Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods

In Memory of Professor Heinz Heinen

PONTICA ET MEDITERRANEA

Vol. III

Editorial Board:Victor Cojocaru (editor-in-chief)

Glenn Bugh, Altay Coşkun, Mădălina Dana, Cristian Găzdac, Alexander Falileyev, and Joachim Hupe

Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic

and Roman Periods

Editors:Victor Cojocaru, Altay Coşkun, Mădălina Dana

Mega Publishing HouseCluj‑Napoca

2014

The Proceedings of the International Symposium organized by the Iaşi Branch of the Romanian Academy, the Museum of National History and Archaeology Constanţa, the Research Project ‘Amici Populi Romani’ (Trier – Waterloo ON), and the Cultural Complex ‘Callatis’ Mangalia (Constanţa, July 8–12, 2013), supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS –

UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0054

DTP and cover: Francisc Baja

Cover photo:Map of the Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemy,

following a 15th‑century manuscript

© Editors, 2014

Editura Mega | www.edituramega.roe‑mail: mega@edituramega.ro

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a RomânieiInterconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods / ed.: Victor Cojocaru, altay Coşkun, Mădălina Dana. ‑ Cluj‑Napoca : Mega, 2014 Bibliogr. Index ISBN 978‑606‑543‑526‑1

I. Cojocaru, Victor (ed.)II. Coşkun, altay (ed.)III. Dana, Mădălina (ed.)

902

Contents – Inhalt – Table des matières

Preface 9Note on Abbreviations 17Contributors 19

Altay CoşkunInterconnectivity – In honorem & in memoriam Heinz Heinen (1941–2013) With a Complete Bibliography of His Scholarly Publications 25

Victor CojocaruDie Beziehungen der nordpontischen Griechen zu den außerpontischen Regionen und Dynastien, einschließlich der römischen Hegemonialmacht: Historiographische Übersicht 73

PoNtICA & MICRo‑ASIAtICA

Alexandru AvramLa mer Noire et la Méditerranée: quelques aspects concernant la mobilité des personnes 99

Mădălina DanaD’Héraclée à trapézonte: cités pontiques ou micrasiatiques? 133

Bülent ÖztürkSome observations on tianoi Abroad and the External Relations of tieion / tios (Eastern Bithynia) 155

Adrian RobuByzance et Chalcédoine à l’époque hellénistique: entre alliances et rivalités 187

Thibaut CastelliL’interconnexion des réseaux économiques: les échanges entre le nord‑ouest du Pont‑Euxin et Rhodes à l’époque hellénistique 207

Sergej Ušakov, Sergej BočarovChersonesos taurike und die Ägäis im 5.–3. Jahrhundert v. Chr.: Neue archäologische Fundkomplexe 229

Florina Panait BîrzescuWandering Cult Images between the Aegean and the Black Sea Cities in Hellenistic and Roman times: from Dionysos Kathegemon to Dionysos Karpophoros 251

Iulian BîrzescuSome Remarks on Hellenistic terracotta offerings in the Western Pontic Sanctuaries 269

Johannes NolléAppearance and Non‑Appearance of Indigenous Cultural Elements on the Coins of Asia Minor and thrace 281

Costel Chiriac, Lucian Munteanutrade Connections between Asia Minor and the Western Pontic Area in the 4th Century CE. Some Sphragistic Considerations 299

SELEuCIDICA & MItHRIDAtICA

David Engels„Je veux être calife à la place du calife“? Überlegungen zur Funktion der titel „Großkönig“ und „König der Könige“ vom 3. zum 1. Jh. v. Chr. 333

Mustafa H. SayarLysimacheia. Eine hellenistische Hauptstadt zwischen zwei Kontinenten und zwei Meeren: Ein ort der Interkonnektivität 363

Glenn R. BughMithridates the Great and the Freedom of the Greeks 383

Marie-Astrid BuelensA Matter of Names: King Mithridates VI and the oracle of Hystaspes 397

PoNtICA RoMANA

Maria Bărbulescu, Livia BuzoianuL’espace ouest‑pontique sous l’empereur tibère à la lumière d’un décret inédit découvert en Dobroudja 415

David BraundNero’s Amber‑Expedition in Context: Connectivity between the Baltic, Black Sea, Adriatic and India from Herodotus to the Roman Empire 435

Florian Matei-Popescuthe Horothesia of Dionysopolis and the Integration of the Western Pontic Greek Cities in the Roman Empire 457

Ligia RuscuBecoming Roman? Shifting Identities in the Western Pontic Greek Cities 473

Ioan PisoLe siège du gouverneur de Mésie inférieure 489

Marta Oller GuzmánRecherches sur la prosopographie des magistrats d’olbia du Pont d’après les inscriptions pour Achille Pontarchès 505

Costel Chiriac, Sever-Petru BoțanRoman Glass Vessels in the Western Pontic Area (1st–3rd Centuries CE). General Remarks 525

Giorgio RizzoPontus and Rome: trade in the Imperial Period 555

MICRo‑ASIAtICA RoMANA

Federico Russothe Function of the trojan Myth in Early Roman Expansionism in Greece and Asia Minor 581

Hale Güneythe Economic Activities of Roman Nicomedia and Connectivity between the Propontic and the Pontic World 605

Michael A. SpeidelConnecting Cappadocia. the Contribution of the Roman Imperial Army 625

Filiz Dönmez-Öztürk (†)Erste Ergebnisse epigraphischer Feldforschungen in Bithynien (Göynük und Mudurnu) 641

Indices 663

9

Preface

1. Building Bridges

For centuries, the people of the Khasi in the Indian province of Megha‑lay have been constructing bridges in a unique way: they cultivate the

roots of rubber trees on both sides of a river, buttressed on the slim trunks of betel nut or bamboo trees. It takes about 15 years for the roots to grow into a bridge of 20 to 30 metres. Considering that such living bridges tend to resist storm and weather for about half a millennium, the patience of the Khasi seems to be paying off. And it is to be hoped that fathers will continue passing on their special knowledge to their children.

For decades, some scholars have been working towards re‑establishing connections that bridge the divides between Classical scholarship in the western and eastern hemispheres. First attempts had been made during the ‘Cold War’, but the fall of the ‘Iron Curtain’ brought about a range of new opportunities. Western Europeans could now visit many more areas of the Black Sea coast, integral parts of the ancient oikoumene, which had previ‑ously been inaccessible to them; some of these scholars generously hosted colleagues from eastern countries, helped them secure scholarships, sup‑ported the development and publication of their investigations and gradu‑ally cultivated interpersonal networks of exchange and communication.

The Interconnectivity Conference held in Constanţa ultimately has roots in such a network that Heinz Heinen started to grow a whole generation ago. In his later years, he repeatedly hosted Victor Cojocaru, who vis‑ited trier as a DAAD Fellow (2003) and Humboldt Fellow (2007–2009) to devote himself – just as his colleague Altay Coşkun, who then was a research associate (2002–2008) at trier – to interstate friendship relations in the ancient world. He had already met Joachim Hupe in odessa in 2001, when the latter was pursuing the research project ‘The cult of Achilles in the Northern Black Sea region’. All three of them were then mentored by Heinz Heinen.

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our symposium was preceded by the epigraphic colloquium that took place at the university of trier in February 2009 and was dedicated to the study of documents from the Black Sea area and Asia Minor. the meeting was attended by Michael Wörrle and Christof Schuler, the for‑mer and the current directors of the Commission for Ancient History and Epigraphy of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI), both of whom had hosted Victor Cojocaru in Munich previously. other participants included Alexandru Avram, professor at the university of Maine, and Elmar Schwertheim, professor at the university of Münster.

A conference on ‘[the] foreign relations of the cities of the Black Sea area and Asia Minor in Hellenistic and Roman times’ followed in 2010. It was held in the Museum of National History and Archaeology at Constanţa in close cooperation with Livia Buzoianu, Maria Bărbulescu and Gabriel Cus‑turea thanks to a generous grant by the same Museum. the publication of the proceedings has been made possible through the support of the DAI.

Both meetings underlined the timeliness of the topic and fostered the establishment of a permanent discussion group for the study of the external relations of the Pontic cities. The latter caucus in particular soon developed further into an interdisciplinary network of Romanian special‑ists (epigraphists, historians, classical archaeologists and numismatists) who aim at pursuing collaborative projects at the same level as Western European institutions. In 2011 a proposal was submitted to the Romanian Research Fund to support the creation of a synthesis of the external rela‑tions of the Pontic cities during the Hellenistic and Roman periods (www.ponticgreekcities.ro). At the same time, it was hoped that the proposed research would also yield a valuable contribution to the international debates on ancient poleis.

Moreover, the organizing of an international symposium on the external relations of the Pontic Greek cities in Hellenistic and Roman times was then envisaged as a central milestone of this project. A broad consultation process began early in 2012, in which Altay Coşkun was included as a co‑organizer. He was then based at the university of Waterloo oN, from where he directed networks on the study of the foreign friends of Rome (www.amiciropuliromani.com) and on the Seleucid Empire (seleucid‑genealogy.com/ssg.html). In order to allow for a somewhat larger frame‑work of analysis as well as for a further extension of the Pontic networks, the conference topic was modified to: ‘Interconnectivity in the Mediter‑ranean and Pontic World’. During the conference in Romania in July 2013,

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Mădălina Dana generously accepted the organizers’ invitation to share the burden of the editorial work.

In the spring of 2013, we communicated the title and program to Heinz Heinen, when it was becoming uncertain whether he would live to see the conference that had been planned to honor his achievements. We would like to quote the following lines from his letter of reply (2 May 2013) that attests to his dedication to and skills of ‘bridge-building’:

“Lieber Altay, auf Deinen lieben Brief möchte ich wenigsten kurz antwor‑ten, kurz deshalb, weil ich morgen schon wieder für mehrere tage statio‑när ins Brüderkrankenhaus muss. (…) Dass Du und Victor Cojocaru die tagung in Constanta zu meiner Ehre durchführen wollt, hat mich natürlich sehr berührt und erfreut. Wie gerne wäre ich selber dabei, um die gemein‑same Arbeit fortzusetzen! Jedenfalls wünsche ich der Veranstaltung einen erfreulichen Verlauf.

Den Begriff ‚Interconnectivity‘ finde ich sehr passend, denn net-working im Schwarzmeerraum war sehr wohl ein Anliegen der Pontosanrainer, vor allem in römischer Zeit. Die Idee, den ganzen Raum zu einem politi‑schen Ganzen zusammenzuschmieden, ist in vorrömischer Zeit anachro‑nistisch, trotz der Auseinandersetzungen mit den einheimischen Völkern und Stämmen. Erst das Römische Reich hat die Voraussetzungen dafür geschaffen, den Gesamtraum im Sinne eines kooperierenden Ganzen im Imperium zu positionieren. – Vielleicht habe ich unter dem Druck der hie‑sigen (gesundheitlichen) umstände manches zu rasch formuliert, aber Ihr könnt vor ort ja alles Zweifelhafte auf den Prüfstand stellen.”

2. The Proceedings

Out of the 47 papers presented in Constanţa, 25 have been included into this volume; one (by F. Russo) was further admitted as a very fitting contribution to the subject of interconnectivity. In addition, the two opening addresses that were biographic and historiographic in nature have been developed further into longer articles that now form the beginning of the proceedings. The two complement each other: the former (by A. Coşkun) acknowledges the merits of Heinz Heinen as one of the prime promoters of Pontic Studies in the West, delineating the decisive steps in his career and summarizing his main achievements through a biographical essay and a comprehensive bibliography; the latter (by V. Cojocaru) presents an historical panorama of the ideological confrontations among Classical scholars between East and West, focussing on the external relations of the cities of the Northern Black Sea coast, particularly as reflected in the epigraphic evidence.

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the subsequent collection of papers has been organized according to geo‑graphical and chronological criteria. they can be accessed easily through abstracts in all three conference languages. In what follows, we intend to provide a more systematic overview of the studies, based on how the main themes of this volume are addressed: interconnectivity between cities and regions of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, as often manifested in political and cultural networks or in local responses to major trends.

a) Several contributions deal with geopolitical implications. Adrian Robu analyses the relations between the two most important cities on both sides of the thracian Bosporus, Byzantium and Chalcedon, studying the con‑ditions for either solidarity or rivalry between them. For neighbouring Bithynia, Filiz Dönmez‑Öztürk (†) reports on recent topographic and epi‑graphic surveys: they were conducted in two – hitherto neglected – areas that were strategically located near Juliopolis on the road that connected Byzantium with Ancyra. A similar interest in regional history, but this time for the Northern Pontic coast, is displayed by Sergey ushakov and Sergey Bocharov: based on two archaeological complexes (mainly unpub‑lished ceramics), they draw conclusions on the political development of the taurian Chersonesos during the Classical and Hellenistic periods.

Five further studies enquire into the geopolitical framework of the South‑ern Pontic coast or Asia Minor: David Engels reflects on the title of ’Great King’ during the later Hellenistic period, concluding that its appearance in the sources is less indicative of an anti‑Seleucid trend but of a continuity since the Persian Empire. Mustafa H. Sayar synthesizes the history of Lysi‑macheia, a city located between two continents and two seas, whence it was possible to control both the Northern Aegean and the entrance into the Dardanelles. While the possession of the city changed over time, its strate‑gical function remained the same. Glenn R. Bugh revisits a classical theme: Mithradates VI Eupator and the freedom of the Greeks, though not from a Pontic but Micro‑Asiatic perspective; he argues that the king resumed aspects of the Seleucid ideological framework, including marriage alli‑ances. In the case of the oracle of Hystaspes, Marie‑Astrid Buelens sug‑gests that the same Mithradates took over and adapted Persian traditions in Pontus. Finally, Federico Russo analyses the circulation of the myth of troy as a means of justifying Roman expansion into the East, whereby he particularly elaborates on the agency of Attalus I of Pergamum.Another four articles, still within this geopolitical group, look at the political implications of the Roman presence on the Western Pontic coast. two of them treat an important inscription each: Maria Bărbulescu and Livia Buzoianu

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present a new document on a governor of Moesia Inferior who had hitherto been unattested; Florian Matei-Popescu revisits a famous boundary dispute arbitrated by Roman authorities. Both articles make valuable contributions regarding the integration of the Left Pontus into the Roman administrative system. Likewise, Ioan Piso opens a debate about the residence of the gover‑nor of Moesia Inferior: based on archaeological and epigraphic evidence, he prefers to identify the latter with Durostorum instead of Tomi as is the com‑mon opinion. Ligia Ruscu studies the political and cultural changes under Roman provincial rule by focussing on the spread of Roman citizenship and the establishment of the institution of gerusia in the area.

Finally, Michael A. Speidel analyses the mobility of army units and the gradual integration of Cappadocia into the Roman East, paying due atten‑tion to the shift from an oriental to a Mediterranean‑Pontic framework. Marta oller Guzmán traces the civic life of Roman olbia in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, pointing out the city’s dynamism at a time when it is consid‑ered by most scholars to have been in a state of decline.

b) A second cluster of articles concentrates on the economic connections of the Black Sea and its integration into commercial networks. thibaut Castelli studies the economic relations of northwestern Pontic cities with Rhodes, pointing out their close ties with the Mediterranean as well as their function of redistributing goods into the hinterland. Hale Güney dis‑cusses the maritime networks of Nicomedia, pointing out the mobility of the naukleroi, their wide‑spun economic connections and the relations of the Nicomedians with the Propontis, the Black Sea, the Aegean and even further into the Mediterranean. Costel Chiriac and Lucian Munteanu dis‑cuss commercial links between the Western Pontic coast and Asia Minor during the 4th century CE, based on the study of lead seals inscribed with the names of the cities that the goods originated from. David Braund traces the routes by which amber was traded into the Black Sea in ancient times; denying that the evidence warrants the existence of direct connections from the Baltic area, he points out that amber from the north was normally transported first south into the Adriatic and then eastwards; besides, one has to reckon with supplies from India, coming in through the Caucasus. Costel Chiriac and Sever-Petru Boţan survey the evidence for glass arte‑facts in the Northern and Western Pontic area, reflecting on their prove‑nience (from Asia Minor, the Aegean and places further east) as well as on their usage as either everyday or luxury goods. If this contribution serves to illustrate the circulation of products into the Black Sea region, Giorgio Rizzo pursues an opposite agenda, trying to identify what kinds of goods from the Pontic and Propontic regions were exported towards the south

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and west; this study is mainly based on amphorae and other archaeologi‑cal materials found in ostia and Rome.

c) A third group assembles those contributions that are dedicated to the mobility of persons, artworks or cultural concepts. Alexandru Avram presents an exhaustive investigation of personal mobility from and into the Black Sea. Despite the lacunose nature of the evidence, some foci of migration, such as Sinope and Heraclea on the South‑Pontic coast and Athens in the Aegean can be identified. Mădălina Dana further dwells on the cities of the northern coast of Asia Minor; she asks if particular mobil‑ity trends impacted the cities’ identities, such as by yielding an inclination to inclusiveness versus exclusiveness, or by fostering the creation of par‑ticular regional networks.

Bülent Öztürk synthesizes the history of tieion/tios from its foundation as a Milesian colony down to the Byzantine period; a special emphasis is placed on Tieians attested abroad and on the city’s subjection to neigh‑bouring powers. Florina Panait Bîrzescu analyses the circulation of differ‑ing traditions of the Dionysus cult between the Aegean and the Black Sea areas during the Hellenistic and imperial periods, accounting for the trans‑formation of the perception of the divinity. the spread of iconographic models in the West‑Pontic cities is also the concern of Iulian Bîrzescu: by looking more closely into the workshops of terracotta figurines, he tries to distinguish between mere copies of general models and local adaptations. Finally, Johannes Nollé compares the iconography of coins from the Greek cities of Asia Minor and thrace: while the former are very rich in repre‑senting motifs of local cultic traditions, the latter are not, probably because of the hostile relations between Graeco‑Romans and thracians.

3. Acknowledgements

We would like to take the opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to the many individuals and institutions that have supported the Intercon‑nectivity Conference in Constanţa or the publication of its proceedings.The symposium was organized by the Iaşi Branch of the Romanian Acad‑emy, the Museum of National History and Archaeology Constanţa, the Research Project ‘Amici Populi Romani’ (trier – Waterloo oN), and the Cultural Complex ‘Callatis’ Mangalia. We are particularly grateful to Meda Gâlea, Livia Buzoianu, Gabriel Custurea, Constantin Chera, Irina Nastasi, tatiana odobescu and Mihai Ionescu. their continuous and gen‑erous support in the run‑up to and during the conference was invaluable.

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Among the other institutions involved, first mention is owed to the Roma‑nian National Agency for Scientific Research (CNCS – UEFISCDI): we are grateful for its financial support of the conference as well as for subsidizing the present publication. Moreover, the Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (Munich) offered ideal conditions to Victor Cojocaru for the last corrections of the manuscripts and the preparation of the indices. The latter work was fur‑ther supported by our colleagues Marta oller Guzmán (Barcelona) and Johannes Nollé (Munich), to whom we are greatly indebted. We also owe particular thanks to George ‘John’ Bilavschi (Iaşi) for editing the illustra‑tions of this volume.

As the three editors of the present volume, we would further like to express our deep gratitude to our colleagues within the editorial board of the book series ‘Pontica et Mediterranea’: Glenn R. Bugh (Virginia tech, Blacksburg VA), Alexander Falileyev (Aberystwyth), and Joachim Hupe (trier) have generously supported us in their capacities as reviewers and language editors. Last, but not least, we would like to kindly acknowledge that our collaboration with the Mega Publishing House has been very col‑legial and efficient, so that we look forward to continuing this cooperation in the future.

4. Epilogue

It would be presumptuous to hope that the current volume might con‑tinue to be of interest to the Classical community for as long as one of the rubber‑tree bridges from Meghalay. We would nevertheless feel that our efforts have been rewarded if the proceedings as a whole or individ‑ual contributions contained therein not only serve as reference works for topics of the ancient Black Sea area and its adjacent territories, but also as stepping stones for further research and encouragement for construc‑tive dialogues between scholars from West and East. If so, we would take great pleasure in having made a modest contribution to the agenda set out by Jeanne & Louis Robert (BE 1958, 320): “Nous faisons, dans toute la mesure de nos forces et de nos possibilités, un lien entre les savants de tous pays sans aucune distinction et nous cherchons à les servir tous par nos analyses“. After all, the same was the lifelong credo of Heinz Heinen, to whose memory the present volume is dedicated.

August 2014 Victor Cojocaru, Altay Coşkun, Mădălina Dana