ~.---~--~---. .. ~~~--.. --~~~~~~--.. ----~~~,--~~------------~~----~~--~---,.- ~~

Elizabeth hnd d1scourteo'Uely withhel d the fomal announcement

of' her coronnt ion from Ithe Popo\vhen ou November 18,. 1558 sho

st!'Uek tho Pope ' s i"e from tho list of those who vcroto bo

offioia lly informed. The til t l1holding ot this formn11 t y showed

the Pope· f or the f irE.J t t 1n10 t h..'1 t she in to 00 ed, to bronk wl th

too Church.

ELIZABETH' S CAUTION

But ~ t was neoessary t oot the QUeen not cautiously. At

the time of bel" a ccession when the c·ountry WQS t'1nnnc1ally

weak Qnd w'ithout on adeauato annyf' it was not Advisable to

foster a complete broal~ with th~ Pspaey . As Honry VIII , to-

ward the end of hi·a 1~i had supported ~la new dootrine nt

onet1rno nnd the old at another in order tl:1At neither gl"OUp

shoul d dominat e ; $0 Blizabeth at the beginning of her reign

tried to aeot.tro t ho support of all religiQus bodies by bo'1ng

r f.l thel' l enlant to a ll f.l:roupsth..'at the CatholiC group wo'Ul d

146

not rea lize fully the contem!Jl nted brOt\K 'tdth Romo. She

needed the alleglance ot as ml'lny of her subj ects as posn:1ble

before ahe could be aeeUI-e in l'nnk:1. tho chfmge .. Tb .... t ab

disliked Oatholicism 1s very evident by Q numbo~ of incidents,

nd the onuses are val~Gd.

Elizaboth'f s tr~nd flWOy tram the Oatholic ChuI'",h in rolin--

10us matters was soondlseal"ned., but she vIas clavor lnnot

l,tinS her attitudo appea.r too strongly anti- Roman. Her a tti ­

tude toward the Pope and her £nvori tlsm to the ?rotest€luto

were not a.ssuring to the Catholics ; but t hey .. lore suffioiently

Inodernte not to cause reeentment~ l!:11zabeth i s ·first tlub11e

a.ppeara.nce beoame the oeoa.sion of an tmt1 ..... Catho11c demonstI'at1on.

The horeti olll group among the people soon learned tb..'1 t they WOrG

eloome in the court circles.. The 'first Stmday of her' reS.

wna mal"k€ld by n aermol13,t s t .. , Po.ul" s Oross given by W1.11iam 'B111

who hnd bee.n .deprivod under eo.n • The followiug Sunday

Ch;r'1atophorson, B1l}hop of Oh1ebe$ter, replied to this sGX'.mon

in a spir1tu.a;1 wa.y and was aentto the Tower 'beoa use of his

!leal.

HER ATTITUD e! !l.tO\!fAt'1D OATHOLIC PRACTIOES

t ChristmtUJ, 1558. Elizabeth ahowed. her attitude toword

the Oa. tholio praotices by 1,e sulng an oroer to Bishop Ogl othOrpe

not toelevote tho Hoat at Masa. Oglethorpe was not her obe­

dient serY'a.nt and. replied boldly,

~That whether he should BQY Maa~ at that nlta.r or not was as tho QUGenpleased.. but with the 1"1 te anq ttl t h t'filo. toeromo­niO$ it should bo said, ho being 9. Bish­op knew quito well, nor would he make .any chanfto. lt 11

147

Ii" -----ROgQI'B . 3. F . op. ,ill .. " p . 165->106

----.-- .---~- ~-~.'""""'----------.... ---.----,-------. l1zabeth consequently left the chapel after ~le gospel~ On

the oecuoion of ho:- COI'ol:ltlt1on Ilhe issued tll,0 same oruer to

O:l:l ethorpe. but he aga.in retused; but her obod1ent courtcho.

l ain carr ied out hoI' wishea.

Thua fliom the very 'beginn1 of her reign we nraa;m;~l"e at

hal' atti tude and of h oI' int ent i on to b:Ping the Church of Env..land

into 0. f1ehism as it was dUl'i ng the last years ot llonry V:UX .

Her OQUI'~e wa.s ma,'Pped out for her from the very start 'by Ceol1.

He know bel' lean1ng$ Qnd h~~ condition, d tl€l3 benton oarry ...

inJ1 Qut }\O1' wishes. orcover.,

U'rhe intention to effect some altaI'a­tlon, here sounded with no uncerta.in note~ alao showed th~ t preparations weI'S in progress to bring proposal s before the coming Parliament, summoned Cor 2:3ro .ranuaI"1* 11 :te ... ' 4a.ys a1'ter the cef'enl(')n,. 01' the Coronation. Wha t the nature of those proposals \:7G.S trll'.nsplres from an imp0l"tant dClO\ll:l'13n't preserved among tho CQtton tl1SS M This is t A eopyot the, de­v:tco tor tlltcrotion of religion 'at the let year of Quean Elizabeth. ' It ls, significant that tb3 suggestions tlloro1n eont~1ned praotioa lly found their ful­fillment in one abaps or another be.for, many months bad elapsed . fI 12

i~G , --Blrt, Henry l~orbert. 2ll . e1t.,. P. lu.

Belloc DumS up the chie f points ot th1s ' Devloe t in the

fol lowing quotat1on~

tiThe threo poi nts i 't oonta111ed wero (1) t ho stopping. ot all preaching exoopt by otf.io1nl order; ( 2) tho turning out t~ the magistracy of thoso who

Sympathized w1th tho old religion" espeoially the 3enlor m.ng1sbrates., and the putt .ins in their plaoeot younger men p10ked for prowatont aympat1:dos; and ( 3) the setting up of a oomm:1ttoe which would be kopt very secret and which should prepar o a new Lt turgy for

l'1p;l.o,nd to take the plo.oo of tho MaGS .,fI 13

148

1,;; .. l!! e!: ''''''' , 4 . n .. - --~~--.~--.--, .. ~. ----- - ---- .

" 110e, Hilalre" A: S8prte.r liistoa of' Rnglrl.nd, P. 308 ...

------------------------------------------------rom FIRST .f ARLIAMIDNT.t'

Eu'ly in the yeal' 1559 the fil?st Pnr11amant Wassu.mt'l.Oned ...

Just how far it Was paoked hi~toriang ,ar<~ ·not. able t .o judgo .

But it 18 (W1dent thnt thel'e \las discrllilinatlon i n the $e ...

etl on of' mmnbers. nVestige.t1onhas r>I'Oved tha t the Prot;...

eatant vote outnumbered that of the Catholic . Th1sconoluslon

is a.rrived a.t long aftGI"tho events _ At -the time of the events

it was quite d.1ff1·oult to detemine just wli1iltwas the sentiment

of ea.an individual peer. 14

1:4 Dirt; Henry Norbert, 22- clt.;, • 49 and 52 .. ._ ! r. t

ne ot' thef'irst th1ngs the Parl1ar,'iOnt at 1558 did wna to

"undo the work of 'Mary, to rep&a.l the o.;;tatutos of He 1"0 s '1,. to dissolve tho 1'0"" tounded monast cl'ies., and. to restore the Royal 8upr~)'c:7'- it. , .... Furthor abo hnd no peraonnl w1$l1 to go. A third of the Council Qnd two- thirds of! the ~aople were as opposeCi to anil r ad1co.l Chang, Son .religion as tbe QUeellii,ff 15

10' ., . ~.-

Gasquet, Pr&lnc1s .Aid.nn. tltillltlpslUra Recusnnts fl 1n Old EnS11sp. Bible, p .• 327 .

Those rel1g1ous lnnovat1onn wore made blndinJt on all ooa" au

jects b eta of Par11mnent. The churchmen from the 'beginning

149

to the end 0'01'09 tM innovations. The peers had e. very

llll·ge num.'bGIt whose sympathies w eX'G defin! tel,. Cstho11e, but

hlizllbetb had a subsel"Viont Lower lfouse a.od with th.i.s support

the tniniaters got to wor1t. TMre ';16re three bills which vlOra

introduced, and pSQsed by Par1.1ament (1559) .

"The first, the Bill for the Restoration of Tentho tUld First Fruits (1 !i:l l z . c . 4) t aeized the paplll reyenuea derivable tl'Onl this eountIi'y by ancient and l~·H:lg .. a,tanding oustom, whi ch, though recently sbroge.'ted by Mawy, had been still more l'oeent ly pestored by uary. '1lt.esG we:ro fina.lly anneH~d t o t he Crown of England. The 8ill for the Supremacy wholly abo11ehed the ap1.ritual jUl'l adicM.onof the . , 01y See 1n thla COW'ltry. and r est ored to the Crown that eccl esiastical jurisd1.C)tion a.ssumed by HO:nry VIII snd '\1:d\'1aro VI , but rel lnquls1wd by MS:¥:''1", Tbe a111 01' l1n1torml'by authorized the Seeond Prayer Book of Edward VI (i . a., t hat ot '1552) With e. few al:!gb.t Alte:re.t iono" enjOining 1tsex.elus1ve use in the administration of the Saoraments" and in the Orderi ng- of Bi shops Qnd M1n1st -ers . instead of forms found :in t he .Iln­Qlent Liturgy ot the Cfi~boll c Chureh. u 16

16~'

B1n. Henry 11orbe~t. Olh cit . , lh 56 . -'l.'he slil!;.p1ng of tll.e new I'ollgion \'las a lmos t en t 1t"ely don,

by l aymen.

.1'1

IThe only org!1n1zGfl body capabl o of express.1.nga. cons1da;red op1n1onon the r eligi ous p o l icy of t he gove rnment ,vas the olergy; but t he1r co.operatlon was not 1nvi.ted, and they were g1ven no opportunity of infl uencing the course, ot event s except • • , ,t • throU(th par11n .. m~ntary ch&nne'l s . Oonvo ca.ti on" t he ot.flcio.l organ of the. ohurGb._ was dellberato,l y i gnore d. 1I 1'7

Black; J. a • .2£*~\.!: • .f p. 12.

100

CT3 OF SUPRJU$ AOY PJ~D UNIFORMITY

Tt/O very 1nlportnn't innovat i ons were th.e r>a sCIage of the

Acts of Supl'Omaoy nn::l of Un1formlty. .FG.1"liament had manns to

as 'both (lotant th:'> tiame time. but b e- CD.use of: the objec.tlon

to the Act .01' uniformity the l atter \'.Ja.G shelvod fOa> two months.

i"rhe Act 0:r 9upr~lne.cy repenled 1 nnO. 2 Philip a nd M'nx>y, c. 8., which had revived 11anal jurl,f.ld.1ctlon, .and the statutes eon .. earning oor~oy r.oode in thtt.t :t'Il-1(?h Ten statutes of Henry VII I Md onG> ot Edward were r~)'vived. It droPP')d the title ' Su­preme Read of the Ohu1"eh,' althousb it ret~1ned the substance and prOVldod to ... the exeroise of a auprcmeroyal authority by means or ecclesiautloal oommissiOP..s practically unl1.nd.ted by l aw as to eorll-' pOSition, nL~bar and dUl~t1on. Tho old jurisdiction of the eoclesiastical OOUIlts was" hOf1ever" retainod. 'l'be AOt of Uni­tormity 1np,osedan amblguoua P~ayor Book, designed to p0l"mi t men of all r~:tths, to tako part in tho services. Qf' lnyme11 no declaration of faith was demanded; out­ward conformi ty, s i gnified by t1.tt~r~Bnce u.pon tho aerV'iee; was all that was Qsked; and $. fine ot twelve pence In:posed for absQnee from. tho new services was l.ntonded to 3ccure Ilttendn1'lce . Offioe-holders, both lay and olerica l, nere required to take M oa th o.oknowled~1ng tho QU t"l OIl " S suprettl.aoy and r onounoi ng all 1l11egianoe an.d o'Oedlenoe to ony foro1go power, upon pain of 10SB of 6 .and d.1aqua11f1 ,OIltlon toX' ofrl~_ Cler1cs who took the onth, but re.tused to uSe the servioe end oom-J;Jly "1ith the tenma of the not; were subject to In­ore.Elsing penalti es culm1nat1ng in depoei .. tion and U.fe impr1solmlent,tt 18

1a -

,bl

Klein, Artbur Jay. Int~lerar~e in the Reian ot r,:11zQl)e·th gu~an . .2.£ Engteiil, P I' 2!-.rM!,'

From V9.r1ous\1ritars Y/e deduoe that there '''Ta.a .9. oonsldal'-

r~le ooncerning tho act of Unifo t y .. 'Phe .Ma:ri an

bishops and 01er1c8 were not to submit 'I.11thout struggle.

151

'l'ho aet of t:n1tormi t11 hO"llOVSr, wasev~mt\l,all'1 PA.1U':\®oQ (Apr i l

29, l5SS) by fOl' ce" thout;h wltho~dt muoh v1olenoe .. Two Biab."

ops wet'E) lmpriaomd 1nthe Tower: •. ~e Oth~l"S W~l'G aevsrely

tined tmd haraSsed by duiJ.y tiWeats of fut"th.e1,1 :extremities.

'1'heeemeasur~s, Su£'fi ,eed .

'ltThe C~'.tho11e rlU~j ority was turnod (in a thin house) into a minQr:t ty ofthree# and tl1.6 Bill of Protestnntlz1ng the. cOtmtry beOtll1'llJ 1Stw in spt t e of th.e protestso!.' Con.vooation and of both the- tro1vera1ties and o£ tlae oPl')oa1t1on of the maj ol~l t y 1n the ldn(;do..>n. \U th the sessions 01 Pal"l1 ronent 1.111 the aotiv1ty 9:t' , the Blsh­ops 'ceased. and t hey were 011 in 0011.­£,'inemE"l".t 'before the end of tne ye€u:< * tl 19

i ' ai! . -- oW I ~ 9 . .,

Pol.len, J,,. li. "The Polities of th~ l~ngll1sh OathoU.os, aurin! 'b~ Rai.gn of Q~een lllli .~abe.th't n The Hontb, .xcix (1902) ,. P . 40.. - . • ,

" L 1111,. -- t . ( .

-UJ'l'i10Tlona TO m: BILL OF IDi! FOlU'Ifi

The B1$hopa bad graQtl.y objeot.ed to th.e 8111 of Uniformit y

to%' t hey we~o not coxlsulted on tbi~ polnt... .. $ qUe13tl(')n orecele­

sl1a,s t 1oal pol!.ty . ' he btll be e-mne 9. law without f.t s ingle opis­

copal. vote in :1 ta f avor . This t oet M .abl"ought up the opinion

that the bil.l Itsolf 1a illegal and invalid and oonsoquently

making ul lag1s1s t lQl'l based 'UPon 1 t 1119 il.leg Q.l;. . III a &ubae ...

quent X'.4per d:rswn 'Up dtt,r:!ng .jarooa I OJ' Ql1srl,e& I f s :reign it 1$

s.n1dJ

u~ doresaid Act of !Ul~. $eem€f~ll. tlGt ·of t oro6 , hftV'lng ~eon ellaeted ,,11thout a:ny conS~ult ot' t he l ... ords Sp1r1tual" as appee.reth in the context; but Otl1y of th.e LONs TempQ%"n.l and C0l'.n'J1C1l113;. and )).1 neoes­aaryeonsoqur.:mCG" 0.11 p ena l l~\"Is tilado \71 tIl re!'erenoG to this se-em t'1601n&o j~r~_ :not t :o b :flV& force .o.:f' parliQl'OOnt t1ry ta.VlS, suppos­ing that tl:lC p resence of' tne LONS Sp1ritual.

be neoossarily l"EHluired to ~ Par11runent, as tho la\~~l"a $~em to judge" II

lS.2

'(liIo te) gtnt.~ l'apers 1 colleeted by gdwot'd .. Bo.rl of Ola:N,mdon, pp .• 91 ... 92 .. A r(;')'o.ent ~vrl tel~ ad ... m1te thnt thi5 aspec t must be taken into GC" ,count ~ Roferring to. the dopri va tien of tho bi::;hops In 15&9, he says t1"~ lawy:el"s ql,HlS" tlonod tho legality or tho l'roccedi:ar:;s against thE)tl 'on ground that thoy were mae the vic .. tims of l n1."1o which. o011c:ornorl the c·oolesiafl .. t :J..enl polity" but " .. hioh they~ the eeclas;1 ... Ilstina.l authol"i t:1es " jUfit nove~ lH!CeIltedon beha.lf of t~) Oh.utloh... The l..'1.t'lyora' aOl"'tlpla ~as perf ootly just1tied--tha proceedings ,,.EH"e 1~l."egultl.I' ~t :00 Qdm1. te ~t tlle eeeleaia:a ... tical ohnngos ot both the Suprema.oy Aot nnd tha uniformIty Aot ought , properly spanking to haVE) r oeo1ved t l'1'lt ' assf;)nt of' the clergy in thl'll1r Convocation' \7l'Uoh tho SupX'emacy lot ltsa).f recogn:tsed to '00 the prQper au .. tho,r iaat l on, l"a:.tnf'ol"oGd~ 1£ need be., by a ,I\Gt1floot1on of P&l"lia.rnent,. in qUGstions of 0QGles1~stlcol leg1-s1a t1on." ( Pr~l"e" A Bist . of the Enal .. OhUI'cb in the I'-e1ans of B'1~ nndJ'S .. -r:-...... s\r.') 00- _.. . . --~~ ..... ' J':I' #

00 "' . B1rt" Henry- l~orbert..QJ2J01 cit.., P ., 91.

In tna house of Commons thore W5re eo~rcel~ any laYmen

who moos o'bjf)ot:t<.)n to the ltaWGot tJn1tonnlty andsup:romaoy.

Dr ". John s torey" I nte Chanoel l or to the Bi shOp of London, in

taet" was th!) onlY' One '1.'1h0 ob.1,ooted strorw:1Y' to the chan~s to

be broUght about by tho Ac,t of Uniform11:1' \.7h1011 imposed Q pen ..

,Itt OIn those who refuSed to attend petermed service,a . For

tbis Ii! to.nd be

'Sl~· ··

"waa summoned 'before tho Counoil, when he defied hiGnocusera to prollotoot he had sa.id Ul'lyth1n" 'at whi ch ofl'enee 'Gould

o.ooMbly be t aken,. ndding. ' Should her 5ajeaty will otherwise , I do not refus e to 010 fof' t he Church. ' 'Pho \'tomE! 110re pre:Phetie of his ond. 1f 21

------ .-.. --. --- . - .... --- . --. ~ - .. ---Wilmot-Buxton , E . !,h .4. 1!oolc of 'Sn s 11sh MertEs" lhe 75.

153

ELIZABETrPS ARBITRARY !q!ETHODS

Elizabetb had throughout a ll this IGl51 s1 ~ltion 'Used these

dubious meuns to attain her end. She h ad Pnr11rumont pass the

l ,aws it i.$ true; but how could she reconc:Uo hel"lSelf with the

menns she used except that she Vlanted to mainta in her doub1;;fu l

authority as ruler of 'the nation. To bring about the religious

cbanges she resorted to such moapa as '~ ckcd parliament and

a wit,hhold1ng of any influence by Convocation, the body ot:

churchmen, who by their profession should be the best judges

in matters of relig1on_

Although Pa,rliament was free to a ct a c cording to its own

decisions" the will of Elizabeth Vias carried out on principle .

The members of the lower house were her obedient servants.

They adhered to the prinCiples th~ t t heY' knew Cecil [md his

group advocated . There could be no other outoome, if we oon-

Sider the t a ct t h8 t the votes O,r the Peers and Ecclesiastics

were practically !!ll in the pass ing of this legislation,

I NJUNCTIONS AND PROCLAJ,1ATIOllS

Again we follow her Tudor wil l in the suppression of

much Cat holic aotivity .- We soe this thl"ough the series of

InJunctions given .2:i her ~ajestI ln the first year of her

reign. They were distinctly repressive against Catholics .

"They enjoined on all eoclesiastical per{iona to accept the roya l Supr ema cy and to prea~h agaJ,nat all u.surped llnd foreign power , also ' I!!\gainst i1'llage13 , l~ell cs, nl1ra.cles.

nd such llke suprestltlonsj u.pholders of papal Supremacy f/ere to be denounced; r'e-gu­lations were l a i d down e:bout Bible reading, proper licensing of preachers , lweplng of reglst.3I's ) support ot' the poor , and of stu ... dents at the Universitie s" the upkeep of

154

chancels and clerS7-hcl'l.lSee, tho p(l'ym0nt of t$, thea 1 the pnrooh.:i.0 1 duties of !.no'Unlbenta .• t he subst:1.tution of: l..i 'hfill11eo for- rroc~se:tons (l.)xo:ep t for 'boAting the bounds ' ); the treat­ment of notOl'iOUD sinners; thf:) rcmO'I1Gl of' ohr:tn.os :">00 suohlike ' monument ·s of' .foig;n.f:.>d

i:rnoles , :i.dola try, ntld supers ti tion t; the i'j',poei ttOD. 01' h'l.md.lla:t1ng l"ulas to bo ob­served by clergy Pl'cposlJ.'1-{g to mnr!'y~ roothods of teaching and ootechlaing, a nd. sof"ortll.. "22

22 -, . .,..... .~....--....-.-~ .----. Birt:. Henry Norbert. ~,.,;.,? .. 9ft, • .., P . l ill .... .. ~I!! ' .~~,"",'i' I - _~... v ... ~ . .... "" ___

In thla ael~1es of Injunct1on3 g!v-en by her Majesty the

printing of book 8 strictl:" !"'ox'b1dden 'Wlles s 'they w~re

l~.censed by Be!' Ma.j e aty Or' by Itile Privy Counc1.1, or by two

officia13 nemed by th.e OottrJ.c11.

"Th1$ was .followed 'by a. sorieo O:t ... >ortal. :~f'o.()lnlnat1Qn t'01 terH t11'l1(S still mOl'a sternly thE) S a.me prvhtb1 tion in ,11C.l:t tO\l ronna, and on va.rious ooon810ns" and prac­t:!coll;r reduclnt; all book:'! of Cn~~hollc controversy to the status of trnite:vouo n.nd seditious libels," 25

itS ' . "_ ... "._-Thurston, Herbert. tlCa.tho11e Writers Ro -:der$u . Futhe!' Farson' 6 "Ch:r1st1an :cI)lltb., 82; p ,,. 458 .

l'1d Elizabethan D1rGotor y , fl The -

__ ... ______ .... _ .... ____ • _____ • ..,.. ______ .~'~.M· ~', .. ~ ... __ ~ . _ ~ ...... ~".-~~~-~---

VISI'1'A'l'IOil OP 'l'HC DIOOtGE

DUrln$ the~e:r montbs of 1559 following the ptissing of

tbe acts of 8up re:rl".aaya:nd 1m1f'oA:l1ty thoro ~1U~ ,0. v1:s1t9.M.on or

t

o olergy enrried out. :::. lnnd waa divided into six oi~ou1tA .

iBS1onof'S. mostly lasm.en. Vie to administer tho oa ths d

to inquire into certain a.rtioles es.peci nl'l·Y' thoseoonce.r:ni:ng

the late persecutions. The ,set of 1"0Y9.1 injunctions waS nlgo

broueht witl) thera. for. the guidance of the Ohurch. It bns been

a vcny general op ln1on that thesG visitors mot with l:1.ttle or

155

no opposition on "che Pal"t a t the cler~y in -'!:;heir acceptanoe

of the Oatho of' $ upl"f.uno.cy ~nd Un11'or,mity .

lITh1s idee. is b/land upon an ~nt1re mis­:o.ono~pt1on or the facts. Ul;' .• 'R. 31'mI}son ( Lit'e of g dmund Can;.plon, p .. 19&-7 i lWW ed~) has PU'~ thes$ mos t el~')QI'ly. Bofot'C the end of 1559 all tIle Bishops bad beon de­prl.ved of their 50~6 . on Ma;9' 23 .. 155S. t 1'O,,$.l oomm1Gs1on .. pa.rtly lAY. ptll'"t1:y ole! .... iQal, \'Vas apf,)ointod to tender too oath "0' the clel~gy gonern.llY. 'l.'he71 ~7ers d1.l."eeted to prooeed with oo:utlol).# 'but in octo'bel" 1 t was found that they had been t oo zeal .. Ous, and sGve·rnl l o.ytnen wero apPointod to superoede the olorlClll 1OO11ibers., But even then tAl;) inqmo;lt1011 had. :.1uah l1erlous effects.. t lutt in 'OeOet'lber tho Queen had to ~:lr1 te to tho OOlW!2i3Sionere to suspend · their proceecU.ng$.. r:rhegemrnl result of the prooee.d1D.Bs '\-ma, that o.t' the multitude g.t e.1eX'gylllEm \~ho :t!'et'used to o'tlba c.l:"lbe onlY'

taw were at onQe depl"1ved, Gotte had three l'~.aro g1 ven fQrcf.lns1deratio:tl. ·and oth;ern Seem to have 'boen oonn,"ved at . '1be provinc'a, Qf Yo.l~lt ,,.,as vial, ted in. tluE,'uat ·and

cpt:cr"bor, 15!)9, t'1ith tbe fol1t.~1nt~ rcsult: lout of' 9Oc;lGrgYlnensunni':i.011ed., 21 Ca.r.lG and took t b.o requlroo oath.. 36, c1lil1G nndrefused to swear, 17 were nbs cnt t1i tbout ppoe t ora, 16 wel·e abaortt 111 th proctors.. In the .j:)!'ov­inca 0.1' Canterbury .. th~ dean ~nd co:O-ona of Winonester cathedral. tm warden and fellows of the .co 1 lego,. and tho master of st. O!'''':QSS, 0.11 l 'of',:u3ed too oa t h, 'rhe vis1tors tor tho whole p:::,ovinee returned 49 l"eousnntfil end 786 eOL1:t.'ovmistS j s1gn1f1oaui~ly omi ttina the QbS6nte~s . Out ot 8 , 91.1 parishes and 9. 400 be>n.ef1eed ol.orgylllfn1, o'nly 006 to,tlk theQa.th~ tihil ot ~ll the bishops und a,t; othol's ex ... pres.s l y refu,sod to subac:rioo. and the re st; .bsent ed themoalvc's . Tho a:stlort1on ot:

OBll'lden thC' t only 189 elo:rgyzuen. were de­prived in this v1s1tQt1o-u proves notldng. even if 1. t were true. At tho '$!ad 0:£ S,ta t,! PQ120I'S, }}Omo.st1c, l!~izQ.be-th vol . ~. t 1s ·on -.bs 611iact Of '€re nwi16ep ,01 :00 otOI"s .• v!ten.vs nnJ. cn,u'atea who refused. to attend when S".lUlI'iloned in 't...110 four dioeeaes ot Y01'k .. Oll~stel', DUrh.tu:u" o.1'A Carliele.The total is 314 " t,rhel'$ is flO ebst:t'Stot of to.:; l'l::u.m­bel' who attended but refused to take the Oath, but the book prov(}s tltQt i.n tb1$

24

156

province 3'70 ole!'gylll~m refu.sedto S'ln!ear . or would. have refused herd t hey. been preeaod. probably the real number.t h ad we t he means of kno·wing , would be found to be double t hat figure . VI 24

Gasquet , pra.ncis Aidan . 1fHampsh1 =:-0 Reousants in the time of E11zabeth!l . In the Ol d. J3;ngli{3h Bible, p . 327-328 . - ... ..

The re l i gious c.hanges wer·s not un1versnllJ1' $pre!1d to a ll

parts of Englo.nd . :&1any of the prie.sts In obs cure parisheS and

many more of the parishioners did not know what was going on.

They were n.ot we ll versed with ev er y phase of the controve rsy

and consequently could not judge on the spur of the moment what

to do conoerning the oath of Un:1 foi"m1 t y . Some diet not have an

adequate pertep tion of the .:tllll t ter Simpl y 'bj having 1 t presented

to them b y the visitors, and consequently cont'ormed a t least

outwardly, and quietly hoped for ~eturn to Cntholicism in

the neSl" futuro i We do not Dce how t hey ,could re ooncile their

conscience to this aot, nor 1.s 1 t for us to judge i n thi~ case .

ATTITlJDE OI<~ CArrnOLICs. !J:'OWARD THE HliNOVAT! ONS

·rhe Act of t1h1fQ\l:".(ni ty vms to go into efto.ct June 24, 1559,

but some three Or tou:::, months later wo find tha t a n'Ulnber of

ohurches still did not have tho books fOr the Bnglish torm of

worship .. In, some pl aces wher e the cU:Cn t e was willing to con ...

form, tha people despised the ne\'! service and even disturbed

the priest cl,Ul~lng t be service. I n ot;her !') laeas the cura tes

w<n'e l''O!nis s in introdu oing the Oomm.on 3ervir;E} l)y not interpo­

l e. ting the Lord 10 Pl'ayer, the Crecd, and the Ten Commandments

in En gl i sh into t he L.litin },{ass . I n other places they were

157

Qvorse to ~1vlng up the ~hrinas ~md ill!agea . Indlv1duu

l aymen would at t:1n'lOS oarry- to thoir homes or elsewhere for

sate .. iteep~1l$ the a'bat'uEfs of our T .. ad.ll or of' the saints. In

otber Oases tho ima60s remained 1n tho vestry v/ithout bd.n.g

d~atroyed. and still in otherst' crueifixes VlE)l.~ retained.

John stry-ps gives some inter(;)stins deta.ila of the '11101-

tQt10n of the dlooose8~ and also how the 'l"e11gious innovations

ra$ultln~ t the aot of Ull.i:formlty, espe.olally concerning

the bool{ o.t Oommon P!'lltye3? and the new ceremonies fo%' the ad ...

mln1strat1.on of the 8€lorruuents, W'or@ reoeived b1' the Catholics.

25

ft Aug . 13. , Skory, new bish op of Hereford .. proaohed a.t St . Paul ' s '\17hilo the Visitation ,or tna tehUroh \Vaa in ho.nd.. Two days after ~ the rood there , with the a l tarll, waa pulled d.own. u .

naut the papists priests , that 1s" the ma.jori ty of them, utterlyrotused., Whose peevish obet1nAeYf he ""rites. was p rttlently suffered oeven months , in eonf'-eronees and. open disputations ." 25

s tryI>e , John. Anl)1l1a of the :nefonmit1on. VO-i. I, Part I , p .. 199 · and 201 . -- - ,

It (?!be ~QP1sts regrot the Common PrO-yer. ) Ye t it passed not without some struggling and OPPOSition made a~.alnst it by the ,o'ld Papalina . Row illy t hey d i gested :1 t ll".ay be- saenby thin po.ssag(jf while 1n the days of Qtt6Qn MB.l7', George

Brah of th~ north (afterv;a.rds llfl r t yrod tor' the Gospel) \'16.13 in eXQl1l1na t1onbe:fore the 6arl of Darby and divers others, fu¥i hnvlng s1l.1d:, th"lt , as he had min1sto1!ed under King Edvt9,rCl, so, i t th.e l aws would hav-o oufto red him to min1s to.l' 'attel' tl'lat sort . (tl'ltl'b ls. by tbe Book o.t Common Prayol', ) he would minister again;

~ esently one \'7ho \1aS the Po,I"son 01' GProllpnal in Lancashire thre\1 in this, word, ''!'hill l a ot Oommun1on was tile moe t davi U.sh thing that evei' was devlsed .'

7'!t!r GO

liTo the esto.blishment of thi.s book but four Lot-de protested • •••• if

159

UThis 9.0t6 bsing the greatest stroke struck against Pope:ry6 ahd for throvringout the mass , n1ay deeerve some partioUlar obser­vation. It ,\-'iaS coiled, An Aot tOl;' the lh'l.1.­,formi tl ot'sewloe andaam~nritm:fool o~ saeram~nts .throu~o'ui2the re~lJn,Y ' - .

Unut the Pa.pists WEll'S very angry to see their old supeI'stitlou8 ceremonies thus la1d aside; and those that came after la­boured all they could to asperse and enervate it6 by oallingthe re~ig10.n a ~ar11amentap' religiQn, (so Dr ... Rill), and te chu:vcli 0 England.. thusrefol'rtlod. a .rarliamen.t Ohurch, (so Dr, Boistom. ) "26 ' . - '.

s trype , John • . Eee,1~s1aBt~eal Memoria ls,.. Vol. II, Part I, p, 132, '1:53, 13$,. ' - ~ .

-~~---.• -- -~---~ - . ~~-."~~- - ~-.- ~- ~-~. - ,.

The general impression in t"ege.ro to the olergy is that of

dissatisfaotion with the AGts of Suprem!il.O·Y and Unifonn1ty. If I

they did conform" it does not 1mply thtltt they dldso wi.th oOn ...

v1ction~ It ,seem$ to us. however, as time serving; yet on the

whole it was but a na.tural. oonsequEllnoQof the lI eo!lstant kale! ...

doseop ilc ohangeS through whioh the oler!!,! had. been pa.,aa1ng for

the la$ t quarter of a century .. "27 '(Ie oan make no other de ...

21 Sirt , Henry-Norbert .. 0'1' . 01 t ., p ., 167 _

duotlcm bu.h that the Elizaibethan ,clergy-aoquiesoed not trom

oonviotion but .f;rom fear of mol·eatation on the1-l,' person" their

p ,roperty; 't.b¢ir wealth_

fW OLD BISJIOPB ,A1ID THE NEW

I II the l atter part ot 1559 the question of consecrating

of neVI bi.shops arose I Practi,ea. ll:3' all the Ma.rian bishops had

159

'boen deprived of their S00S because tlthey :r>af'l1sed to have any­

th1ng t o do with the supremaoy oa.th or the boolt of COlil!uon

Prayer . lI28 'lh ese bishops wore to bo l'Oplncod by thOS0 (lIf' the

21J' Bl ack, J •. B. 3 - cit • • p . 16

... @'" - ~

oueen's own choioe. The deprived. biShops \VEH"e disposed of in

VariOUS ways . lthou!!J:l it \,HtS illegal to confine to prison

for tho rofusal of the oath ot' supremaoy. a of th.e BiShops

were 11'1lt)r1sonod; thrao aso~p0d to. the oontinent; a nurnl;>or died

within Q ebert time; and the rest were quartered. on some of

E11ZQbotht s neW bishops .. deprived 1"01:' the rest Qf tholr lives

of tho 'consolations of relip;1on# at the SfUllO time wi tnessi;rr'"

t he transiormation of thei!" ownohuI'chos t oto ,conters oJ: lleret ...

leal worship .

all

'~llzabeth t s new blshO'OS had to pronounce the oath of

noe and homage to 'the Queen beoause it Vias her \7isb .

II tGod hat h mude me overt'Uler of t he Church,' E11zabeth told bel' Parllrunent on one oCcasion; i It you, t:llY' l ONS of the cl e rgy. do not e.mond.. cer tain !'ault.s and negl:1~enee.a , I mann to depose 7ou . tI'I 29

29 -'-~

Allies , lJsry H. The Ch.urch .!!! En{!'land, p . 165 . Quoted f rom prothero , $"titutes £ind Oons t itutional DOouments, p ,. 221 . ' -. .

"'!!E ' \

The It lOrds of the elergytl h'Ulllbly submitted to t be oath ot

a~legiQnce . It r an:

"50

fll aclmovl1edge end confes s tO M ve nnd to hold the said bishopric. am the possessions of t he same anti roly I as noll the a1'1r1 tunl! ties

s temporal! tie.s ther6of, only of" yOUI' rn.a jee.t y and c rown royal of this your reaim. n

Ibld. -.------~------~-----------.-~--------~--~

160

The new bishops formed a striking contrast to the de ..

p:rived Ca tholic hierarohy _ Theil" rights were till trans ..

tarred to the Q,ueen, resting on uncerta.in Erastlaniam;

whereas the rights of the old bishops rested securely on

the authori ty of the pope of' Rome ~

CLAIM OF OONTINUITY

It waS the claim of the English peop:l e that their faith

rested on Scripture . They YVent to the first centurieS ot

Christianity f'or their Souroe of' ritual and claimed: the prin­

ciple of continuity through to their time . To them the Cath­

olic church \Vas a breneh lopped off' from the tl'UPk, the Angli ...

oan ohurch" We, however, knO\V that just the reverse is true.

Engl and 1s a 11mb- of the body of Chr1s-teruiom, and cutting her

off from thia' body will cut her o·ff trom her past . Even

Froud,e, not f r iendly to cuthol:1.cism, recognizes the insta­

bil i ty of the IUlzabethan hierarcby In contrast w1 th the

soundness of the Catholic system.

" ' A oatholic bishop holds his office by $, tenure untouohed, by the aceldants of time , Dynasties ma.y chm,nge ..... nations may lose their 11'bert ies ..... the firm fabric o·f society may be swept away i n the torrent of revolutlon--the CathOlic prelate rema1ns at his post; when he dies , another takeS his place; !lnd when the waters s1nk again into their beds, the quiet figure ia seen standing \'there it stoOd before--the person pe-rhaps changed, the thing itself rooted like a rock on the adamantine baseme.nts of the world . The Anglican hier­.arohy, far unlil-£e its rival , was a. ohild of ,conVUlsion and compromise: it dr:ew its lite f r om Elizabeth' s throne and , had Elizabeth fallen, it l,vould have c rmnbled 1nto Eland . The Church of' England wa s e.s a limb lopped off from the Catholio t!'\.lnk; i.t wns eu.t away from t he strea.m by which its vascular

3~stem had been .ted; and tho lite of it, as an, ind:ependent and cO.r porate eld-stenco, VlG1B gone forever. But it had beon 'belton up and ra1"teo. upon the s t a t e . 1£ not \"fhat :it had

bean" it oould retnin the f<lM of what 1 t 1)"'1d bean ... -the form which made it dangerous, The i mage 1n i.ta outward aspect could '00

161

made to correspond with the 00 t'ent t!'et9.' II .31 '!II " '_ ,,,, ___ . U • T . 4 '- ....

Rollis, Christopher. T~e Nonstrous ij~s1m~rtt, p . 117-118.

'l'he point here i s that lUtzabeth wantecl th€~ support of all

her peop1e, Qnd it t10uld be imposs ible to soparato them from

the pms't so ab~t1y. She kept the 0xterna1fonn in much of

the service and sternly i nsi sted tha.t episcopaoy be retnined

i n England . 'l'hoN was n real 3trugg1e undor Elizabeth" not

howevor with the Oatholics on this score.; but t!'lainly with tlle

l"UVitaus.S2 Eliztloothts tH:~l~sonal will was .decidedly felt in

~~~

'fbie pba.se 'oftbe st~le with the PU~t tans will. be d.lsoussed more a. t lerlS,thin Chapter VII • .. ~~~-.~... ~

the dQo1sions oonoorn1ng the hiersl'ohy.

RETURN OF EXltr::D BISHOPS

Immedia,t ely upOl1Eli:ta'beth ' s Q.ecQssiQ:rl tha P~otGatont

b l shops who had gO.ne into exile at the beginning of Maryt 8

X'G1gn"returncd.'l'hoy had imb1bed much of the spirit and

doo.tl"ioo of the Protestant Retgrmatlon on the ,oontinent.

The returned axil.f)! hOped for preferences in clerloal appoint­

ments, and they were disappOinted whon they did not lr'eoeive

thGm immediately,. But Elizabeth mew that \tllile the bishop.-

r ics v7era vacant, the revenues \'lould go to tho Orown._ Grad-

unll y, bowever, the places were the new blshops .

l:a'

Muoh of this infOrIDa'tionooneen11ng the blahops' cQ.l.'noS tXt<.lm

the l~tters of .Te\'lT~l to Pe ter llart7I' on the Ctnlt:btlent" in

1559.

It t Some ot 'Om:' fri-el'lds ar c m.arkc(1, out tot:' blahopB J Po.pker tOX' (Jantorburyi oox tor NOrw1eh; BarlQw fox' Ch10heaterJ SOOI'Y' for HenforQ; a:nid. Gr1ndrU for London, tot;> Bonner ie o):>dered 'bo vacate his See. ... wr1 t1ng 111 ... tel', on lGt Auguat~ Je\101 told, Jlaptyx- thtlt .s~ Qf' us 8~ appointed to bishOprios;, Oox to El:y~ Seory to Here,ford; Allan. t o Rochester; Grinds l t o tJOnl'i()l1} Barlow to Oh1obellt e!'J l:imd I ; the l east of tha ap<:Hltlon ,c to, Sn111)1)U~.i! ' This: l etter 1.8 a curious comment on tho souree of J~gdict1on. At the date of wI!'lting" .TeV/oiL waS not yet elected, 1;he co~e cVe,U.r~ being .. 1ss.ued Qnly 'on 27th July) yet. on the s t r ength of that 1tlstrwnent,. he SpOb ot h:tmself. cor..­H otly, a s a,lf'cedy appolnt.ed. 11 33

.53 )d _ "' ' 'iio: "' _~"ol

Bi r t" Henry No,roert.QR_ .Ql,~". p . 23,1. 1z: i - "t " i . 'Olli

AT'lUW PARKE.R

E11~Qbeth was careful about 'the choiee or her bisbOps, but

more es.pee1al :ly about the eholQ.e of the Pf'itlat o of' the See ()·f

Cantepbury;. Sh$ lal~ .. t hat

nOn him WQuld fnll tho duty 'tlnd l"08pon81-bi11ty of shaping the dest1n1Gs of the no eettlomentot l"G11~1 on~ eo tllnt On tho one holld an'1t1l1ng d1st1nctl'11ely ROOlan ;8b()uld. ~ 9.'/10.1404 and. abol1abed_wlUleth$ film was to e~cur'e as w1df) :n eomp~ben$1.veniij8,8 &8 poSsi­ble , avoiding, es f Al' as might be , so v1o­tents. break with tbe pa.st as who.ll1 ~o Qlionatetl'w s-yMPathl Qnd adl:wB.1on of thtit section of thO' nation, wb,1eh S'e~med disposed to hold f ast to the Pope at all oO'S.ts.f A matl Wl'J,S 'Wanted who shou..1d be at the same time rQvQlut10nary and conoilia.t ory; leflX'neu, and ye,t not III l3.choolman; one to whom ell eQuId lQolt laG

,.,. . . . h Ii !iil A !l mana""ov~ peproae. o"1l

S4 . "JJ ' I ~

I'b~d,,# P., 231-232 .

163

1:be choice tell on r~a:tthew ParkaI' aa the bsstsui 1;$0 fo~

the :fIOS! t1(jU. lialaabeth t"/PUlJj, Mve Parke X' as pl'1m.atealtbo1.li~

he himself p»oto$ted" ~s tiEl seo from. the following quotation,.

"E11ziabe:th $ud Cec.11 !Wel longmnrked out Pa:t'ker for the onerous a,nd re,g,pons1bl.G ta8lt ot piloting the ht\l.t-~ed ehl.,p. :into port, but it ''1as with conaido!'abl,e ~luef}.. QIlce- that .l:W wO'uldeoi'lseXlt to undertflke the 01",1"06'.> He was ovor fifty yell~s old. b~ !;laid; he sutfered pe riod1cally tram tbe qu9.:vtan agu.~; his voice WQS somewhat de ... cayed;. be waslrune of & fall tpom horae ... bnclt . 1-1.boV0 all , b&1nga. man of backward ahd ro't1ring disposition. h€t p l eaded tl'bat he could ~VEHl hopoto influence the world by bis pet>sona11 ty. though: he might hope to do so by h18, pen,., lie therot'ore askod to be n.l.lotvea to ~amc.in 111 obsour1 by AI But Eliza'" bet h and 00Q11 'watJ~ imper nt1ve ; nnd Parker, ~e:tJ>a11ng a.ll tho shrinking d1rticlenoe of t hesebolar, W't:H3 fu:>85gl:)(l into t he theatl"f;) of' public: lite. Pe,rhmpo the gcNel'J.'WlBnt knew their man better than b0 knetl h.'W!.s.elt; thea.r~b1sho:p ,19.S indeed a rt~mal"kab10 man. fI 35

!6 .. lit ' !I!£ , ~.~ . -- - j ' "r_ -o r .

n lftck, J ., Ii" 2n. Cit., p . 25 . , " . _ "''''~ ", .. ;to ... . .. 1:

He waS pllabl o$ howE'!Iv{}:t', and b{))$t. able to do the will j),f

E11zQOeth. In one pOint., however, l'a:rkaI' did not agree "d.th

E11zab4!:th and that was tha question ot oalt'baoy~ Parket* took

to h:imselt .Q w1fe _ !lrJ.d l;:11~abeth never- tavored a ma:vr10d clergy.

(,tON5ECRATIOfl0F TIm AROlIBltUIOP

~e qu.estion CIDle up as t .Q how Parkor sllould be ~Gnee.or'ti1,t~d.j,

Bot h t;h,a Cat hOlic ordinnl am the ~d\";ardtne QX'dl nnl h.ad btum

abol1,shcd by ditferent pal'Usments . It Was 1"1114117 dec!dfJd bY'

six theologians a.nd eanoniats tbat th~ qusen 1n the plenitude

of hfH" Dower pOf'Ssease.d the right. a3 the n.ad at" tb$ Church" to

decide what to:t'm ·{)f ceremoni0ss11.ou1d be \lead to)." 'till$

16-",

eons-eerntlon. This dec1s10n 1.s given in the f'ol.1m.7i.ng Q.u~

tntlon •.

'By Act 25 of He11l7 VIII ,four blShol)S were roquired for hie conaecr~tion. This eandi tlon did not in the lc'aat i mpl y tlUtt four conseorated . One consecrates,; nQr can him de·.f1clono.1ca be supnll~d by MY of the aSSisting pl"elatoe , sUPPosing that they fU'''e duly qualified ... " '" . Wl th the sin .... 819 exeGptioll of Kitchin of Llandaf!f:' the CnthoU,c hierarchy tiassuspended, nOl~ would eVen 1{1 tetlin have consented to oon'" aeorate Parkel'~ Besides the l ack of' con­Dccrntor, thore \'lao no Ordinal. That Of EdWard VI. had-boon aboH.Shed bY' Mary 's PnrlimuGnt , ~nd t he OQtllo11c Ordinal by R11zabeth'a . Tho case \'TnS s ol ved by six theologlana and CSllon1sts,• who dee,lared tbat the 'luoan tthrougn the plenitude of hlJr eoeleS1.astt cul a\'t.thor1 ty ' CQuld auppl;r eve17 de.tcot . II :SS

;~ ~ \ ;.1

Al11cHI; Marti fl . ni$tory of' the Ohut'.ch 111 !o~1:¥51~d, p . 143"" 1~14. - .- - -- _ . . - -

overal deprlv(ui b1sl'lQPs weX"G eekod to par-ronn the OG3}e­

mony of' conseoration aocording to t~ o:rd1nal used at the

ClOBO of hdward VI ' a reign" 'lUld. at .lttst one was found 'Who did

what tlJ llznbe·tb. (lemandeci. This OM VJas BiShop BarlOw of ijatb

and wells ., The .tom, accQ:rdlng to tho Ordlnnl of Edward VI .

WD.S not adopt ed bypo.rU runenta ry lett1slst1on until a EliZa­

beth, 1, III .

ft .... that such ordor and f orm fo.r the oonse. cra ting of archbishops Ql!¥l 'b1shops ~ and for the rnrudng ot priests , deaoons' o.nd mt n1ntE);!'S, a~ 'WQS set forth 1n the titi'1$. of t he said l nto K1ng Edward tllc Sixth, and ndd'sd to the said book Qf eotmn.on p r aye r ; and authorizod by par­l i n.rne.at in th@ tl.tthond aixth years of the said l ute K1ng, sl'4'l11 ntnnd and be used and observed 1n ;a ll. plo.oea witbin tM.n r eII lm". G.nd other the Que-en ' s ma jesty' s dominions and oountries : I !.I 57

'l

iahons

99 .

TrOll OF V

1 f .fi cuI tic 5 C

.re ins

Ql;rurch !l::.:::;. . ~ - . n --- -

ORDERS

165

- . . .

nSGcratlon of th

ceord1nEt to Cathol1c chi

to 189(3 th, uostion of Valld1t lican Orde

, ,

and thorof'o poatolio Succ n questioned

--not however, $upnoe1 that popes had not deelared dot~-

ito con 1nvt111dl or the An~11oan Orders bn-

foro thiat • quest1 vok

con rebl& controvoI' • :'10 1 doubt

Loa II he.:l the final verdiot Of tho Holy (

10 hIs. Bull A~ootolloa~ ~_.~~

~ lllble for

anti Catholic worlu .

d ecisions in this Bul.l

a SG

K'

11 to

doroma oonoern1n~ the

1M. C,) • explains ho

1111)l e .

8 Co.rdlnt11 Riohard the. this

or

pe1"Potuo f1nnam., ra. te.m, 1rrev"Oco.bilom I , <\'

Thus tile deeieion in the BUll is a pl;'Q­noune~ment on a ,fdOgUltltlc faot, t and, as the Jansonistlccontrovcray p'rovod~ tb@ H!')ly Saoe,laims the x'ighu to decide in ... fallibly on dogmatiO t'act~ . as well as on the dOgJnns with which tho:v !l.~

sSGntil111y connoeted. /f 39

16G

_~----""-----""'--____ ..... _-_ __ ... ..-_ - 18 . $< , _ "r _O!I,..IOI · ~ """ ~9 " . I1:rld., p" 7,. -ThO' follewing :is a quott1. t1on r1"OlU the Bull itself lOadin

to the final statement of invalidlty of AllS110M Orders.

4(1'

jNovorthol~s$ We deomed 1 t woll to post .. ,pone a d~o1s1ol'l in order to afforo timo, both to eotlBider whether it would be fit­t.~ oll'9Xp'ed1ent that We shouldmnko Q

r~ean authoritative deolaration unon the nuattel'. a.nd to humbly pr:1.:r for a tullet' measure of Divine guidonoe" ~n,. con .. $1<3.er1118 th~t this mattoX" of practice. 9'1 thourJ,l already deoided. had 'b~on by eOl~ ... t ,a1n pers:ons , for whateve:r rcason. reoalled into disoussion, and that thence 1.. t might tolloVi that e. perni oious error would be fostored in the :m1nda of many Who might suppose that they possesaedthe Snor~ent endof.tecte 'of Orders. \"Ihere these are no­wlae to be fOund , it bas seemed good. to UB 1n 'the LOrd to pronounoe OUr jUdgment.

fl\'fueretore. striotly a.dhering 1.n this 1Tlatter to the dee~ees or the 1',Qntiffs, O'IU'. predeo~a$ors , and oonfi rming t~m most fully:" a.nd, e.sl t , \!IG,re, renewing them by OUr atltnor1ty, of our own motion a nd oertain knOwledge We protlounee .flnd deelnre toot Ordinations oavr1ed out a o.eord1ng to the Anglican rite haVe been nnd a»o llbaolutol null Bnd utterly V'otd,,1t .~

Ibid., ~est~ p. ga-2~ .

----~~--~----~~--~~----~-.~~

It is not our maln purpose to enter into t\ny oontl~overs1o.1

mattor concern:tng the validity or 1nva11cl1ty of At'.g11cru1 Orders"

\vh1eh 1s no longer OPEU'l to dispute for Oatholl.es, but to n.lua-

1$7

trtttethe :3,nfluonGE) '$11zab~tl'l ex~~t'tt..,d ot\ 'hha A:ngl10[U'l 1"01',­

g1on.. '!'he pxoogral$s of the t'~11 .g1oqs Ollaflge was- quite rapid

a.fter the U{)l'l bisboY)s wel~e -o.o:n.secratael.. As "]~ havEl ~eltln,

ltl.1iU1Y ot the elt'H."W'6ont'omr.3d jp The Gountwy 'Wllf'lSOon mu."sed

of the non ... 3uring Dries tie (. $ Qnli$t \1;ere depr! ved 1"'01" ~<l)fi.1sal

t ,otako tho oathai' Suprflma07~ oth{+t'G rosigl'led 011 QonaOlen­

tious scruples. and BQltlG \Von t to the continent." td:"tar a sbox>t

time there waa. lit grea t; l a. ck of the oler15'b and tho pla'06s had

to hI!) f111.edby 8017"£1 meat'lS 01' other. ,Iotlde Oiler the, period

mile these m1n1$ters could be p l'apa.:rod. l aymen b~carnEl in­

st.ruotora nnd rend the servio,es for thQ eon@egation,..

PARKER tS fI AllV'SR'l'lSEMSWIl!St1

one of the tlrst things t bttt uattbew .Parker tI.ecompU.shed

VIlla thedra:ld.ng up of Q se t of' injunctiQns in accordance \"/1 th

El1.zabetih't n theorte,s . Th.:1$ was dane i n 15S4 in re.la:tiGn wi th

the controvQl:'fJ'1QOnee:m1ag vestments . )'Jater i n 1566 they V!OI"Ei)

lal.Qwn saThe A4v&~t",s5en.t~ . Tb.oy w~ro sent to ~e {tu·cen for

h~r ,s1gnat1.U'e l.n 1565 and tagain in lase. She refuaod. to Sign

them, and parlt'tu:' then issued toom~11.'th(lut royal authority.

But whr did El:1!fiooth re!"llne to sign the Adv:e:r:~1a~mer$t.s l' . . .

Frel'@ says I

"~lhep. tho$" W6Npr.ssented to the quoen she pproved tl.nd Mtencied tuem, bu.t~e refused

ta tham th~ ~yal £u,1 f1ent which wa n neceGso.ry to g1 Va them soo.t \l'tory force; they wera. hOwevG1". acted upon in chuI'oh government by l'tght ·of their eoeles1a$t!.eal 9.'Utlwrleation, o.nd became nl'l efte'ct1ve part of the eooltt)tJ:i .... ast~c~l S7$tem tnd~pend~ntly Qf thoo1vl1 asnotion. This was probably the ~auJ.t whi ch tho ·que.u intended t tor ana, WQD oontinually UJr'glng :tho bishops to ·stand upon th¢1r own 1.EJgs" when. they VIera t1midly i,no11ned to lenn

upon the support e1th&:r. ot par11i.U'ilGut or of tho Cl"ow:n ••••• ll'M veCOVGry of' episcope:l .u.thor1ty i'Nm the l u;u ty and 'COl'rup tion

into whlah it had l apsQd in the de,y a when b18hoPI'iCfl wero tll~ reward -of succe.$s:t."'Ul d1p l.omncy or Skilful stl"ilt esX':l41:Ulll1p v;aeD.ot to be a.ccOlliplisbed with enaOj ospecis.lly in tbe f ace of n growins pr 0soyterian apposl t i on. { I 41

4t I . ....-

16B

~r6. r~ .. W. U. I ino E,ns11sh, Ohurq.h l!! ~hA ReiGns of . ~.lh:abeth a nd runes I .... p .. :t<SG' .,

: - .. ~~-. ~. -

~~-. ~~--~--~~~~----~--~~~~--~~ .. --~-.~~~~~~~~~~.-~~ i-I'h e ~IAdvl)rt1soment$H p;ro-J1ded. t Ot ' e.n episcopn.cy which E1113Q.'beth

w1sh.tld to pre$el."V(~ . rt'b,1s vms moat illIport8nt in tbe r aco ot' the

growing menace ot ?ur1t~n1~n.

St)l UfAlt! OF FIRstr R:~:eRESSIV1~ ItEA3urm s

Bf the 1£Jfil.r 15G3 :S:112sbeth ha.d cArl"ied hQlr point 1n having

th() lelPsl nt10n plis oad for th~ re~$$tab11shment 01' the Ohurch

through the acts ot 6upr~Jlna.cy and Un1fom1 ty., With the dll~Q­

tlo1\ of Coc11 h~l' w111 Wiut l o.w. Sbo waS nOw Vfj sted w1th both

temPoral andl3pl r1 tool au.thor!. ty,. and i f' she Cteeitledtha t Par­

liament should pass l awS in ,ap!rltua1 mat~rs without tho eon ...

sent of .convocm't1on or tl'lO :spiritual Pee~sf) the l.e~ls1stlon

WOUld be effect! VEl '. t loast during t he f irst ton ~enrs

"liza'bothts posi t ion \,1(:1$ 'l111Cel"t~1n beoause ot t he Dath()110

major-1ty . rther l egislntion agninst Oatholics caused

l';;U.0abeth to tear", She bad, seV'ol'al groups t o s4t1efY" "" ... hel1"

o.m IU"OUp, t he Catholics , and the I>tlrltf'.J.\o . \':hat thero8 Wa.

of repro ss10n in th$6$ .first yenrs wl9;s gener ally lnel\lded 1n

t he observance Of the aots o.t Sup~ma,ey and of Unif'om1 t y .

Yet des-p1te da I' /In<l beco..ua(!; R11z~beth wished to secure her

la9

throne the f.o.llc)wine measures had been pas $od : no heir

to thG throne , no person 1"soe1vlng 'Pl"etermEN'lt in tho

Churoh, no officer undel" the Crown. no membor of' oither

univGrsity coUld XiUl.~ntai11 thGir pooJ.t lon.1J w1thOl.\t. having

t sken tb.a oa.th ot' oupre:rJa(}Y emu th~robJf :renouncing the Onth ...

011e faith . The first Fn:z1iin.mont had Hbollahet'l th(1 Mags,

and. 8ui)stit'u t cd tht::) ro'.rlsea Pl"fl7rer B("Cl~, bad tiecu:-eed u:t:d.-·

tonnlty :tn pr a101> ond the Gao1."('IJlle ntsjJ ~nd hsld plaoed ~:r.t1e--

vous 'f)ennlt1 on tho non- observanoe of those acta,

fJ?RE ONltdOLIO MIlJORIfi

It is l'nthol? $\U"!)l'il.dng that within t;.t~se few -ytlara

thero oould buv€! bocm so IttUch prograsB in the new ~11R.ion.

atltWE) real i .l!lo that ti:ite Cnth.olio. r.'lftJI!lIX'1tY bad in the meantl:m'

beon ohanged to n Catho11c l.ulnorlty .. '1!he" blahODs and out ...

tanding clovicfJ bad 'been deprlvud, Sind the Catholics fOUl'ld

themse:lvEls without p.rom.ncnt l EH1<iers " 'I'b.c prote.stnnt o.ont"'­

glon from LOndon and. the vicinity soon spJ:$oQd to the south"

tho west, and the north, and almost e.verY'1her.o thflre wne a t

lens t tho outward. r0Sombl1lnoo of 'Corli'om1ty tQ the l~ atn'bllE1hed

Ohurch... \'11. t h r e ti.ler woak ltHldo:('8 among tbO Cnthol:Les we f i nd

t ha.t tllo O&tholles WCl'G no mona co at a :U to: the government,

and .from tho 'bogtnn1tlg ~G~ ifi(~apable of detr:mdil'lg t110Jr.aelv

ninst the wiles of Willi c o ei l and, l"..!s crew.. The blS.hops

on the otili!}i? hand of'fo:,ad no orgnll1.r.;ed t)ls.ns for l'es:tntunee

to t h.e li:stmbl1td~d Chul" ch.

1.'h.al"O 'Wore no fl ushes or po11t1ctl.l gen1ua ~ no d:tsplays of f'Ol"EHlight , of powel' of organi za.ti on,. of' t ho art (J)f exc1t!.ng p op1..i.l av sympath:y " Thia l'l'Ienus t.)1&t thore

naS not only no sorious res1s:t;Ruce t()

'K11zat1oth, but tl:U\t th~ ;roo was prao.tieully no pol! tionl £0:':-00 opposed to h~r Ht all. ho pel'aoeut1ng; moaSilra'S pass ed try he:r

fir-at Pt'l,rllamont 'W(':~I'e in nq Of;}naO 111£; v1t­able retnliutionso;r no cessary pr~ cnutlom to ~~nsur~ liber~ of Qonsei<moo to Pr ot­estAnts . n 42

4~ . i . , ' .' ...

170

pollan,. ;r .. 11. IlIl'he 1'011 tics or the Engl .ish 00 tho11oa dUr1ng the Roi6"n of Quoen In1zabeth~1 __ The f..~·ontb. xvix (1.902 ) ; Ih 47.. -

The 8pan1.sh runbaa3ador nt t he t~ dcclal"sd tlu:t t i £ t,.he

CS~lollcs l~d not boen of so small account politicall y.

IItb1ngs WOu.ld. haVEl turned. out diftelfflnt11. tI 43 Tho m'baasa-

U· . Ib1Q, ... P. 4.7.

~.-~----~~~~~--~~~~~.---~~" ~ ... ~~-~~.~~~~~~~.,~. ~~~~~--~~~ dor" s note s, howevor ; abound 1.n referonCiitS to On thOlicfl

impriaol.'lod , 01" b i shops ~ln.d mag1st1Xlltca deposed, ot pe1"scou",

t it1g meusu..r&s pas 13e<l e,M. Of tho ex11e of both priests and.

lD.1I!1on to eaoapG further evils,. Yet on the tinele ovidenoe

is strong 1n upholding the 'Position the,t the Gatho11oa of

the f i r ·at bon yenl"'sot j,: :U:, ~e.b()thts ~el5fl ' were Ifun1.fOl'1l11Yl

eJ moat monotonOUsly pa t i ent , law- abiding and il'1oftena1ve . !l 44 44 . . , _ .. . ... _ .. ~~-.

Ib.1d·., p. 50 . "~--~~----~.-~~~~~~--~~~~'~~~--~~~.~.~'----~~~~~~~~~~~--~----.....

~'HaOND PARLIAMENT, 1563

In M~r()h •. 1563.1 at the second sos,d.on of' Par11runent it

wae Pl'oposed $00 cArried to extend the ob11tl:ation of tlak ln

tho oa th of 3ul):remaev to, o'thers bo ~U.des tbDse mentioned abOVe,

and to !I"..ake the i"i.rst r<;)tuaa l subject t----. ~ ,. 'and

the se cond punlShs.blo by death, .us in oaseo 01' 't:re a son..

171

Jl.£t1i'.r e. long ntrtlgg1e this b:1.11W~g ClH'j:>1ed w1,'t1'l. sovel~a.l

provisions . Tbe teul.porcl peers tlor<J aZltempted from its

operation and t he he1rs of' t.he attf:llntsQ

t a eted fr¢r.1 t'Qri'eitu;r ....

<;.4180 pro ...

ROt1.11 1. taxtcpded the ob11got!.on of t l.11d.ng the oatb to t t.vo ola ssolJ of Jl1£m pot oontomplatod in th<J or1~11'lal ttct; 1. To the mambors of the house of COt1t.-nons to S9hO~)lJ:llO,stiera~. pr1va.t.e t u.tors , and attornel's; and 2,. To all persons who had $:\lett held Of'fiot) it: t.he ¢huron. ox inrmy ·ceolea1astionJ. court . during trle present, or the In.5t t~ree ~}1gnsj 0.1' wh<) should opon):y d1.eapt)X'Ovo or 't.h~ 13$ - · ta'b.l1Bl~a wOt'$hip , or-should ~le'br3 te or hon~ oth.al'soolebrate ~ on., pr1vutt;) lllQ..Ss ; t~t 1S'" in 0:0.0 \'lO~d, to the Vlhole O.n tho11Q popul ation of' tbel"'(H~,lm . A.$ to the flrnt clas3, it Was enQct(~d :tn t b,eir t svotU", tlw..t the onth oQald be tein.derQd totb.~m but olloe , 9l1>:10£ courSe they \lerG lia.ble only to the lessor penal ty of f orfEit 'b'Ure an.d llerp.otua l 1m... , prisomTlont; but to. thO$O ot the :lacond 0 1£,\88 , it wns to bD tc:md-ere:dtw1oG; and tor thQ second I'otuaa.l tho of'tond;Elr wao BUli>j0cted to tho pU'n1s,hl'nent of death. as in oaSes of biAA tt'eaBon •. t1 45

"'1$ ~ .. I ' lit ,.. .. ' 4 . LIngard, .reM and BellOo, n11L11~l. n~lmld~ Vol .. VI. 1'- 83,.

_________ • ______________ ~ .. --I".....-.--....... .. . _ . .., ~ .... ____ __ ..... ___ ...

The Quoen berself ~ 1)'11 "" t tho ;)ra::meot of the

oonsoquenees of e~r1<'Y1np:, out this lQ'\ljII to tho l e tter and f1..9.V'·

ol'ders t.b.tt.t 'tho bl$oops ehc.."Uld pl'oeel'..>d with lenio:o.'eY' nn.d

cllut ion . '1'beretcrro rile sae tbn t t11 nt wns l"tlthox>

l enient in -I!)n.fOX'Oing moa~UI"eu a~tll:tU'!t thii> !,~I3UI:Hl.nt$-.. ,that 1s,

tho I,) iutlQc! to n ttend th .fol'!llod service i n IilnglQnd 14

tbe wholQ~. the 'ere not so nlr.u.Y/ of' thQ 313 , fot' ,. larg

€~l'OentaP:fi' of the p~ople bEld not understood to thafulleat

extont the ironort of t he ehaMe .

II A g !'Oll t l-rul j ::H;:t ty O()'tb OJ: cle l:"r;y !tUU ln1 uy yieldod to the t1l11~:JSj an.d of tlloot) 'tOflt-PQJ:>1 sl.ng c(mfoIta:if!ts il t Clll'tllot '00 doubted

172

th&. t l'llnuy 1. , e t b y d0: g!'e 0 S nll tho\lt~t ot returni ng to the a.."lcicnt ft>ld . But Qthe1'$, whilo thoy ocn,1;plied with exterlor oeramon10Bt l'stuincd in t heit' rrr1v'l'to de''1ot!OnG thc;1r aeeustof.led mode of wOl"sh1p . I t 1s an ad ... m1tt~d f nat th:~ t the Catbol1oll gonorally Qttenrl(ld the ChU~ch, till it oalOO to bo x'o,el,.--oned 1.1 distinotive s:1gn Qf thO i r !laving renounced ~llell;" own ;r.ellgion" They po!'­aUflded. th~rne~,lvet;l (6\n4 t~}.e En,gltsh pXOi.oat., uninstructed ~tm a C'Cllsto:m.ed to a tempor1$.­i n, conduct, did, not di (l ooUl'uge the notion) thnt the nr'.vl' to Ob3el.""vRnoe of' thoir mm 1"1 tos WOQtd excuse a forms! obod1ence to the civil p O'l'/fn;oll (P. 120). I/'rhore is nothing ........ {hicb serveS to, conntcrlanQo the very unfair '!niero.presont'"l.t1ona Illtol~ (1. o. J 1845) g1 von, e.~ .if this ROman Ou tho ... lien gonerally hc.d ncqU20ll0Qd 1n the Anglloon worship, bolieving it to be substantially the :J&:tna as their 07m,. ':¥hoy ft":equented our ehUt'OOEUJ.,t b~c1J.'Uso the law eomp011ed them 'by p$1l.alt1ea so to do, not out .of n no t ion that veriI' 11 ttle ch nne;e bad been made b;r the Rofon'Mtion .• fI 46

1<3 . -: . -----Gasquot, Frnncis AidGn. flHP...mp ~h11"e ReCUf}f.tnt.s H in Old l~n~l1ShB,1ble, .P . 336 ... 33'7 t \.l'Uoting nallru:n 's Constl · ll t.1on.~! li,lst.<!!2 2! l':~.lnm. 1f

'!'11MPOR1ZING OJ.\TROL!CS

In the b0gitm1ns Of th9 change 1n religion in E11za'both's

reign no official declaration had been given by Rome conoern ..

in/it th0 a ttendance of tb~ fai thf'ul at tl:16 pub lic sett'lfice . The

pooplG thought it \'las not wrong to a ttend these servia.es if

they (l.lso 1.0. B$Qret attendod Uoly Ut1Eie a1 ther before Oll" r.d't0r .

'l'hiseccouuts 1:npart fOil? the gmal.l percontattG of rem.uJ~nta

1n the first ton J'e'Qt's of' r~11zabeth 'a re1ten.

11e l nwa pO,ssed. by t he l'arll.umont of 1563 W01'"0 tho

source of eonsldot>nble (i1saemblin~ on th.o part of the clergy

173

and l a1 tyalike. Priesta ,;rho could not in consoienoe oon­

form whole heartedly would perform the ceremonies of the

new religion and later say Mass in a neighboring house .

Some performed the Lord f. s supper a ccording to tbe Hng11 sh

rite and said Mass elseWhere. But this group was the m.1.nor-

1ty.

Vfuen a de:finlte stn t ement came from Rome conc'erning the

double des,ling,. in rege rd to ~ ttendonce a t services, saying

that 1 twa s not a llowed to a ttend. t he I:ilstablished Seu"vice,

l'tlany still did SO just to n r ovent ruln and material roist'or­

tune from falling upon ther.! .

On the whole the Catholi.c party WaS r ather Vleak and

vacilla.ting during these first ten ye[{rs of rniz~lbethfs

reign. 'rhey l a cked the :tnt ti9 ti va and su.pport of ,a clergy

poweri'ul enough to support them in the government tlud to

spur them on to uphold their rights . Most of' the ~arian

bishops and many' of the p rie sts , u.s, we have aeon. had been

deprived; others had. left the oountry or r e signed;, some had

died; And a large number hadconfoI'med.. Therefore, it was

a :!tr ea t probl em for those \"{ho wer.eeta'Uncb. to the old 1'a1 th

to hold to thoir couvletlonS'., They needed a nat1ve clergy,

and the r~ stllblished Church would not supply the deficiency

for the Cll thollca . The cura t e s of the E~tablished Churoh

could not ~ay P.Jo.SS f'.nd to 'the ardent O~thol1cs it WaS the

MaSs that 1!L'ittered most .

illiam Allen,. a :C'runous Oxford professor and a. most

devout Catholic, s aw the need. Thl:>ough his ef£-orts mueh

174

was ecconlpl.iOhat't tho. t. "lilS to b~ar fr'ul t hl l,:lte!' yours . no

bad beotl tl"'n 1nGd in t:i1C staunel: t:at.l1011c npirit Ilnd even

While O'till 11 lnyman could not. '\mdo!'tltand ho'(i' GO' rflnny of the

Catho11os COUld rocor~cil0 t~ir consOionces \dtih theil' a t;...

t endanco a t t1 v sel'viee.. 110 never could d1ssemble 1

nuv wfxl hi:ltll:.Solf I Ulld l'lC mc~do it hie ehi(~f \'1ork to diaoo'Ut'nge

anY' tempo:i("l z1ng ''lith the '~~ngl!$b church and to' s t iffen tho

Ciltb.ol ic realstonec.. As \1eshall Gee in t he next ch..'lpter,

'''ill:tmn Allen, througll thQ £'ounding of d ser:d.nal"Y for English

i.~tudel'lts for ell.s

Cathol 1c revival

'l'har'e 'Wer~J e

rles t hood.. was lut'gel y r oeponGible for the

n E:ngl nnd during t ho sev~nties and eigh.ties •.

"CtYlION Ol? CATHOl.ICS

'u1s i1ioners. sent out to tll~ he'1ds of tho

univers;1t1os und to tho 100(' 1, 1l1ag! str::r.tes deliWlndin..il: su'b!'l'11B­

s ion to the Pat"liruoontrr ry 19,\7s . Thf)Y either hIla. to earu·om.

resign, or be fined or ilnpri aoned. . 'l''her 'e war·e· no bloody

perseoutions for the Clitthol 1cs at this t1me if t h0y nttendod

t he pnrish ehuvch--tlU!t is ,, the refot"tded ~hurch on sunday.

There w'Ss no <)'bj$ ctione1'Chel.~ if' tl1G Oatholics X:}l~fJf'(liI'red to

l o#lvG the country. 'the l'llOMfJtar1o s 11nd o{>nvants that woul d

not t}:1VD UP the Masa we~ diseolveu, t heir m{tl1ioel':'s disbanded;

and thei.r P'!'op.art y taken by t h,e ut ut\) .., Of aou.:t"O'a ,. W(~ s.ay there

t'iS,S no bloodyp~l'80cu:tio:n , but 11' CathOlics woul d not attend

tho sorv:i00 they bad t o p tl.y fines find mo::r"e fines " and at t imes

VJe:r'e even impove t'i shcd c.nd t hBil' l anda ond buildings tal::en over

1>1' tho tax COllector. . It w£\s not bloody, t)ut 1.t VlIll.S a. method

of stC\rv~t.n(~ the people into SUbt1l1ou1on,

175

COliVOCAT101l OF 1663

About the same t1:r;ls th..nt parliament was in aosaion, 1563;

Oonvooation also mat " The matteraaubm1tted for its deli'b­

Qro. t1ons were

4'7

nan adequnte provision £or the lower ordc!' ot the clergy, 0. now code ofecclesia.stleal dls­cipline, and the promulgation at a nnt10nlll oNed, the future standard of English ortho­doxy'. The two fIrst wero opposed and provented by the a.va.rioe and prejudices of t11G eOUl't1era, who sought ratheIl to lessen tht,m increase the

ealth tmd . authority ot the cl:1ul~ehmcn; to the third,. as it interfored neither with their interes ts nor thei r plcHlsurea. they ot't'erad no Objection." 47

Lingard, John and Bolloo, Hilaire . 9.E,- ill- Vol. VI , p . 84 .

,: '"'--

The For t y- two Art1el,es of TI:dwsrd VI were revlsed :i.nto the

Thirty-nina Art i oles as t hay now ey~st in tho Churoh of r~~land .

ThOY \ver cccDt od by both housea of Convooa tion, and an effort

s rr.ado to fOl'ce them on the consciences of the people . 'Ph

Oouncil objectod to thi3 measure as 1 t al 'res.dy had a means of

'bringing all Catholics to tho scaffold undor the Act of Suprem­

aoy,. and they wonted to deal more gentl y with dissenters because

t he queen SOlJ,£.ht to w1n them rather by indulgenoe than. by

sGveri ty.

1 th1n tho first decade of her rei g11, E1101lbeth foun,l her

will oarried out Qoeord1n~ to bel' direction. Par11rument had

establishod the chUrch on le~ril f 'oot1ng. Oonvocation had snne-

t ioned1t.. Ilnd Matthow Parker h nd been made pr1mnte 0.£ the

Church and, theretoI'o, in a position where ha could "'0 taheod

1'16

on his own responsibility .. Wh,Pt remains for u.s to consider

is the resistance offered. from vorious sources to lUizabeth

and to the ohurch thl'tt she esta.blisbed , and to shoW' how' 3h(')

by her dominAnt w111 met thesocl1:ft1eultio:J .

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178

WILLIAM ALLBN ' S SEMINARY

The Church of England nk'1de considerable progress in

the first years of Ellzabeth t s rei~~, as we saw in the pre­

vious chapt e r ,. Her will, as expressed through the work of

Cecil and the Pa rliament, had cs.rried through so far . Nevel.'­

theless she was eonsldera,bly more lenient to the Cathol ics

in. these i'irst ten years t han 'wa shall find her in the next

few decades . Her pos ition as queen was stlll pre carious and

waS to rema.in so for severa l ye prs more . But e..fter the Pope ,

in 1570 , issued the Bull of Excommunication, her attitude

becsme defiant even though It Was to nct t hrough the ministra ....

tiona of Ceoil .

Elizabet h and Ceeil hsd hoped that b~fore long the

Catholic element in Engl and would be of l Ittle account . The

aim of Ce cil was to de ea tholici·ze Engl and. But Wi .lliem .Allen

bad sufficient foresight to avert that calmn1tYi Hore we meet

the first serious setba ck to the Established Chur ch.

Allen had been a. stUdent a t Oxford, but in 1561 when the

perseoution w~ed up he could not r emain, for he would yield

nothing in his religion. He was still a layman. He went to

Louva1n for Q year and returned to England Bsa l ay apostle

endeavoring to preserve t he fai th of Englishmen against

attack S made upon it . After threo years he found that if he

wished to oontinue his work he would he obliged to leave the

country . He WaS soon ordained, became a professor of theol og,y ,

nd pl anned a Catholic university for EnglIsh students abroad.

A few years late r , in 1568 , with the authority of pope

179

Paul IV, he sndaix 0omp nn1ons founded the seminary for

m1sstont'l.Z'y priests nt Doua!. Wi thin f'lvQ years thia sem1-

nary sent neerly one hurAred priasts to England~ many of

tbom weX'G rtyred. 1 The students of this un1 vel's1 ty'\vere 1-- .... ----- .

Haseltine , G. O. "Will1,,1m Oe.rdina1 AlIenI! . ~ Sign. 01 . 12 , NO. 3; P . 155-156.

---~----..... ~~.---. - _ •••.. _ ••• _ ---- - - -- - ---~-•• - - --.-• • - .<: • • -~-

'Qn1ma~d vl1 th zeal for their religion. tor nh1eh they had

left their native ,countl'1.. Thelr objoct Was to study the­

ology, to receive orders; and to return to Hnglnnd, thus main ..

t a1ning a conato.nt succession of nnt1ve Catholic clergy.

There were ltU'ge numbers of studont s wbo tlocko-d to thl

em1nlu'Y'"'- so l &rge that tbe l~:nglish govormllent took steps to

atop the f l ow ot theSe young mon to tho continent, i ·or they

teared s politica l reaction . .ut th1 .s did not help the gov.

ernment . The mo-vernent b'l!l'G\1 apaoe ., so tha t in time there were

other centers for these missionary priests est;nbllshed" as

HOnle (1679 ) , Vallo.dol1d (1589 ) , Seville ( 1592) .

There 1s no l 'Q&SOn to supposs .... - indeod the evidence is conclusivGly rAgninot aU.ell a. suppositlon .. - toot politlca l aims enterod into Al len ' s scheme, or that tho priests who enli st ed under his bonner were other than they professed to be , crusaders tor t1:1e Oath .. olio f ai th . l.'he via dolol"oaa that led trom Douel t o Tyburn could not hnve been trod by men who were not pro1'ou!'"dly imbued ~'1i t11 the s pirt tUQl ch<l r f'l c tel' of th.eir work . But tho tact tha.t the Pope and the Span~sh king wore the oh1ef patrons of the colleges e.tforded a s trong presumpt10n against the a lleged inno­oenoe of the missionaries. It was d:tfficult to disconnect the ser.rtnnry movement frol1l t he .vowed po11 ey of Pius V, or to mvoid the can ...

clusion tho t under t he guise of ao.v:1ng souls t he priests were renl ly uct:tn.q as Oxocu.tors of the bUll.. Moreover; Qvem if the m1 fH1ion

~ ..

was devoted to ,exolusively religious ends , the l aw, as we havo scen, made i t t r¢saon to r e oon0110 the Queen's subjeots to Romo . Consequently, 'lIhen tho Y' began operations in 'Sngltand, j.n 1574. tho unfortunnte ries t s walked stra1.!.ht into the t rap

.. h1dl;lOi rcumstences hud prepared for> t.hem" 'he very vlozrd ' sem nar1. s t ' C('mo to me an

i n , 'C01ml'10n parlance • oonspirntol" ,, 11 2

180

Bleek, J . B. The Ba1tm E!. E112albe~, 1558-J.OO5, p . 140 • . ,.

OPPOSITI ON TO BLIZA.i3ZTU ' WILL

The w111 of' ~11so.beth wall meeting eons1dQrnble opposition

t hrough the grot'1th of this mls aior..n ry sp:tdt, nnd she \'IllS bent

on opposing this Catholic a.otivi't~y. S1noe Rome had deol ared

defi n.t tely On t he position of the Oatholics and theit' obligu ..

t 10n eonCern:tnp: the estnb11ahed se,rvlce, there wa.s found to be

more oppoal t i on, Tho n'Unlber of recu.aents increased, Qnd the

priests from Allen's seminary were tU"ous1ng the Catho.lics t o

herolc resistance . Al o ··lth that thero were plots dovelOped

t oot rr.e.de, Ellzabetht a position on the throne more dangerous .

Mary Stuart 1nthe me rtn t :1me had been1n on.p t 1v1 ty in Engl tuld.

~·nd hersympat h1210rs l'OO;ny of Whom war e Oa tholiOS p lotted t o

pl a ce Mar y Stuart On the throne and if necessary to kill.

lizabeth, 1'hust Cormany yenrswas '!U lzQbatb threatened by

various groups . but her de t ermi nat ion, wi th t he help of CeCil ,

dl d she meet d overo~ her adversarIes .. Besides tl16J.~e \'TQ

e. very strong i nfluence at work aga1nst, the EstAblished Ohuroh,

n amely-- the develomnent ot' Pur1tanism. e shnl l also s ee how

her stroM will \~tas re ally res'ponstbl o tor the preaeI""vat10n

'of An~11can i deals 1.n her Ohureh,.

181

#e shall first eonsider the opisode of Mary s tunrt

clearly conflicting with tIle will of !nJ.~abeth to lttllinto.in

her influenc nd 110 it' p·ower in Engl and, a.OO shOoll summarize

briefly the histot>y' of Mal'Y s tWlrt alld her Contlcict1Qn \'llth

811zabeth.

AHY QUEEH OF SOOTS

Qry Stuart 'Was the gr anddaughter of }da.rgeret, t he elder

sist er or itsnry VIII; and a ccording to Oatholic prtno1ples,

she had !trea t er right to the tn.rone of Engl and than did

,:l1zs.beth, wbom all Cntholico regs-roed as illegi timato . Ma

Stuart \19,3 a l so Quoen o.f' s ootland .. i'ot' f.\argarot. hor grand ..

lrLOthel' , had marriod ,jams v or Scotland. Sho had boen

brought up i:n the .French eou.rt" for her mother> 'wns IillH.·Y of

GUise . When Mary' Stunrt was sevent een years old, ahe married

FrlID<:r1 s II of France who died the follOWing year. 1581. In

the eapacity of .een-doWQltcr of Jrranee . Mary l'etul."'ne"d to

"eotland. llhtm sbe set foot in Sootland., hal" troublesbcgo.n.

"rh1$ period of rosidence in Scotland WllS marke6. 'by in­

surrect10ns am.one; t~) nobil1ty ", She married 'Dnrnl ey, her

Catholic eousin i n 1565. lIe 'Orol/ed 0. uk pro:tl1ga te husband

md an inefficient ruler . 1 zz10 , the queen ' s 1'or01 seore-

t ary I WIlS mUl'liered . 1'he eonsplr~ tors tried to impr1 son MQI''!f ,

'but she escaped w1th the help of hel:" husbl'!nd . In 1587 her

husbnoo , Damley , was murdered, it 1s thought at the instiga.­

tion of' Bothwell, who very soon appn'I'ently foreed J!.e.ry into

mElrrioge with him and that with a Protestant rite ,

"'No sooner bad Bothwoll a ocomplished his crime , thnntne scone ohanged as if by mngic ~ The plotters who h ad t:d.Rl'lCld the

:y 15. 1567 .

Orn1gmilln:r and AinsliE} b<md s lalla urged the queen to l!1:lrry Bothwell , now t urned agsina t b.1In, and ehlll:'god him wi th the murder of Darnley and the treasonable se1zu~and Imrriogo of the queen, s igned bonds at Stirling,. and amed. The opoos-1ngforees met at "nrbert'S Hill. Hore 1,10.17 surrendel:'ed to tho lords upon thelJ:l nssur:lnoe th~t they woul d ucknowledge bor as their sovereign. But whilst Bothwell 'laS tl.l.lowed to depart 'Unharmed, lfl1ry StUSl.l't was atones treated nS a: captive" loaded with brutol i .nd1gnltiea _ nnd lm-, rlsonad in the .fO:rt1"ess of Lochleven. ";'

182

Ai -.. 1t .............

" Guggenber~r, A. ! Oener~ History ~ ~ Ohriati~ Era. Vol. II, p . 286 . .

'!'be rebel lords forced her to surrender hor crOWll to her

1nfantaon; In Ms.y" 1568 , Nary eSCaped f~om Looh Leven prison

and tled to ·'Bllgland with tho: Lo:rds Harries and. Flem1n~ . On

-(sy 15 3ho wrote to Queen ElIzabeth, giVing htn~ an aeoount ot'

the r-eball1on of hal' 8ubjeot s nnd imploring her help,.,

4

n ' ! Qln now .forced out ot my kingdom and d:r1ven to such straits that nex.t to God I .Mve no hope but in your goodness . ·t On lay 16 ~he orossed, the border, and May 19 the first OMara of' tllllsabeth. arrived in Cum'barlo.nd whioh ,m.ade Mary

~ue&nOr Soots, tM prtsonarot the F.:nglish. queon for ninett)on years .• " 4

~. , p . 28a- 287 .

STUART IN ENGLAND

l~Bry had begged to be brought into the Queen ' a presenoe,

but QUeen lUlaabeth .r ofus8d thiS request . IIereupon, Mary wroto

gain, oending th.e letter to Lord Herries .. begging e1thertha t

ahe miMt see the Q".leon, or be sent baak to Scotland, Th:e

Que en rop11es {

183

D'

"Greenwich, June 30, 1568 .

"Me.drun, I am gre atly astontshed that you press me so rot' tOl"d l!"11emlngt s going to Fra b.ce , and wi11 not take my a.nswel'by Lord Herries at his firstooming •• •• _. I l ive no diss imul a tion in another, nor do I p r o.cti.ce 1 t myself ; tha t made me give the same reason to' the King .my good brother'a ambassador • • •• • After r eading your lett;ers , Iiarries came to tell me two thi ngs I thought very strange : one , tha t you woul d not answer 'but before myself; the other , that '1111 thout force you woul d not stir from your presant abode unle s ,6 licensed to see me Ii' . 10 I assure you I will do nothing to hurt youfi 'but rath<H' 'bo honour a nd aid you ••••• I 5

Harris on, G . fh XVlII , p . 53 .

The Letters of Queen :::::;E.;;;;l.;..i.;..z,;;;;;t'iI..;..b_e .... tl ... l. -..---- J _ ___ _ No .

Hereafter Mary ws.s at the mercy of: the English Q;ueen and

Elitabeth woul d hav e her way . Tl:l1zabeth bad supported the

rebe ls of Scotland for t he Plls t ten yeat's, :for she was awal·e

of movements in Sootland that tended to place Mary s tuart on

the thrOne of' 'England. Mary had a lso allied 110r801f wit h the

1'01'0 who had promised her financial aid and al SO with Philip

of Spain who should supply her military a i d . Mary 'being til

catholic; expeoted thet t he Ca thOli CS of Ji~n~lan.d and of Soo t ­

lend woul d COl':1e to her aid , but \Vi thout help from the eonti-

nent she could not succeed . 'i'he 'O£'011118e(1 help did not come ,

and the revolutionary party in s eotlandseeretly aided by

Ui{!';abeth overthrevl the government and Ma~y had to flee to

England II

In the .first years of her reign lU1zabe th had h oped t o

ma;i.ntain loya l support of all of her s ub j e cts-., but with the

Cla i ms of a Ca tholic qu.e en, Ma:ry Queen of Scots, this support

104

1as endange red. Religion bea&~e en importnnt issue in the

controver sy. The Oatholics r enlly had tl'Q\'m.od. 0 11 IM'1.;t7 t o

'otions in Sootland, but now that Mary wn ,')r1oonor in

en~15nd and they theI!me l,,"()~ were beIng oppr es,Sed" they

united 1'0 .1'0 0 8 with her a.gainst a comruon enemy . Mary s tuart

llOW naked th..1 t he r posit.lon in s cotland be l'estored t o her,

or that she be t;ivon a free passage to Fr ance " o.r be pa z>-,

m1tted to have a nersonnl i nterview wl th 1!:l ir,abeth, as we

saW above. Elizabeth denied all requ.ests until eve'r;.f susp i ..

oion ooncerning DIll'nley t a death should b moved f r om Mary' .

UITRIGUBS ACHl.li~$T THl:~ QtJESn 01;;' SCOTS

A oonference \vas held f irst at york and l a t e r at lVest-

Ininster be t ween comm1s131oners appointed by QUeen r:11~Qbeth ,

by l.-!ary s tuart, e.nd b y MU.t'NlY" regent of SQo tland d l1e.lf ...

brother to f.!n r-S" ..... one of.' the Chief instIgators in the. plots

in Sootland . Jiiul"re,y VI also in clooe communication with

El.izabeth. Tho oonfep.enoes \.,~re n f lU?OQ, tor J,llillry s tuart

was not eVQn ~1tlen an opportun1 ty of belnp: cOi1!'ronted vnth

the pl:'<>of'e of her supp"~d gu,11 t ~ Deoisions W01"O debyed

and MUI'ray WQ.S afraid of being diaoovered ill hIs intrigues,

Itfoo Soots were divided into two parties, cnl l od the king l s lords, a.nd the quean ' s · l oPd,s, nt the l'.l,eBd o·f ffhi eh were the ea rl of Murray on, one .sido, .and the dul-te of Cha ate lhernult, lntely xoeturnod. from Frnnoe, em the other. Both ot tb; sa Garnestly de-. strada oompromise . Murray knew thfi t his ,Clutrg e against Mal"'y would be met w1 'th Q

similar ' ch..'lr ge o.ga i nat h1s asSoc1n:t e s , ,and that her prex>ts: ware botter able to boa!' inv8stlgatlon tW'l. his. Should he f llil, he would be loft w1 thout :resource' to the vengeance of hla sovereign; should ho suo­ceed; the Sickly state of the infnnt king

e

mede it pI'ob~ble th.9t, i n n short t i r e" bis lD.ort a l enemy, the duke , would eome to the tru"one. lienoa ro \'10S willing to tva up his p:roofs nga.inat Mtlry, to pro­

nounce her' innocQnt by ,actor 'r,Hlx'lifooont, nd to allow hGI' a. cons1der9.bl& revonuo

from .Sootlfll'ld, pl"ovided aha would oither oonfirm her resignation of the c rown, 01" , ~6tall'l:1ng too name of queen, consent to reSide in Sngland., nnd leave to him the title and 't;llr3 GuthOI"it y of re,gent ., The duke , t..l].e fleJtt heir after t he 1ntnnt James, tetaNd .. O,i'l the contrary, the 11'1. ... trigues of tlurl'llY, and the hostile pre ... tens10tls of tbe house of Lennox. He demanded that the queen should bO' restorod to the orol,m; but was l.'1111ing that the pr1nce should be educated under the oare 0.1' RlizQbeth~ :.).00 tM t the gover~nt shou.ld bo conduoted by Q oounc1l of noble­men; in wllioh avery me.n should M ve thnt pl a 0'0 which beOalT.l0 his r-nnk. 1\ 6

185

Lingnttd, John tuld Bo.lloc.U11rlire .. l!!-~l(.md . Vol. VI, p . 182- lt33 .

Tho, Rlstor:z of'

MUrray employed Maitland to s:'Llggest to hfsry a lllaI'r1~J.te

~"ith tlle Duke of Norfolk and protn:1sed in the event of i .ta

ao compl 1 s·hment , that Elizabe t h would restore hoI' on the

throne of Sootland. But Oec:U dee1ded upon a nOVf 'expedient .

ttNow t...~& t h~ '<"taB fully a.cqua.inted w1 th the s t a t e or tho oonferences at York, the ro4o lue.t anoe of the reg{mt to bring forward tho oharge, the pre>oumed i ns uffieiency of his roofs , the projeot or !llal'!":1age between

riGl'tolk and fflnrY" and the multiplied in­tri,guo'll of L10.1 tland, he induc()dtt~ oounoil, instead otreturn1ng a d1re ct answer, to :repl y that ,t he que stions of' I4urrsY' O.ont ti3J:\ed sev6l'"al po1nts whic h could not be tHuc1dotea 'tit letter, and to r equire that two cOL'11lission'" &%'8 t'1'-om eaoh pArt y , w1th ~31r Ral ph Sadlor,; shoul d hasten to the oourt, to give to th queen the necessary int'oX'mnt10n. Mary, t hou. am felt surprise at this unexpeetod d.omund. eXpressed hoI' s at1sfaotion thllt the, oognizanoe of het' c-ausewould a t length oome bofore U1~abetb herself . llUrr-o:y, t'/ho waS in the

'-'

186

secre,t, slgnH'led his acquiesconce, and at the same time soUe! ted permission to attend the oolml"J.is3ioners in p erson., !l 7 ._----...,..----_._ ..... ----........ ... ;-----.- .... --....... -.~-----.:.

Ibid" P. 184 .

~--~----------~----------~~~----~----~--------.-----------------~~-------------fl'he seoret mentioned. in the abo~le quotation waS the plot

tor;nedby A~ul'ray with the help of Cecil . There wass. council

hel d at Hrunpton Oourt where it waS de terrl11ned

ttl . r.Plla t , to t a.1{e from l>ll!l ryf S oommiss ioners all pretext of evading the d efence of their mI stress" the queen sh,ould previously", if it were possible I , draw from them in oonversation an aVOWal of' the full extent of thei r pO\"lera . 2 . Thnt lJIurray l s ·conmliss1oner·s, as an induce­ment, shou.ldreoe1ve an aS3ursnce of impunity" if they eould prove , to the sat1sfaction of the queen Qnd he!' council, that Ma.ry had been guilty of tm .murder of ~r husb and . 3. 'fuat, to prevent t he escape of t he s cottish queen to t he borders,. she ShO~lld be removed f'rom Bolton tOTUtbury; and l astly , that, on account of too importanoe of the inVestigation, the attendance of all the privy counoillors should be required, and in add! tion, ·of tne earls of Northumberland, We stmoreland, Shrewsbury, Worcester, Sussex, and Huntingdon, so tha t the first estate of the English nobility might he oonsulted . t:I 8

a-.-------------Ibid .. p , 184-185 .•

~~8ry d1s,eovered the scheme which was a ov1sed for hel' ruin

and prevented the wor king Gut of the a·cheme by making heX'

demands. When ahe received the news that sbe w'ould be refilsed

to be admitted to the presence of C~ueen Elizabethane

tI'Qrdered hel:'conmdss1oners t 'G declare to the que~n andcoUTlcil that , twher~ Murray and his aocompl1oes had sa id that she knew, o.oun$~lled, or eommanded the mul~er of her husband, they had fa.lsely, traitorously,. ond wickedl y lied., i mputing unto her theor1me of whioh they them­selves were the authors , inventors , doers f a.nd

~.

some of t hou hhe v O'!:'y U:F::CCUtiCH'l01"S; i that, wheJ?~ they alleged th~ t she' had 1ntendGd to' r. ... 1.1f$ her son follow his f8tha l~ . • tho natura l l ove whiOl'l n. mot her boars to beI' only bairn' wns rmtr 1ei lSut to p :i?OVe their fa l sehood., t he i r a ttempt to' have sla1n him :tn t.llo womb ouf f io1$nt to' uhow their hypocrisy ; tha t :she ooul d not a llOW ohar aea So o't'll UJr.nioUG to pes s over i n oilonoo, but de~~ed t ha t ~p1e & of tbe papers should bE) g.1vell to her- c".mlrn1ssioner s, Ilnd tho originals su.l:mt:'l.tted t o oor' own inspection; and pledged her \vord to nama cortain in­dividuals among her accusers, . and to con­V10t them o.f tho murder , pt"~'v1.d:ed ahe might. 'hAve aoces:} to the p NSOl1cce of the queon, and a t'6s$onablo time t o colleot her wi t ­nenSGS and proots jp

tt 9

!b1d"t P . 190 * _. -'---~. _ . . _ _ •. .....o...._~

107

'l'l:cl.s turn of ev \~nts \'1no unex,peetod by th-e c~een, tmd the

conference was. brolcon IOff. The unexpeoted: tr1umphnnt t()ne ot

"e.rj 91a rmod ~l" adversnr l es. But in the meAntime Murray had

brought forth the Caske t Le tters to the Eng.).ish oornml ssiol'iO!'S

W110 had mad& copieS of them and cHU'rled their verdict to

London. ThOse lettera n.re uSUAlly attribUt ed to ~flry and

prOVide the main proo1' of her ~om,plio1 t1 in the murder of

Do.mley. Students of rese arch heva notdef1n.1tol y settled on

tbe mattel" whether these lettors e authentic or wtlether they

wer e forp;ed or partly forged Tbe myst ery concerning Mary'

guilt htnses on theSe letters and. ovento..-da'Y there 1s no

oertainty about 1 t ,at all. Ellzab.eth ad.1ourned the conference

to Westminster where she oould ln~l1~st1gate mottel's mQt'e OlO6:Qly ..

"Under the h'lfluenoe, of th:pents , cajol ery, And promise s that be woul d notsuffGt' bj t aking the bo l d course, I~t'jU1Y tabled his evidence aga,1nat 'tlltry in d ot ail ; and 8.f 't 6 1' n ~unute eXDmina tion lasting for days ,

10

fOllOW'6'<;tby r-:lt1.rv~y of tb!3 cas e by the privy council, theoonclusion wta.S aX':r>1vod

180

at thEtt '111 vlew of thCs.o vehEll'l1ont all@g~ .. tiona r.nd prasu.u:\ptiong l • Elil?;abeth could not twithout nmnif~5t blemish of her ovn hono'Ur •• " . agrooto b.."ive the same queen cOllie into 11.01" pI'c$QncG" 'lu1tl1 the snid hOl"'1"ible crimes lYNly be .. by aome just and rea3 0nable' maVTer s,vo.1ded ~nd remov$d from hep . t Since [sry ,could not '00 indueed to take up the

r ef'utat1o:n acriously ... .. her I'Gprooont(l tlves hoi bee.n withdrawn from the o,onferonce- ..

presumption ,ms Cl'oated tbRt she h6d no VQ1.1d dtitGrtGe to offer.. On 10 J'anutJ:t.'y (1668) Rl1.zabetll BUli'lffif.;o' up tho :.;1 t UGt:ton by de­c l e-ring t hat nothing had beer>. brought £0'1.'­,\\'1lN to irAp~1r the honoUI' G.nd 81.leg1 ~\no& of

.§'urray ~nd his supportars . and thclt not.."llng ,Md ba~:n 'su.tfic1ently proven' against Mnry. Not p1"ovonJ ! t \Vas a prud.ent resolution for the 'Sl1gl.1s'u queen, b ec !l'Une: it loft tlw dool" open for future negotiation,) but it vias e. d1Ullning one for tho queen of Scots, whosa Oharo.otet' W{lS now hopeleas ly sm1rehed. fl 10

Bl ack" .t . ll . ~~. olt. , p , 85 N. a. In tho 0. ovaqUOtnt1on there is an en'or in the date . ffue year was 1669.

'I'bese vehement t e,11eg;8. t1otHl tlnd pre sumpt10ns I 1'llont1oned in the

bove quotation wore tbe suspioion plaoed upon !4aryfor the

murder o~ Darnley.

MARt STUART' S l1aPRISOmmfiT :, ITS EFFECTS

Soon a/tel} Mary til 1mpr1soned in TUtbury,and irorray

:returned to s cotland t o try to destroy tM Marian party.

Elizabeth had bar way again, but was it to her advantage

'''By impI'1Son'1ng Mal'Y in Engla.nd $hcall tmwitt1r4!1Y' lost h!~roml. freooom .. dld fOl" the next nineteen years lived in oeEUiJ,Ole83 ar..lU~ty le~t her p:rlaono21' 1l1itrpt osc(\pe . rlh11ethe t wo queeno 11v(3u, there eould'be tlO qUiet in tbe realm.. PnI' botter would 1 t h av (;) l,)een-.. suoh is the i rony ot history-­had t:l1zabeth o.110w:cd lmr detegetad 'l.nd d10-eredlted enerntl to go whither ahe pleased .

169

The cathOlie world" 8ce:.nd:~11gcd by her' po", cent 'behl-w:1QllV, would hl.lv(~ tr()a.tod ~r tnth cold cont~lrr~pt;; ah'3 would h~vo ~u.~ into OOOl;PQ1·;tltive lnsignLt'iennce, su£t'erf3Q, it Ul.,),Y- 'b('; J complete pol1 tiMl ~cl'.psf,)' and her now vlOUld RIa'lle lett no murk ,.on history. ltD.

i1 " tr " ..... '~~- . OJ ~ • ..,.;:w

101d . j P.. Sf;.. 86 'f -~~. ,~--~--~~~~~~- -.,~,----~--~--~~

Mtu'jl" , fJ presence in U1'lgl ,anrl 't'f$:rllaitmld conatt.1tlt danger to

l!.,l.1.13ab!idtl-h Cc. tholic France am Spain Me. syIllpa thlzed with

Mnrl Stu.art nndnow thJ}'tij. ai'le 'Ir'faa iIllp1"1flonoct, the!'(}waa dangar

'thttt, tho Catholics of EngltulQ'I'lOUldplot to l.mite forces in

Europe a.gainst Rngland and place Hary 8tumrt on the throno

of England bGC!lll00of tne illeg;i. t :tmnoy ot El:lzabot;h., :Bosides

the English people :tlJ'!d net lost their s.e-n~e of' justiee and

V1l)nerflt1o'o tor an !Ulo1nted and; c-rowned <l'l(;Hm. This :impris­

onment of Mary s tuart tIT! t Cltod :mnny noblemen e.nd aI'o\l.Sedin

t.b.om a ChiValrou.s t~@elin~ a1iaraong enough to zn.<lke. t }:u:nll r1s1<::

thecl,r B.ves in the defaMe of: this qtleen. l~Oll'e of her ad ...

h-erenta Viet'!) ,to £0'u-nd in the nortbern po.rt ot Y{ngl~.nd vihere

tho C9.tholi ,e faith h~d 'been etatm.ohEHlt. and less inteQ.ted. with

the new rellg1,on ... t the same tins the penal ll'ilws were being

enforced IDo:restr1ngently in England" nod the C'l1thQl1.ca lOGked

to' l.la17 s tuart 1\3 th.e 'bent poss1bl.e hope f',or freedom to prac­

tice tll.air ~(t11.g1on" Tho (la-thollea we-rE) prQct1c~11y bound to'

raoogni ~e tt!itry s tuart's Claim to thlil thro"ne of: England over

that of Elizabeth,

T'.!11:z;e.both, on her pnrt,. f~lt thn.t ahe Could not act

differentl ,? eith(;)X' toward t~Gry 8t'\1al~t or toward the Catholics ,.

She " 'as deterJ;n:lned to keep he!' throne &ndwith the help of the

190

wily Cecil she kept It to the end. For almost twenty years

she was surrounded by plots a.gainst her life .... p l l.>ts when

elosely studied were on the sUl'face f ormed by het' enemies ,

but in reality ins tiga ted by her own ministe r s, a lways dis ..

covered--by design, of eourse-~in the nick of time and re­

sulting in executions of hEn' ene-mias, the catholics, under

the l aw of' tr'ea son. The :ministe rs a llowed the plots to de­

velop entirely so that t hey would be eerta.1n of a ll the

intricacies of the plots and of Qllthe persons i nvolved ,

andtnake their conviction for trea.son appear just be fore

the world .

ATTI'l"'UDE OP CATHOLICS TOWARD PENAL LAWS

It; will be necessary ,at t his po·1nt to revevt our dis­

c11ssion to the bet<:inning of 1566 i n order to trace the re­

action of the oatholics to the penal laws of the parliaments

of 1559 and. of 1.563, especinlly in t.l:,H~ northern Dart of

England . There was, 1n fnet , little observanoe of these

l aws in certain diooeses.

"In North Wales the Bishop of Bangor_ a t the end of 156?, found timages and a.ltars standing undcfaoed 1n the churohes, lewd and. undeoent watches and vlg1lsobserved, mueh pllgl'image- going.. many oandl es set up to the honour of Saints', some relics yet carried about; G.ndall the country ful l of beads and knots , ' Es.stwaro in y orkshire th1ngs were no bettel': the La.tin mass was being said daily; in spite of the Council of the florth and its pres1dent ·the archbi shop; and northwal:'ds again, in the diooese of Durham, there was a t least tbac.kwardnesa in religiol'l e. r

Ii Biahop Downman of' Ches ter had been c arrying on aslaok resists.nee to the Roousants ever Since his f'irst entry into

12

tho diocese . In 1562 he hud been grant ed a specia l ec.cleslrtstlca l commission for his diocese ; but two years later h i s brother of Durham.. vid ting in hiB na tive Lanoa$hiro~ compl a i ned gr eatly to ?arker of the laxity of the bishop's government. The ferment vm.s going 0 11 unohecked, but also unobtrusively . The work which Allen bad l oft wan curried on by others . who we re alIDO zuecessful in convinoi ng many of tlle cl&im:J of t:n.e t:omo.n s ee , ot the truth of its doctrine, and of the unlaw­fulnes s at attendance at their parish churches . It 12

Frere~ "{'i " 11 ~ The ErlgliSh Church in the ~ign$ 2!. Eliza.be th s.nd Jaiiies :r . , 1 p . 13{;)- lJicr; .

191

. ~--------------~------------~-------~~.~~~~~------

J:I, 5 \'10 Ilflvo s e en . the a t t itude of Rome in rega.rd to the

religious innovations ha.d b een more or lotH} a l.aiss~ talre

ntti tude .,. pop e Pius IV had hoped to oonvert El izabe th and

thereby restore the Cat holic worshi p . His successor, Plus V,

waS m(>1:"e e,ggreaslve .

I S

"Pius , in full c'onslstory; gr ant ed au­thority to Sanders an d Harding t o recon­oile thofJe who h ad conformed. fI'om tbe schism 1n which; as it was now de clared , their contormi t y had l a nded thoro. '1'hi s decla r a tion wa.8 onforced by strong l rm­gua-Be against 'the scbismaticnl serv i ce or daronable eOlPJ4'UIlion now used,' wb:i.ch the p ope ls agent employed a s & gloss upon the official deel slon. !l 13

Ibid .. , p . 140 .

-----~.--

'rhis project did not a ccomplish mu ch among the Catholios.

They wanted a more .formal defln! t e authol:'iza tion of reconci l e ­

ment from the pope . Thls waS obta ined August 14; 15G7, "to

which tllere waS added a solemn form of absol ution from a.ll

irregul a r i t y and ,excont'lUnlcllti on. " 14 The result wa$ tha t the

192

14 Ibid .

people of Lancashire bound themselves not to a ttend the eom-

munion service of the new religion._

The gove rnment took fiCtion ogai nst this movement i ,n the

'North .

!trn Janua.ry 1568 a series of letters to the ecclesia.stl ca l commissioners of the diocese was drafted , ca lling a ttenti on to these at ... t empts to f1l'l11 thdraw men awsry f rom o. llegla.nce and conformity. t A month la.ter orders \"lere sent for the appr ehenllion of some deprived mJ.ni,star$ who hnve been secretl y mainta ined in priva. te· places, t endor sed wi t h a list of six names , amongst which were those of Vaux and Allen. At the s ume time a. severe re.buJee went to the bishop for his slaokness." 15

15 -~-.

11;>10. ., p . 141 . --- .

THE NORTHERN RISINGS

We see t hat the way VIas prepa red for an organized resist-

ance to gllza'betb and her' newly establiShed church . By the

beginning of 1569 conditiOns were f avorable fOr a rising. for

Elizabeth wa s at odds with Philip II of .spain on necount of

the policy of raiding Spanish ves sels . The Spanish ambassa-

dor thought

"E11zabeth eou ld be driven from her throne by making use of' the adherents of M.ary Stuart, and t he f a.vourable moment ha.d come tor res toring the Catholie religion 1n Engl and, nnd thus bring:l.ng about peace in Fl anders , Many anonymous letters expreseeo. the conviQtlon tha t as soon a s the standard of Spain was raised a.ll the C-n tholicB would rise in rebellion .

10

!lMar y stuart herself at the end of 1568 thOught she could safe l y say tha t if Philip II . 1,"lould l e nd his a id, she cou l d at the end of three months be Que en of England . II 16

Pas tor, Ludwig v~n . The History of the Popes . Vol . XVIII . , p .. , ",04- 205";

193

The rising was soon organized in the North. The Duke of

Norfolk waS the first to take the lead, but he soon wavered,

then f e ll, and was fivAlly t aken to the Tov/erJl Oc tober 8" 1569 .

" Ie f ind an interesting episode concerning Norfolk 's call to

London by the Queen . In t his letter Elizabeth' s dominating

\Vill is manifest. The (tueen wrote :

"Sept . 25 , 1569

"We have received your letters by delivery of the s ame to us by our Council, f inding by the same that upon pretense of a f ear wi thout cause you are gone to Keninghall ; contr~ry to our expect a tion, whi ch \vaS that as you wrote to cartJtin of our Council frOl11 London not pas 'G tour days , Bu t now we wi l l that a,s you int 0nd to show yourself a f aithful subjeot, lls you Vlri t 'e, you ar e , you fo rthwith without any del a y upon the sight of t hese our l etters, and without any manner of exouse whatsoever i t 'be , do speedily repa1r to us here at our Cas tle of Windson, or wheresoever we shall be : And th1s we command you to do upon your allegi ance , and as you mean to have a.ny f avour ,showed you by us , who nevor intended i n t hought to mini ster anything to you but as you should in truth deseI'Ve . tl 17

IT -~~~~ ~-~ -~ ~

Harrison, G. B. 22. £!!. No, XXI , p . 56. 67 .

Two days later she inSis ted t hat he como in a litter if' need be .

Norfolk had cla imed illness as an excuse for not comin~ . He was

aent to the Tower, October 8 , 1569 , and l ator released, but put

194

under surveillance .

The Earls of' Wes tmore l a.nd and Northumberland wex'e t he

noy. t t o rise in the cause of Mar y Stuart ,. They prom1sedthe

Snanlsh ambassador to help r e lease Mary and unite with Spain .

But the government under Ceci l was watchful end had a sort of

secret service Vlorking throughout the summer . By the middle

of' November the rebellion took shape "

is

If •••• the news sproad fast that, the Latin mass was set up agai n at Durha:rtu it. r eached the sheriffs and justices of Notts just as t hey were met to put their signa­ture to a declaration of conformity to the church services, whi ch the Council h ad re­cently demanded as part of a s cheme for l aying r e cusancy bare . From them and from more offi cial sources the news came to the government, end soon it was ~own every­where . It was t he first open act o·f the earlaand thel r confederatea , and there followed the issue by them of a - proclrullB.­tien, announcing as the~r purpose the re­storing of t the tl"'Ue and Catholi c religion,' and the r idding of the realm from the Queen t s dl2fordel'ed and i ll-dIsposed counsellor s . " 18

Frere , w. It . .2E,. ci t ., p . 144 .

REVERSES OF TRE IWSURGENTS : VENGEANOE OF THE Q~EN

'rhe Insur~ents went from place to pl ace I'e ator1ng the

ancient worship throughout the North amid t he rejOi cing of

the people . However, when they got f ·a.rt her south the supnort

was not so whole he arted. Besides ; the promised t'eenf'orcements

from the Dulce of -.4lva dld not arrive . The supplies o'f the

insurgent s gr adually gave out , end an army of purit ans, or­

ganized in the South under the Earl of Sussex, put down the

rising . Martial l aw was declared in the pri ncipa l dis t riots

195

and the vengeance of the Queen was terrible . Some nine

hundred of the poor er olass of people were put to death in

summary f ashion, The Earl of' Sussex oomplained that h e had

nothing to do in the North flbut to direct hanging matter. H 19

19 Guggenberger, A. .2E,- cit., P . 288 .

'The number of El i zabeth ' s executions ; nine hundred and these

without trial ..... far exceed that of Mary ' s condemnations for

heresy . She put 277 to dea t h for heresy. Did Eli zabeth h ave

more :right to hang these 900 insurgents be eausethey were Oath ...

o11cs rather than be eo.use they had t aken part in the insul"lreo­

tions, than Mary had to burn the here tios because she felt it

was her conscientious dut y? 'rhe higher olasses Qmong the

rebe ls were tried for trea.son . The Earl 'ot We stmorol and os ..

caped to Flanders . The Duke of Norfolkl! as we h t),ve seen, \18.S

sent t o the TOYier. ThO:!M.s percy, the ,Duke of Northumberland,

wa.s first imprisoned and sub sequently in 15'72, was mar t yred

for the faith . Thus pr actically all the Ca tholics and the

northern earlS were ei ther exiled, put to dea th, or reduced

t o u tter powerle s snes s .

E~;CUTIONS POR RELI GION

Some of the insurgents put to death were true mnrty.rs ,

tor they were offered thei r fre edom 1f they would renounce

their f al th . T\"1o especially deserve mentlon",- Thomaa Pl umtree,

a priest , and ThQmns Perey, the Earl of .Northumberland . Con­

cerning Thomas Plumtree we f1nd the foll'owing ;

nOn the fourth of' J anulu'Y, 1570, he was taken from Dut'ham castle to the ma.rket place where , 'on his ax'riving at t he pl a ce of execution his life woe offe red to him if he would but r enounce the Catholic faith and embrace the heresy; to vthi eh he made answer tha t he had no desire to do so, to oontinue living i n the world , as meantime

196

to die to God . ' 'flh.el'ef<re havi~ fearl essly ·confes sed hi s f lli th, by God t s graoe he suf­fered death in this world, that he might merit to reoeive from Chri s t eternal life . " 20

ro·· .. ~.-.~ ..... Wilmot- Buxton, • M. A ~ Of English ~artyrs, p . 92 .

In the Ire antime Thomas Percy had been t aken prisoner in

Scotland and thus he was ket>t f or t wo and a hal f years . Re­

peated.ly duri ng his imprisonment he VIaS urged to give up his

f aith on the conditi on of r e lease . His wife and f riends at

one time had procured enough money for h1;s ransom, but

Elizabe th having been informed by spies outbi d them and pro-

cured the possess ion of hi s pe r son. He \vas oonducted t .o York

f or eX6cuti·on, Here aga.in he was of fered his liberty 1f he

woul d give up his faith, but he mos t firmly refused the offer.

He died beautifully declaring his firm adherence to the Catholic

Church and calling up on God to receive his soul . The time of

his deat h was at three o.cloek Friday, AUgust 22, 1572 .

These ts.ots p rove wi thout a doubt tha t Elizabeth was

put ting th-ese people to death beoQuse of thei r f ai th, not

beoause of the pOliti cal r evolt. The t aot that she offered

f raed·om to some of the se prisoners 1f' they would renounce the

faith~ shows tha.t she re a l ly was more ooncerned tha.t the

Catholic religion be stamped out in England than she was t hat

rebel.s be put to death.

19'7

ELIZABETH ' S DOMINAUT WILL I N THE FAOE OF OPPOSITION

lU1zabe.th kne"IJ'l how t -o get hap will . She was determined

with the help of Parliament and t:m Council, to put down

every oppos1tion to her power, and tha t natul"'nlly me~mt

putting down every vestige of the Catho11c religion. If' the

Freneh government formally complained about the oondition ot

Ma.ry Stuart as a prisoner, Elizabeth knew how to defend her­

se 11' 4 She \vn t e s to 31 r U:enry Norris, Ambas sador in France.

The French ldng by h1s ambassador md eompl a.1ned that Queen

Elizabeth was helping too French rebe l .s; he had also charged

her with ill-treating Mnry Queen of Scots . The queen writes a

very l ong, detailed letter, just1fytng her actions . It is

typica l ·of rnlzabe th on the defensive; she makes out an ex­

cellent ease, which is set forth very p l ausibly and \Ve l1

seasoned with irony . Elizabeth 's will domi n."ites in her j.n­

aistence on the impress10n that she leave on others that Mary

QUeen of Soots 1s treated well in 8ngl a nd . She says: "she es­

caped a.n evident danger 'of bet" 11fe __ 11 Sho is "attended upon

with persons of nobility" , etc , She has it better in England

then in Scotland in regard to service . She expl a ins how Mary

through her own mistakes puts herself in this predicament . 21

21 Harrison, G, BO! 2l2. . eit . No . XXVI, p . 68- 82 .

THE BULL OF EXCOlilMUNlCATIOll

About the time of the be.r.\inning of tm risings 1n the

North the college of Cardinals in Rome we re considering the

preparation of a bull of excommunication against Queen

198

~lizabeth--and includi ng the free i ng of all Catholics from

a llegi ance to her . From tho point o f view of the relations

of nations with the Ca tholic Church in our o.m doy we consider

Such a step out of the field of jurisdi ction of tho Church.

In those days , however , the 'separation of Church and State

was comparatively a new idea .. yet the effect of this act ion

by the Oardina.ls produced upon the sovereigns of Europe at

that time was not at all wha t Rome expected . The very f act

that the Christian rulers of Europe did not unite to bring

the exoommunicated sovereigns to te rms sho\Vs how f nr the ef-

f eet of the Protestant Refor mation had gone-- it shows that

the world had passed f rom t he medievul to ~le modern era .

The Bull of Excommunl ca tion wns prepa;re d in the Papal

Court under the Pontlff, Pius V. He

" grounded his excommunication cn t wo points~ (1) Elizabeth, 111egl t1ma.to by bIrth, had no true title ; and (2 ) she was a heretic a nd Q persecutor of the Ca tholl0 r e lig ion,. The Pop e stated the case in the fol l owing .vords of his bull, .Re,gnans in ex,cols1s:--

£I ' She (Eli zabeth). the p:t'etended Queen of Eng land. has f<Xr'bldden b y the strong hand of power the observance of the true religion, overturned b y the apo,sta t e Henry VIII ., and by the help of the Holy Se e restored by l<fary the l awful queen of ill ustrious memory" She haS foll -,wed after and a ccepted the e rrol'S of heretiOs. She has driven the English nobles out of the Royal COWlc11, and tilled thei);' places with obscure heretics . She ha s been the ruin ot those who p rofess the Oa tho110 faith" and haS brought ba ck again the wlc.ked preachers and ministers ot i mpieties . She has done away with the Sacrifice of the Mass , the Divine Offi ce, f asting, the distinction of mea ts ., oelibacy" and t h ecatho11 c rites. She has ordered t he use of books . cont ai ning manifest heresY'., throughout the r ealm, and the observance by her subjects ot i mpious

22

mysteries and ordinances,; according to the rule of Calvin, a ccepted and practIsed by herself. She h a s dared to t tike away their churches and benefice s from the bishops , the pariah pr10 sts, and other Ca tholic ecclesias tics , and h a s gIven them with other eoclesiastiaul goods to hereM os . She h a s .l1Ia.de herself a Judge 1n ecclesi­astioal 'causeS . She has torbidde.n th.e . prcle.t@s, clergy, and people to acknowl­edge the Church of Rome " or to obey 1. ts mandates and the (w tholic ¢o,ust1tutlons . She has oompe lIed many- to t ake an 09. tIl to observe her wicked l aw6 , to renounoe the Qutho!'i t y of the Roman pontiff , to refuse to obey him, and to accept hel' as the sale ruler in tempora.l and spir1 tual matters . She has decreed pa ins and penalties against those who do not subnrl:. t to her I and h f.l.S ln~ fli 'cted them upon those who continue in the unity of tho f aith a nd obedience ,.

HShe has thrown Oatholic pr elates lind parish priests into prison, 'Where many,

199

\'forn out by sorrows nnd their protra cted sufferings ; have ended their da ys. in misery .. rl 22

All~es , Mary H. Historl of the Church in Ene l arld, h. . ]1. 1509- 1603, P. lS9-1?JO. Quoteirfrom Lee,. The Church under iII'Za. 'be'th, i ., 192 . -

Copies of the .Bull of E:xconmrunica tlon were sent to the

Puke of Alva to eommun1 ea. te the re ws to the Ne therl ands . One

copy was also sent to the SpaniSh ambassa.dor in Engl a nd . On

the 15th ot Ma;y a. copy was seen affixed to the g.a.tes of the

bishop 's reside·nce in London. John Felton \Va$ the man who

confe s sed to ha.ve posted the bull . He was t aken prisoner,.

cruelly raoked three times even after his a.dmll.ssion of ' I gull t tl

but r e fusod t o disclose the name of any ot his nbettot's .

Felton soon suffered the dea th of a tra itor.

200

REACTION OF ELI ZABETH TO THE BULL

lizabeth, howeve r, endeavored under threo.t of pe rsonal

revenge to hs.ve the bull of' e XQommunico. tion recalled. She

asked Maximilian, the Fmperor, to intercede in her causo . The

Pope, however, was fi rm . He asked the prince whether Bllzabeth

considered the sentenoe v nlld or invalid. If valid, why wou ld

she oare for a reconcilia tion? The pope had done his duty and

was ready to ahed hi s blood i ll the Cause . But waS the action

on the part of the pope \11se for the time i n which the bull of

excommunication a issued, ollen remarks very frsnkly that

his ( Pop e Pius V's) action i n reg(lrd to glizo.beth-- thour;h it

led ind irectly to oertnin benefici ,al results--\vQS an obvi ous

and very ~ortunate f ailure , in rogs~ to tho main ob j e ct

which it was intended to accomplish.

23

'BUt this coun'try had be come, if I may say so, pr ams. ture ly adult with the

eformatlon. Medieva.l remedies , sucb as the deposition of the Sove reign by the Pope , were now no longe r acceptable to the people . Paternal correction is o.n excellent thing , indispensable to the education of the young, but 1 t n1ay do unspe akable harm if exe,rcised on adults, and even on youth who, as sometiDles han -

pens, acquire precooiously, b y contact with Sin, some of the aspirations and independence of men. This then is the reason wh1ch strikes one as most funda­mental to Pius V' serror in excommuni­cating Elizabeth in the way which he selected . " 23

Pollen, J . H. the Reign of'

"The polit1cs of €len El i zabeth. rl

ngllsh ea thol! os durin. ~ Month . NO ~ II, P . 139 .

'l1he bull of excommunication was tho sig:nnl for further and

more s tri ngent penal l aws . It certainl as not the s i e'pal for

201

bringing Elizabeth to t erms. Her react10ni s reflected in

the laVis of pa rli ament, pas s ed in ilpril , 1571. Pnrlie.rnent

enacted tha t

~4

Il'if any pe rson, afte r t he f i rst day of July next coming, sha ll use or put in uae i n any pl ace within the realm any bull, writing or instrument obt a ined or gott~;n • • " .frOm the BishOp of Rome ~ .... he shall s uffe r pains of' death, and a lso lose B.nd forfeit Hll bis l a nds , tenements and heredi t aments, goods. and. cha.t­tela. f Next, 'if any person after the srune 1st July shall take upon h1mto absolve or reconcile any person , • • or if any shall will .. ingly receive ani t ake any suoh absolution or reooncilia tion he shoul d be aubjeot to the same penal tie a . FtlX'thel'lllore, e.ny per"on bringing into the rea lm any tokens , cros se s , pi ctures, bea.ds, from the Bishop or See 0·£ ROlne, and delive ring the same to any subje ct, ebould incur the penAlties of praemuni~e . ' Both bringe~ and reoe1ve~ fell under the St atute . " 24

Allies , Ma ry H. .2E,- oit. , p . 191 .. 192 . Quoted from Prothero, s t atutes and'Oonstltut!onal Doouments, Third Parlioonent:; p.51. -

The priesthood thus became a crime, and Thomas Woodhouse ,

a Mar i an priest" was put to death just beaQUs\'f he \7aS a prie st .

Many others' £ollowed in his s teps to exeoution,

In the earl y part of he r reign Elizabeth. had shown con­

s i derable lenienoy toward the Cat ho11cs because she needed

their support to keep her throne . Now for a similar reaSon

she turned from that early leniency to severe measures! Since

the BUll of Excommuni Cation the CatholicS were as sured tha t

the1 were treed from allegiance to the Queen, and now

Elizabeth to keep her throne would h,g,ve to be much more

vigilant .

20 2

CATHOLIC REACTION: PLOTS

The Catholio reaction to the Bull of ExconlnlUnication

was ra.tber despepa, t e . Since the bull absolved Ce. tholics

from allegi a nce to Elizabe th, Ca t hol ics beCalt!6 mo,re urgent

in plotting a gain·a t the Queen. The Englishfee11ng toward

the Catho11cs also became more bitter , as \Vo hs.ve se.en in

the penal enactments . The s ame year, 1571, the Ridolfi

Plot was formed. Ridol fi, an Ita lian banker, was a seoret

a gent of t he pope . Norf olk , who had baen I'e l e a,sed f r om the

TOVler , was to marry Mary, and they we re to become King and

Que en of Englfm d with t h e help of foreign powers . Burghley

\1,1 th his Spy system unl~aveled the scheme . NoX'f olk was agai n

c~ptured, tortured, and que stioned . '!'he entire affa i r waS

diaclosed, and then ceoi l struck . Norfolk was again im~

prisoned, the Spanish ambassador was diami ssed, and tbe Queen

of Seots' chances tOr life 'Were lessened.

In the execution of the sentences given by Par11rument

after tbi s plot JJ:liM.oeth showed her domi nant will . Parlia-

mont oondemned Norfo·lk and wanted to d raw up a bill of at-

tainder against Me.ry , The power of EliZabeth's will in this

1nstance 1s shown i n the following quoto.tion.

'~The two Rouses conferred and negotiated; and when the queen still opposed the p!l s s ing ·of fl

bill of attainder against Mary, even th~ gen­tle Parker wrote in exeited protest to Burghley, a.nd the btshops as a body presented a document to the queen to urge ber assent to the execu ... tlon of justioe upon her rivf} l. Elizabeth waS a women after all, snd a woman with a strange mix.ture both of ca.prio8and of tendernoss in her hard cha racter. Sile had reached a point where no mi n1.ster or pa rliament' eould force her hand: she refused to countenance extreme

measures against hereous:in, and. indeed, it was only wi th fl'~eat diffioulty that her consent wa,s fine.l ly seoured tt:> the ex-e cu­M,on o:t' the sentence agt!dnst the Puke of NOrfolk on June 2" 15"72. II 135

26 . . ~ Frere , W. H,. .2£. ei tu p " 177.

203

---o...-~~ _ _ _ .~ ___ . . _ .... ~ -------De,spi te these feelings toward Mary Stuart, however, Ellzsbeth f s

will t o ke ep her thrQl'),e would ultimutely make her consent to

the execution of Mary, as we shall see later .

THE SEY.J1INARY PRIESTS

In 1574 Allen'lll semlua,l'Y p:r>iests helped to bI'ing about

a real revival in Oatholic l ife and spirit and, oonsequently,

increased the number of're c·usants . '1'he$s prieGta too we:t*e

hunted by the s pies of tho government~ but thay carr ied on

their mi ssionary :work 1.n spite of government, council, and

queen.

*'1'he et;f'ec't on England was illost striking . One, of thOS E} sent over writes to Dr . Allen a.fter 0. year ' s work. t lJ~he number ofCatbolics inoreases so ' abundantly ena,II aides that he who almost s.lone holds tm. rudder or the State haa privately ad­mitted to Qne of his friends that for one staunch. O,:a. tholi c a t the beginning of the reign there \Yere now, for he knew 1'01' certain, ten.

"Later on it W9.S r eported that 'One of the younger priests la tely sent on the mia.s1onbad reconciled no fe~Ner t.han eighty :pe rsaps in ona day .

HSneh 0. revival Was certain not to esoape the Vigilant eye of' Ce011, and in 15"17 the first of the long line of semina.ry' p r1eats whose name s are written as martyrs in the Book of' Life wasenlled up on to dte for the Faith •. l'I 26

2~- .~. ---.~--'-

Wi lmot ... Buxton, E ~ M. .2£- 01 t .,. p .. 105 .

204

f,ne priest referred to above was Cuthbert Mayne~

ln1zabeth 's will through all this pr:test hlmting was carried

out through the spy sy.stem wh:lch was superadded to the regu­

lar penal l aws that reachad n climax. in 1585 . In thRt year

it was enaoted

27

II (1) 'that all Je SUits, seminary priests and other priests what soever , made or ordained ...... b y any author:t t y • ••• der1 '\red •••• from the Sae of Rome since 24th June, 1559, should wi thin forty days de1)art out of t his r ealm.t

Ii ( 2 ) Any .resui t, sem:tn ary priest Or other; so relTIB.ining after the s ame forty days should incur the oftenae 01' high treason ·and suffe r its penalty. Any person aiding or receiv1.ng 1 suoh Jesuit or <>the:rt should be adjudged a telon, wlthout bene·f1 t of olergy I and suffer death and forfeit as in CO.se of f e lony.

11 (3) All l:\:nglishsub.1ects -at foreign Seminaries should return home wi thin six months and take the oath of ·suproms.oy" or else be adj ~dgad traitors and suffer as in eas e of hlgh treason"

n ( 4) .Itfter the snme fortydA.Ys no one should sent their child or dependent' into the pnJ?ts beyond the seaS , 1 exoep t by spa clal licence of her Majesty or four of he r privy Council ,,,, upon pai n to forfel t ~lOO for eaoh offence.

U( 5) Any perSon after the srune :forty days conceaJing the knowledge of t't1 jesult's or other pr1.est 's presenC.e to be fined and imprlsonedat the Queen ' s pleRsure . "27

Allies., Mary Ih£.Et! oi t • . , p, 212- ~1;; . Gleafied f'rom Prothero" St a t utes. and"Oonsti tut1ona.l Docum.ents , 1559-1625, P. 2"1. ' El1zaoet'h;"oap ,. 1:1.. ., p . 83 .• '

These enactments certainly outlawed the Catholic religion

and showed how Elizabeth was going further a nd furthel" . At

205

first in 1558 she demanded the recognition of her supremacy

and the uniformity in services , and in tha.t she was lenient .

In 1563 laws becP<lne mot'B stringent ags.inat recusants, but she

still ur>ged leniency in their enforcement . Af'ter the bullet

excommunication nnd the Northern Rising in lSTIO , the Parlia­

Illent passed strictel~ laws against recusunts making it treason

to 1'eoon011'6 or to be reconciled to the Ohureh, of RQme ~ and it

made such subject to 1;lrn.erllu..nire who would distribute any a.rti­

cles of de~lotion olssced by the Pope, The climax of persecu­

tion was reach~d in the legi s lntionof 1585 quoted above to

rotali tl te against tho work dane in Engl and by thesemina17

priest,s ,.

BABINGTON PLOT

During the next year. 1585, the Bab1ngton conspira oy \'las

for.med ~ As things appeared, it ~JI/'a e a eonsp1ra.oy nga.1nst the

1i1'e of Elizabeth.. but one vronders whether further research

will not prove tM-t it was a consp:t:raoy against the life of

.,ary s tuart . At any rate, Wa.ls1ngham knew abou t the p l ot as

soon as it 'WQS conceived, but he did nothing to counteraot it

until he had full proof of the guilt of the eonsplr H:toX's . He

had lI evidenoe,11 that Phtll p II had approved the plan, and that

Mary Stuart was one of the pl ottore . This waS announced in

1586 .

1l'l'1101"0 'l19.S certainly e.n inner ring of Qonspirators , to whioh Babington bel.onged, who were determined to oarry out the full programma. As oertainly the oonspiracy had wider remi fieetlons, and the greater number oftheoonspirators were only QWaJ?6 of the purpose of freeing Mary snd knew nothing of the plan for a s saSsination of Elizabeth.

"The English have, it seems , an especial t a lent :ror ospionage . The English goveX'n.ment's secret set'Vioe has, from the time of Elizabeth to our own day, J3.lways been gre atly superior to that of any other p()wer ~ So now the conspirators were as ohi ldren in 'Nel­singham's hands . Their pl nns were kno~m to h im from the .flrst~ They were given sufficient rope to hang themselves-- and. what waS more important to h9.ng Mary ... -and were then seized, Bnd, of course, e::t.ecutad . Eliz·abeth- specially requested that the d$ath of the conspl!'ntors shou.ld bo ' ;9:t.:'otracted to t he ex.tremi ty of' pain' and with the firs t Victims this

S done, but the horror of the crowd at t .he barbar1ty of the execution compelled the exe eu tioners to rti spa t ch the r emainder more quickly . fl28

2'S"""'- ,. .---' .--

206

nolU.e, Christopher i The Monstr2.'!! He31m~nt, p . 142 .. 143.

EXECUTION OF MARY STUAR1'

It was d ecided that Elizabeth would not be safe as long

S Mary Stuart lived . Parliament accordingly reques ted the

death warrant . It was gr e.llted, but Elizabeth hesitated fo r

aome time to sign the warr"fl nt ,. bllt finally put her signa. tm'e

to the deed in 1587 '1 The exact time of the execution was

unknown t o her a.nd she with Characteristic lOO nnness blruned

he r secretary Walsingham. far the execution. He wa s then dis­

m..1.ssed . 29 She deolded on this desperato line of action to s aVe Z~~ · - ~---.. - -'- -- ---- ~- --.--~ --- -----

Lun-t; W f E . 2£* 01 t • • p .• 3'79 , __ • ______ .:~ __ .!:':.:f>i~ __ "__._. ___ .

'- .

her Crown. 'l'he . 00un:bt':I.es friendly to JlQry s tuart were incensed

a t the execution. If Elizabeth . Gould shift the hlrone· on some

one else :1 t would not be so dangerous to her Or.own •.

The action, however, was a signal i'O'fi Spanish

207

aggresslvene~s which resulted i n the affair of the Spanish

Arma.da the next year . That Elizabeth aotually wanted Mary

s tuart executed i s evident from her own letters_ She

wri tes to James, Mary ' s SOh , about 1 Webrllaryf 1586-7 . She

offers various argum~nta rot' tbe necese1ty of putting bel'

to death. The Soottish commissioners wanted to put Mary

in a neutr a l oount ry end thore be allowed no interference

in England. EliM.beth ridi cu l e s the propos~l and vindiQates

her intention to saorifice the life of her prisoner, upon

the p lea of neoessi t y .

&Y - -~-

ftBe not ca.rried aW8.YI my dea r e brother~ with the lewd p.erswatlons of suehe , as in­stead of infourming you. o.f my to nide·ful /ilnd helpeless oause of defending the brethe thnt God hath given me , to be better spent than spilt by the bloudy invention of trai tors handz, may perhap s malie you beU.Ve" that ether the offense was not so great, or if that oannot serue them, for the ove~ manifest triall wiehe in pub 11k and by the grelltestand moat in this land hathe bine manifestly proved, yet the wy1 make that her lire ll'lB.'Y' be saved e,nd myna safe , wiehe wo l d God wer tl"U.e, for whan you make vewe ot my 1 mg d~u"1g'3 r induroo thes f'owne-- vlOl ny f1v e- -moneths time t o make a tast of the greatest wi tz among my owne, t\nd than of Frenoh; and last of you, wyl graUht with me , that if nlde were not m.ore than my malice she shuld not h sve aar mer1te . " 50

Bl'U~e, .Tohn" ed t Letters?r. Queen Elizabeth and King Jrunes VI of Sootlano. No .• XXVi':. P . 4:3:44 . . . _ __ - . t_

That Elizabe~h's wi l l was ever uppermost in the minds of

her f'e.vor1tes we also fInd suffioient evidenoe regarding the

case of Mar y s tuart ~

"Her ill-starred appeal to Queen Elizabeth we shall see working out slowly to r esults oulmina ting on a scaffold in. side Fotheringhay castle; • • • ,These Engl ish statesmen (Dudley, Burghley, Wals lngham, Hatton) , a ccording to t heir code and creed, lQboured devotedly i n the servioe of thei r monaroh; and had no enemies except her enemies, no friends except her friends , 1l 31

208

M --Tenison, E. M. ~. cit . VOl . I , p . 329 .

Ve oannot lose sight of the f a ct of what Tenison says i s

often obscured in regard to Mary stuart . "The point some­

times obscured is that she suffered more fOr her religion

than any other Catholic potentate of her day." 32 .

32 Ibid. " p . 330 .

TUB PURITAN MOVEMENT -

Another pha se in the resistance to Elizabeth 's estab­

lished Church is the Puritan movement . The influence of the

Protestant Reformation on the continent had become stronger

after the a coes sion of El izabeth because the exiled bishops

had returned and had 1mbibed Puri tan ideas " Their influenoe

became an important f actor tnshnping developments in Engl and

and most certainly in bringing about the religious struggle

of the next few decades .

"The s eme oontentious spirit whi oh had ohara cterised them at F"l' ankfort was trans­ferred to Engl and, t here to show itself only in increased bitterness , It 1s of importance to realize this , a s it is the key to much of the religious trouble of El i zabeth ' s re ign. It is fruitle ss to spe oulate on what might have been the course of the B~lizabethan settlement of religion if these turbulent spirits had remained abroad ; certainly a

33

workable and working co~pro.ml se of toler­a tion for Papists and Reformers alike might ha.ve been effected ; or, a t least, such a solution is thinkable . But the arrogant intolerance exhibited aga1nst one another by both sectlor~ of the Frankf·ort dispute , while still continu­ing unaba t ed after the r e t urn of the e~ 11es to Engl a.nd, wa,s combined into n semblance of peace and unanimity against the common enemy-- those who adhered to the Pope and to the Mas s . rI 33

airt, Henry Norbert . Settlement., p . 226 .

~e Elizabet han Religious

209

These ze alots Showed themselves a:iferso to anything

Catholic and in their zeal destroyed images and altars un­

authorized by the government . This zenl .eliclteda proola­

mation, 2'1 December, 1558, forbidding a1,1 manner of preaching .

These extremists a lsO began to oppose the - li t urgy as prescribed

by law, 'because for them such articles as surplices, copes,.

cruCifixes , and candles , s avored too much of popery.

We have seen in the preceding chapter how Archbishop

PaI'l£er issued injunctions to the members of the church, whi ch

were known as t he "Advertisements" . A number of articles in

the "Advertisements" were eoncerned with prea ching and doctrine,

some wi th the adlninistra tion of t he sacraments and of prayel~ ,

others for certain orders in ecclesiastical PQlicy , and still

others for outward apparel for ecclesiastics •. any of these

pOints were cont rary to the Puritan principles because they

s avored of poper y . These "Adverti sements!1 were being observed

in Parker ' s diOcese and served I nter on as a basiS to s t em the

tide of growing Puritanism in othe:r dioceses .

210

RESISTANCE '1'0 PARKImfg II ADVERTISELIEN'rS "

The n Advertisements·t l were staunch l y resisted by leading

Purl tans vlhose aversion to "flomish" pr a ctices and habits was

becoming stronger. ' Some of.' the leaders in the puritan reaction I.

were deprived of their livings and even i mprisoned . The climax

eame Vlhen, in 1566, Parker and the Bishop of' London called a

meeting of the clergy of London to present them1'Jelves befor e

them.

About a hundred a nd ten presented themselves, and were confronted with a mini ster properly atti red in the pr 0 scr1bed vestments , The Chancell r of the lttocese then spoke s I My maste rs and ministers at: London, the Council's pleasure is tha t ye strictly keep the unity at apparel li~e to th1s man as ye see bim: thR,t 1s a square cap , a s cholar ' s gown priest -11ke, or t ippet. and in the Church a. linen surplice; and inviolably observe the Book of Common Prayer , and the Queen'a l.te.jesty ' s injunctions and the Book of' Convoca t i on. Yo that will presently subs cr1be write vola . ThOse that wi ll not subscribe write nolo . S,a brief , make no words . ·t Vlibon the names were cR.lled, thi r t y- seven refused to cont onn, ' of which number were tile best and some prea chers,' says. Parker , But thei r good qualities did not save them fo r t hey we re summarily suspended . They suffered with a. clear conscienoe , and a full reoognition of the consequences .. Some of them left the ministry for v arious scholastic pursuits, some beoame chaplai ns i n t he f'amilies of Furitan gentry, some joined the Presbyteri­ans 1n Scotland, and some emigrated . Five pe rSi s t ed in preaching, and WErre committed by the QUeen's Council as prisoners in the private custody of va rious '018ho1'8 . /' 34

34- -~--~------­

Selbie , W, B, e c ts , p . 32 .. .33 .

A number of' the Churoh di~nitB.r1es were inf'ect·ed with the

principles of Puri t anism; ye t there were bishons who would

submi t their judgment to the w111 of the Queen .. Jewel was

211

likely one of tbe be s t of Elizabe than dIvines and he ex-

pre sses his sentiments in the fol10wing t erms:

'35'"

If IThe contest, about which I doubt no t you have heard e1 the I' from our frlend~ Abel or Pa rkhurst.J rEH~pe ctlng the linen surpl ice ,. is not ye t at rest . The matter still some­what di s turbs weak mi.nds; and I wish th..-at all,. even the slighte st , vestiges of pope ' migh t be removed from our ohuI'ches , and above all from our minds . But the Queen, a t this time, is unable to endure the least alte r a tion in ma tters of !'ellg1on. tll 35

Child, Gilbert . p . 209 .

Church ant;! s t a t e under the Tudors~ - - . _ ....... _-

The :f.: stablished Ohuroh waS f i rm in its princip les of ad ...

hering to the A. ct of Uniformity ~ And .Parker, t oo , was firm

in his insistence of the au thor! t y of the bishop snd in main­

taining the trs ditions of thQ English ChUf'ch . I n order t o

keep to these tradi tions it was neces sary to have well trained

priests . Where there Vlere not suffiCient numbers of priests

ready, lay rea.dere s upplied t he deficiency tempor a r ily. Parker

be 11 eved tha. t pa stars mua t be men f1 t to guido and p.:ua rd the 11'

flook against i gnorance and loss of f a ith. .He built up her

tradi t .ions , worked against oonce ssions to .Puritans ". and direoted

the poli cy of the English Church t hrough !:l.t t a cks by both

Ca tholics Rnd Purltsne . We h ave already considered the resist­

ance tha t the Catholio group offored to Elizabeth in the work

of Allen, the semi nar'Y' prie s ts, a nd in the Northern lUslngs .

Now our mai n interest is i n the struggle with the PLritan

gr oups ,

212

'l'''V O GROUPS OF' PURIT imS

In the ear l y d.evelopment of PUrl tanlsm we find two

groupa--those who wanted to purify the Established Church

from Roman practices ,. and those who wanted to form an en­

tirely seps,ra.te organizati on outside of t ho Established

Church wi thout the Book of Gonnnon Pr ayer and Uniformity .

They became the group of non-oonformists or s epaI'€tt1sts who

had to be invited by the goverrunent to leave the country if

t hey wanted t o keep to thei r separate church organizat ion.

In tha t sense they were treat ed as the Cat holics .

There WaS a group under the leade r Ship of Thomas

Cartwr ight. who opposed t..he epis copal organization beclluse i t

was too muoh lUte the Ca t holic Ohurch. He advocated thee.dop­

tion of the pr esby t erian s yst em for the Ksta.bl ished Church.

ThiG group be came !L great menace to the orga.nization of the

Established Church for it tende-d to ma.nage the St a te .

Elizabeth met these d i ffi culties by issuing a proclMnation

(1573) against conventicles . CartvlI'ight met a strong opponent

in John Whitgift , Master of Trinity Collage ,. ~md l a t er second

suocessor of Parker.. Whitgift h imself waS not \'1i t hout puri t a.n

prinCiples , but he r e cognized revolutionar y principles in

Cart~lvright ' s theorie s .

ELIZABETH ' S CONTROL OF RELIGIOUS DElVl~LOPMENTS

Through t his struggl e a.~ainst the Puritans Elizabeth

kep t the upper hand . When in 1572 a pamphlet appea re d enti­

tled II An Admon1 tlan to Pa rliament II b y Field and Wiloox, ex­

pressing 1 t$elf' aga.inst the bishops , the book of common

213

preyer , and abuses in the Church, Elizabeth expressed her­

self t o the 'Commons f'orbldding them to pas s bl11s relatIng

to religion without the consent of herself and the Olergy.

!l In tbe matter of' chuX'chdlfficulties she was as unyielding a s ever: t he reformi ng section in the Commons might me et expectantly and proceed valiantly wi th til Bill for Ri t ea a.nd Ceremonies to supercede tEe pr ayer-book, and tlii House -might agr e e to a ccept some modiflcation of it, securing a general uni­formity without tying ministers to a pr e­script form,; but agnin thB guillotine de­s cended on it. On flay 22 the Speaker brought the unwelcor.neoroer from t he queen that hence­forward no bill s concerning religion were to be received into the Commons , unless they had first been considered ond liked by the cle rgy . At her r eauest the two recent bills were aO:l'~t to her. and they were aooompanied by an apolo­getic t1 ~ surt1nee from the House .. The treasurer returned answer on the next day that the queen u tterly mis l iked one of: the bills. and was determined not to allow the molestation of' t he el:l r gy whi ch it purported; but she woul d her­self, as Defender of the Faitn, dis cou r age a l l papists and maintain al l good protestants . " 56

30- -~-~"

Frere , 'fl . Ii. 0E _ c,it • • p . 178-179 .

Again in 1576 vihen the Oommons wanted to legislate .in

eeclesiasti c@.l affairs and with the connivt:)nee or Convoca tion

she i nt erfered.

n A pet! tion to the Cr·own for the reformation of discipline 1118.S drawn u p and entrusted to the pr i vy couneil . I t had even r eached in ~1areh 1 57 6 the point of develop1ng into a b i ll , when again the queen stopped pro­eeedi ngs , s aying that she ha d, been e.onferr ing already with the bishopS on the matter, and would see t ha t there was redress of t he grievances through t hei r agency . The next session, ho\'V'ever , f ound things no be tter : the Commons made a formal appeal to the CroYIn t o remedy abus es , alleging e spe ciall .four things- - the incapa city of th$ clergy and tb3 abuse of discipline by wrongful

"

'-

37

excommunication. commuta tion of penance, and excess1ve dispensations . The clamour for reform was shared by the .Lower House of convocation, ',whi ch, to remedy these abuses, drew up articles of its own, call­ing on the bishops tor reform.

214

"The queen sen1; for Archbishop Sandy-s" and he wi th .f1 v e athe r bi shops , me t the deputation from the Commons , and ~greed upon a progr~e of refo~, which must have been conSiderable, since the archbishop judged that it would necessitate a new aot of parliar>lent. But the queen would have none of it; and" when pressed by the arch ... bishop for a reply, she only said that she would not tolerate the interference of parliament in the matter . n 37

Ibid ." p . 198 "199 .

When Gr1nda1, the SucceSSOl' of Parker. upheld }i'uritan

principle s and refused to suppress the nprophys1n~a"or con­

venticles on Elizabeth ' s request , JU1zabethsuspended him

from his epia·copsl office for six months , and sent orders

direotly to his sut'fragans to suppress the meetin~s .

Elizabeth ever c~la1med herself a.s head of theohurch and

' Defender of the Faith ' . Elizabeth would have deprived him

entire l y, but that was difficult , Grindal remained in dis­

grace and practically suspended 1.'01' the rest of his life .

UFOI' the most part t he government behaved with 8;Jttpaordinary lenienc'Y and oOnsideI'a'" t ion tOWards the Puritans . Some of.' the preachers were, it is true , deprived when t hey had made themselves too noti ceable. and here and there one or two were sent to prison, but harsh treatment Vias only :meted out t o the extreme left of the party, the adherents of Robert BrOVlne . who had former­lyseparated hims·elf f r om the national church in ol~der to form a communltyoom­posed solely of the ' more worthy ', a.nd denied not only the validity of the

38

Angl ican consecration, but also the spiritual supl~emacy of the queen., I n spite of thie f Bl'oVlne~ who W9.a a rela­tive of BurghleYI was f or a long time treat ed with grea t consideration, until in 1581 he thought :1 t wise to fly to .M1ddelburg in Holland with his friends . This sect gHve the puritans their first two martyrs; t wo of Browne's discipl es, who obstina t ely denied the sp1ri t ua. l supremacy of Elizabeth had, in 1583, t o expiate their unpardonable crime on the s caffold . II 3S

PQ.stor. Ludwi g Von. Vol, XIX, p . 475.

~ HiGtOI'il;0f !b:! .~op_e£!.

215

In 1583 Whitgift succeeded Grindal !fiS Arehblaho1)of

Canterbury . In the meantime non-conformity had been rendered

almost as penal as popery . The Puritans had always posed as

f riends of the Queen, but they cla.imed to be at odds wi th the

bi shops . This condition eould not exist satisfactoril y , for

the bi shops were but t he t ools of the s tate . El1zabeth

really controlled matters , She h ad So gr e a t dlstasts 1'01' modi­

fications in ceremonies El.OO vestments , The bishops, as Jewel ,

Grindal , and others sympathized wi th the Puritans, and if t hey

had had the power many more chan~e s would have been made .

gain it waS the dominant Tudor wi~l thn t COntroll ed matters .

FIR~g STAND CONCERNlN'G ORDERS

In the l atter half of ini~abe tht s reign there \fas con­

Siderable stren$l; thenlng of the position of the Church of

F;ngland . There were t wo eases either of proposed deprivation

or actua l deprivat ion on account of the question of Orders .

Elizabe t h flnd the church au thorities insisted on orders being

conf erred acoording to the established tOl"ltIUla .. One was

216

}.{r . Whi ttinghsl!l who the Arcltbishop as.id

39

II 'hath not proved that he wa s orderly made mi nister at Geneva, and as far as appears that he ~d not a llege the.t he had rec.e ived ant i mposi tien of.' h:'1nds .' The Chance llor also further quotes the words o:f t he first certificate which lVhittinghwmdlspl ayed to the Oommiss ion, saying that Ihe was made a minister by lot and elee,tlon of the whole English congregation a,t Geneva. 1 Tbis cer­ti:t1.cabe he a:fterwardsattEimpted to amend, but to very li ttla, purpose ,. It 39

Ohl1d, Gilbert w. 2,2 - cit., p . 229 .

Mr . Whittingham VIaS not a ctua l ly deprived before his death

which occurred soon after this cont'rove rsy •.

The other case was tha t of Mr .. Travers , a relative of

Burghl ey and Q profe.ssed Purt tan . ArohbishOp objected to

his be coming Master of the Temple., whioh off ice was va cant

in 1584 . Whi tglft wrote to Lord Burghley

! hmless he (Tra.vers) would testify his oon­formity by subsorip tion ssall others did whiOh now entered into eoclesia stical livings~ and w01,:lld a lso make p roof unto him tha. t he is a minister, ordered according to tbe l aws of this Ohuroh of :8ngland (a.s he ver11:y bel:leved he WaS not, be Cause he f'OI'eo.ok his plaoe in the college upon that occasion) , he eould by no means yield to eonsent to the p l a oin g him there, or elsewhere i n any function of this Churoh. , ,, 40

40- ~----~~~~-- ~ ,

Ibid., n. 231. - -

Travers refused to under go reordination and therefore did

not rece1ve t h e appoi ntment ., The appoint.-ment Vias given to

Richard Hooker, but TrAvers was a l l owed to preaoh . He con ...

tradi cted the sermons of.' Hooker, and Whitgift forbade him to

\

217

prea.ch. These cases sho~t that Elizabe th was determined not

to 9.110\., Puri t an1sm B. place i n her rali.g1011s Opganiza tion.

Anglieanism WAS bo comi.ng strollgol'> through this s t and aga.ln~rt

the Purl tans a.nd it shovved thB.t it VlS.S t tlking a. sta nd of ex ..

clu$iveness towards Prot(l stant churches . i'di the sarne t ime

i t mainta ined the uncomp:romislng a.ttitude towaro ROnte.

FINAL DECISION CONCERNIliG '1'HE PURITANS

1:he ·a.ctivities o:f the Pu,ritans would not cease beoause

of !'6pressi ve asure s on the par '!:; of the government, but

led gradually to a complete sepaI'a t:1on from the Ch'Urch of

Engl and, Neither Vlould the Est ablishedChurcheuooumb on

acoount of these deve lopments.

.;u-

"'The longer Elizabeth lived the more insistent becmne her c1a.ims to absolute authOrity 1n thi ngs ecclesiastioal; and, in urging thelIa cla ims" she found in \\I'h.i tgift e. fi t tOol for hal' pur pose ,. So f a r as outward appeara,nce went , she won the tight againflt the· Purl tans all along the line . Their leaders were de­prived of the i l'l l1vln(r, s , an d great multitudes of them were imprisoned . They had to carry on their propaganda in seeret; their books were confiscated; and many of them went in peril of their lives." 41

<:!elb1~ , w. B. !Il' cit., p . 40-41 .

"Soon the eonviction foroed itself on Elizabeth tha t t here w a Sil. stubbornness about PUritanism whlohwas. powerless to subdue. The mun'be r sof the nonoonformists were f ew . Now that publio opinion wa~ moving away from them they were dangerous only when they VOJere martyrs . 1 t was better to cut off the rotten 11mb al.toge ther tha n maintain Ii f e stering so:re . Accordingly, in 1593. sht:) appea l _ad to ll arl;1.ament. and an act was passed providing that those who

43

refused to attend ohu:r'eh, or who attended unauthorised religious meetings of their own, nhould be banished from the country. The I'esult was completely sueOess.ful. If 42

218

Wa.keman, Henry Offley . !!! IntrbC\uctlon 1?2. ~ ~Iisto£y o!' ~ Ohurch 2! Ji!nglgnd, p . '!4I ..

GENERAL RD:SUL'l'S OF THE DOMINANT WILL OF ELIZABETH

There are r epeated lnstf'...nc,0s that show the individuai

will of' Elizabeth in her re l ations with the Church. It may

be well here to su.-mna.rize the main pOints b y another quota­

tion from Child"

11 ••• ~ t he supI'cmacy really meant not any idea. oj' s t ate power in thea.bstraot. but simply the concrete will- - too. of tent indeed, the :mere oaprloe- ... of the individual sovereign tor the time be ing.

"In thls instance,. aga.!n~ 'we f i nd theory and pr a ctice, in these early days of the Re­formed Church., very much atone., . The Eliza­bethan Act of Supremacy (1 Eliz,! c, 1) pro­vides for the governmont of tho Church by t he s overelgn herself, by. Jihe macMneryof' Com­missions under the Great Mall and Elizabeth accordingly, and her next two .suoces sors after her, lOok~d up on the government of the Church as their own ind1.vldual preroga tive , and invn.rin,bly resented any a ttempt on the part of Parliament to interfere with it •• •• In the beginning of the reign we find Jewel stating tha t it 1s to the Queen's own deter­mlneddisl1ke of change toot the maintenanoe of the vestments and ceremonies obje oted. to by the Purl t Hns. and dis liked only a 1i t 't1e les a by the b!shops themselves, 1s due . Later on we haveaeen her persona.l objection to t he t·prophesyings' leading to their pro­hibition by the bishops, and to the 13uspension of the archbiShop ),llmael!; because he decl.ined to acquiesce; and towarO.s · the end '\Ve have seen her rebu'\{ing Archbishop Whitgitt for permitting the predestinarian oontroversy to emerge • •••••• and throughout the reign we find any attempt on the part of Parliament to deal with

4~~

e eolesinstical ·matters 01' any klndcheckod and rebuked in no 1l1Elas1u"'ed tel~8# even i n cnses in ,ihien the Queen took the same view as the Co:mmons themselves . " 44:

Chi ld, Gilbert W. .2l2.- ill-, p , 249- 250 .

219

It is ev'1dent tha t Elizabeth in ap i te of every conflict

and in every power o f res istance t o hal' will, held her o,vu ' /lnd

did it not 80 much by ller direct personal a cts , as by h®r

agents wno al ways knew how to have her wil l darninate III

45

IIFew monarchs h ave been be tter served t .han Elizabeth Regina. and the 'causes why " her abaolute power was de l.1.berate ly built up b y her Counoillora . arford an eduoation i n the art of. government . 1.1 45

Toni son,. E . M. Elizabethan EnBland~ Vol. I . 1" 331 .

This episode with regard to the dissent e rs would l ead us

to believe t ha t Elizabeth ha.d' become sincere in maintaining

the s t a te rellg1o;n acoording to he r estapllshed ideals . Her

s t tit e religion which WaS a s ort or Via Media, a ttIiddle course ~ -.

that kept from extremeehanges in dootrine and did away with

certain ceremonies that s avored too ll1ucb of IIpoperyll , had

served h e r well ,and she would not l et it be threatened. It

would seem that the will to rule had brought An~licanlsm into

existence, but the result waS a Pr<>testHnt s tate Church in

Engl and w1th the sovere ign of the Kingdom Q.S supreme head Of

the est ab1.1shed ehuroh.

221

The conolusions dra.;,"m from the study of the influence

of the dOminant will of the Tudors on the religious trends

of the sixteenth oentury :may be summed up briefly. Henl''Y VIII

in his will to p os s ,ess a malE~ heir to the throne, sacrif:1oed

his loy-nIt,. to the Church of Rome by defyi ng the Pope, di ..

VOl'cing his wife without Papal sanction; marry,ing Anne801eyn,

declaring hilllSelf head of the church of England", and bringing

the entire nation into a schism. To o,Ve:rcOme any opposition

to his will he required his subjects to take the oaths of

Succession and SuprE"macY' and had many executed who refused

to a cknowledge him as head at the Church. In ordar to do

away ·with any vestige of loyalty to the Papacy he dissolved

the monasteries and shrines and used the wealth of these

religiOUS institutions fOI' hi s own benef1t . 'l'hrough h1s

dominant Tudor will Henr'Y acquired and Inaintained until his

death absolute control ovaI' the Churcb as well asovor the

s tate .

The personal will of the Tudors \i1IlS not eXpressed during

Edward. VI's reign, 'but the powers were as!:nuned by fa group of

Protestant statesmen who. organiz.ed the first real protestant

Church in England .

Wi th the access.lon of Mary the Tudor will was again

active . Mary through parliamentary leg1.s1ation swept away

the Protestant organization and re-in.troduced the authority

of the pop.eand Catholic life and activi t y into. EnJ!.land .

Through her personal will the medieval method of persecuting

for heresy by burning at the stake was used with rigor, and

222

through the centuries the odium of cruelty has clung to her,

although Henry VIII and Elizabeth both pe rsecuted as strenu­

ously, but under a cloak of executing for treason.

Elizabe th in her pre carious posi tion at the time of her

accession was de t emined at a.ll costs to rule . If she remained

a. c athol i c, she Vlould be re cognized as illegit:!.lllRte beeause of

the marriage of Henry VIII with Anne Boleyn, her mother . By

parliament ary l aws the Royal Supremacy waB restored . She de­

manded t he oatha of SupJ:>omacy and of Uniformity to be t aken .

HoweVer, in order to maintain support she was l eniont towards

catholics and Puritans i n the first years of her r eign. Re ­

sistance to her religion was offe red by William Allen in th

es t abliahing of the sem.1..nary for priests , by the Oa tholics in

the North who wanted to pl a ce Mary stuart on the throne , by

the Papal Bull of Excol1lmUni cation, by plots agains t the 111'e

of the Q~een, and by the deve lopment of various groups of

Puritans . Her will was expr essed through more s eve re pena l

enactments against Catholics and Puritans after the first years

of lier reign , by her inSistence of ret a ining the episcopucy in

the organization of the church, and 'by making of it an estab­

lishment which h as continued to our own day .

Our f i nBl conclusion is that it \'Vas the personal, concrete

will Of the Tudor monarchs that brought about the changes in

religion making the Church of Engl and a crea ture of the s t ate

with the cla.lm of continui t y of order a.nd organization tra ced

back from the early days of Christianity, and , at the s ame t ime,

in complete independence of the pap acy .

224

BIBL!OORAPlII3$ ,M1D BOClES OF REPERE:NCE

Read. Conyers,. B1bl1OEn~hI _of Bri.tisll n1stOI'~! Tudor !e~od, 14El§.-160!'5 . Oxfor,. cl9:reiidon Press" 1 .:>3. 467 p .

A Qompleteh1stor1e~1 bibliogra.phy of the '1'Udor period. It eonta.lns OVel" 4Doo titles and is lnvn.lua ble £"Ol" any eubjeet of r6Sear<lb. relating to thts 'Period of h1tltol'Y.,

'!'he Cnt;hollc J.~nOIClO~4itd1a* ~n Interru.i"t;lanal l'io1"kof Referenoe _.. on ene :C OllS'S t;utlon~ Doetrine . DisCipline, and History

ot' t he Oatholic Chu!'oh. Edited by Herbermann, Charles J .; Pace, Edward A.; pal l.en, Conde B.; Shahan, Thomas J.j iiynne, John J . ; aas!.sted by numerous collaborators, I:.p, f11'te~n volumes . 'Volume Xl . New York, Robert APDletonOotn;)!lny, 1911,.

G!Ulow,. Josepb. ! liitera~ and 13iO~oa.l Hlst0!7, or B1bl~~1'a.12-01l1 D-e~~a. l!.Yo;o~e. F.:n!~lI8h. Oatnolloa t 'l:'O'ltI e Bra:g.cm w! th Rome I n l.'534 t'o the Present ~1I'ew!o~k.'BiirnT&""(}iies .. "qa."£ho!Ic 'u'6!loatlon Society, 9 BArclay St. Nineteenth century.

Good for quIck refe rence on individual characters.

LOw, Sidney J" M. a 'nd pUlling ; F~eder14k 8 ,. Ed. DictionarY 2! En;&llsh H1stoa. 1884 .. Enl arged and reviseil . London and Wew York, 1928«

Bl b110,g:rllpblaa. nt2'$mely ;o.onven1ent· diotionary of' brief nrtl-cl es on Indl.vld.w\l.a" bAttle&, tr'stl.ties., instItutiona , $1ld 'va riOuBother toplos".

.;) t ephen .. Loslle and Lee , Sir' .si dney . Natlon,a.l 'Bteg:t'A12hy) 65 vol,.

~d . . 21;4t10JlaJlc of London, tWa: , )tr;

'Valua.ble blbllog'f'8:,?11i0S'. !n~t!11uable worko!' h ighest sohola.r ship . lfo person li'lrlng a t the time of the publication of the 'W01?k haS a p l a ce in the work., Ino11.ldeSlllany biographies ort!lketohes of Amerioans bet'ors the revolt at th~ t hlrteen co.l,Ol!lie8,

~\lLen,

SW~e.

C3lTJien,

225

PfU'J'iARY $OtTRCna

UWhli tloSl1.n 1$ d.tG ollJl.red how unjtl.Stly tlt.t'; lil:roteetllnts· do e~\:r~ CGthoUoa wi tll tn."eaaGn; b.Q!W untruly t:h$Y deny their pexr$ceeu.t1on rot' Rc11g!O'llj and b;OW dQiQ$5., tful .l 'Y ~Ci1 aeek to fll.wa:,e strangers ab01..1t the OtlUS~~ gN~t ... rl.~SO lf s nd ~n:'i1er ot' t'boir SU.ft'll'Mn..~i1 ;. 'Plth dlv~rs otbQI' lT1I?I.ttiiilra 110l?teiuillS to th1.eJ pu:rpose. '*

ohn. Ed .• ~~,e .. r.," !t ~~~ .w.lta&~tll ,~, IEff :te.m6_1) 11 ot $.OQ~~ , .. I. $QOl10 ot . thOrn px-I.nt , " lrom ()t' g nDIS: 1n tre :yoaaossion of tbe H&VI . ~d:w.a,!'d ~t' e,ntl ott\or& t~omQ :me. which, t'Q:t'merl;r b~l~etito Sit' Fot (;}r fIlbompson,. Omnr.ten, Soel-ety I 194e ~

:t:'t1S ~fr10,ial· eOJ'lX'SS'pol'l<lene& between E11zabeth end JmlltHl \7I 'Of 5 00tltmd is Etap€! ele.lly 1ntol'e~t1:ng in 't-ev~a11ng tllt.1'1i Int1JM.t~ 1l;'ela:Mone of t .be two rulQl"llh

Wl111~. . J nt'Otl~lU D," ~. '1:., .JrU,eJ ,&nd .. nOfn,l~ n1s,!0;:Z ~f: !.~ £81t1~ mreSS($ E. 1ea ;e~~y(H~i Q En!4!tm~ .• . ~ncet ih11t~~~.,,' aEe. 'NQ la1t '1 Ii .elWrifiroGQe ot:-rlne renGl.U'1e aoo. MPPY &Gmo..~~ 'fihG!r<Hll Qll $u(jbnwm()~&ble :tDUnJ.?;3 ~$ h appeood dtlt'i'tig he ro' 'blf)aae4 , ra1$l'l$" litb fNOh acts and: treatios 6 B PAst 'betwixt l;Jj.1:' Ma. ·· 9 land Scotland. ,x-sn().Gj 8pal.ne, Ital:r~ Ge1"many,. Pol nncl, Sweden" 'Denmal"k. HUfH'li.Q ,. and. (1.11 l'iothorltlMI) t.u.~Q ex.'l0tl.y des()!'iboo, LOndon .. lG2~h

ThIs PUi'$ 'COpy of Ch:mtciOO,f'$ , ~!l,~! ;1s "10'1.'1 tntor'e9tln~. l."'he wO'L'keontalua Q vt)t'y' fino '6u~ b~16f' t;J~r.:rof Hen:ry1sl' Edward ' s , and ftlazoyJe re1gns~ This intt'<>duotQr:1 pert proved mOllIe Mlpfiul than the; MSt:, Wbieh 141 tlle l:d 'IS to 1"1 Q f Sl::h.abetb ..

Ch$,-ne~, lU1"~lrd _ rIf R<li'J;~inga !!! ImG.1iSb . 1Gato~.l dra~ !rsb the Q~1&t1l~1 ScmrC~$li Cblctit$o l"'GUin. &, 00. , IJtm. This 1s <me of' thE} bElSt colhH)tlons of 80U~C$ Wltltet>:!tll jj'Cl'i O.mlllQZO¥ b1gb sehQ()l. and IlQll$ge elassGis.

226

Deamer. porCY.~Ol~1Qus!:s..,'Ilpblets. Selected nnd arranged vl1th an inEr UC\£iOXltll.nn nO~~9 . UOrq Yottk", 11&1lf!11 HOlt & Co. LOndon, Kesan ,. l)au l t !ranch 'l'ru~b.t.le~ &: Co., legS~. 3..<)0 p "

li'oxe.

It eont a.:1rut poooohlots 'by Crl.l:'till'>igbt!., Krl.O\'1r, PQ~aons, seleotiQl1o from the t"avpt"e lntG fJ'aotG- ... ~ll m.a.torial '!1alt"a.blG f o r- the '1"'.l(iOl' l-,el .. :tod .

~OI'ld biotorsr Wl't tton in tJ:1e tiao or 'j l.l~Qbetlh r" xtremely b1aaed in f avor of the Crol'1i'h

Geo, Ronl"1 and. Ha1'd;h Wl111ruil John. Documenta Illu.a~rat1ve ~,f £n~!ffbCb'ur~1 J,il3j1Ql'l4 cOl~rre{'f/roll1 oH:giru;l1 souroes ,. t::on a:na Uew or1t.t()1.Ulltm and 00 .. , 1800. 670 p ' •.

Th1s volumo oonta.i;a.$ t he most important d,,~ont$ tl'U"ough tho his tOry Of the Engli.S'b. Church to th present ti,~le. 1 t oontains· a pal"ticulal"111nrge nuzn.... bolt' of documents belonging to tho s1,1t"'~aonth find l!Ieventeontb oe:ntuX'ies _ ifh.ey n:t>e r.epv1nte in most ee.~o;s trora o~1g1n1118Q:r· Marly oouter1i;DOlTAry· oopias •.

Re;ll .. Edword. nl!S~l fill- Vol. II.. J~Qndon, 1 . Oil! .& Ih 0 , Jaok, 1904.. .

!J. panem'"llie Of th.$ b,ouSQ of TUd.Ol1., GBllOelal1y o.f H6lU7' VI:U,. to Wh08~ relgll, the bulk of tho work 18 d~voted. 1'ho best contompOl"o 1"Y lUato~ of lteru-y V'III . :tit 11.1 ~el1t11 bh.sod 1n favor of H'$m--:r·.

Kal.1l"1son. G. B,. LOOOOll" Caa l!H~ll

1:"hls 1Fork elmtalns aalootlotl.8ot .otfi.:o1al oorreapond,­enol between the Queen GrAd Ml" m1niD 't::a-r, Oec!l, to Mfl.I"1 QU~l!m of' Scots, to the Depnved Bi,ehops" to

nbassndors; GIld Qther of f iO!Qlf:f w·

Marshall.. ()or-gtas. ~ttve ~1c~1 !!:.~<!..'b.!. Flt'et Seriea . i:oltton in verSt3 . -rille c6iid~tion of t<ol1g1oU9 and F<'l1 t:1ce,l Feellng in ~nglp,tlCl find of the ~~tnte ot Sooioty th~:re dur1n~ Two Oenturlo~. A C0IillP6nd1oue TreatisE) 1n met:re . l554.

iJUmby;

227

'two cop1GS of the OQm:r.H~nd1oua Trent1lkte In motro nt'O 'Ol~el:lcl"V-:'t.i--oZll::' 'i.11 "jo [l:' et1 $d.()tl ();t ,Ml'" Ut1t h and the 'Other in .Lrunbeth f'~ lnc.th It 1& vnl ua'ble tot' re-­flseth'lg the trond 01" th7l1@1t nnd ~Hmti!ilont b various IZro~ .. tP$ ~'Ii th hiGhly v llt'ied aonv1ctionG. Tbe.l?o HrE) :' n\.":fi''b:)l' of :00' l:n.a oJ' U .:.a ~ldor 'Pcriod.

Fronk a . tlva in by Ih S 504 ..

1 lntere3tin~ .!:U1:t'r'tltiv·e 1.n :ltsuU' tiu t not 'iffln:-y hal otul on thf.) topic ot L'~11Rlon .

pultlQooh tlU$ , l.tlg.B.eanua.,.'I'hIJ . . Q<m:t;95~ !!! ~~l! !~YAS:,b!it:~J. tOWll1"'!f! tj,ne No1gllbooriM No.a:o~\~, 6 ' pl1l't'tleulalt\11 !.)p€lin. cOlilpllrod wIth t.~:ui t or JronaO I .. !n v1an of the late a.nd present Behaviour ot' Gmnt }}t'1ta.l.n .. Ihndonf Pr-intl$u for J t !'iobinaon llEJ:n;t Linooln' 0 ... lnn-~~olds; 1'129 .

Nil'., aa j:H>rt1nel!t to t he r sl1.z1.ous ques,tion, but 1:10· val uable for the po11tics.l v1.c'fl1)olnt,..

Poll ard. A. F. M0.r~Eet,et 1()32-!p'e~~ iI An ~l'lgl18h Gamel' SSl"lca, Tion!Oft, ArCh1~ Const).nble nnd Co.

'l'bfJ 1'0 (11'( 8u'bjoet of

to tbe

:toper, mll1&ll1·.kit:~ of Mt)l"tl' in 'OtOD1~r7 by Sit' ThWlQ$ ~ore. Now YO:vkM A .. f.x. aU"i:-€.: p . ;,t!:;y~ '-

s t

son .. in .. low. It iff , ther&­till infotlfJl!ltlon f.l S to

tor~ ,

OontAins r.ll()8t vQluabla dOCllmen t tH'Y material , 30:.,~ t1lJlQG incQQ'Ul"atol.~ O:t'i oa.:relesely ~1ven "

228

strype, John. Eoolf.H'1o.atlcnl !(omol'inl !j!, rellltingch1.efly to religion AllC1€lie rel'ornl.(ttlon of 1 t end the omer­gencies of tho Ohuroh of En.gl.Bnd lmdor King llenry VIII', King Edward \'! .,. and Queen Mary I ,. wi tb l arge appendicea, oont aining original papers, records" oto ll Oxtoro, Clarendon Press, 1824.

Valuable i.'or the three relEl:1W ns souroe mtt.tor1nl .

TUdor ,~roolam~t1QnB.. Facs1:m11t.l)s a,t Proclamations of Honry VII" lien:!;'y VI Il, gowsrd. VI ,. e.nd Ph:U.ip f,\M MeP7 . Oxtoli'd, 189'1 .

1his 1s fin espeo1€l11y fino colleo't1on of facsimile dooum~nta.

arrendar, Mnr garet . Ed . Illuatrnt!2!!, Qt ftoottishH$.8t<?n. 16th contury L..etto:MJ £lnd Documents 01 ';~ueen Mtu."Y, -iueen _lizabeth, James VI , Bothwell, etc. PrQm the originals in tbe possession ot Sir Geor ge WBrronder, Bart., of

1,1188,

oChend. l!;d1nburgh; Jamoa Still!e , 1889 .

Tb1s 18 cspeo1911y val UQbl e noe Where Scottish h1 sto

lECONDARY SOURCES

"ary H. Blstoa of the Church1ll ~lQnd. Fl'40nl tbe o.008fud.on of Henry V'fiI to t'iio <ten '. ot Queen 11zabet!l. London I BUirns 8: Gate.s" L:1ru.1.ted, 1995 ..

055 P.

schola.rly tl'eQtment of the !'eli.g10u8 question of the 'Der1od . VleY1Polnt 18 CatholiC th~ughout.

Barrington, T~ .. ( 1:. . Adams seck) .. Anne ~Olo;yn. Garden C1ty~ w York. Doubl eday Dor~ln"TCoiU Inc., 1934 •

8e1100,

. n 1nte'reat:1ng biography in 'Dopular and s61'lSs tlonal .st.yle. Not vO~J 901101a1'1'1 ..

Now york,

Thin is Q genero.1. bi&tory ot the Rotorr:w.tlon .1 t.h 81)00101 soctions devoted to tho English Hofol"ll'lntlon. '.l'h.e pOint of view 1s ratherun1que in treatment. It 1s an lntereot1ng general acoO'Unt .

229

SoJ.loo" R1l ut'o , A IlhQr;,t.l' !!18~ Q,tJjl9l31eu~. rle\'! York, The M4cm111~n Oompatly;. ID!i" i!a p .

B~ngot',

The ObGPt~!'a 'On the tfudorpet>lod tl~ 1nte~eBting .. , SellQo1n tbs"s 'boot( I'llthel' forse ts POr'Gol'la.l1t1es nnd c()nlH.dere lSItgs m!!)V~mlZints , It 1& tnt~restl~ top the g~nernl ~~del"', but btllrd;11 nd.~qutlte tOt> the college stLdent . Though BellClc 1s oona1dell'sd an 8.utho{'lty. no nogloct a to s lvove:fere,nces o..nn b1bl logr.>;QPb.1ea.

IUo S6t Memoirs g,t tll~ Ll{ (;) ., of :rasP! ,Q.,U()o,!! .2! !eotB~ Wl'bh aneedoties o'f. tJ1C court of' uenl''!f II during he'l' pe$ldenoe in F1'e.nce ill Fr01'4 tho second r..oOOon edl t1ol1. tn two vOlum1iHf. Vol. n;. Phi l adelphi a ., John E. i otternm Ootnpany", 61' Sansom St:~ot~ Jlo datoJj but pll>lnt,ed in tho 19th eentut?,.

'I'h18 1. a spec1Qlly Gymp,Qtbet,10 t~atman' of tho Quaon of Scots . It is #. Oatholic viewpoint.

8:lrt, Honl""1 ! orbel''t, ~ .. ~~aQ,bett:ull)l!e,).1110Wl $Q,t.tlemen~. A study of eon~ol"Q1"Y' i!cH)'Ur11tln tSt j;iolld0f11 UooPgEl Sell. ~nd Soml;; 1907... "595,lh

Rnmnn Ca.thol1avlewpo1nt... Orl t1cal of' Gee .. tre'r"'l Va.lua'bl ,$ ttl!" Dell't1nent quotations: from $t(lt~ papoX'o.

Bl aCk, J. 5 . rn,~ p&l(Sn. of .. F;~1.S8b~th.l.fj,I)f3-1t!O~" Oxford, OlQ"~ r,\iH:u~.,-Y93(:) . 'ilrh

Brewer,

'I'h1e book 1s one ot the new sf)lt'H)s of volum08 put out by theO.1tord Un1v'orsltr. It, 1s vert ,sCholarlY'," Thi$ w.orkeoneldors all u~peot8 ot the ~.lgt:l of B11flQbeth w1 t n speclal ompnaolson the aul tur9.1 and aoe1al, It 16 e8po0:1a111 good on th.o questIon of purl tan18tn Elnd tbeset tleronent ofrelig1on.

'f S ' §i~ Rel~ otB~w VlIl trQiU his i~c,e$a1011 to the, Of! o- wotsP't' u(tvlewi 'untrrl,"ustrat e"i lit'Om 01'13 ' l""1'oc~ns_ Edltod by' Gairdner, Je.tn.es. London, John MU:rrt\7" 186-4. 2 vol. ' Vol. II ..

scbOla.rl:y a'coount b .1 a dl$tl~she<l arc.b1vlst .• Th1s l rS us&rul mainl1 1n thO lntte,l' bf11t or Vol. :n 1.nH1Q.t1on to the d1voro$ of H0 til:"9 VIII.

230

cp,":O Oambrwe . MQ(\om . s;tstoa. Planned by Lord Acton. Vol. e~ It Re.fol"matton". Net'! Yot"lt, Ma.oml11.an" 19(Hh

Camm,

A atnndluxi seneral acoounto'! the Reformation. oat. scholarly_ '3Xeollent bibliography"

odS nom,. The EnellsbMt1l'!l!;S . st .• LOuie, 1929. _. .--

« Hol"deX'.

collect-lon of papers from thoB'tWrI.ler school of Oatholic studlee hold o.t Crunbrldge" Jul.,. 2S"'-l\uguet 6 ., 192th, It proved 'Use:tu,l tor thO ree1stance to the ~11eBn settlement"

Chonoy, Bdws.rd p , A Short 11lstoXi;'i: Of'~ll1~. No'W edition. Chi'cago , Gum & do., nl32, -" p •

. 04 tor a general and simple account of Ent;§l~Sb h1ator,;r . Tl'1tl 1:'udor pol'iod 113 falrly tl'entod .

OMld, G11b.J'~ w. ghurch and s tate UJ!'l(.'1eX' tbe Tudors. London, LongmMB" G%I8en 00-;;-18«5. 429 P.- , .

Appendlxo'f documants levE}<ry volUQbll!lfor tlJ:1e pev1od. 1he text oeare upon the rol.at1.onot tile TUdors to the

t a te an4 the Church. It emphas:t~o8 the strong :in" tlue:nOO these ru1Q1"4 exerted onrellg1ou8 changes . I t is especially useful fol'- ths per-lod and draws very treoll from o~~lnol documents .

Ol aytol'l, Joseph . 'the PrQtestBnt ff()formetlon l!l Gr~8.t .Bx-l·tnln • . l:waukee, Tt'UOe ifuO. do., !~3i . j2Se p . .

.n unbiased, truthfUl l?l'osGntation of th~ subje.t. 'he authQr' SU11IU "In a ll f:i:J history work I dowhilt

I oan J!1!, ~o set out the ,truth, with u:ndorstQnd~ns, $Dd.tMre . ore i'n'h SOl'lle 8ynipaEfiy tOW{U~8 tho persQna oon081'l)Od--sbove all my All'll is to set out what roa111 btlppened,. and why and hem. If ( Pretace , vi.)

conetallt, Gilt . ~ Ret-ol'mat1on "nIN1all(1. I, ~e Engllsh SObl_ Henry vtI! UI$OV=l 4 ) ., Tr'ill by the nav. 11. E. SOQ.r1tlebur? 'witb .. pretace by lJl1nlrG Be110(,.

ew York, Sheed and Ward, 19M. 631 p.

Scholarly and 1Jnpartinl. It g'1ves presontntion or the schism and lte 01 X'0'Um.Q ttl noee .

V 'A1!'1 clenl? CCOlll'Dannng

Oraig.

a31

Asa. 11.. rst1$ll pe1'8eoutl0_ • . ~.b .. e,~· . . ~ 19stor1oal .Os~ t on ~ ~e-~rl:nC)lRar d~ . 0 .' . ~' event,! '.'~~ ..... Cbrfstlan er~ '. (') t;E? Dresen , . ,', o. SGOO~ 9d.

-rlt rmton. \Us •• The B1.1rI!ngEon puE. 00." l d9Q"

bis 1s wrItten trom an unpre judiced stl)oopolnt . It 1s good tor ~enar~11zet1on9 . Tho author 1s neither Cntboli.C nor proteetant, but the vlo'l.'r­point is especially 111 f avor ot tho Catholic sidG "

Unste1n, Lawls . 'l'udO:r Ideals. New York, Uareoul't, Smoe &, co., 1.92:t.. --

r e ... "",

Fl'O\\de j

It is s omeWhat prejud1ced . Vnrl0u,8 pba,8G& oj" tl1.6 udor period are troated,

n Quthoritative work on the periOd b n80d on tbe e budy ot origirtal 80u.'r oos snd bull t IIp tX'Ol.'ll much ot the. new SQurQe mat erial lately plaoed nt the disposal 01' tbe stud-on'. JJl.any otl1.ol" aut hors drnw trOlnthis source ..

''''_.Q~ •. nd . fran the 'i\l . of s: - n.1sh Armaa:a: L vola . ~ t.-~

s 1s a brilliant work by' A leo.:mod but biased :r1 tar, who :m1S\Ule8 biesOllrQQS 1n his ~nx1et1 to

defe l.'ld HE).nry VIII.

Gardiner" Semuel Sawson. A s t10l.1lt'(JH1§!ton Of' :&nfla~ from the earliest t 1Jn$a to res • . 'Vol. 11. I!b§;· S89 . ., Ne .. York, Longmans , ore'en ~ 00 .. , 1891. .

The complete worl~ 1s 1n three volumes . For many 3'ears t he ,mOltt trubntafit1al. text book t orcollegca.

,ult1p1101ty Of detn11. (Hlrdtoor roma1na one Qf the Area t est maaters, of historY.

Gllsquet, Fran.cls, rAl do.n .. ThO 'ENs. of !h! aetormatlon, Simpkllh araht\ll,. Hamilton . ltent,& co.,rsid.- 'U>'i'i(ion. 1900.

Studie4 in the religious life ~ thought of the Engl ish peopl e 11'1 the period preceding tho t"Gjeotlon ot the Raman jurlad1Gtlon b7 Benl"3' VIII . Scholarly presf)ntat 1on of tM Roman Cllthol~c v1ewP~lnt .

232

Gasquet, honc.i/) A1dIU'hlti*~i VIII and the !iflll,~h M~llastori~lh vol . I and II. Sa , 1 OdgeaaiTondon, 93.

n attempt to illustrate tbe histo1"Y of'tbel!' sUP" pression. Roman Catholic viowpoint. An authentio

uroe on the subject. It was eepe01o.11'1 valuablo or the divoroe eaG~ and for the monQflterlee ..

,.--,. n ,.- ·¥ . ~ Bna. )a: - -HNS.

A number of the e~a,qyB in tb1s volume nre very useful tor tho 't'Udor period .

Gasquot , Fl'sncla Aidan. fIH·run:psh!re noousantB in the time of l1aabethu., .In the O*dJjn~18h. 1l1bl.q Q,nd ot~;r

1~8saI8 . London,'J'Ohn C .. fi · mmOt Ui§i7 , '"399 p ,

Gasau

Roroan Catho11o v1ewooint. Uan,. (iooutnents •

. .l!:drm.U:la. . Edward VI and the Anaxnmlnatton lnto-rtS-- ---

8 , 1891.

Vo.l'Uable tor the rei@ of EClwm:d n .

roen, John Riohard., t10n 10-010t1_

· ew York, cooperat1ve pUb11oA­at History Ser1¥')s,;

Brl1U.ant eSllo.y of' Engl!\nd. . A mA.$S of' rontorlo1'3 of' very variOUS v"lue,.

reen., J . Y01. VI. Co.

Passel' over lightly and. briefly tht) detai ls of foreign vrn~8 nndd.1plomaeles , ~nd ·4W011s c t length on the InQ1dont of that const ltutional, intollectunl,

nd soo1n1 Advance which tells the hi.storY of tho Mtion ..

Gu~gonbet'get'. A. ! G~net'fil .Nieto!!. ot tho Ohristian !.rn ;o In 3 vola" Vol . :U, The proteat'in"t'"1fe!'ormaElon. st., Louis,

0 ." B. nerder, 191G,. Vol. II, 472 p "

A detailed and ca reful stud.y of' the Ohr1st.tnn eril with f.l. dee1Cledly Ca tholic viewpoin.t.. Useful. for

eneral reference ,.

253

Ba';'{es. Oarlton J 41 n. .! l'oU .t1es.l G,ndSoel~l Ristorl .2! ·fH:odern· Euroae" ,teL ~. 'New Yorl{:, laaeml11an 00., !§31 • .. . . ' "

author! t a tive general Ilccount of lno.darn history for oollege students ~

Headley,. P . C • . Th~Llfe of i!~1~een Of~eot8. New 10.r1<:, W» K. APplet.on" 9r~n ' . 4; raiidStPOet.t 1865.

A b1ogr~pby 01' .Mary Stuart told I''8therun1nt erest ... lnglYJ yet co:otai:n1ng many letters written by the unfortunate queen ..

Holl1s; O.hrtsto. pher" . The };tt~n$t~o~s RMiment . New! 'York,. Minton, Belch no." 19~., ?l . . p'.

A study of the reli~ion of the r e i gn ot E11zfa'betl1 w1tb a Oatholio vlewpC:>i.nt", It empha81ze~ the qU:Qstlon of the apostaCy of Engl and fr·om th'e Chur()hof' Rome at tha, t;1me ot I~11.:zabetb •.

nollie , Chr1Ijrtopher.. Tbomas. Moroa. J1!11waukee, ~11s H Bruce . .Pub . Co •• 1934 ..

Ropet

A ve-ry 1ntel'est.1ng -QCCOU1'l'C .of More bY' a scholarly and Q l1tel'~ry' llrM .. st ;

,Mrs. Thtl· g1rst l;)i VO%"eEl Qr ~hnr~t VIII as t0141n the state .12a.R~t~.. EdIt ed.. wi · . not e.s ~ni:rintroduQtlQn '6J Gasque-t, F. A.. London,. Kegn:tl Palll , Trench.. 'l'ruebtlElr. & Co ... , r atcx-noster U-ouae,. Ohai1!1ng Oli"'098 1\0&<1, 1.8$4.

JameS Q-a1ron.r anys In. 'New Lights on t he D:J.vorce oiHenry VI1I t E" H. R •• ;ld.. (1896) j p . 67th Mrs " Hope la posthumous wcOrkCtoe.s not apply the thorough 'i:.t1v8s t ittatlon that 1s wanted though it me.Y' pass muatel" as a popular acoount of the rna t.ter"

There a:t:'e many details in the book that wou ld 01"­dinarilybe treated in a. more- general wQrk ~

,

Inh~SI ,:Arthur D. r;,e.tglan<:t!!Eer th9 ~Or;::I Ii . New Yor'k, putnrun Sons. 1905.. , ... - ..

Vol . IV of A i1stOl"1 of Et1$lMld in 6 vols . Of little 1ndepende.nt-value .. ' T:Se views in soxne 1nS~tUl~es t'a.re biaSed in favor of Prote$ta:nt1sm.. Perseoution under fle ry 113 trea ted .in a f a ir end l'easonable vNay.,

Kle1n,..

Li.n

234:

9 penetration . Tho title is m1s1Gflding.. ilTb,e blb110graphy 10 not cr1t1enl,- end evidonoe s the utbor'a anti- Catho110 p~judlce . He \"J'1rns his

aders nga1nst l'le.c0'Pting tho statements of Catholic wri t ers, but s~ys nothing nge.inst unfvir books like ~1 .S t A history of :f~ac.'1ol'n of thoue')lt.' Oath. r:()l~ld l 0 5:545 .• J1 -17 670\"t~ '!'ho bOok re.f'lects the nnt!"' O~thI!)110 pr ejud100 of th6 fJ.utbor

t 1ng&rd pr"sonts tho modera ttt· Roman Oathol.ic attitude townroa the ro11giouB cont~oversl.8 of the eixte(.>.ntb century, though eY()n from tM, poi nt of view be needs to bo Cheeked by tb.& later reaenrChos of Roman CQtbolt:c scholars,. pa1"tioulal'11 those of Gasquet .for Henry 11111 nnd of l.>oll&n tor Elizabeth

t "' e ~ . _ Lun ~ 1928. 116W York, Hlllrl)Gr S'rOthers.

oyes,

Pastor,

• seholarly text tor collego studento.

1'e of ~xoept101\{1J. vnluo"

1u8010 for ntt1tud.& about :fifty ,-e.u.re ngo ooneorn1n" angU.cnn10l1'l . the valid1 t y of Order's , ond the question 01' eontlnu1 t

:" .relherr von Ludwig. ~o ~ls·tori !d.. the Pop~.! tr~ ~a.llq8e Of tbe :Middle as§sIf Dr~wn lromthe secret OJ:' eves Qrtbe VatIoan a.n' other or1elnnl SQurces. Ir . and ec:1. b-, KOJl'r , R .. F. Vol. XVIII and XIX. t . LOui!!; Mo u E. iju;'del", i9&'>. 488, 645 1:) .

000 tor tho Oatholic 'I11ewpo!nt 1ntbo el'lQpte!'s dOf'11ng wi.th the ~udors. For El.izabeth drawn co­piously fram Freru .

235

PollBrd . A. l1' . a~mX!I VIl,I~. l>J/3W '!'ol?k. LO~lln$, Groan, ~nd Co., 191,h

Pollard,

000. b1oP!1"'nphy by (:i vOX'Y careful 'Wrlter.

Thill 18 \tol. VI of the Po].! t1~~ nl f.lto~r .2! f~lnnd by RUl'lt, will1mn and, FOQte, R. L . It I . the ' ~s£

enl!)ral t'lceount of tho pat'iod eorulldered .. Oonta:1nu tu~efUl bibliogrnphy"

Sargent , Daniel .. 19'33 ..

Thomas More. rt .. .• .......-

No York,. Shead and .rd,

soott,

alb ,

~ las t ohapters ot this book litre vc luQble tor r efl.ectlng the peI'~ecution o,f Henry VI!I.

axwell (Mre . ) . Thf;) trryEh,1,YOt F'otherluEW-.1' Founded ,on the jourU9.1o?'D. Bourgo:lng, 'phYsIcIan. t o :Mar'Y

eenot Bea ta. , and on unpublished' MS . documents. ~d1nburgb, San.ds & Co .• , 1005.

Intere5tl 000 scllolarl.l!l

Tb1s book is mOI'e or l ess, tor the genoral reader. It glvE!s Il clonr QJt,Po91t1on of the q'luH~tion of nonoonformity in Engl isb history.

Shakespeare, W1111nm . flQ.~ VI,ll . P.lll1adel phia" Pa. ; John D. or r1a &: co •• l~ ilt1i intI'oduetlon, notos ; g loBfH\lty,

art t1 elll eOt!llUenta" Old iile thoda of study.

Ono of Shc.kGSpEH'J.re 1s h1atorlcnl drnmns,. It 1s v::llunble in a&v1ng n 1'n'lto1'61>10 Ohanct~r sketch o"f Vlolsoy.

SXn1t h , R1 eha.rd Lawrence. John Fisb.e~ 'iUld iOlltaS, M,ore: I"LQ ~ns11~h Saints. New York; She~a ' WQ~;-I935.

ot part icularly vol.uo.ble as history, butB study of theeharacters of the twosn1nts and their )l"e1a'" t10n to one another .

236

"It;rlcklaro, Agnes. ~1ve3 otth~ Queens g£. . r;fn~l~.~ from tbe NGrmtU;i. QonQuest. A'brfdgn<!' by the autor~ R<"vreed'" tuil odit oa"i )?r.rker, Onroll1l6 G. Ohicago, t\tDri ean 8001<: G·o. n. d . 681 p .

Us e f'Ul but u l" orit10'al nnd «mt1qunted,

l'emaon, 'R. U. Elizabethan E~lqnt!: 'being tbc nistory of tMs count:ry in t'eiGion to all Foreign PJI.'Iincea , from origina l manusor-ipts" many bitherto unpublishad, eo"'ordi nated with XVlth Oentury print,ad Matter Rang1nrr ft'Om Royal Proclmn..9.tions to :6rondslcle SalladB. In X Volumes quarto wj, th mcny hUndred pOl't:l'al ts Me! other 11l-ustp(ltlons. in coll .}type, also title pt1g0 and portraits in 11n&, and with Portfolio of u.nique !aps_ Oharts,. '{}ocumentsetoetera" relevl),nt to. tho

t ('}xt , end now' .first pU'b11ab.ed. I&auQ<l .tor the: author to Subao-r1bsra only at the Sl go of' t.he DOvo with the G:-1:tf1n, 110141 Lemnington Spa. , in tho count y of tal'Wlok, 1.93$.

vory interesting, sohOlarly set of bookft, highly ll1'l.lstNted nnd be~utlfullY' bou.nd .• , fixoep t 1ofUlll;r lntot"$«tlV'sl, bu.t :t'nre and thet'~to~e. diffi oult to US6 «

ttkem9.n, Hoftry Offl.ey. An Int:rOd\u~~1on t1? the RlstOl:l of. the Ohl~ :roh 'of l~risfaiiI from tne -Ea~'ll~8~ '1\l:mo~ .S2 .the ~ro$e:nt ¥Ol' Rev sed iI'Eb ell aCtdft10nnl ohfipter ~

• L. 01. aro. . LOl'JdOtl, I'Uv1ngtons , 34 King s treet, Covent Gardon, 1925., 519 '11.

scholarly work; but antiquated . New 60UJleO materials nt's tWAilable slnce the book was wrltt&'th Thel'ofor'c . it mlly contain somo sta. tOf.lGnts dlsapD1N)Ved. s1ncQ the <loathot the author, 1899 .

Wsush. 'EVl:iJlyn. ,EdmuDfi CnmPl€)u,. ew Y.ork,. Sheed a:.M nar d, 1932 .

; very intoresting lifo. Muoh ld .. storlohl. baokground. J chola:rl:v,

lxton, E. M. A Book ot Englleh Ma~tyr8 . st. LouIs, :0., B. Bemer, t'1"""8outh at'oadW'G1" 1915.

An interesting; ,.et Simple , gen0rel Bocountof the artyra (iur1ng the Tudo1' rolgn9 • The details of the

narrnt1ve rell1ain true to i n. cts though raters-noes nr not slw>sys given. Wrl tten fo!' thQ gfIHl$f\al 1'Gtlder.

c-'l!f1

PERIODICALS AND rAMPnu~Ts

Bnteaon, 1(,11'7. llArchblshop WaI"-ham's Vi sitation ot MonasterIes". E,nal 1abUla torlQal Review, vi • • (lOOlh p .. la.-55,

Qbe:pm.an, John 1'l. ftTbe POJl'scoutlonw:XiQI"- Ell~abetb,1t, ROXal Historica.l sqc1etlfe 'rran..!B;c~1c:)l13 . 9, (1881) .. 'F'1rat S&i'IM; p, 2! ... ,;r.-

Galrdner, James, "Letters o.nd Papers , tor&tgn end domestic" of.'the !t'ceie;n of nonry VIII, prelfJerved ill the PIO H* 0 . , tb,., Sri t1eh Museum. ~nd eltJ$whet'C in England . Ar>-:ranged and eatnlol:tued by JQtll('j$ Galroner, aSeJ.lstrmt

o»er of the Public ~ecoPds under tho d1reotion of the ma.ster Qr tho Rolls , a~ w1th tbe $anct1on 01' Bor Majosty1s sOQrotary of state . " Art ., IV. Vol. VI end VII. {.london, 1002-83. FAlnburSh f\ev~.2.'!!' olx (lea4) , p. $9--117" ,

Go.lroner, J'BlIl6S'. If New Lights on tbef)1voree of Uonry VII I 't •

IDV.ll~. ,lstorl0nl Revlew. xi (1.896) .. p . S'72 .. 702; . 1 {lS9 ) it p. l- 1a.; · .

arangott , . .geseual de . lUl."1'he DtvoJ;'4& ot It&tht~:r1ne of Aragon"~, Art. X ...... Oalendar or let~!'s. dlsptt tehe8, and stat e papet>a, rolating to tbonegotlatton between mgland and Spain, preserved in t he arOb1ves ot emanens and el sewbe're . Vol,. IV, Part I. Henry VIII,

1029-15&> .. ?ubUsned by tho Q~thor1tl ot the LOrds Cammissi'onere of Hol' MaJe,st7 ' s Treasury, under the d.1r~Qt1on ot the I.as't$r of the RollS, London, 1879. t::d1nbur5h ;Rev-l ow, Ql11 (1000). P. 132 ... 144.

Gerard, John.. . "Pnther Ga:rfi~t: and H!$ ACCUS01'$'t " 'l'n$, :!on.th, 92, 1995, P. 144- 162.

Ger,80n, Amond J It 4aft

•

• . 589-,59(.

Spanish 1911,

Hasel tine , G .. O. tlBlas:led J'o.bn li'lehe.!:"" " Ttle!!.!m- Vol. 1,4, '!O. 10 . )!Jq, 1935. P.· SSa.-5.OO . - ..

Hutton" W" H. "fbe Rel1gious. Wrl tlngs ot Sir fh,oma.a Moren . Ep.fl11ah H1at Oll'':,oa l ,RtlY1ew, tv. (1.889), p . 66'7- 003.

Kennedy. W. P. M. "Biebop Wakemul1s V181tat1'on Articl es toJ' the Diocese of Gl oucestor. 1648" .. MSfh of the De~n tld Ohapter ot Glolloeste!r.- mnS118h H1Bt:~1oa.l Review;

S9, (1924) . p , 255- 256.

~38

Ltlw, T. O. "CUthbert !Zo:yna ond tbe BUllo!' !'!1us V,. 11 f!ltSl1aq !!1l)tor1oQ,4 !J.E!~i.(\~, 1 (leSe),. P. 141 .. 14' .

tao XIII, Pope .. "Lotter Apostolic of Hi s Uo11nons tHO XIII, ooneern1ng Angl1o.pn Orders ( ~\Poeto11aae aurae) if .;

Lamon. Oe.thollc Truth $oaiQty. 3474l! l~ecr1;lston qua~, $ . w ... 1,

.altland, :!? W. f11ll1aabethal1 Gloe.n1nr~sn;, III , Pius IV end the EngU.oh ohurch sorviee" ElM11sh R1stop:1,cnl Rovie.!. ... 15 (1900).t lh 5ro ... 532. ....

Me.1 tland. F 4' 1'1 .. rt11l1izo.betbolt Gleanings"lV.. Thomns Saakv:111e If!! ~e D sag. e froro Rome... J:l1l1S1i sh Hi s torle~.l" P.:eV'1IOw". 15 ( 1900), P. 575-600 ,II '.. . ,

Petr1'burg, M.. uTbe Exeoomn.Ullaat1on 'Of Queen Eliza.'beth" • 'ns11sh Hls:!1or1oal Uevlow. '7 (1892) " p _ 81 .. 88 .

pollen" J" B. ttTbePol1t1cs of' Ellgl10h Ofl'thol1oa during the' Relgn of QJ.1~on Ell ~a'l;)et.itlf " ThG Uo:uth, xcix (1902), P,. -43-60, l31 .. 148# 200-3tt5; 3r:>~ll1, 600,..018; c (1902) .. p. 71 .. 87.,. 1'16-100 ,

ollen. J" B. ftael1g1ous Terrorism under Queon h!llzo.bethll •

1'he ;Month, 105. (1905), D .. 271- 299 . ............... . ..

ft" .A!lf(11ean Oburahfl• Ca tho li0

;)~rgen.t, 'Oftnl.1 ,. TiThe Trial of S1.r trh01'l.U18 More".. ,S Cathol i o H18to~teB_11 Rjevls,'!- Vol .; n11 •. ,. No. 1, J . 1- 1.

~ston! S.XIbaR. - 'It . ~'C.1fMU,o W~_:M ~ ll,,". i · · ftth .. ~ ,.M.One" Cbr1st 1nn DiX"eotoI"1J! 82. P.· 457- 476 .

alsb, Gerald Groveland,. Ohris t1an U~ tyJl Vol •. XV# J anuary 19"

OaJ."d.inul i'(.l s and the p::>obl om of Oatholic Ul s t Qr icQl novitnv,

" p '. SS9: d:.o'1 • . .. .

11b:v j 061 Bacdonald . !lSa1nt '1bOlrJls Morell . No, 11, .runo ., 1936. p.. 679 ... 691.

aim,. Vol. 14;