International Handbook of Universities 2019

International Association of Universities (IAU)

International Handbook ofUniversities 2019

Twenty-Ninth Edition

International Association of Universities (IAU)Paris, France

IAU ISBN 978-92-9002-207-7 (hardback)ISBN 978-3-319-76970-7 ISBN 978-3-319-76971-4 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-76972-1 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1057/978-3-319-76971-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018963227

© International Association of Universities (IAU) 2019The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with theCopyright, Design and Patents Act 1988.This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage andretrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafterdeveloped.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does notimply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws andregulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed tobe true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Edited by the IAU/UNESCO Information Centre on Higher Education,International Association of Universities (IAU)IAU Executive Director/Secretary General and Director of Publication: Hilligje van’t Land

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

PREFACE

The International Association of Universities (IAU) and its IAU/UNESCO Information Centreon Higher Education are pleased to present the twenty-ninth edition of the InternationalHandbook of Universities, which offers updated, comprehensive information on universitiesand university-level institutions worldwide.

The Handbook was first published by the IAU in 1959 in response to the growing demandfor authoritative information about higher education institutions worldwide. It has grownconsiderably over the years in both the quantity and the quality of its entries. Today, it includesmore than 18,400 higher education institutions extracted from the lists provided by thecompetent authorities or academic bodies in 196 countries and territories, their websites orofficial documents. TheHandbook also comprises basic information on the education system ofall countries, a list of fields of study and an index of all institutions. Only higher educationinstitutions offering at least a four-year degree or a four-year professional diploma are includedin the Handbook.

The compilation of the Handbook involves working on documents in many languages,covering a wide range of continuously evolving systems of higher education. Every effort hasbeen made to ensure that the entries are as comprehensive as possible and that the information isaccurate. The IAU/UNESCO Information Centre on Higher Education is indebted to thosemany higher education institutions, governmental agencies and academic bodies, which haveprovided material for this edition in order to make it a unique and authoritative source ofinformation. Where information was not available in time for inclusion, entries have remainedthe same as in the previous edition. The date of the latest update is indicated at the bottom ofeach entry.

The full wealth of data held by the IAU/UNESCO Information Centre - including theinformation in the Handbook, as well as more comprehensive data on higher education systemsand credentials offered for more than 18,400 institutions - is available at www.whed.net, theIAU World Higher Education Database (WHED) Portal.

The production of the Handbook and of the WHED Portal is part of the continued drive bythe IAU to provide access to information on higher education institutions, systems, andcredentials worldwide. For academic research on higher education, please refer to the IAU’squarterly scholarly Journal Higher Education Policy1.

1Higher Education Policy, Palgrave Macmillan.

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GUIDE TO THE ENTRIES

This edition of the International Handbook of Universities comprises entries for more than18,400 universities and university-level institutions in 196 countries and terrritories.

COUNTRY CHAPTERS

A short presentation of the education system based upon the information provided by theappropriate higher education authorities in the countries concerned or found on their officialwebsites or in documentation that is provided for each country.

It comprises:

• a short description of the overall structure of the higher education system;• the different stages of study;• the admission requirements (including for foreign students);• the quality assurance/recognition system;• and information on national bodies responsible for higher education.

The designations employed for countries and territories are those in use in the UnitedNations system and do not imply any expression of opinion with regard to their status or thedelimitations of their frontiers.

INSTITUTIONAL ENTRIES

Entries are selected on the basis of the information contained in the listings provided by theappropriate higher education authorities in the countries concerned or found on their officialwebsites. The inclusion or omission of an institution, therefore, does not imply any judgementon the part of the IAU/UNESCO Information Centre on Higher Education as to the status orquality of that institution. To obtain more detailed information, questionnaires are then sent tothose degree-granting institutions, which:

• offer at least a four-year degree or a four-year professional diploma,• have graduated at least three cohorts of students.

Membership of a higher education institution in the IAU is indicated by preceding itsname. Higher education institutions wishing to become members should contact:membership@iau-aiu.net.

The institutional entries within each country are generally listed within Public and PrivateSections, where relevant, with their postal address and website information. The name of eachinstitution is given in English, except for those institutions that wish to retain their nativelanguage name only. Where available, the names of the Academic Head are given.

The lists of faculties, colleges, departments, schools, institutes, etc., are intended primarily asa general guide to the academic structure of the institution of which they form a part. Theynormally include the various fields of study offered (standardized list).This information is

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followed by a brief description of the history and structure of the institution.Admission requirements are usually listed for courses leading to a first degree or similar

qualification. Special requirements for admission to studies leading to higher degrees andspecialized diplomas are indicated where appropriate.

The names of degrees, diplomas and professional qualifications are generally given in thelanguage of the country concerned. Fields of study are indicated where available. Studentservices and facilities available in each university are also indicated if provided. Staff andstudent statistics are provided when available.

LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY

The complete list of fields of study used in the Handbook is provided for information.

INDEX OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The index lists higher education institutions in English so the page numbers given in the indexwill thus refer users to the English language version of institutional names.

Please refer to the list of institution names before the index for the native language name ofan institution listed in English.

viii GUIDE TO THE ENTRIES

PRESENTATION OF THE IAU“The Global Voice of Higher Education”

The International Association of Universities (IAU), founded in 1950, is a worldwide organi-zation with Member Institutions and Organizations in more than 120 countries. It cooperateswith a vast network of international, regional and national bodies. Its permanent Secretariat, theInternational Universities Bureau, is located at UNESCO headquarters, Paris, France, andprovides a wide variety of services to Member Institutions and Organizations and to theinternational higher education community at large. Institutions/organizations interested inbecoming members should contact membership@iau-aiu.net.

IAU GLOBAL FORUM AND MEETINGS

The IAU provides a forum for higher education leaders to discuss major current trends andissues in higher education and higher education policy. Heads of all Member Institutionsand Organizations or their representatives are invited to the IAU quadrennial GeneralConference as well as to annual international events. These events are organized by theAssociation, either alone or in cooperation with other academic bodies, and provide uniqueopportunities for the exchange of experience and ideas on issues of international interest andimportance. The 15th General Conference was held in Bangkok, Thailand in November2016, and discussed the theme “Higher education: a catalyst for innovative and sustainablesocieties”. The IAU 16th General Conference is due to take place in 2020 in Dublin,Ireland.

REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS

Services offered to Member Institutions and Organizations include the right to receive theAssociation’s publications either on a complimentary basis or at considerably reduced rates. Asfrom 2014, these include the International Handbook of Universities, the quarterly researchjournal Higher Education Policy, the biannual magazine IAU Horizons, the monthly electronicNewsletter and associated IAU Lynx.

The IAU WHED Portal provides detailed information on thousands of higher educationinstitutions worldwide as well as comprehensive data on higher education systems andcredentials, and offers a number of search options. The WHED is used to publish theInternational Handbook of Universities and provides the information available in the IAUWHED Portal.

Higher Education Policy is an international peer-reviewed journal for advancing scholarlyunderstanding of the policy process applied to higher education through the publication oforiginal analyses, both theoretical and practice-based, the focus of which may range from casestudies of developments in individual institutions to policy making at systems and at nationallevel.

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INFORMATION SERVICES

Also available to Member Institutions and Organizations is the vast body of information housedin the specialized IAU/UNESCO Information Centre on Higher Education. The Centre,managed by the IAU, contains over 50,000 volumes on higher education worldwide andoperates two major databases: WHED, as described above, and HEDBIB, the Higher EducationBibliographical Database (www.hedbib.iau-aiu.net). The Centre can also provide variousinformation services (eg. topical bibliographies, institutional data). The IAU website (www.iau-aiu.net) is another important source of information and links.

COOPERATION

The IAU, through its unique networking capacity, provides an important clearinghouse functionto Members for academic exchange and cooperation, implying active involvement and partic-ipation of Member institutions in the important mission of bringing a real internationalperspective to the life of higher education institutions. Among the major areas retained forcooperation are: Leadership, Sustainable Development, Intercultural Dialogue; Internationali-zation; Doctoral Programmes in Africa; Ethics and Technology in Higher Education.

HEADQUARTERS

International Association of Universities1, rue Miollis75732 Paris Cedex 15, FranceTelephone: +33 1-45-68-48-00Fax: +33 1-47-34-76-05E-Mail: iau@iau-aiu.netWebsite: https://www.iau-aiu.net

PRESIDENT

Pam Fredman, Former Rector, University of Gothenburg, Sweden

SECRETARY-GENERAL

Hilligje van’t Land, Secretary General and Executive Director, International Association ofUniversities, International Bureau of UniversitiesAndreas Corcoran, Deputy Secretary General, International Association of Universities, Inter-national Bureau of Universities

x PRESENTATION OF THE IAU “The Global Voice of Higher Education”

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

For a worldwide Association, sharing information, expertise and experience amongst leadersand decision-makers on the central issues facing higher education is key. The IAU makes asubstantial input to informed debate on public policy. It maintains databases and producesreference works on higher education systems, institutions and credentials and brings out state ofthe art research on vital issues that concern higher education. By doing so, it serves theacademic community and its leadership, stimulating discussion and advancing action.

Major publications resulting from this commitment are:

• International Handbook of Universities published by Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills,Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.https://www.palgrave.com

• Higher Education Policy (HEP), The IAU quarterly scholarly journal, Editor: ProfessorJeroen Huisman, Ghent University, Belgium. Subscription at: Palgrave Macmillan,Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS and 175, Fifth Avenue, suite 203, NewYork, N.Y. 10010.https://www.palgrave.com/gp/journal/41307

Other publications

• Internationalization of Higher Education, IAU 5th Global Survey, Paris, IAU, 2019• Higher Education Paving the Way to Sustainable Development, Report of the 2016 IAU

Global Survey on Higher Education and Research for Sustainable Development, Paris, IAU,2017

• IAU Horizons/AIU Horizons - A biannual magazine.

Available from: International Association of Universities, UNESCO House, 1, rue Miollis,75732 Paris Cedex 15, France. Tel: +33-1-45 68 48-00 - Fax: +33-1-47-34 76 05 Contact:iau@iau-aiu.net and on IAU website.

• IAU Lynx – A monthly electronic publication available on the IAU website.• IAU Website: https://www.iau-aiu.net• IAU WHED Portal: https://www.whed.net

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LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONS

Academic Cooperation Association - ACAPresident: Ulrich GrothusDirector: Bernd WaechterEgmontstraat 15Brussel 1000BelgiumTel: +32(2) 513-2241Fax: +32(2) 513-1776Website: http://www.aca-secretariat.be

African Academy of Sciences - AASExecutive Director: Nelson TortoPO Box 24916Nairobi 00502KenyaTel: +254(20) 8060674Fax: +254(20) 8060675Website: http://aasciences.ac.keThe overall goals are to strengthen science and technology capacity, to mobilize science andtechnology resources in the continent and among the African diaspora, to stimulate problem-solving research and development in pivotal areas of the continent’s development, and tomarket the Academy’s activities widely for greater impact on African social development andeconomic growth.

African Council for Distance Education - ACDEPresident: Abdel Raouf Ahmed Abbas ElbadawiExecutive Director: Rotimi OgidanEgerton University - Nairobi Campus Stanbank House, 9th Floor Moi Avenue / Mama NginaStreet Junction, City Centre Po Box 8023Nairobi 00100KenyaTel: +254(20) 221 8850Website: http://acde-afri.orgThe African Council for Distance Education (ACDE) is a continental educational organizationcomprising African universities and other higher education institutions, which are committed toexpanding access to quality education and training through open and distance learning.

African Network for the Internationalisation of Education - ANIEChair: Tolly Salvator MbwetteExecutive Director: Charles Ochieng’ Ong’ondoc/o Margaret Thatcher Library, Moi University PO Box 3900Eldoret 30100KenyaTel: +254 721 917 461Fax: +254(53) 43047Website: http://www.anienetwork.org

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ANIE is an independent, non-profit, non-governmental membership organisation whose aim isto develop research capacity and constitute an expert network in advancing the understandingof internationalisation of higher education to meet the professional needs of individuals,institutions and organisations.

African Network of Scientific and Technological Institutions - ANSTIChair: George Albert MagohaPO Box 30592Nairobi 00100KenyaTel: +254(20) 7622619Fax: +254(20) 7622538Website: http://www.ansti.orgThe aim of ANSTI is to develop active collaboration among African scientific institutions so asto promote research and development in areas of relevance to the development of the region.

African Quality Assurance Network - AfriQANAccraGhanaWebsite: http://afriqan.aau.orgTo provide assistance to institutions concerned with quality assurance in higher education inAfrica.

Agence universitaire de la Francophonie - AUFPresident: Sorin Mihai CîmpeanuExecutive Director: Jean-Paul de GaudemarCase postale du Musée, C.P. 49714Montréal H3T 2A5, QuébecCanadaTel: +1(514) 343-6630Fax: +1(514) 343-2107Website: http://www.auf.org

ASEAN University Network - AUNActing Chairperson: Nantana GajaseniExecutive Director: Choltis Dhirathiti17th Floor, Chamchuri 10 Building Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai RoadBangkok 10330ThailandTel: +66(2) 215-3640Fax: +66(2) 216-8808Website: http://www.aunsec.org

Asia-Pacific Association for International Association - APAIEPresident: Sarah ToddRoom 312 Lyceum, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-GuSeoul 136-701South KoreaTel: +82(2) 3290-2935Fax: +82(2) 921-0684Website: https://www.apaie2018.orgNon-profit organization whose aims are to achieve greater cooperation among those responsiblefor international education and internationalization in Asia-Pacific higher education institutionsand promote the quality of international programmes, activities, and exchanges.

xiv LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Asian Association of Open Universities - AAOUSecretary General: Grace Javier AlfonsoPresident: Melinda de la Pena BandalariaOffice of the Chancellor, University of the Philippines Open University, Los BañosLagunaPhilippinesTel: +63(49) 536-6001Website: http://aaou.upou.edu.phNon-profit organization of higher learning institutions that are primarily concerned witheducation at a distance. AAOU was founded in 1987.

Asociación de Universidades de América Latina y el Caribe para la Integración -AUALCPIPresident: Marcos Sidnei BassiGeneral Secretary: Laura Phillips SanchezCalle 222 55 - 30BogotáColombiaTel: +57 (1) 668 4700 Ext. 220Website: http://www.aualcpi.net

Asociación de Universidades Grupo MontevideoPresident: Waldo Albarracín SánchezVice President: Gerónimo Laviosa González GonzálezExecutive Secretary: Alvaro MagliaGuayabos 1729 Ap. 502Montevideo 11200UruguayTel: +598 2400 5411Fax: +598 2400 5401Website: http://www.grupomontevideo.edu.uy

Asociación de Universidades Privadas de Centro América - AUPRICA (Association ofPrivate Universities of Central America)Calle FloridaSan José 11303Costa RicaWebsite: http://www.auprica.com

Asociación Iberoamericana de Educación Superior a Distancia - AIESAD (Ibero-American Association for Open University Education)President: Carlos Eduardo BielschowskyPermanent Secretary: Rosario Domingo NavasSecretaria-Permanente, Calle Bravo Murillo, 38-6 plantaMadrid 28015SpainTel: +34(91) 398-7430Fax: +34(91) 398-7497Website: http://aiesad.cederj.edu.brThe association works to promote distance higher education, especially among the 13 nationsthat make up the association. The Association seeks to contribute to the academic life ofmanagers, teachers and students of its member universities, through its various projects andquality assurance in distance education.

LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS xv

Association des Universités africaines - AUA (Association of African Universities)President: Orlando QuilamboSecretary-General: Etienne E. EhilePO Box 5744AccraGhanaTel: +233(21) 774 495Fax: +233(21) 774 821Website: http://www.aau.orgInternational non-governmental organization founded in Rabat, Morocco in November 1967having its headquarters in Accra, Ghana.

Association des Universités de l’Atlantique (Association of Atlantic Universities - AAU)President: Alaa Abd-El-AzizExecutive Director: Peter HalpinSuite 403, 5657 Spring Garden RoadHalifax B3J 3R4, Nova ScotiaCanadaTel: +1(902) 425-4230Fax: +1(902) 425-4233Website: http://atlanticuniversities.caA voluntary association of the 16 universities in the Atlantic region and in the West Indieswhich offer programmes leading to a degree or have degree-granting status.

Association for Tertiary Education Management - ATEMPresident: Carl RallingsExecutive Director: Paul AbelaBuilding M, University of Sydney Cumberland College 75 East Street (PO Box 170)Lidcombe 2141, NSWAustraliaTel: +61(2) 9351-9456Fax: +61(2) 6125-5262Website: http://www.atem.org.auA professional body for tertiary education administrators and managers in Australasia.

Association internationale des Universités - AIU (International Association ofUniversities - IAU)President: Pam FredmanSecretary-General: Hilligje van’t LandUNESCO House 1, Rue MiollisParis 75732FranceTel: +33(1) 45.68.48.00Fax: +33(1) 47.34.76.05Website: http://www.iau-aiu.net

Association of Arab Universities - AArUSecretary-General: Amr Ezzat SalamaPO Box 401 JubeyhaAmmanJordan

xvi LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Tel: +962(6) 506-2048Fax: +962(6) 506-2051Website: http://www.aaru.edu.jo

Association of Christian Universities and Colleges in Asia - ACUCAPresident: Rux PrompalitGeneral Secretary: Esther WakemanPayap University Super-highway Chiang Mai – Lumpang Road Amphur MuangChiang Mai 50000ThailandWebsite: http://www.acuca.net

Association of Commonwealth Universities - ACUChair: Amit ChakmaSecretary-General: Joanna NewmanWoburn House 20-24 Tavistock SquareLondon WC1H 9HFUKTel: +44(20) 7380 6700Fax: +44(20) 7387 2655Website: http://www.acu.ac.uk

Association of International Educators - NAFSAPresident: Elaine Meyer-LeeExecutive Director and CEO: Esther Brimmer1307 New York Avenue NW, 8th floorWashington 20005-4701, DCUSATel: +1(202) 737-3699Fax: +1(202) 737-3657Website: http://www.nafsa.org

Association of Pacific Rim Universities - APRUSecretary General: Christopher TremewanDirector: Sherman Cheng ChengInternational Secretariat, IAS Building, 3F, 3016 HKUST, Clear Water BayKowloonChina - Hong Kong SARTel: +852 3469 2056Fax: +852 2719 5756Website: http://apru.orgEstablished in 1997 with universities across the Americas, Asia and Australasia, to contribute tothe development of an increasingly integrated Pacific Rim community, and now consists ofsome 40 plus member universities.

Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning - ASAIHLPresident: Hamid MirzadehSecretary General: Ninnat OlanvoravuthChulalongkorn University, 16th Floor, Chaloem Rajakumari 60 BuildingBangkok 10330ThailandTel: +66(2) 251 6966Website: http://asaihl.stou.ac.th/page/Showdata.aspx?idindex=10000Assisting member institutions in their development through cooperation.

LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS xvii

Association of the Carpathian Region Universities - ACRUPresident: Paul-Serban AgachiSecretary-General: Jana MojžišováUniversity of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73Košice 041 81SlovakiaWebsite: http://acru.uvlf.skThe Association has 24 higher education member institutions from Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine,Romania, Hungary and Serbia.

Association of Universities of Asia and the Pacific - AUAPPresident: Sung-hee NamSecretary-General: Ricardo PamaAcademic Building 2, Room C2-227 Suranaree University of Technology, 111 UniversityAvenue Suranaree Sub-districtNakhon Ratchasima 30000ThailandTel: +66(85) 768 7474Website: http://www.e-auap.org

Association of West African Universities - AWAUChair: Abdulganiyu AmbaliSecretary-General: Abdullahi Yusufu Ribadu245 Samuel Ademulegun Way, Central Business District, Opp Arewa SuitesAbujaNigeriaWebsite: http://www.awau.orgProvides coordination and networking for universities in West Africa.

Associação das Universidades de Língua Portuguesa - AULP (Association of PortugueseLanguage Universities - APLU)President: Orlando Manuel José Fernandes da MataAvenida Santos Dumont, 67, 2�

Lisboa 1050-203PortugalTel: +351(217) 816 360Fax: +351(217) 816 369Website: http://aulp.orgThe aim of this international association is the development of cooperation between universitiesand higher research institutions by means of promoting the interchange of researchers andstudents and the development of joint projects of scientific and technological research as well asthe exchange of information.

Associação de Universidades Amazonicas - UNAMAZ (Association of AmazonianUniversities)A. Tancredo Neves 2501 Barrio Montese Campos da UFRABelém 66077-530, ParáBrazilTel: +55(91) 3210-5230Website: http://www.ufpa.br/unamazNetwork of higher education institutions from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana,Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela created in 1993 to promote higher education cooperation for thesustainable development of the Amazonian region.

xviii LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Aurora NetworkPresident: David RichardsonSecretary-General: Kees KouwenaarDe Boelalaan 1105Amsterdam 1081 HVThe NetherlandsTel: +31(6) 5111 9635Website: https://aurora-network.globalFounded in 2016 as a small network of research-intensive universities in Europe, all sharing acommon core vision of matching world-class academic excellence with societal relevance in alocal and global context.

Bibliotheca AlexandrinaDirector: Mostafa El-FekiScientific Advisor: Mohammed El-FahamPO Box 138 - ChatbyAlexandria 21526EgyptTel: +20(3) 483 99 99Website: http://www.bibalex.orgBibliotheca Alexandrina aims to be a centre of excellence in the production and disseminationof knowledge and to be a place of dialogue, learning and understanding between cultures andpeoples.

Bureau canadien de l’éducation internationale - BCEI (Canadian Bureau for Inter-national Education - CBIE)Interim President and CEO: Larissa BezoVice-President, International Partnerships: Basel Alashi1550 - 220 Laurier Avenue WestOttawa K1P 5Z9, ONCanadaTel: +1(613) 237-4820Fax: +1(613) 237-1160Website: http://cbie.ca

Camões - Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua, I.P. (Camões Institute for Cooperationand Language)Avenida da Liberdade, 270Lisboa 1250-149PortugalTel: +351(213) 109 100Fax: +351(213) 143 987Website: http://www.instituto-camoes.pt

Caribbean Area Network for Quality Assurance in Tertiary Education – CANQATEPresident: Ronald BruntonThe University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT), O’Meara EstateArimaTrinidad and TobagoTel: +868 642-8888Fax: +868 643-0268Website: http://www.canqate.org

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Centro Interuniversitario de Desarrollo - CINDA (Inter-University Development Centre)President: Josep A. PlanellExecutive Director: María José Lemaitre del CampoSanta Magdalena 75, Piso 11, ProvidenciaSantiagoChileTel: +56 2 2234 1128Fax: +56 2 2234 1117Website: http://www.cinda.cl

Commonwealth of Learning - COLPresident and Chief Executive Officer: Asha S. Kanwar4710 Kingsway, Suite 2500Burnaby V5H 4M2, BCCanadaTel: +1(604) 775-8200Fax: +1(604) 775-8210Website: https://www.col.org

Conseil africain et malgache pour l’Enseignement supérieur - CAMES (African andMalagasy Council for Higher Education)Secretary-General: Bertrand Mbatchi01 BP 134OuagadougouBurkina FasoTel: +226 2536-8146Fax: +226 2536-8573Website: http://www.lecames.orgRegional body aiming at research dissemination in Africa and in the long-term at accreditationprovision within the region.

Consejo Superior Universitario Centroamericano - CSUCA (Central-American Univer-sity Higher Council)Secretary-General: Juan Alfonso Fuentes SoriaAvenida las Américas, 1-03 Zona 14, Interior Club Los ArcosGuatemala 01014GuatemalaTel: +502 2502-7500Fax: +502 2502-7501Website: http://www.csuca.orgRegional organization that promotes the integration and strengthening of higher education inCentral America.

Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration - CONAHECPresident of the Board: David LonganeckerExecutive Director: Sean Manley-CasimirUniversity of Arizona PO Box 210158Tucson 85721-0300, ArizonaUSATel: +1(520) 621-7761Fax: +1(520) 626-2675Website: http://www.conahec.orgTo foster academic collaboration among higher education institutions, organizations andagencies in North America and with their peers around the world. Principal activities include:

xx LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

encouraging student exchange within their member institutions; convening the higher educa-tion community; providing online information and networking; conducting comparativeresearch on educational policy issues affecting North America; providing professional devel-opment opportunities; preparing future leaders by involving students in regional dialogue;honouring social responsibilities.

COPERNICUS Alliance - European Network on Higher Education for SustainableDevelopmentPresident: Clemens MaderVice-President: Jana DlouháNetwork Coordinator, Secretariat: Laura Macháčková HendersonCharles University Environment Center, José Martího 2/407Praha 162 00Czech RepublicTel: +420(2) 20 199 482Fax: +420(2) 20 199 462Website: http://www.copernicus-alliance.org

Donaurektorenkonferenz (Danube Rectors’ Conference)President: Friedrich FaulhammerManager of the DRC Secretariat: Sebastian SchäfferDRC Secretariat Hahngasse 6/24Wien 1090AustriaTel: +43(1) 319 72 58 - 32Website: http://www.drc-danube.orgA network of almost 70 universities in the Danube Region aiming to improve higher educationin teaching and research in theregion, and in particular the advancement of our memberuniversities, by establishing and facilitating bilateral and multilateral contacts between theuniversities.

European Access Network - EANPresident: Mary Tupan-WennoExecutive Secretary: Mee Foong LeeLawrence Building, University of Roehampton, Roehampton LaneLondon SW15 5PJUKTel: +44(20) 8392 3857Fax: +44(20) 8392 3148Website: http://www.ean-edu.orgThe European Access Network encourages wider access to higher education for those whoare currently under-represented, whether for reasons of gender, ethnic origin, nationality,age, disability, family background, vocational training, geographic location, or earlier educa-tional disadvantage. The EAN is the only European-wide, non-governmental organisation forwidening participation in higher education. It is organised for educational purposes andoperates under English Law. Membership is open to all those with an interest in wideningaccess.

European Alliance for Subject-Specific and Professional Accreditation and QualityAssurance - EASPAPresident: Iring Wasserc/o ASIIN PO Box 101139Düsseldorf 40002Germany

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Tel: +49(211) 900977-0Fax: +49(211) 900977-99Website: http://www.easpa.eu

European Association for International Education - EAIEPresident: Markus LaitinenDirector: Leonard EngelPO Box 11189Amsterdam 1001 GDThe NetherlandsTel: +31(20) 344 5100Fax: +31(20) 344 5119Website: http://www.eaie.org

European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education - ENQAPresident: Christoph GrolimundDirector: Maria KeloAvenue de Tervuren, 38 - bte 4Brussels 1040BelgiumTel: +32(2) 735-5659Fax: +32(2) 736-9850Website: http://www.enqa.eu

European Association for University Lifelong Learning - EUCENExecutive Secretary: Carme RoyoBalmes, 132-134Barcelona 08008SpainTel: +34(93) 542-1825Fax: +34(93) 542-2975Website: http://www.eucen.euThe aim of the association is too contribute to the economic and cultural life of Europe throughthe promotion and advancement of lifelong learning within higher education institutions inEurope and elsewhere, and to foster universities’ influence in the development of lifelonglearning knowledge and policies throughout Europe.

European Association of Distance Teaching Universities - EADTUPresident: Anja OskampManaging Director: George UbachsParkweg 27Maastricht 6212 XNThe NetherlandsTel: +31(43) 311 8712Website: http://www.eadtu.eu

European Association of Institutions in Higher Education - EURASHEPresident: Stéphane LauwickSecretary General: Michal KarpíšekRavensteingalerij 27/3Brussels 1000Belgium

xxii LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Tel: +32(2) 211-4197Fax: +32(2) 211-4199Website: http://www.eurashe.euEURASHE is the association of European Higher Education Institutions – Polytechnics,Colleges, University Colleges, etc. – devoted to Professional Higher Education and relatedresearch within the Bachelor-Masters structure.

European Consortium of Innovative Universities - ECIUPresident: Victor van der ChijsSecretary-General: Katrin Dircksenc/o Katrin Dircksen, University of Twente PO Box 217Enschede 7500 AEThe NetherlandsTel: +31(53) 489 2684Website: http://www.eciu.orgNetwork of universities with its base in Europe, but building on the experience and insights ofinstitutions in other parts of the world.

European Council of Doctoral Candidates and Junior Researchers - EURODOCPresident: Gareth O’NeillSecretary: Antoine DujardinRue d’Egmont 11Brussels, 1000BelgiumWebsite: http://www.eurodoc.netInternational federation of 34 national organizations of PhD candidates, and more generally ofyoung researchers from 33 countries of the European Union and the Council of Europe.

European Physics Education NetworkChair: Hendrik FerdinandeUniversiteit Gent Department of Subatomic and Radiation Physics Proeftuinstraat 86Gent 9000BelgiumWebsite: http://www.eupen.ugent.be

European University Association - EUAPresident: Rolf TarrachSecretary-General: Lesley WilsonAvenue de l’Yser, 24Brussels 1040BelgiumTel: +32(2) 230-5544Fax: +32(2) 230-5751Website: http://www.eua.be

Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World - FIUWSecretary-General: Abdulaziz Bin Othman AltwaijriISESCO, Avenue de F.A.R., Hay Ryad BP 2275Rabat 10104MoroccoTel: +212(537) 56 60 52Fax: +212(537) 56 60 12Website: http://www.isesco.org.ma/fuiw.org/en

LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS xxiii

Foundation for International Cooperation in Higher Education of Taiwan - FICHETChief Executive Officer: Jen-Sue ChenRoom 202, No. 5, Lane 199, Kinghua StreetTaipei City 10650China - TaiwanTel: +886 (2) 2322-2280Fax: +886 (2) 2322-2528Website: http://www.fichet.org.twFICHET facilitates international cooperation between Taiwanese and foreign universities. Itsmain operations are the planning of international educator assemblies in Europe, America, andAsia, and fostering human resources in the field of international education administration.FICHET currently represents 114 member universities as an umbrella body for 4 nationalassociations: 1. the Association of National Universities of Taiwan (ANUT); 2. the Associationof Private Universities and Colleges of Taiwan (APUC); 3. the Association of NationalUniversities and Colleges of Technology of Taiwan (ANUCT); and 4. the Association ofPrivate Universities and Colleges of Technology of Taiwan (APUCT).

Fédération internationale des Universités catholiques - FIUC (International Federation ofCatholic Universities - IFCU)President: Fr Pedro Rubens Ferreira OliveiraSecretary-General: Pr François Mabille21 rue d’AssasParis 75270FranceTel: +33(1) 44.39.52.26Fax: +33(1) 44.39.52.28Website: http://fiuc.org/enCreated by a Decree of the Holy See in 1948, it was recognized by Pope Pius XII in 1949 andbecame the International Federation of Catholic Universities (IFCU) in 1965.

Global University Network for Innovation - GUNIPresident: Jaume CasalsDirector: Josep M. VilaltaCarrer de la Vila, building F, main floor UAB Campus Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)Barcelona 08193SpainTel: +34(93) 481-7099Website: http://www.guninetwork.org

Graduate Women International - GWIPresident: Geeta DesaiExecutive Director: Stacy Dry LaraChemin du Grand-Montfleury, 48 VersoixGeneva 1290SwitzerlandTel: +41(22) 731 2380Website: http://www.graduatewomen.orgGWI advocates for women’s rights, equality and empowerment through access to qualitysecondary and tertiary education, and training up to the highest levels. Their vision is 100%of girls and women in the world achieving education beyond primary school. Was known asInternational Federation of University Women (IFUW) until 2015.

xxiv LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Groupement International des Secrétaires Généraux des Universités Francophones -GISGUF (International Group of Secretary-Generals of Francophone Universities)President: Stéphane BerthetMaison des Universités 103 Boulevard Saint MichelParis 75006FranceWebsite: http://www.gisguf.org

Grupo Compostela de Universidades (Compostela Group of Universities)President: Marek KreglewskiExecutive Secretary: Teresa CarballeiraCasa da Cuncha - rúa da Conga, no. 1Santiago de Compostela 15782SpainTel: +34(981) 812-931Fax: +34(981) 812-932Website: http://www.gcompostela.orgThe Compostela Group of Universities is a non-profit association aimed at fostering coopera-tion and promoting dialogue in all fields related to higher education.

Institute of International Education - IIEPresident and CEO: Allan E. GoodmanSenior Counselor to the President: Peggy Blumenthal809 United Nations PlazaNew York 10017-3580, NYUSATel: +1(212) 883-8200Fax: +1(212) 984-5452Website: http://www.iie.org

Inter-University Council for East Africa - IUCEAExecutive Secretary: Alexandre LyambabjePlot 4 Nile Avenue 3rd Floor, EADB Building PO Box 7110KampalaUgandaTel: +256(41) 425-6251Fax: +256(41) 434-2007Website: http://www.iucea.orgThe mission of the IUCEA is to encourage and develop mutually beneficial collaborationbetween its member universities, and between them and governments and other organizations,both public and private. It aims at helping its members to contribute to meeting national andregional development needs, to the resolution of problems in every appropriate sector ofactivity in the region, and to the development of human resource capacity particularly in thedisciplines of Science, Technology and Business Studies.

International Association of University Presidents - IAUPPresident: Kakha ShengeliaSecretary-General: Gerald Reisinger809 United Nations PlazaNew York 10017-3580, NYUSAWebsite: http://www.iaup.org

LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS xxv

An NGO and association of university chief executives from higher education institutionsaround the world. Membership is limited to those individuals who serve as Presidents, Rectorsor Vice-Chancellors at regionally accredited colleges or universities. Its mission is: to increasethe exchange of experiences, levels of collaboration and networking between universityleaders; to provide a well informed forum for university leaders throughout the world; tocontribute to a worldwide vision of higher education; to strengthen the international missionof institutions throughout the world; to make every effort for the voice of educational leaders tobe heard; to support sustainable development in a context of global competency; to promotepeace and international understanding through education.

International Council for Open and Distance Education - ICDEPresident: Belinda TynanActing Secretary-General: Morten Flate PaulsenDrammensveien 211Oslo 0281NorwayTel: +47 2206 2632Website: https://www.icde.orgGlobal membership organization for open, distance, flexible and online education, including e-learning, that draws its membership from institutions, educational authorities, commercialactors, and individuals. ICDE was founded in 1938 in Canada as the International Councilfor Correspondence Education

International Education Association - ISANAPresident: Bronwyn Gilson228 Liverpool StreetHobart 7000, TASAustraliaTel: +61(3) 6231-0253Fax: +61(3) 6231-1522Website: http://www.isana.org.auISANA, a body for international education professionals in Australia and New Zealand, worksin student services, advocacy, teaching, and policy development in Australia and New Zealand.

International Education Association of South Africa - IEASAPresident: Leolyn JacksonPO Box 27394, SunnysidePretoria 0132South AfricaTel: +27(12) 481 2908Fax: +27(0)86 649 1247Website: http://www.ieasa.studysa.orgNon-profit organization created to respond to international educational trends.

International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education - INQAAHEPresident: Susanna KarakhanyanThe Catalan University Quality Assurance Agency, AQU Catalunya C. dels Vergós, 36-42Barcelona 08017SpainTel: +34(93) 268-8950Website: http://www.inqaahe.orgThe International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE)is a world-wide association of over 200 organisations active in the theory and practice of qualityassurance in higher education.

xxvi LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

International Student Identity Card Association - ISICSecretary-General: Todd AlmeidaKeizersgracht 174Amsterdam 1016 DWThe NetherlandsTel: +31(20) 520 08 40Website: http://www.isicnederland.nl

Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - ISESCODirector General: Abdulaziz Bin Othman AltwaijriAvenue des F.A.R, Hay Ryad PO Box 2275Rabat 10104MoroccoTel: +212(537) 56 60 52Fax: +212(537) 56 60 12Website: http://www.isesco.org.ma

League of European Research Universities - LERUChair: Bert van der ZwaanSecretary-General: Kurt DeketelaereMinderbroedersstraat 8Leuven 3000BelgiumTel: +32(16) 32-99-71Website: http://www.leru.orgAn association of 21 leading research-intensive universities that share the values of high-quality teaching within an environment of internationally competitive research. LERU advo-cates for: education through an awareness of the frontiers of human understanding; the creationof new knowledge through basic research, which is the ultimate source of innovation insociety; and the promotion of research across a broad front in partnership with industry andsociety at large.

Magna Charta ObservatoryPresident: Sijbolt NoordaSecretary-General: David LockVia Zamboni, 25Bologna 40126ItalyTel: +39.051 2098709Fax: +39.051 2098710Website: http://www.magna-charta.orgThe Magna Charta Observatory aims to gather information, express opinions and preparedocuments relating to the respect for, and protection of, the fundamental university valuesand rights laid down in the Magna Charta Universitatum signed in Bologna in 1988 by 388Rectors of worldwide main universities.

Network of Universities from the Capitals of Europe - UNICAPresident: Luciano SasoSecretary-General: Kris DejonckheereC/o University Foundation rue d’Egmont n�11Brussels 1000Belgium

LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS xxvii

Tel: +32(2) 514-7800Fax: +32(2) 514-7900Website: http://www.unica-network.euUNICA is a network of 40 universities from the capital cities of Europe. Its role is to promoteacademic excellence, integration and co-operation between member universities throughoutEurope.

Observatory on Borderless Higher Education - OBHEChair: Drummond BoneDirector: Richard GarrettRedhill Chambers, 2d High StreetRedhill RH1 1RJ, SurreyUKTel: +44(20) 7222 7890Fax: +44(20) 7182 7152Website: http://www.obhe.ac.ukA higher education think tank with institutional members across 30 countries. They offeranalysis on trends, business models and policy frameworks, with the aim of providing strategicintelligence for education leaders and policymakers attempting to navigate the opportunitiesand threats of borderless higher education.

Organisation universitaire interaméricaine - OUI (Inter-American Organisation forHigher Education - IOHE)President: Óscar GarridoExecutive Director: David JulienUniversité de Montréal, 3744, Jean-Brillant, bureau 592Montreal H3T 1P1, QuébecCanadaTel: +1(514) 343-6980Website: http://www.oui-iohe.org

Red de Macrouniversidades de América Latina y del Caribe (Network of of Macro-universities of Latin America and the Caribbean)President: Marco Antonio ZagoRegional Coordinator: Alfonso Ayala RicoSecretary-General: Alberto BarbieriUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Edificio CIPPS-Planta Baja, Unidad Internacionalde Sedes Universitarias. Circuito Cultural, sin número (Frente a UNIVERSUM), CiudadUniversitaria, CoyoacánMéxico 04510MéxicoTel: +52 (55) 56-22-66-66Website: http://www.redmacro.unam.mx

Réseau africain francophone de la Formation supérieure et de l’Enseignementtechnique - RAFSET (Francophone African Network for Higher Training and TechnicalEducation)President: Bassabi KagbaraRoute de Kpalimé, à côté de la Poste BP 8619LoméTogoTel: +228 22 51 65 81Fax: +228 22 51 44 21

xxviii LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Contributes to the creation of an African area for the promotion of education by training,institutional capacity building and improving management quality in administrations andenterprises.

Santander Group - European Universities’ NetworkPresident: Adam MickiewiczExecutive Secretary: Wioletta WegorowskaSquare de Meeûs 35Brussels 1000BelgiumTel: +32(2) 511-6620Fax: +32(2) 502-9611Website: http://www.sgroup.beThe SGroup European Universities’ Network aims to strengthen the institutional capacities ofits member universities to reinforce their international visibility, to expand their collaborationopportunities in education and research and to improve the quality of their governance,teaching, research and administrative practices. It seeks to achieve this through the transfer ofknowledge, the development of strategic alliances and the improvement of interculturalunderstanding.

SEAMEO Regional Centre for Higher Education and Development - RIHEDDirector: Chantavit Sujatanond5th Floor, Commission on Higher Education Building, 328 Sri Ayuthaya Road, RajtheweeBangkok 10400ThailandTel: +66(2) 644-9856Fax: +66(2) 644-5421Website: http://www.rihed.seameo.org

Southern African Regional Universities Association - SARUAExecutive Director: M. J. OosthuizenGround Floor, Chardonnay House, Vineyards Office Estate 99 Jip de Jager DriveBellville 7530South AfricaTel: +27(21) 0351990Website: http://www.sarua.orgSARUA is an association for the public universities in the SADC region. SARUA aims topromote, strengthen and increase higher education, training and research through expandedinter-institutional collaboration and capacity building initiatives across the region and promoteuniversities as major contributors towards national and regional socio-economic development.

UNESCO - Instituto Internacional para la Educación Superior en América Latina y elCaribe - IESALC (UNESCO Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and theCaribbean)Director: Pedro Henríquez GuajardoHead, University Networks: Débora RamosEdificio Asovincar 1052-A Av, Los Chorros c/c Calle Acueducto, Altos de Sebucán ApartadoPostal 68.39CaracasVenezuelaTel: +58 (212) 286 0555Fax: +58 (212) 286 0527Website: http://www.iesalc.unesco.org.ve

LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS xxix

Universitas 21Chair: David EastwoodProvost: Bairbre RedmondStrathcona 109 c/o University of Birmingham EdgbastonBirmingham B15 2TTUKTel: +44(121) 415 8870Fax: +44(121) 415 8873Website: http://www.universitas21.comA global network of research-intensive universities, working together to foster global citizen-ship and institutional innovation through research-inspired teaching and learning, studentmobility, connecting our students and staff, and wider advocacy for internationalisation.

University Network of the European Capitals of Culture - UNeECCPresident: Flora CarrijnLucian Blaga University of Sibiu 10 Victoriei BvdSibiu 550024RomaniaWebsite: http://www.uneecc.orgThe aim of UNeECC is to to ensure the recognition of the role and contribution of universitiesto the success of the cities conferred the title “European Capital of Culture”; to provide themember universities with the possibility of continuous and full participation in the EuropeanCapitals of Culture movement enhanced by “Universities of the Year”; and to foster inter-university cooperation to develop and reshape the universities’ regional position to create newactivities for city and university collaboration.

Unión de Universidades de América Latina - UDUAL (Association of Universities of LatinAmerica and the Caribbean)President: Henning JensenSecretary-General: Roberto Ivan Escalante SemerenaApartado postal 70232 Cuidad UniversitariaMéxico 04510, D.F.MéxicoTel: +52(55) 5616-2383Fax: +52(55) 5622-0092Website: http://www.udual.org

Universities Caribbean – UCPresident: Hilary BecklesSecretary-General: Myriam MoïseThe University of the West IndiesRegional Headquarters - MonaKingston 7JamaicaTel: +1(876) 927-2406Fax: +1(876) 927-0253Created as Association of Caribbean Universities and Research Institutes (UNICA) in 1967,and became Universities Caribbean in 2018 to foster cooperation among higher educationinstitutions and centres in the Caribbean region. Universities Caribbean aims to become theregion’s voice in areas of quality, globalization, resilience, and financial sustainability. Thegeneral mandate given to Universities Caribbean is to integrate the regional university sectorand enhance its quality and regional impact.

xxx LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Vives University Network (Xarxa Vives d’Universitats)President: Josep Maria Garrell i Guiu1st Vice President: Francesc Xavier Grau i Vidal

Edifici Àgora Universitat Jaume I Campus del Riu SecCastelló de la Plana 12006SpainTel: +34(964) 72 89 93Website: http://www.vives.orgA non-profit institution that represents and coordinates joint action in higher education,research and culture of a number of universities from 4 different European countries. Since1994 it has offered a platform leader in services for universities, public and private organiza-tions and society. Its main objective is contributing to the construction process of this cross-border interuniversity region in Mediterranean Europe and its social and economicdevelopment.

WC2 University NetworkInternational DevelopmentCity University LondonNorthampton SquareLondon EC1V 0HBUKTel: +44(20) 7040 0072Website: http://www.wc2network.orgThe WC2 University Network has been developed with the goal of bringing together topuniversities located in the heart of major world cities in order to address cultural, environmentaland political issues of common interest to world cities and their universities.

LIST OF REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS xxxi

LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY

AGRICULTUREAgricultural BusinessAgricultural EconomicsAgricultural EquipmentAgricultural Management

Farm ManagementAgronomyAnimal Husbandry

ApicultureCattle BreedingSericulture

Crop ProductionHarvest Technology

FisheryAquaculture

Food ScienceBrewingDairyMeat and PoultryOenology

ForestryForest BiologyForest EconomicsForest ManagementForest Products

HorticultureFloricultureFruit ProductionVegetable ProductionViticulture

Soil ScienceSoil ConservationSoil Management

Tropical AgricultureVeterinary ScienceWater Science

IrrigationWater Management

ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNINGArchitecture

Architectural and Environmental DesignArchitecturalRestoration

xxxiii

Landscape ArchitectureStructural Architecture

Regional PlanningRural PlanningTown Planning

ARTS AND HUMANITIESArchaeologyClassical Languages

Ancient LanguagesGreek (Classical)LatinSanskrit

Comparative LiteratureHistory

Ancient CivilizationsContemporary HistoryMedieval StudiesModern HistoryPrehistory

LinguisticsApplied LinguisticsGrammarPhilologyPhoneticsPsycholinguisticsSpeech StudiesTerminology

LiteratureModern languages

Native LanguageAfrican LanguagesAfrikaansAlbanianAmerindian LanguagesArabicArmenianAustronesian and Oceanic LanguagesBaltic LanguagesBulgarianCatalanCeltic Languages and StudiesChineseCzechDanishDutchEnglishEurasian and North Asian LanguagesEuropean LanguagesFinnishFrench

xxxiv LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY

GermanGermanic LanguagesGreekHebrewHindiHungarianIcelandicIndic LanguagesIndonesianIrishItalianJapaneseKoreanKurdishMalayMongolianNorwegianOriental LanguagesPersianPilipinoPolishPortugueseRomance LanguagesRomanianRussianScandinavian LanguagesSerbocroatianSlavic LanguagesSouth and Southeast Asian LanguagesSpanishSwahiliSwedishThai LanguagesTibetanTurkishUrduVietnamese

PhilosophyEthicsLogicMetaphysicsPhilosophical Schools

Translation & InterpretationWriting

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIONAccountancyAdministration

Institutional AdministrationPrivate AdministrationPublic Administration

LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY xxxv

Business and CommerceBusiness ComputingE-BusinessInternational BusinessSmall Business

FinanceBankingTaxation

Human ResourcesInsuranceLabour and Industrial RelationsManagement

Industrial ManagementLeadershipManagement Systems

MarketingAdvertising & PublicityPublic Relations

Real EstateSecretarial Studies

EDUCATIONEducational Sciences

CurriculumDistance EducationEducational AdministrationEducational and Student CounsellingEducational ResearchEducational TechnologyEducational Testing andEvaluationHigher EducationInternational and Comparative EducationPedagogyPhilosophy of EducationStaff Development

Special EducationBilingual and Bicultural EducationEducation of the GiftedEducation of the HandicappedEducation of the Socially DisadvantagedForeigners EducationNatives Education

Teacher TrainingAdult EducationAgricultural EducationArt EducationBusiness EducationCivicsComputer EducationContinuing EducationForeign Languages EducationHealth Education

xxxvi LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY

Higher EducationTeacher TrainingHome Economics EducationHumanities and Social Science

EducationIndustrial Arts EducationLiteracy EducationMathematics EducationMusic EducationNative Language EducationPhysical EducationPreschool EducationPrimary EducationScience EducationSecondary EducationTeacher Trainers EducationTechnology EducationVocational Education

ENGINEERINGAeronautical and Aerospace EngineeringAgricultural EngineeringAutomation and Control Engineering

RoboticsBioengineeringBiomedical EngineeringChemical EngineeringCivil Engineering

Bridge EngineeringConstruction EngineeringGeological EngineeringRoad EngineeringTransport Engineering

Computer EngineeringComputer GraphicsComputer NetworksData ProcessingSoftware Engineering

Electrical and Electronic EngineeringElectrical EngineeringElectronic EngineeringLaser EngineeringMicroelectronicsMicrowavesPower EngineeringTelecommunications Engineering

Energy EngineeringThermal Engineering

Engineering Drawing and DesignEngineering ManagementEnvironmental Engineering

Sanitary EngineeringIndustrial Engineering

LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY xxxvii

Marine EngineeringNaval Architecture

Materials EngineeringCeramics and Glass TechnologyExplosive EngineeringPolymer and Plastics TechnologyRubber Technology

Measurement and Precision EngineeringMechanical Engineering

Automotive EngineeringHydraulic EngineeringMachine BuildingRailway EngineeringSound Engineering (Acoustics)

Metallurgical EngineeringMining EngineeringNuclear EngineeringPetroleum and Gas EngineeringPhysical EngineeringProduction EngineeringSafety EngineeringSurveying and Mapping

FINE ARTSArt CriticismArt History

AestheticsArt Management Design

Display and Stage DesignFashion DesignFurniture DesignGraphic DesignIndustrial DesignInterior DesignTextile Design

HandicraftsCeramic ArtEngravingGlass ArtJewelry ArtWeaving

Religious ArtVisual Arts

Painting and DrawingPhotographySculpture

HEALTH SCIENCESAlternative Medicine

AcupunctureAyurvedaChiropracticHomeopathy

xxxviii LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY

OsteopathyParamedical SciencesTraditional Eastern Medicine

BiomedicineDentistry

Dental HygieneDental TechnologyOral PathologyOrthodonticsPeriodonticsStomatology

Forensic Medicine and DentistryHealth AdministrationMedicine

AnaesthesiologyCardiologyDermatologyDiabetologyEndocrinologyEpidemiologyGastroenterologyGerontologyGynecology and ObstetricsHaematologyHepathologyMedical ParasitologyNephrologyNeurologyOncologyOphthalmologyOrthopedicsOtorhinolaryngologyPaediatricsPathologyPlastic SurgeryPneumologyPodiatryPsychiatry and Mental HealthRheumatologyTropical MedicineUrologyVenereologyVirology

Medical AuxiliariesMedical TechnologyMidwiferyNursingOptometryPharmacyPublic Health

Community HealthDieteticsHygiene

LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY xxxix

Occupational HealthSocial and Preventive MedicineSports Medicine

Rehabilitation Medicine and TherapyArt TherapyErgotherapyNeurological TherapyOccupational TherapyPhysical TherapyPsychotherapyRespiratory TherapySpeech Therapy and Audiology

SurgeryTreatment Techniques

Radiology

HOME ECONOMICSChild Care & DevelopmentClothing and SewingConsumer StudiesHouse Arts & EnvironmentHousehold ManagementNutrition

INFORMATION SCIENCESInformation ManagementInformation TechnologyLibrary Science

Ancient BooksArchivingDocumentation Techniques

Mass CommunicationCommunication ArtsJournalismMedia StudiesMultimediaRadio and Television Broadcasting

Museum StudiesMuseum ManagementRestoration of Works of Art

LAWAir and Space LawCanon LawComparative LawCriminal LawEuropean Community LawHistory of LawHuman RightsInternational LawIslamic LawJustice AdministrationLabour Law

xl LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY

Maritime LawNotary StudiesPrivate Law

Civil LawCommercial Law

Public LawAdministrative LawConstitutional LawFiscal Law

MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCEActuarial ScienceComputer Science

Artificial IntelligenceSystems Analysis

MathematicsApplied MathematicsOperations Research

Statistics

NATURAL SCIENCESAstronomy and Space ScienceBiological and Life Sciences

AgrobiologyAnatomyBiochemistryBiologyBiophysicsBiotechnologyBotanyCell BiologyEmbryology and Reproduction

BiologyEntomologyGeneticsHistologyImmunologyLimnologyMarine BiologyMicrobiologyMolecular BiologyNeurosciencesParasitologyPharmacologyPhysiologyPlant PathologyToxicologyZoology

ChemistryAnalytical ChemistryApplied ChemistryIndustrial ChemistryInorganic Chemistry

LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY xli

Organic ChemistryPhysical Chemistry

Earth SciencesCrystallographyGeochemistryGeographyGeologyGeophysicsMineralogyPaleontologyPetrologySeismology

Marine Science & OceanographyCoastal Studies

MeteorologyArctic StudiesArid Land Studies

PhysicsApplied PhysicsAstrophysicsAtomic and Molecular PhysicsMathematical PhysicsMechanicsNuclear PhysicsOpticsRadiophysicsSolid State PhysicsThermal Physics

PERFORMING ARTSCinema and Television

FilmVideo

DanceMusic

ConductingJazz and Popular MusicMusic Theory and CompositionMusical InstrumentsMusicologyOperaReligious MusicSinging

TheatreActing

RELIGIONComparative ReligionEsoteric Practices

YogaHistory of ReligionHoly Writings

Bible

xlii LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY

KoranNew Testament

Missionary StudiesPastoral StudiesReligious EducationReligious PracticeReligious Studies

Agnosticism & AtheismAncient ReligionsAsian Religious StudiesChristian Religious StudiesJudaic Religious StudiesPrimitive Religions

TheologyCatholic TheologyIslamic TheologyOrthodox TheologyProtestant Theology

SERVICE TRADESCooking and CateringCosmetologyHotel and Restaurant

Hotel ManagementRetailing & Wholesaling

Sales TechniquesStore Management

Tourism

SOCIAL SCIENCESAnthropology

EthnologyFolklore

Behavioural SciencesCognitive SciencesCommunication Studies

Communication DisordersCultural Studies

African American StudiesAfrican StudiesAmerican StudiesAsian StudiesCanadian StudiesCaribbean StudiesCentral European StudiesEast Asian StudiesEastern European StudiesEnglish StudiesEuropean StudiesFrench StudiesGermanic StudiesHispanic American StudiesIndigenous Studies

LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY xliii

Islamic StudiesJewish StudiesLatin American StudiesMediterranean StudiesMiddle Eastern StudiesNative American StudiesNordic StudiesNorth African StudiesOriental StudiesPacific Area StudiesSouth Asian StudiesSoutheast Asian StudiesSubsahara African StudiesWestern European Studies

Demography and PopulationDevelopment StudiesEconomics

EconometricsEconomic and Finance PolicyEconomic HistoryIndustrial and Production EconomicsInternational Economics

Gender StudiesMen StudiesWomen’s Studies

Geography (Human)Island StudiesMountain Studies

Heritage PreservationInternational Studies

International RelationsPolitical Science

Comparative PoliticsGovernment

PsychologyClinical PsychologyDevelopmental PsychologyEducational PsychologyExperimental PsychologyIndustrial and Organizational PsychologyPsychoanalysisPsychometricsSocial Psychology

Regional StudiesRural StudiesSociology

Comparative SociologyFamily StudiesFuturologyHistory of SocietiesSocial Policy

xliv LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY

Social ProblemsSocial Studies

Urban Studies

TECHNOLOGYBuilding TechnologyCrafts and TradesFood TechnologyGraphic Arts

Printing and PrintmakingPublishing and Book Trade

Heating and RefrigerationInstrument MakingLaboratory TechniquesLeather TechniquesMaintenance Technology

Electrical and Electronic Equipment & MaintenanceIndustrial MaintenanceMechanical equipment and Maintenance

Metal TechniquesOptical TechnologyPaper Technology

Packaging TechnologyTextile TechnologyWood Technology

TRANSPORTAND COMMUNICATIONSAir TransportMarine Transport

Nautical SciencePostal ServicesRailway TransportRoad TransportTelecommunications ServicesTransport EconomicsTransport Management

WELFARE AND PROTECTIVE SERVICESEnvironmental Studies

EcologyEnvironmental ManagementNatural ResourcesPest ManagementPlant and Crop ProtectionWaste ManagementWildlife

Leisure StudiesParks and RecreationPeace and DisarmamentProtective Services

Civil Security

LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY xlv

CriminologyFire ScienceMilitary SciencePolice Studies

Social WorkSocial and Community ServicesSocial Welfare

SportsSports Management

Vocational Counselling

xlvi LIST OF FIELDS OF STUDY

CONTENTS

Volume 1

Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Andorra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Aruba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

xlvii

Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Belgium – Flemish Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Belgium – French Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370

Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

Bhutan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Bosnia and Herzegovina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

xlviii CONTENTS

Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

Brunei Darussalam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760

Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786

Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798

Volume 2

Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

Cabo Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816

Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825

Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854

Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865

British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882

CONTENTS xlix

Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892

New Brunswick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900

Newfoundland & Labrador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904

Northwest Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906

Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910

Nunavut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918

Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962

Prince Edward Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967

Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994

Saskatchewan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997

Yukon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003

Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005

Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010

Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024

China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050

l CONTENTS

China – Hong Kong SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1384Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396

China – Macao SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1400Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1401

China – Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1441

Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1489Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1489Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1490Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525

Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1591Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1591Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1591

Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1593Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1593Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1593Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1594

Congo (Democratic Republic of the) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1595Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1595Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1604

Volume 3

Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1613Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1613Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1614Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618

Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1635Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1635Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1636Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1641

Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1671Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1671Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1679

Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1683Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1683Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1684

Curaçao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1699Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1699Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1699

CONTENTS li

Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1702Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1704

Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1735

Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1746

Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1757Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1757Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1757

Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1759Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1759Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1760Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1761

Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1774Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1785

Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1797Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1797Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1798Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819

El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1833Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1833Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1834Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1835

Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1845Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1845Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1845

Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1847Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1847Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1848

Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1851Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1851Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1854Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1857

Eswatini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1859Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1859Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1859Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1861

Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1863Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1863Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1864Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1878

lii CONTENTS

Faroe Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1887Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1887Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1888

Fiji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1889Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1889Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1890Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1891

Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1893Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1893Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1896

France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1915Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1915Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2049

France – French Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2081Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2081

France – French Polynesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2083Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2083

France – Guadeloupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2085Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2085

France – Martinique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2087Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2087

France – New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2089Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2089

France – Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2091Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2091

Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2093Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2093Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2093Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2096

Gambia (The) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2101Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2101Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2101

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2103Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2103Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2104Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2110

Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2122Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2256

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2297Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2297Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2298Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2309

CONTENTS liii

Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2325Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2325Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2326

Grenada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2343Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2343Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2343

Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2345Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2345Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2346Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2349

Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2359Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2359Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2359Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2364

Guinea – Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2373Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2373Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2373Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2374

Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2377Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2377Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2378

Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2381Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2381Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2382Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2383

Holy See . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2387Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2387Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2388Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2389

Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2395Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2395Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2396Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2398

Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2403Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2403Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2405Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2418

Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2425Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2425Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2426Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2428

Volume 4

India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2431Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2431Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2433

liv CONTENTS

Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2733Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2733Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2734Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2791

Iran (Islamic Republic of) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3057Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3057Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3058Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3116

Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3125Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3125Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3126Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3140

Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3143Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3143Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3145

Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3171Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3171Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3173Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3185

Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3189Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3189Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3190Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3232

Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3243Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3243Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3244Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3246

Volume 5

Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3249Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3249Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3251Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3352

Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3585Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3585Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3586Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3592

Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3603Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3603Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3604Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3626

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3645Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3645Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3647Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3666

Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3677Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3677Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3677

CONTENTS lv

Korea (Republic of) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3691Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3691Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3693Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3742

Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3889Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3889Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3890Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3891

Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3893Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3893Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3893Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3904

Lao People’s Democratic Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3907Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3907Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3908Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3910

Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3913Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3913Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3915Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3923

Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3929Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3929Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3930Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3931

Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3949Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3949Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3950Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3951

Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3953Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3953Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3954Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3954

Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3957Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3957Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3958Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3963

Liechtenstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3965Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3965Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3966Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3967

Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3969Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3969Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3972Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3980

Luxembourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3983Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3983Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3984

lvi CONTENTS

Macedonia (The Former Yugoslav Republic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3985Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3985Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3985Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3989

Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3995Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3995Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3996Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4004

Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4013Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4013Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4014Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4017

Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4023Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4023Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4024Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4045

Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4073Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4073Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4074Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4075

Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4077Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4077Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4077Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4079

Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4085Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4085Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4086

Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4089Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4089Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4089Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4090

Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4093Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4093Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4094

Volume 6

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4099Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4099Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4102

Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4461Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4461Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4462Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4471

Monaco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4477Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4477Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4478Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4478

CONTENTS lvii

Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4479Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4479Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4480Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4487

Montenegro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4501Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4501Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4502Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4503

Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4507Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4507Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4508Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4526

Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4561Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4561Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4562Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4567

Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4577Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4577Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4577

Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4599Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4599Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4600Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4602

Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4603Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4603Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4604

Netherlands (The) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4609Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4609Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4611

New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4637Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4637Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4640Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4650

Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4653Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4653Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4654

Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4673Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4673Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4674Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4678

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4679Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4679Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4681Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4733

lviii CONTENTS

Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4751Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4751Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4754Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4766

Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4769Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4769Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4770Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4777

Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4785Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4785Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4786Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4828

Palestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4857Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4857Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4858Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4866

Panama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4869Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4869Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4870Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4875

Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4883Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4883Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4883

Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4887Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4887Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4887

Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4909Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4909Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4910Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4927

Volume 7

Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4951Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4951Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4954Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5030

Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5293Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5293Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5297Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5358

Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5435Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5435Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5438Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5458

Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5483Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5483Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5483

CONTENTS lix

Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5487Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5487Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5488Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5514

Russian Federation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5525Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5525Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5528Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5757

Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5811Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5811Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5812Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5813

Saint Kitts and Nevis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5819Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5819Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5820

Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5821Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5821Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5822

San Marino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5823Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5823Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5824

Sao Tome and Principe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5825Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5825Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5825

Volume 8

Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5827Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5827Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5828Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5839

Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5847Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5847Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5848Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5855

Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5877Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5877Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5878Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5882

Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5885Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5885Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5885

Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5887Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5887Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5888Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5889

lx CONTENTS

Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5891Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5891Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5892Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5897

Slovak Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5899Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5899Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5901Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5913

Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5917Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5917Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5920Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5923

Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5933Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5933Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5933

Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5935Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5935Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5935Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5936

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5947Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5947Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5948Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5973

South Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5979Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5979Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5979

Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5983Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5983Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5986Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6028

Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6041Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6041Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6042

Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6055Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6055Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6056Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6079

Suriname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6097Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6097Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6097

Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6099Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6099Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6101Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6117

CONTENTS lxi

Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6123Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6123Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6125Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6144

Syrian Arab Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6145Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6145Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6146Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6149

Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6153Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6153Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6153

Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6161Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6161Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6162Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6173

Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6183Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6183Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6185Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6236

Timor – Leste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6263Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6263Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6264Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6264

Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6269Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6269Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6270Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6272

Tonga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6279Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6279Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6279

Trinidad and Tobago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6281Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6281Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6282Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6284

Tunisia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6287Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6287Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6288Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6294

Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6303Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6303Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6305Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6363

Turkmenistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6387Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6387Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6387

lxii CONTENTS

Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6393Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6393Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6394Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6399

Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6409Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6409Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6410Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6496

United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6507Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6507Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6508Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6512

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6521Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6521Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6525

Volume 9

United States of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6631Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6631Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6640

Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6640Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6646

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6654Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6654Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6655

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6657Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6657Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6659

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6662Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6662Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6666

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6670Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6670Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6687

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6727Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6727Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6733

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6738Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6738Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6741

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6748Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6748Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6748

District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6750Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6750Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6750

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6755Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6755Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6763

CONTENTS lxiii

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6782Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6782Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6791

Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6801Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6801

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6802Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6802Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6803

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6805Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6805Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6807

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6809Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6809Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6814

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6838Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6838Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6844

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6855Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6855Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6856

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6869Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6869Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6876

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6888Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6888Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6895

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6908Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6908Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6919

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6925Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6925Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6930

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6935Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6935Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6945

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6954Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6954Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6963

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7005Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7005Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7015

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7034Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7034Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7041

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7055Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7055Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7060

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7064Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7064Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7071

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7088Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7088Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7091

lxiv CONTENTS

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7094Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7094Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7098

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7104Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7104Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7107

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7109Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7109Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7111

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7116Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7116Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7123

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7132Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7132Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7136

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7139Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7139Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7166

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7235Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7235Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7244

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7261Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7261Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7264

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7267Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7267Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7277

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7301Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7301Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7307

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7314Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7314Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7318

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7327Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7327Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7344

Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7384Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7384Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7388

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7399Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7399Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7400

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7405Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7405Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7409

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7416Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7416Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7420

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7423Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7423Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7428

CONTENTS lxv

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7442Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7442Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7461

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7478Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7478Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7481

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7484Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7484Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7485

Virgin Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7491Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7491

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7492Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7492Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7499

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7512Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7512Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7515

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7522Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7522Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7526

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7529Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7529Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7535

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7545Public Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7545Private Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7545

Outside USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7547Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7547

Volume 10

Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7553Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7553Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7554Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7555

Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7561Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7561Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7562

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7585Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7585Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7586Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7602

Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7613Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7613Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7614

Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7679Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7679Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7679Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7683

lxvi CONTENTS

Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7687Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7687Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7688Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7691

Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7701Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7701Public Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7702Private Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7709

LIST OF ENGLISH AND NATIVE LANGUAGE NAMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7711

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7895

CONTENTS lxvii

OFFICERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OFUNIVERSITIES

Administrative Board 2016-2020

IAU PRESIDENT

Pam FREDMAN, Former Rector, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT

Dzulkifli ABDUL RAZAK, Rector, International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

FULL BOARD MEMBERS

AFRICA

Abdul Ganiyu AMBALI, Former Vice-Chancellor, (IAU Vice-President), University ofIlorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

Ebenezer Oduro OWUSU, Vice-Chancellor, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Paul ZELEZA, Vice-Chancellor, United States International University-Africa, Nairobi,Kenya

AMERICAS

Marta LOSADA FALK, Former President, Antonio Nariño University, Bogotá, Colombia

Mirta MARTIN, President, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, USA

Pierre-André PIERRE, Former Rector, University Notre Dame d’Haiti, Port-au-Prince,Haiti

ASIA & PACIFIC

Salim DACCACHE S.J., Rector, University of St Joseph Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

Etsuko KATSU, Former Vice-President International, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan

Carmen LAMAGNA, Vice-Chancellor, American International University, Dhaka,Bangladesh

Pornchai MONGKHONVANIT, President, (IAU Vice-President), Siam University,Bangkok, Thailand

Mahmoud NILI AHMADABDI, President, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Ranbir SINGH, Vice-Chancellor, National Law University, Delhi, India

lxix

EUROPE

Andrew DEEKS, President, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Maria de Fátima MARINHO, Former Vice-Rector for Cooperation and Culture, Uni-versity of Porto, Porto, Portugal

Remus PRICOPIE, Rector, (IAU Vice-President), National University of Political andAdministrative Studies, Buchaust, Romania

Daniel Hernandez RUIPEREZ, Former Rector, University of Salamanca, Salamanca,Spain

Godehard RUPPERT, President, Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany

Inga ŽALÈNIENÈ, Rector, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania

ORGANIZATIONS

Zoltan DUBÉCZI, Secretary-General, Hungarian Rectors Conference, Debrecen, Hungary

Roberto Escalante SEMERENA, (IAU Vice-President), Secretary-General, Unión deUniversidades de América Latina y el Caribe (UDUAL), Mexico City, Mexico

SECRETARY GENERAL

Hilligje VAN’T LAND, Executive Director, International Universities Bureau, Paris, France

Andreas CORCORAN, Deputy Secretary General, International Association of Universi-ties, International Bureau of Universities, Paris, France

DEPUTY MEMBERS

ASIA & PACIFIC

Mosleh DUHOKY, President, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq

Mohammad Reza POURMOHAMMADI, Former Chancellor, The University of Tabriz,Tabriz, Iran

EUROPE

Constantinos CHRISTOFIDES, Former Rector, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

Henrik DAM, Rector, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Oleg SMESHKO, Rector, Saint-Petersburg University of Management Technologies andEconomics, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation

ORGANIZATIONS

Amr Ezzat SALAMA, Secretary-General, Association of Arab Universities, Amman,Jordan

lxx OFFICERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITIES

HONORARY PRESIDENTS

Guillermo SOBERON, President 1980-1985, Former Rector, National Autonomous Uni-versity of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

Blagovest SENDOV, Acting President 1984, Former Rector, University of Sofia, Sofia,Bulgaria

Justin THORENS, President 1985-1990, Former Rector, University of Geneva, Geneva,Switzerland

Hans VAN GINKEL, President 2000-2004, Former Rector, Utrecht University, Tokyo,Netherlands; Former Rector, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan

Goolam MOHAMEDBHAI, President 2004-2008, Former Secretary-General, Associa-tion of African Universities, Accra, Ghana

Juan Ramón DE LA FUENTE, President 2008-2012, Former Rector, National Autono-mous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

OFFICERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITIES lxxi