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l i sbed at th e B ENGA L SEOEETA BI AT BOOK DEPOT
Wri ters’B u i ld i n g s , Calcutta .
O F F I C I A L A G E N T S .
Indi a
MESSB S. TR A CKER , SP INK CO Calcu tta an d Simla.
M FSSR S L EWM A N dz CO Calcu tta .
M ESSB S. H IG G INB OTHAM E Co. . M adras .
M ESSB S TH ACKE ‘ CO. , Lu , BOM B A Y.
MESSS S . A . J COM BB IDGE Co. . BOM B AY .
TH E SUP EE I NTEED ENT , A M ER ICA N B APT IST M ISSION P RESS , Ran g oon .
M RS . R A D H A B A I A TM A RA M S AGOOE , Bombay.
M E SSR S . B . CA M B RAY CO. , Calcu t t a .0
R A I SAHIB M G l’
L A B SINGH sr SON S , P ropri e tors of th e M ufidq-am P l t'wL ah ore , P un j ab .
M ESSES . THOM P SON CO Madra s .
MES SRS . S . MURTHY CO . , Mad ras .
MBSSRS . GOP A L NA B AYAE CO. , B ombayM ESSB S. B B A S EEJEE CO . , 25 Corn wn lh s Stre e t, Calcu tta .
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M EB SRS . n . B . TA R A POBEVA L A SON S CO . , Book-se lle rs , Bombay .
M ESSRS . G . A . N A TBSA N a CO. , MA DEA S .MR . N . B . M A THU R . Supertn tende n t. Naznr Kan um H i n d P re s e , A llah abad .
TH E CAL CUTTA SCHOOL -BOOK SOCIETY.
M E . SUNDBB P A ND UB A EO, Bombay .
Mass e s . A M . A ND J . FERG U SON , Ceylon .
M ESSRS . TEM PL E 8: Co .. M adras .
M ESSB S . COM BB IDGB Co . . Mad ras .
MES s R S . A . CH A ND dz. CO . , L ah ore .
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M ESS RS . RAM CHA NDR A GOVIED a SON. Boo k se lle rs a d Pubh sh e rs , Kamdew. Bombay .
In EnglandMESSRS . CONSTA B LE CO 1 0, Oran g e Street, Le i ces te r Square . Lon don . W . C .
M ESSB S . GR IND LAY Co. . 5 4. Parli amen t Stre et, Lon don , S W .
lti EeISES .
dKEexrw. PA U L , TEENOH TEU B EE R CO 43, Ge rrard Stre e t , Soh o ,
m l : OD,
M R . B . UA RITCH. 1 1 , Grafton Stree t, New Bon d Stre e t.M ESSRS . TR A CKER St 00 2. Creed Lan e , Ludg ate H i ll, Lon don , E . C .
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M ESSR S . H . S . K I EG CO . , 65 . Corn h rll, Lon don , E. 0.
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MESSR S . L L Z AC s Co. . 46, G reat Rus se ll S tre e t. L
On the Conti n entMESSB S. R . FR I EDLANDEB SOHN , 1 1 Carlstrasse , Be rh n , N . W . , 6.
MR . O TTO H AERA SSOW I TZ , L e lpz1g .
M B . K A RL H IERSBM A NN . 29 Komg sstrasse , Le i pzrg .
M B . ERNEST LBROUX, 28, R ue Bon aparte , Pan s .
MR . M A RTINU S N I JH OFF , Th e H ag ue .
I N D E X .
In troduc ti on
1 7 1 x 1 1 2!)I .
ON TH E FORM S .
PACE . P AGE .CH A PTER I.—PRONUNCIATION
A . Le tte rs .
Se c ti on
1 . On spe ll i n g
B .—Vowe ls .
2 . On vowe ls
O. —D i phtho n g s .
3. On d i ph thong s d i tto
D .—Con s o nan ts .
4 On con son an tsB .
-Cas e an d De c le n l n .
5 th e nasal n A — Cas e .
6 . sem i vowe ls20. On case s
7. pr i n t i n g le tters21 . th e vocati ve
CH A STEE l l PERMU I‘
A“ON AND ACCENTUA TION
A .—En u n c i at i o n .
22 . De clen s i on
23. L i s t of n oun s
24 . Compoun d subs tan t i ves
B .—Ex am p le s O f De c le n s i o n .
8 . H i atus
9. Double con sonan ts
B “P e rmutafiw CH APTER IV.—A DJECTIVES .
l l). Double vowe ls 7A G l R
1 1 . Vowe l chan g e s 7-8e n e ra em arks .
1 2 . Ch an g e s o f con s on an t s 8-9 2 5 . Ge n e ral remark s
C —A c c e n tuat i on . B -Th e Fo rm at i o n o f A dj e c t i ve s .
1 3. On ac c c i i tuati on 9 26. Th e format i on o f adj e c ti ve s
CHAP TER i lk—ON NOUNS .
A Numb e r and Ge n de r.
On number an d g e n de r
De fin i te and i ndefin i te f orms
S i ng ular an d plural
Con spe c tus o f s i n gular and plural
en di n g s
Spe c i al masculi n e and f em i n i n e
n oun s
Di tto
1 1 INDEX.
PAGE .
C .—Compar i s o n .
5 INTERROGA TIZE
P RONO UN S—con c
s. la ne27. Compari son
47. On th e use of ékdd
D .—L i $ t Of A dj e ct i ve s . On oth er i nde fin i te i n te rrc gatrvc
6
pr n ou n s28 . L i s t of adJe et i ve s
4 9 . On oth er i ndefin i te i n te rrogat i v e
pron oun sCH A FTER V.
—P RONOU NS.
1 P ERSON A L PRONOU NS .
A -Cas e -s i g n s .
29 . Cas e -s i gn s
30. P lural s i gn s
B .- De c le n s i o n Of th e P e rs o n al P ron ou n
31 . De e len s i on d i tto
2 DEM ON STRA TIVE P R ONOU N S ~
32 . P rox i mate demon s trat i v e 23 2 t
33. R emote di tto 2 5
34 . De c le n s i on Of demon s trat i v e pron ou n s
3 . P OSSESS IVE P RONOUNS .
35 . De clen s xon of th e posse ss i ve pron oun
36. P os s e ss i ve pron oun s as n oun s , firstpe rson CH A PTER VI . -
'
1‘
H E VERB.
37. I’o sscs s i ve pron ouns as n oun s , se cond
person
38 . P os ses s i ve pron oun s as n oun s, th i rd
pers on
4 . REFLEXIVE P RONOUNS .
39 . Remarks and de cle n s i on 28-29
40. D i t to on emph as i s i n re fle x i ve
pron oun0
6 . INTERROGA TIVE P RONOU NS .
4 1 . I n te rroga t i v e pron oun s
4 2 . De c lc n s xon of m5
4 3. On th e u se Of e ndr
4 i s. De e len s i on of en dm
4 5 . On th e us e of e ndrnd
46 . D i tto ekda
6 . INDEF INITE PR ONOUN S .
50. On I nde fi n i te Pron oun s5 1 . De c le n s i m Of n ék
’dm M k 1m
D i tto of en dr’ddi m
5 3. On o th er i ndefin i te pron‘
oun s
5 4 . Numerals wi th i nde fin i te s en se
5 5 . H o an d ma ld as i ndefin i te pronoun s
F . P e lat i ve P ro n Ou n s .
R e lat i ve pron oun s
L i s t of pron oun s
Demon strati v e pron oun s
Ean ph at i c demon s tra ti ve pron oun s
I n te rrogat i ve pron ou ns
In de fin i te pron oun s
A .—In troduc tory Re marks .
On th e characte r o f th e v e rb
On m oods an d ten se s d i tto
On g e nder
Di tto
A n alys i s an d ten se ch arac ter i s t i c
D i t to di tto
L i s t of personal e ndi ng s
B .-Oo nj ug at i o n
30 ( 9 . Con jug a t i on (ac t i ve vo i c e )
30 70. P re s e n t de fi n i te Te n s e30 71 . i mpe rf e ct te n s e
3 1 The au x i li ary vetb bé’end
32-83 73. D i tto ra’ana
'
i NDEX.
PAGE . PAG E.
Conjug ati on—conold. L .—0n th e format i o n o f ln tra n s i t i ve a nd
Tran s i t i ve Ve rbs .Conjugat i onImperf e c t and past tan se 96 . On th e f ormati on o f i n tran s i t i vePe rfe c t and f uture and tran s i ti ve v e rbs
YP luperfe ct and pas t f uture 5 1 -02 97° 1“1 0 d i tto
Di tto di tto
M . -Causa l Ve rbs .
C .—Th e S ubju n ct i ve M ood .
98,Ge ne ral f ormat i on
79 . Sulli x n ek k’a . 99 _ Oth e r f o rms
80. O th er forms of | th e subj un c ti ve
N .-Irre g u lar Ve rb s .
D .—T h e C ond i t i onal M ood .
1 ‘b81 . Con di ti onal moodI i reti u 3 1 V01 8
E.-Th e i m pe rat i ve M ood . 0.
—De fe c t i ve Ve rbs .
Con j ugati on of th e i mperati ve mood 5 4-5 5 1 01 . De f e c ti ve v e rbs83. Oth er forms of d i tto (02 , Conjugati on ot
'
ta /da n
1 03. D i t to ma lda n
1 04 . Remarks on ma ldamF.—Th e lnfi n at i ve M ood .
84 . En di ng of th e i n fin i t i v e mood andde c le n s i on of th e i n fin i t i ve mood P .
—T h e Remp roca l A ux i l iary nakrna.
G .— Part i c i p le s .
105 . R emarks and e x ample s
l0
l106 . Oth er f orms f or th e re crprocal8 5 . A dve rbi a parti c i p e s
1 07 Befie x i w verbsA dJe cti val part i c i ple s
87. Con jun c t i ve parti c i ple s88. Emph as i s
89 . Oth er f orms
H .—N e u n o f Ag e n cy.
90. Th e n oun of ag e n cy
l. D i ff e re n t c las s e s o f ve rbs .
9 1 . Th e di ff ere n t c lass e s of v erbs
R ule s ‘Or th e c las s i Ca t i on of verbs
K.
—Pas s i ve vo i c e .
CH A P l‘
E d VIL—ON A DVER BS .Formati on an d conJug a t'on 6 1
94 . Pre s e n t de fin i te , e tc . 62 1 17. In troduc tory remal ks95 . A dv erbi a l an d adje ct
°
va l parti 01ples 63 1 1 8 . Adverbs of time
R C om pou n d Ve rbs .
Formati on of compound verbs
Di tto di tto
Case s govern ed by n om i n als
Oth er form s Comple ti v es
In ten s’ve s and pe rm i ss i ve s
Po te n t i als De s i derati v e s
In cept i v e s an d con t i n uat i ve s
A ppe llati ve ve rb
DO . do
P A CE.
CH A P I ER Vl I .-ON A DVER BS. con c ld . CH APTER X.
—ON NUMERALS.
1 1 9 . A dverbs of t i me
1 20. Di tto place
1 2 1 . Di tto man n er
1 22 Di tto a ffi rmati on an d n eg at i on
1 23. On th e us e of 07396 .
CHA PTER V1 1 1 . ON POSTPOS ITIONS .
1 24 . x plauatory remarks
1 25 L i s t o f pos tpos i t i on s .
1 26 . Elli pt i cal sen te nc es
CHA PTER lX.-ON CONJUNCTIONS.
CH A P TER XL—CX l N'
l‘
ERJECTlON .
1 27. Ge n eral remark s 83
1 28 . L i s t of con jun cti on s 84 l37. L i s t o f i n te rj ecti ous0
P AGE . FA G
/
B
A DJECTl VB .
A—Ge n de r an d Numbe r .
A .—O n th e A rt i c le .
1 38. G en de r an d numbe r 92
1 39 . Neuter n oun s92 1 48 . Subs t i tute s f or th e arti c le
B .—Oas e .
On th e u se of th e abs tract n om i n ati ve
i l i t i o d i tto g e n e t i ve
I) i tto d i tto di tto
D i tto di tto dat i v e
D i tto d i tto acc usat i v e
Di tto d i tto a b l a t i v e
an d i n s trum e n tal.
On th e u se of th e abs trac t locat i v e
Di tto di tto vocati ve
Gen e ral remarks . Cardi n als
De elen s i on of n umerals , mas cu li ne
and f em i n i n e .
Nom i nat i ve f orm of th e s e n umerals
Format i on of d i s tri buti ves
P roporti onal numbers
Ord i n als .
Li s t of card i nals an d ord i n als .
Colle ct i v e n ume rals
B .—On th e A dj e c ti ve .
1 49 . De e le n s i on o f adj ect i ve s
1 50. On th e use of adje cti ves (g e n eral)
CH A PTER X1 V.-ON TH E P RONOUN .
1 5 1 . Th e h on ori fi c an d
.
pos s es s i ve
pron oun
1 5 2 Con n e ct i on o f th e pos se s s ive p i o
n oun W i th words f or re lat i v es
1 5 3. Om i ss i on Of pe rson al pron oun
1 5 4 . Th e re fle x i ve pronoun tdn
PAGE . P a s s .
CH A PTER XV.—ON THE VERB . CH A PTER XVI I .
—ON THE FORMATION OF
On th e use o f th e i nd i cat i veSENT hNCES
i n fi n i t ve .
On case s
On v erbs used i d i omat i c a lly
Subst i tute o f de f e c t i ve ve rb ta lda n
Subs t i tute f or m’k’a
CH AP TER XVI—ON TH E ADVERB
1 65 . On th e use of adve rbs
1 66 . Emph at i c sufli x
P A H T I I I .
APPENDICE
NO . I . No. IV .
PA GE .
On th e Drav i di an ch aracter i sti cs i n
th e Grammar Top i cal d i ff ere n ce s of Kuruk_h
No I I.D i fferen ce of standard Kurukhwi th Be r . é-Orfio 1 25 -25
Con n e ct i on of Kurukh wi th other
Drav i di an lan guag e sDi fl
'
eren ce O f s tan dard Kuruk_h
wi th Dhan g ari e tc .
L i st o f Drav i di an words an d roots
i n
Oth er poi nts of i n terestNO° V°
No. III . I s Mandi ri con n ected wi th the Uri oSim i lari ty of Kurukh and Malto lan guag e
General remarks
Grammati cal affin i ti es Cen tres
Ge n eral rules .
Part i culars
Impe rat i ve sen ten ces
Re lat i ve s e n te n c es
Subord i n ate c lause of man n e r.
Re s tri ct i ve claus e s .
F i nal c lause s
Causal c lau se s
C i rcums tan t i al clause s
Con secut i ve clause s
CH A PTER XVI II .—ON TH E DERI VA
'
I ION
AND FORM ATION OF WORDS.
177. On der i vat i on (g en eral).
178 Format i on of verbs
179 Di tto adj e cti ves .
1 80. D i tto d i tto
1 81 . D i tto di m i n ut i ve s
1 82. A lli te rati on s
No. VI,
Words used i n common by Ora'
o and
M undari i n Chota Nagpur
Noun s
A dj e ct i ve s
VOI‘DS 0 o
P ron oun s and adverbs
Con ju n ct i on s , n umerals and post
pos i t i on s
No. VI I .
Words i n Kuruli h borrowed f romBe ng al i
L i st of Bengal i words i n Kurukh
No. VIII .
Ti me re ckon i n g of th e Kurukh
T i me re ckon i n g:
A —(I n g en eral)l i n Th e Kurukh year
year ( i n lpart i c nlar)
No. IX.
KUBq M EASURES.M easures
NO. X0
Kunug g DEM ONS.
L i s t of Kurnlgh demon s
No. XI.
Kuamg rVI LLAGE NAM ES .
L i st of Kurulgl i v i llag e n ames W i th
mean i ngs
INDEX.
PAGE .
1 38-89
PAGE .
Ku s uggn Torn-ms
L i st of totem i sti c names of KurnkL)septs
No. XIV
I D IOM A TIC P H RA SES
Idi omati c ph rases 1 42 -4 3
No . XV.
Kuaux n P BOVEBB S .
P roverbs 1 44 -47
No. XVI.
Parable of th e prodi gal son 1 48-5 1
No. XVI I.
O n a tea-garden
No, XVII I .
1 57-62
No . XI I .
MUND’
A‘
B I NAM ES OF VI LL A Gs s INH AB ITEDBY OBKos .
L i st of Mundari v i llage n ame
No. XIII .
L i s t o f b ook s on th e lan guage , fo lk lore , e tc ., o f th e
Or fi os an d tran s lat i on s by th e au th or .
1 . KuruL’h Grammar, 2ud Ed i ti on—Secretari at Prcss , Bengal Governme n t, Wr i te rs’
Bu i ldi ng s , Calcu t ta .
2 . Kn ruLLh and Eng li sh D i cti onary. Part I , d i tto .
3. Kurukh folklore i n th e ori g i nal di tto .
4 . Bli cke i n di e Ge i steswelt de r h e i dn i s ch e n Kols , a tran slat i on of th e forego i n g
i n to German .
Ei n fueh run g i n das Gebi e t der Kols M i ss i on —In troduc t i on i n to th e Role
M i ss i on field .
Th ese two books are publi sh ed by B erte lsman n , Gueters loh , Germany.
‘3. Th e Gospels ac cordi ng to Sa i n ts Mark, Luke and Joh n , and th e thre e Ep i s tles
of St. Joh n , publ i sh ed by th e B i ble Soc i ety, 23, Ch owr i ng h ee Road , Calcutta .
7. Kurukh dandi , a collect i on of bhaj an s, publ i sh ed at th e German M i ss i on Pre ss ,
Ran ch i .
Pac‘
a an d Fund gachrka gah i i ti has . B i bli cal h i story, I and II Parts , publ i shed
by th e Tract and Book Soc i ety, Calcu tta.
9. Etwargah i anthandau-ara patri bacan 3 Kurulfl kath i i n il -Sc r i pture port i ons
appoi n ted to be read on Sundays ( i n two parts). Ge rman M i ss i on P res s ,
Ranch i .
San n i Katekh i sm, publi sh ed at the German M i ss i on Press , Ran ch i .
I NTROIl UOT I ON.
i
I 'r i s just te n years ago s i n ce th i s Grammar was fi rst
wri tte n . The firs t edi t i on of i t hav i n g be e n sold out,i t
became n e c essary to i ssue a second on e , wh i ch the Governmen t ofBe n gal aga i n i s k i n d e n ough to pr i n t an d publi sh at th e i r own
Se cre tari at Pre ss'
. Th e A uthor has made us e of th i s opportun i ty,and n ow o ffe rs to th e s tude n t of a rev i sed an d e n larged
edi ti on of i ts Grammar,embody i n g h i s own con t i nued s tud i e s
an d man y valuable sugge s t i on s made by th e Revd . C . Meh l,
Ge rman Evan g eli cal Luth e ran M i ss i on,Chota Nag pur. Wi th
regard to the En g li sh te x t of th i s book I am i n debted to
Mr. John Re i d,I . O. S .,
for k i ndly goi n g throug h i t mak i n g
corre c t i on s i n th e i d i om . In se ndi n g i t to th e Pre ss th e A uthor
f eels con stra i n ed to e x pre ss h i s g rat i tude to Gove rnme n t for th ee n couragem e n t g i ve n h im i n prepari n g th i s volume an d to su ch
s cholars as P rofe ssor Sten Kon ow of Chri s ti an i a and Ju li e n
Vi n son of th e Pari s Un i vers i ty , wh o hav e be e n good e nough
to comm ent on h i s Kurulgb Grammar. Th e form e r says th at“i t c ommands h i s greate s t re spe c t ,”
an d th e latter calls i t a
publ i cati on of i n conte s table u t i li ty and real meri t .”
Kurulgh , accordi n g to th e Cen sus of 1 901 , i s spok en by
pe ople , who li ve ch i efly
i
i n' the Chota Nagpur D i v i s i on an d th e
adjace n t feudatory state s , but are found also i n th e n orth
easte rn di str i c ts of Ben gal, i n A ssam an d oth e r parts of Indi a .
In Chota Nagpur i tse lf Kurukh i s spok e n by people ; of
th e se,the re are i n th e Ran ch i d i s tri c t 3 14 ,778 ; i n Pal i mau
i n S i n ghbhum i n H azari bagh i n Manbhum 330.
Th e figure s obtai n ed from th e s tate s borde ri n g on Ohota Nagpur
an d be lon g i n g n ow poli ti cally to th e Cen t ral Prov i n ce s are n o
I INTRODUCTION .
very re li able . Th e n umber of th e Kurukh-spe ak i n g people
i n Si rguja i s g i ven [ approx i mate ]y at i n Jaspu r
i n Gan gpur i n 'Udaypur i n Korea 680; i n t he
Sakti State 509 ; i n the Bi laspur di s tri c t 1 92 . In the di str i c ts
and feudatory state s n ow be long i ng to the Ori ssa di v i s i on th e re
are sai d to be Kurukh-speak i ng people , v i z .
,i n the
Sambalpur D i str i c t i n th e Bam ra s tate 04 i n Rai garh
i n Ra i rakh ol i n Saran g arh 885 ; i n th e So npur
State i n the Patn a e state 666 ; i n Bon a i about 500; i n
Kalahandi 5 1 i n the other Or i ssa tri butary states
In an d n ear Calcutta there was i n 1 901 a Kurukb-spe aki n g
populati on of i n the<
‘
géI-I’argan as i n th e Hu g li
di stri c t i n Nad i a 82 ; i n th e cen tre of Be n gal, th e
San tal Pargan as we fi nd Orfios ; i n A n gul, Khondmal
an d Balasur i n Bardwi’
i n ,M i dn apur and B i rbhum take n
tog e th e r 767; i n Malda P urn i a Bh agalpur,
i n Ran gpur and E6g ra
Many Ori n s have em i grated from Ch ota Nagpur to th e tea
di s tri cts of Jalpa i guri an d Darj i li n g . In the form e r th e cen sus
of 1 901 shewed 5 i n Darj i li n g be s i de s the re are i n
D i najpur an d i n Raj sh ah iIn th Shahabad an d Ohamparan D i stri cts the re are 969
Kurukh-speak i n g people .
Abou t have em i g rated i n to th e te a di stri c ts of A ssam .
In Lakh i mpur-D i brug arh th ere are i n Te jpur i n
Si bsagar an d Jorhat i n Kachar i n Nowgan g 475
an d i n Kamrup 265 .
Kurukh i s not spoken by all who belon g to th i s tri be ; th e re
are fo r e x ample towards the eas t of Ran ch i abou t Kurukb
people wh o speak a Mun da di alec t called“H og
-01 122 j i mqar .
”
Th ese people are called Kerri -Orgie s . The spread of H i n d i
turnon ue'
rxon . x i
i n parts of th e Ran cli i Di s tri c t i s e ve r on th e i n crease,
so that the ri s i n g g e nerat i on of th e abori g i n al tri be s beg i n toforg e t the i r moth e r-ton gue s and to speak Chota Nagpuri a
H i ndi on ly . Th i s i s spe c i ally true as regards th e Kurukhof th e B i ru Parg an a .
On th e o th e r hand, Kuru lgh i s spoke n by o the r tr i be ssome o f whom h ave adopted i t as th e i r moth e r-ton gu e .
Th e Be rgé-Orac an d Berg é
~Khari Ei of Gan gpur all speak
Kurukh . I n th e Ori s sa tr i bu tary s tate s an d i n the s tate sn ow be lon g i n g to th e Ce n tral P rov i n ce s , i t i s spoke n by the
tri be s called K i san an d Kora or Kass . In Ra i garh and i n
Be har the lan guage has be en re turn e d as Dhanga1 i ; i n
Jaspur as K he ndroi . In som e parts pe ople who speak th i slan guag e hav e be en re turn ed i n th e ce n su s as Kels ; but on
th e other han d, abou t hav e g i v e n Kurukh as the i r
moth er-tong ue , thoug h th ey be lon g to di ffe re n t othe r tri be s , s uc has Mun da
, G‘
on d, San ta] , l i h um i j , T em e rl a,Rajput and
Ku rtn i .
It has be en asked, why call th i s lan guag e Kurukh and
th e tri be wh i ch speaks i t by th i s n ame ? Th e an swe r i s
that th e se people call them se lv e s Kurukh and th e i r lan guag e“Kurukh Kat-ha.
” It i s true th ey have be e n kn own formerlych i efly by th e n ame of Orfio
,but th i s i s a te rm s eldom
used by th e pe ople th em selve s ; the y are also called K618
an d dhan gar or dh angar, K i san and Kora . Th e four
latter te rm s are c ertai n ly appli e d to the Kurukh by forei g n ers . To be g i n wi th , th e word K6] , i f i t i s i de n t i cal
wi th man,i n Mun dar i , as i t appears to be i s n ot
appli cable to Kurukhs . Th en , agai n , dhan gar mean s a m an
who works for wag e s , the se wag e s con s i s t i n g of dhan -r i c e .
K i san i s a H i n di word, mean i n g cu lt i vator,and so i s Kai
-a
x i i INTRODUCTION ]
or K'
Odf'
i,wh i ch m e an s di gg e r . Thu s Kurukh and Orao are
the on ly two te rm s re ally appli cable to th e people who be long to
th e tri be called by th e s e n ame s .
T h e re has bee n muc h di fi ere n ce o f Opi n i on wi th regard
to th e mean i ng s of th e se terms . To the auth or th e con clus i on
arr i ved at by Profe ssor Ste n Kon ow about th e m ean i n g of
Orfioor Urau s e ems to be corre c t H e de ri v e s i t f rom the
words urapai , urapo an d uran g ," man i n th e Drav i di an di ale ct s
Of Ka i kadi and Bu rgan di . Th e word Or’
ei o or Urau would
th e re fore m ean th e sam e as h orO i n Mun dar l , s.e . , man . Th e
mean i n g of the word Kurukh can n ot be so clearly traced .
It probably me an s a. speaker, wh i ch i f corre ct , would be
n oth i ng un usual, be cause ju s t as people li ke to call
th emselve s me n,
so th ey call themse lve s “speake rs i n . con
tradi sti n c ti on to othe r fore i g n pe ople , whose lan guag e
i s unkn own to them an d who th ere fore to the i r con c epti on are
n ot spe ake l s ; for Ku rukh may be de r i v ed from th e ve rbkur or kurc
’an a , to about or to s tamme r . In Brahu i , ‘ a
s i ste r-lan g uag e of Kurukh, be long i n g to th e sam e Drav i d i an
fam i ly, th e suffi x ok i s added to th e base of th e verb to
form a part i c i ple ; h e n ce Kurukh or K uruk or Kurok may
m ean speak i n g or a spe ake r . Th e re i s an othe r K urukh
word , wh i ch me an s a fe n c e o r a homestead fe n ced i n,Korg i or
Knrlc/zz‘
; i f Kurukh be con n ec ted wi th th i s word,i t would
m ean an i n habi tan t .
A c cordi ng to th e i r tradi t i on th e Oraos came to Ind i a from
th e we s t, probably v i a. Baluch i s tan , wh ere Brahu i i s spoke n .
Th ey we re s e ttled for som e t i m e i n th e Karnati c . wh e re
Kanar e s e pre va i ls , wh i ch li ke Brz'
i hu i i s som ewhat c on n e cted
wi th Kurukh . From th e re th ey are sa i d to ha ve com e up alon g
th e banks of the Narbada ri ve r an d to have fin ally se t tled i n
rum onucrron . x i i i
the Shahabad di s tri c t, wh ere they are s t i ll found i n some
v i llag e s . From that cou n try th ey were e x pe lled by the
Moh amedan s abou t th e twe lv e th ce n tury, and wi thdrew to th e
Ch ota Nagpur an d Rajmahal h i lls . The de scen dan ts of th e
or i g i n al race i n th i s place call them se lve s Mai ler,
“me n ”and
th e i r lan guag e Malta,
apparen tly“m e n
’s spee ch .
” A ccord i n g
to Dr. Ste n Konow,howe ve r, Mal mean s h i ll an d M ai ler h i ll
people an d as a matter of fac t th ey are called i n H i n di Paha
ri'
a'
. h i ll pe ople .
In Chota Nagpur th e Kurukhs foun d th e M uzzdds, the
Th i s , A surs an d oth er Munda tri be s , who re ti red towards
th e south leav i n g th e Kurukhs i n posse ssi on of the north
we stern p art of th e Ran ch i D i stri c t , wh ere th e latter n ow li ve
i n v i llage s , wh i ch s t i ll bear M anda n ame s i n some i n s tan ce s .
and have a M azda or a Tor i as v i llag e pr i e s t, se e appen
di x XII . In Chota Nagpur th e W303 were subsequen tlysubjugated by H i n dus an d Mohamedan s who came f rom
Bi har, wh ose lan guag e B hoypa/ é H i n di, g reat ly i nflue n ced
th e v ocabulary of th e Kurukh [ra t/2d and to some e x ten t
even i ts g rammar . Later on th el
Orfios spread Ov e r th e whole
Of Chota Nagpur, li v i n g alon g wi th and amon g M anda tri be s,
by whose di ale c ts Kurukh agai n appears to have be e n e n ri ch ed
or modi fi ed ; an d fi nally th ey re ach ed the tracts Wh ere Be ngali
and Grid i s spoken . Th e s e lan guag e s also con tri bu ted to th e
Kurukh vocabulary. On th e othe r hand i t may be assumed
th at some Kurulgh words h av e found the i r way i n to th e
lan guag e s of th e i r n e i ghbours .
Th e fac t that Kurukh be long s to th e great Dravi di anfam i ly spoken i n th e sou th of Indi a i s n ow so un i versallyre cogn i sed, th at i t i s qui te un n e ce ssary to demon strate i t
Th e term Drav i di an accordi ng to Dr . Sten Konow i s i den t i cal
mraonuc'rton .
wi th Tami l. The so-called Drav i di an languag e s are Tami l
Kan /t ress,
Telug u, Malayalam,Goggle, Kurukh
,Tum
, Km,
Malta,b’rdlzui
,Kodagu, Koldrz
'
n or Nat/1:2, Kata and Todd
, g i v en
1 n th e order of th e i r re lat i v e i mportan ce . Th e total n umber
of people who speak th e se Drav i di an lan g uage s i s 57The re lat i on of Ku rukh to the othe r n umbe rs of th e g roup i s
di scussed i n appendi ce s I and II . Kurukh i s n ot d i v i ded i n to
d i ale cts, thoug h th e re are some di ffere n ce s i n pronun c i at i on as
well a s i n g rammar to be m e t wi th i n di fferen t parts of In di a
wh e re s tandard Oréo i s spoke n . The se di fferen ce s are n oted i n
Appe ndi x NO . III
FERD. HAH N.
PURU LI A ,
The 7i h A ugust 1 908 .
2 KURUKH 011 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 . 9 to
Corre spon d i n g Dévanag r iE x amp les . ch arac te r,
Th e short 5 as i n bi t
lon g 1 (we
short a box
long 6 bot/a
short u f ull
lon g 12 brute
Great care mu st be take n to pron oun ce these d i ff eren t vowelsd i st i n ctly, as an en ti rely di fferen t mean i ng wi ll be conveyed i f ] long and
short vowels are n ot p roperly d i sti n gu i shed,
Qar nd, to steal lcj drnd, to despi se .
P es nd, to pi ck up p ésnd , to order.
K i li na,to rot k i tna, to fire .
Oj nd, to sew oj na, to sp i n .
Urnd,to be sati ated arn d
, to blow.
M um], before mari d
,thre e.
C. D i ph th on g s .
3. Th ere are on ly two d i phthon g s i n Kurukh , v i z . , at and an,e .g .
,
Iglzai , wi fe lam a, to beat. The re are , howeve r, compoun d vowels i n
Kuruk_ _h , wh i ch must n ot be con founded wi th d i phthon g s , though they are
e xactly pron oun ced as i f they we re di phthon gs e g .,auld, on that day, be i ng
a contracti on of d,that and MM, day a i yd , there , from d, that, and (ya :
here . Th e di phthon g s an d compoun d v zws ls of an d cm are pron oun ced i n th e
followi n g way a s‘
li ke th e 1°
i n n i ght ; au li ke th e on i n house ; a and i
di v i ded by an apostrophe are to be pron c un sed separately, also a’u,u’i and 0
e
D .
—Con son an ts .
§ 4 . Th ere are 22 con son an ts i n th e Kurukh alphabet, bes i de s
th e aspi rated forms of some of them . Th e s tuden t who i s fam i l i arwi th H i ndi wi ll find no di fficulty i n pron oun ci n g them corre ctly, except th a
a 4 a aj s
th e guttural Iga requi res some spec i al atten ti on . We gi ve them i n th e
alphabet i cal order, vi z.
b, pron oun ced exactly li ke the En g li sh b : 61 , eg g .
bi z, as i n En gli sh club-house : blzi r , n ecess i ty.
a, li ke th e ch i n ch i ef : callmr,sand.
ch , as i n coach-house : cltéc/md, to poun d.
d (den tal), as i n H i n di words di g i za, long .
db, aspi rated form of the precedi n g Dharmés , God.
61 , cerebral : dad/ta, manger.
db, th e aspi rated form of th e former dhdlc,bi g drum .
f, as i n fowl f ekrdrnd , to howl.
g, as i n g i ft, always hard gali , time .
gIz, aspi rated form : pa’
glzd , rcpe .
I1 , as i n house : hebrnd, to throw away .
j , li ke th e j i n John j ok, li ttle .
j i b, th e asp i rated form of j j l mi i snd , to rebuke .
k, as i n k i n g kukk, head.
M,th e aspi rated form Of k Ic/zafld, fore i g n er.
1211 , th i s i s a guttural sound, occurri ng most frequen tly i n Kurukhwords .
I t i s to be pron oun ced li ke th e German ch i n M ), or th e Greek
X i n 576069, or as i n th e Scotch loch : khadd,foot ; Icl i élgjzél, earth ,
L an d m are li ke th e corre spon di n g En g l i sh con son an ts lakra,t i g er ,
man lgbd, buff alo .
N i s also th e same as i n En gli sh n e’
ld,to-morrow.
5 5 . Th e nasal n i n Kurukh takes four di ff ere n t forms
(1 )The first resembles somewhat the n i n th e Fren ch ban thi ssound i n Kurukh i s rather a n asali zi n g Of vowe ls : i t i srepresen ted by th e s i gn placed over th e vowel wh i ch i sto be nasal i zed ; e x amme : khgso, blood, jdlg}, servan t ;Urdo or Oran .
(2) The second i s th e n asal n wh i ch i n H i n di i s con n e ctedwi th th e g uttural con son an ts . It i s wr i tten thus,i ts pron un c i ati on i s li ke th e ray i n th e En g li sh wordss i ng , swi n g , san g , when ever i t stan ds at th e en d of a
syllable or i s followed by th e aspi rate 13 ; however)
n oti n g }; GRAMM AR .5 36 6.
i f followed by a vowel, th e soft 9 at the end of i t
i s pronounced as hard as th e g i n th e Eng li sh words go,stron g er ; for th i s reason i t i s wri tten i n all such case s ri g
throughout thi s book . Example s thu s i n th e words eng-lzaz
’
,
my m’
ng-lzaz’
,thy ; taflghai , h i s ; bang , father ; th e pro
n un ci ati on i s : en’
g-haz
’
, n ot en‘
g-g-hat
’
ban g, n ot bang 9 ; e tc. ,
but i n engd, to me ; m’
n‘
g d , to thee tangd, to h im engan , me ,
n i ngan , thee ; tangan, h im ; etc . , th e 9 must be pron oun ced
hard .
(3) Th e th i rd n asal 91 appears i n con n ecti on wi th palatals , an d i s
wri tten it e .g ., befij n c‘
z’
,to marry ; Igjaai ij nd, to bear fru i t,
rufij n d, to pound ; e tc . Th i s n asal n i s n ot so di sti n ctly pro
n oun ced as th e foregoi n g on es .
(4) Th e fourth n asal a i s a cerebral,and i s Wri tte n a ; e .g . ,
andrd
male 073m,on e ; p end/é pi pe .
r, i s pron oun ced as i n Engli sh : rasnd to permeate .
r, th i s cerebral i s pronoun ced some th i ng li ke th e rr i n th e North
umbri an burr erp a, house ; éret, bow.
rh, th e aspi rated form of r t i r i ma, to walk . on e after th e other .
p, i s sounded li ke the Eng li sh p pello, g i rl.
8,i s also pron oun ced as i n En g li sh words : senqlrd, sport.
t, li ke th e En gli sh 1 tesmd to ti e .
th , th e asp i rated form of th e precedi ng , e thrnd,'
to appear.
it, th i s letterwi th i ts aspi rate can be pronoun ced on ly as th e corre
Spondi n g letter i n H i n di by str i k i n g th e ti p of th e
ton gue on th e palate just above th e fron t gums , as mi n d,to ti e up ; lami n a, to smash.
pk, gut/t i , form Of plural, tofi md, earth en lamp .
y, th i s semi vowel i s pronoun ced li ke th e y i n yoke : aye, mother,i yd , here , but at the end of a syllable i ts sound i s after a
short 0 li ke i and after a lon g 0 like am, MOS/”d ,
(MOiM ), to reap ; 151 16317342, (73116571 52)to measure . It i s also
somet imes chan g ed i n to j , e .g ., Maj /can , I measured.
a,semi vowel, wri tten sometimes w lévd or léwa named, to prepare
th e groun d for sowi n g . Nésrdrna or newrdrnd, to wean
away.
a
$57. In pri n t i n g Kurukh wi th Dévanagari characte rs , th e followi n ghave be en made use of to repre sen t th e above con son ants
Gu tturals, kf m ; kh, E ; g , n ; gh , a ; f i g , kh
, ( 51,
Palatals , c u ; ch , 5 ; j , a ; i h i i,6 1 .
Cerebrals, l?) 2 ; th , 3 5 d: g db, 8 ; I} , m ; r, Th , F.
De n tals , t, a ; th
, at ; d, g ; db, 8 ; n , w.
Labi als , p, u ; ph , (f)ui b, a ; bh , a ; m ,
i f .
Sem i vowe ls ,y , r, a: l
, a v , a.
Si bi lan t s, a ; A spi rate , h ,
Nasal a con n ected wi th a long vowe l has to be Wri tten i n Devan agari
wi th th e sanun asi ka or candra-bi n du , 621386, 1 51311 ERG . Th e
guttural n asal n i n body, father, i s wri tten as ; e ta , fear? orfi ?
i n en'
gd, to me .,T1351 i n M ale, wood, any ; befij nd tomarry, i s wri tte n an ?“3
cut e , one , i s wri tten 611 1 131 .
6 x unug g GRA M M AR .
C H A P T E R I I .
ON ENUNC IATION AND PERM UTATION OF'
VOWELS A ND CONSONANTSA ND A CCENTUATION.
A .—En u n c i at i on .
8. It i s a peculi ar feature i n th e Kuruk_ h languag e that i n th e i n fin i
ti ve form of th e verb i n wh i ch two short vowels Of the same descri pti on
stan d tog ether, these vowels are pron oun ced separate ly, wi th th e accen ton th e first of them , as kukra
’and
, th e en di n g be i ng out as i n H i n di ,th e root sakra’s ; e i ther of th e two latter vowels be i n g en un c i ated i n
so di sti n ctly separate a mann er as to leave a short h i atus between themwh i ch wi ll be marked throughout th i s book by an apostrophe kukm
’and
,
to put down pi llows un der th e head ; l i kra’and , to ask repeatedly ; l i kewi se
th e words bé’end
,to bi nd, n é
’end
, to ask for ; klze‘
e’nd, to di e , must be pro
n oun ced : Izé’ena, né
’ena, kb
'
é’end, n ot i ze
’
na,ne
’
na, klzén d. SO i t i s wi th thedouble i ; c i
’z‘
nd, to g i ve ; bi’i nd
, to boi l. L i kewi se the double 0 cc’ona
,
to ri se ; fic’on a, to take away.
Th e apostrophe wi ll be employed also i n words i n wh i ch an e li s i on
occurs , wh i ch takes place when ever th e emphati c affix am or £772 i s added to a
pron oun , as ékd, who and am,en: am, whosoever andr
,what and i m, endr
’z'
m,
whatsoever. Each of the se words i s to be pron oun ced as i f i t were n ot
on e but two words, ék’am, andr’e’
m.
Th e h i atus occurs also i n th e adverb mal’a' , n ot and mah’le, i f n ot then .
Verbs en di ng i n la con sonan t ev i n ce i n th e imperati ve mood a di st i n ct h i atusbetween th e root an d the imperati ve end i ng : ta
’
sz’
gn d, to Open ; ti s z‘
g’d ! Open !
ondrpd , to bri n g ondr’d bri ng ! mucn d, to shut ; muc
’d shut !
In causal verbs, th e pron un ci ati on of th e double aa i s the same as i n
s imple verbs, as descri bed above nanta’an d, to cause to be made ; men ta
’and ,
to proclai m.
The h i atus i s also perce i vable i n th e en di ng of verbs i n th e future ten se ,
passi ve voi ce and i n verbs the stem of wh i ch ends i n r tébrnd, to be e x tm
$ 5 8 to ILJ
gu i shed, t‘ébro
’b ; lewgrad, to con fess, tengro
’o. H owever i n these cases th e
second 0 i s long . A lso i n the past ten se s of th e verb, first pe rson femi n i n e ,a h i atus appears just be fore th e e ndi n g wh i ch s i gn i fies th e person e .g . ,
urn d
to be sat i ated urc’an
,I was sati ated : ba’an d , to speak ; bdo
’an , I spoke
?
9. Wi th regard to double con sonan ts , g reat care must be taken to
pron ounce each one of them di st i n ctly, as otherwi se th e mean i ng wi ll becom e
qu i te di ffere n t from what i s i n te nded. Thus [cull-lean , I cove red, not k i l l:
kan , wh i ch would mean Open ed ; e ssnd, to weave , n ot esnd, to break ; errnd ,
to swe ep, n ot 6mm,to s ee .
B .
~ -P ermutat i on .
1 0. I n th e past te n se s of th e verb the double short vowels as,ee
,00
chan g e i n to on e lon g correspon d i ng vowel, v i z ., d a become s d , 83 becomes e,
00 be comes 6, e g .,ba
’and , to speak ; bdckan , I spoke ; hé
’ena
,to bi n d ; Izéckan ,
I boun d c6’ona
,to ri se ; cockan , I rose .
There are , howe ver, excepti on s to th i s rule ; for example , i n la6’ond , to
take away ; th e double 00 doe s n ot chan g e i n to a lon g , but i n to on e short 0 i nth e past ten se : ockan , I took away .
Th e double short i t coale sce s i n to a short on e , e .g . ,c i’c’
ua,to g i ve , c i ckan
I gave ; short a an d z'
combi n ed become short i t i n th e past te nse of th e verb:e .g . ,
wi nd,to plough, usskan , I ploughed.
L i kewi se , short a and lon g é combi n ed be come short a p6'
és d,to rai n
posed, i t rai n ed.
1 1 . Si n g le vowels changs i n th e followi ng man n er : short 3 becomesshort i i n th e past ten se errn d i rri tan , I swept ; long 6chang e i nto lon g i : ermitrkan
,I saw ; short e chang e s i n to i ; also i n th e prese nt an d past tens e of
femi n i n e and n euter verbs , esn d, to break, n i n i sdi (femi n i n e)thou breakesta’
d i sa (femi n i n e and n euter)sh e , i t breaks ; n i n {ska (fem i n i n e), thou brokestn’i m [sk i (n euter), you broke . In verbs the root Of whi ch ends i n th e double
Th e h i atus i n Kurukh words Wh en wri tten i n D6 vanag ari le tter s cann ot be
properly repre se nted by th e v i sarg , as i t i s n ot an aspi rate , bu t s imply a break, wh i ch
i n Devanagar i may we ll be marked by u s i ng a capi tal le tter for th e i n i ti al vowel o f th e
syllable wh i ch follows af ter th e hi atu s ; e .g .
, w ,ék
’
am ; m muc'
a ; sh ad}te n g ro
’
6 .
8 K raug g GRAMMA R . 1 1 87. 1 2.
co, the latter change i n todouble n,th e first be i ng long , th e second short i s
however th i s rule appli es on ly to fem i n i n e and n euter verbs of th e presen t ten se ,second and thi rd person ,
s i ngular mumber : c.g . , bé’ena
'
; to be ; th e’end, to di e
Izé’end, to bi n d né
’en d, to ask ; M n bi
’z‘
f f i , thou art am thou di e st
non bt’i di thou bi nde st n i n n i
’i d i , thou askest but dd b’t
’i,sh e , i t i s ;
,sh e , i t di e s, etc . Wh en a verbbegi n s wi th th e vowel e, th e n oun of ag en cy
takes 5 e .g .,esnd , to break, as, breaker érn d, to se e ; 3rd s eer. These latte r
chan ges may be due however to th e followi n g i an d a re spect i vely .
L on g 5 chan g es i n to short 5 mi n e , p i t/can , I ki lled .
Both short an d lon g 0 change i n to short u,an d frequen tly the long 6
chan g e s i n to short 0 e .g .
,otln d, to touch , uttkan , I touched ; molglmd, to eat
,
mokkan , I ate 697242, to swim,ugkan
’
, I swam .
Long 6 chan ges also i n to lon g a Iglzém d, to sprout, Mui r/can I di d sprou t.
Th e lon g i t chan ges i n to short u karna,to be hot, kuttlcan , I was h ot.
Short and long 0 i n combi nat i on wi th 3; chan ge i n to short 0 [g rog/12d .
Igloosskan , I reaped ; Iglzoyi zd , M aj /fan , I m easured .
Fi nal long 6, a, d an d i always become short, when the i r pos i ti on
i s altered by the addi ti on of a conson ant ; c ir/ca,akkun
, n ow ; mé l'kl td ,
heaven , merlglzan (accusat i ve case). In th e n oun of ag en cy th e lon g and
short a of th e verb i s always changed i n to lon g an d short u lzz'
ms frombo
’ond , to take away ; unus from onnd, to eat.
I n poetry when ever th e first word of a li n e be g i n s wi th a vowel, th i smust be preceded by an n for th e sake of euphony e .g i t the sen ten ce
beg i n s wi th th e word ayo, mother, i t wi ll be pronoun ced imgb.
1 2 . Th e chan ges wh i ch conson an ts undergo i n the con jug at i on o f th e
verb i n th e past ten ses are very numerous ; for example , the aspi rated‘
c/z
eli des th e fin al 12 cécbnd, céckan , I pounded ; g changes i n to I: ollagnd,
ollakkcm, I accosted j i s doubled : (i nd, {if/can , I stood . Double ki t or kick
becomes s i n gle polrkhnd, pukkan , I bli stered my hand 721 1 always changesi n to it after a and o molglmd, mole/tam, I ate ; 3 i s changed i n to double t i
Lolzosnd, Mott/can , I dug ; p osna, pettkon, I pi cked up.
Many verbs, as M aui, to say, emo, to see , form th e past tense first
person by i n serti ng k between the root of th e verb and i ts termi n at i on ,
ou-k-an (dnkan)I sai d, i rkan , I saw: but wh en ever the root of th e 7erb ends
x uav gg s au n as . l§§ 1 4 1 5
C H A P T E R'
I I I
NOUNS .
A .- N umber an d G en der .
§ 1 4. There are on ly two n umbers i n Kurukh, s i ngular and plural ;
stri ctly speak i n g , howe ver, n umber as well as g ender 1 s, to th e Kuruk_h, ad i sti n ct i on wh i ch h e can on ly make wi th regard to n oun s i n di catm g rati on al
bei n gs . A ll i rrat i on al ex i sten ces have to h i s grammat i cal con cept i on n e i th er
g e nder n or n umber. It i s tru e that he h as forms to denote a plurali ty i nn euter n oun s but
'
i n‘
th e con jugat i on of verbs i nfluen ced by such n oun s,he
treats them l i ke ‘
noun s i n th e s i n gular n umber. A s to gender, I follow the
di v i s i on made by th e R ev : E . Droese i n h i s grammar of the Make languag e ,
V 1 15 masculi n e , fem i n i n e and n euter . Th e n umber of the two former i s
very l im i ted, s i n ce th e Kurukh regards as masculi n e and femi n i n e only such
words as den ote rat i on al be i ng s ; all other n ouns are to h im devoi d of gen der,whether they are an imate or i n an imate . Thus wi th regard to gender i t may
be sai d of th e K urukh as has been ‘
sai d of h i s cous i n , th e P a/zdr zd or Md] :“h e betrays a very un i mag i n ati ve turn of m i nd.
” To the Kur1 1k_
l_
1 on ly men
aremascul i n e ; women and goddess es (evi l spm ts) are femi n i n e, th e on e
good spi ri t even m aki n g n o ex cept i on all other n oun s are n euter .
1 5 . M asculi n e n oun s of th e th i rd person s i n gular have two forms, th e
i n defin i te an d th e defin i te . The i n defin i te 1 8 th e s implest form of th e n oun,
thu s dl, man . Th e defin i te form i s made by addi n g as for the s i n gular,
thus d i e s, th e man . Th e n omi n ati ve plural thi rd person i s formed by
addi n g th e syllable or to th e i ndefin i te s i n gular form, thus dldr, men and
th e men , there be i ng n o separate form for the defini te plural . Defin i ten oun s, however , always requi re a pron oun , demonstrat i ve or otherwi se ,an d on ly i ndefin i te n oun s are employed as they stand e .g . d ] gabi
f ad, th e soul of man dldr ge klze
’end ra
’6, men must di e or! d i es
dures s, a (certai n) man came ; wh’im (dldr) bareor
, some (certai n)
and or are i n reali ty the s i ngular an d th e plural of th e pronoun of th e
thi rd person , wh i ch are as, h e an d dr, they, respecti vely . Example s Gollar
urb man nar, Landlordszfare‘
fi ch ; golld s Icecas,th e L an dlord di ed . Urbar
ondld gnar, the' masters are havi n g the i r meals ; urbas méklzdlclaa, the master
calls .
In the first person no di st i n cti on i s made between defin i te or i ndefin i tethus én urban , En gallon , may mean , I am a master, a L andlord, and also
I am the master and th e Landlord. En dkmand em dldm mean s : I am
a man and we are men , respecti vely . In th e secon d person we may say
i n di scri mi n ately nm‘dl ra
’ddd s
'
and M n dldy, e i ther den ot i ng thou art a man ;
si mi larly um arbay talday an d mi n arbay, mean i n g e i ther thou art a masteror master.
1 6 . Femi n i n e n ouns have on ly th e i ndefin i te form ; the i r plural i sformed by addi ng e i th er the masculi n e plural endi n g or or th e collecti ve
postpos i ti on gufln’
ar to th e i ndefin i te : mukkd, woman , mukkar, women
d li, wi fe, dhyuthz
’
arwi ves . The latter i s also us ed i ngcon n ecti on wi th masculi n e
n oun s when th e plural stan ds i n a colle cti ve sen se thus th e Karabl a saysEd d i argutki d rQueen ra
’i , sh e i s wi th th e
-
men , and da dh’
gut/zi ar gd né ltddas,
h e goes wi th th e women . There i s another plural form for both masculi n eand fem i n i n e n oun s, deri ved from baggé, many , to wh i ch th e
masculi n e an d femi n i n e plural en di ng or i s added. It i s employed whena plurali ty of relati ves i s to be denoted, v i z . ,
ddddtaggar, elder brothers . A .
th i rd form of the plural we fi nd i n Igbarrd , sprout, wh i ch i s , however, used
exclus i vely i n con n e cti on wi th the word ch i ldren , whether these are male
or female , v i z . , Igboddlgharrd, ot pri n g . Non e of th e above plural e ndi n g s,
v i z ar, guthz
’
ar, bugge r and k_
lmrrd should ever be employed i n con n ect i onwi th n euter n ouns
,wh i ch form the i r plural by addi n g g e t/i i to th e i n defin i te
s i n gular addo, ox , assays /1 5, ox en man , tree , manguflx i , tre es . On the otherhand, gut/umust n ever be appli ed to substan t i ves whi ch are e i ther masculi n e
or femi n i n e , except i n the sen se of a . double, plural i n th e femi n i n e , e .g . ,
muklcarguflzi i n connecti on wi th the masculi n e plural form, guflai i s thus useds imi larly to th e H i ndi n ,
dlargezfi u’
, men . On th e use of i n th e
sen se of an adverb, see 1 60.
x nnmg s au n as . 17 1 8.
17. Si ngular an d plural end i n gs
M asculi n e . Femi n i n e . N euter.
as
ar, gath i dr , ar, gu¢h i d r, gut/i i , gufiu
’
.
baggar , labam'
d,
baggar, k_ hdrrd .
Th e m ean i ng of gutbi i s“whole from gotd, whole that of be ggar
i s “th e many,
” “from bagge, many . Th e same di sti n cti on of the sethre e genders wi ll appear further on i n th e pron oun s
-
and th e con juga
ti on of th e verb. It mu st be n oted, however, that though the Kurukh has
f or th e masculi n e and th e femi n i ne on e an d th e same plural, or, i n other
words , a common g en de r i n th e plural, h e has n o s i ngular for th e fem i n i ne
but uses th e n euter s i n gular i n stead of i t. Thus , stri ctly Speaki ng , there
are only two g e nders i n K urukh, v i z . , mas culi n e and n euter, be caus e
each woman taken alon e i s treated g rammat i cally as a:thi n g or chattel ; butWhen h e re fers to them i n th e plural, th e Kuruk
_
h use s th e mascul i n e formfor them as well as for men . Yet for th i s latter reason
,an d because there
are i n th e pronoun spec i al femi n i n e form s an d i n the ve rb d i sti n ctlyfem i n i n e i nfle ct i on s , we de em i t more appropri ate to di v i de th e Kuruk
_
h_
g ender i n to masculi n e , femi n i n e and n euter.
1 8. Th e n umbe r of masculi n e and femi n i n e n oun s be i n g so verysmall i n Kuruk_ l_1 , th e pri n c i pal of them are gi ven below
L i st of masculme wi t/1 correspondi ng f emi n i ne no'ms
ki los man dli , woman , wi fe .
meters husband molded an d ki nd, woman , wi fe .
B dbd s father dyd, mother.
K ai /503 boy kuko’e, g i rl.
K ukdlglzddd male ch i ld ; kolec’e Mad rid, female ch i ld.
L élé lglzaddas , or lelles male baby ; 16125 Madri d, female baby .
Jaunlgbd ddi s son -i n -law Lheddd,d aughter-i n-law'
.
.D/zarmés god ; 117mm 5 , g oddess .
N ddas devi l add,demon , evi l sp i ri t, (f em .)
Dharmés and n ddas are n ot used as masculi n e words except by Chri s ti anOri on. Non-Chri sti an s look upon God an d the dev i l as be i ng fem i n i n e only .
“3
1 8 to 1 3
B élas , (def )ki ng blrl, queen .
Jdlglzd a, servan t, p oli o servan t (fem .)
B c'
sdhas , wi zard ; 61°
8s wi tch .
Défiras, sorcerer debrd, sorceress .
Urbas,
master urbm,lady, m i stro=s
also ma'ndr i or un dr i .
.Nm'
gas, pri e st ; mu'
gn i , th e wi fe of the pri e st .
REM ARK. Th e endi ng at i n ur tn i an d na iqn i , i s apparen tly borrowedfrom the H i nd i Grammar, c f ., gharn i , lan dlady .
Sp ec i al m asc u l i n e an d f em i n i n e n oun s .
§ l9. Wh en i n speak i ng of i rrat i on al be i n g s or n euter n oun s, i t i s
des i rable to den ote se x , th e Kurukh prefixes to n euter n oun s i ndi cati n gquadrupeds an d bi rds, th e words andrd , male an d tar/i i
,female e .g , , apdrd
lakg'd male t i g er, bur/n Iakrd, t i gress so andrd k i ss , boar ; andrd asgd, mouse ,
e tc . For sheep and g oats the Kurukh employs th e word bokrd to denoteth e male : bokrd mer i zo, ram an d bokrd
‘
érd,h e goat . For buffalo ma vlgli d ,
[ran d an d bi za'
zs are used respect i vely ; for dog and, kuttnli d an d kuttz
°
alld,
bi tch . In th e case of bi rds kokro i s used f or cock an d lcafi i for h en thuskckro mar/al tar , cock-pi geon and
i
katr i murlglzur, hen -pi g eon ; gayd [g i g-
r,
castrated cock . A lmost all these prefixes are , however, appare n tly borrowedfrom th e H i ndi vocabulary, and th e di sti n cti on therefore i s n ot ori g i nallya Kurukh on e .
B .—Cas e an d
.
De c le n s i on .
A . CA SE.
20. There are seven case s i n Kurukh and on ly on e declen s i on . Th e
g en i ti ve cas e i s formed by addi n g th e post pos i t i on galza'
to th e n om i n ati ve
of th e n oun , defin i te or i ndefin i te : d l ga i n,of man , di ne gal n'
, of the man ,
1 4 k urug GRAMMAR . 20&21 .
dld r gai n, of th e men . A nother form of th e gen i ti ve or rather possess i vec ase i s n td , wi th th e exclus i ve s en se of be lon g i n g to locally ; for wh i chreason ntd may be con s i dered a locati ve e .g . . paddd , v i llag e , jcada
’d ntd, of th e
vi llag e , or be long i ng to th e v i llag e 1'
yd, here , c’
yd n ld, of th i s ; z’
yantd amm,
th e water of th i s place paddantd dld r , the people of th e v i llag e .
In th e dat i ve th e postposi t i on 9? i s added : dl yé an d dlas yé, to th e
man .
Th e si gn of th e accusati ve i s an wh en th e noun ends m a con son an t ;alter a vowel i t i s n ; i n th e defin i te form of the n oun masculi n e si n gular
an d plural an d i n the femi n i n e plural i t i s z’
;n example . dlon, man
,
(th em,the man , d larz
’
n , the men ; mukkan , the woman , muskar i n , the women .
Erpan , th e house , crp dguflzi n , th e hous es .
The s i gn of th e ablati ve i s i t an d M t th e latter form be i ng used i n
n oun s endi ng wi th a vowel for th e sake of euphon y e .g .
, dlas ti , from th e
man , dli nti , from th e woman . Th e s i g n of th e ablat i ve may be added to
th e accusati ve as well as to'
th e n om i n ati ve , as i n d i ari n ti, erpdgufl n
'
n ti .
Th i s n i n th e ablati ve therefore i s usedmost probably on ly byway of euphony .
I f thi s be iso, then th e real form of th e possess i ve-locati ve n ta spoken
of above would be td . A s to the combi n ati on of th e ablat i ve wi th the
locati ve, see 5 85 on parti c i ples and th e syn tax § 1 5 6.
Th e i n strumen tal case s i gn s are tr i’
and trd .
I n th e locati ve th e postpos i ti on 71 12 i n , on , i s added to th e n om i n at i vedlas no, i n th e man , merlglzd ml , i n heaven . In some locali ti es where Kuruklri s spoken i t i s no also i n M dlto.
21 . I n the vocat i v e o,ay an d ayd are suffi x ed to th e n oun s : c .g urb
,
master ; arbay, urbdyo, 0 master ! aroaro, O‘
masters ! mat/card,0 women I
There i s n o vocat i v e form for the plural of n eute r n oun s .
B esi des th e vocat i ve suffix th e i n terject i on e”
or and , i s prefixed : é arbaco,or an d urbdyo, 0 maste r ! In th e femi n i n e n oun s both su ffix an d prefixun dergo a chan g e : th e fin al a of th e former becom i n g ag e nts/ki wi , Owoman 1 (i n th e s i ngular on ly)and th e fin al a of the latte r also chang i n gi n to d i , and mu/ckd i . There i s a further chan g e of th i s prefix an d whe nwomen talk to women , v i z da Mi d i , O daughter ! and and M ai gret/75mm0
daughters !
sas.) 1
B.—Ex amples of declens i on .
M asculi n e .
S i ngular . P lural .
dl,dlas
,man , the man .
dl, dlas gali i , of th e man .
dl,dlas yé, to th e man .
dl, dlan , dlas i n , th e man .
dl ti , d las t i , from th e man .
dl tr i , lrd , through, byth e man .
dlayo, é dlayo, 0 man
dl,
-d las ml , i n th e man .
S i ngular .P lural.
mule/rd, woman . mal l ar, women .
mi l/f led gai n“,
of the woman . malf lrar galai , of th e women .
mukkd 96, to th e woman . mule/car yé, to thewomen
mukkan , th e woman . muklcar i n , th e women .
mulékanti , from th e mulf lcarli'
,mulrlcarz
'
n li‘
, from th e
woman .women .
mulclcd tr i , trd, through , by multlcar lr i , Ira, through, byth e woman .
‘
th e women
0woman . 5 mule/rai d , 0women !
i n the woman . mulclcar ad , i n the women .
Neute r.
S i ngular .P lural.
th e dog .
of th e dog .
to th e dog .
the dog .
alld from th e dog .
alld lr i,lrd
, .th rough , byth e dog .
0 dog !
i n th e dog .
ulld gulh i ,
alld gai h i gahi ,
alld gulh i yé,
alld gulk i n ,
alld g i lt/i i i f or n ti ,
alld gulh i tr i , lrd ,
1 6
Gurkj i ,
mouse ,
guest,sav i our,v i llage ,beggar,
x unugg GRAMM AR . 23.
L i s t of n ou n s for d e c l i n at i on .
dc‘
f. P l. yolghar, jblgzdr gulh i ar .
tt tlB,
daughter-i n-law,
a well ,
basket,drunkard,
a maker,
woman ,Ci r/ch i , load,
man lgbd (man lgjzd gal/i i ).
bélar .
man (man gal/i i ).
131 ml gal/l ia r .
addo (addogal/n).
gurlpj zi (gurkl i i gulh i ).
lzullo.
i md, (imd gulki (.
lr‘
i ba (k i bd gull u).lculld gut/i i .
lgfioZd gut/ll.
lass i yar .
mulli .
lgbal gu i l d.
nalalrlc (n alalcla gut/d).asgd gullzi .
pd ll i yar .
ldndur .
paddd gut/31°
.
timbur.
k_
lzcddd gut/zi ar.
tdsd gullzi ,
1 3 x us um an i m us .25 26.
C H A P T E R I V.
A D J E C T I V E S .
A .—Ge n eral remark s .
5 25 . The n umber of adjecti ves i n Kurukh i s n ot very larg e , many of
them hav i n g several di fferent mean i n g s thus for example karé mean s good :
healthy, well-behaved, e tc. M ost adje ct i ve s i n K uruk_
l_ ; are s i mply n oun s of
quali ty added to substan ti v es just as they are , wi thout regard to gender ,n umber or case . Thus mac/3d, h i gh , also mean s he i ght ; mocha p artd, a
h i gh moun ta i n ; partd gal u'
meclzd ad , on th e top of th e moun ta i n ;M 586, red , mean s blood and also th e red colour ; ccn lzd i s love , attachmen t,but also beloved and attached Qharlgbd, bi tter and bi ttern es s pannd , i ron ,
pami a tarr i , an i ron sword cdcd , ston e , cdcd 131ml, a ston y field.
B .—ou th e format i on of adj e ct i v e s .
5 26. A dj ecti ves i n Kami la]: are therefore formed by simj>1y prefi x i n g onenoun to an other. Such combi n at i on s of course m i ght be looked upon as com
pound noun s , because cdcd Mol oould be tran slated ston e-field kank crpd
wooden house and wood-house .
Verbal adjecti ve s are formed (a), by putti n g th e i nfin i ti ve form of the verb
before th e n oun whi ch i s to be quali fied e .g .,lcdrnd, burn i ng : kd rnd amm,
hot or burn i ng water; munjrnd , to end or to peri sh : munj rn d ui yad, peri sh
i n g or pe ri shable li fe sand, to eat, eat i ng onnd dlo, eatable th i n gs ; by
prefi x i n g th e form of th e past parti ci ple to th e qual i fied n oun dn lcd katlzd
a spoken word keclrd dlar , dead people nanj kd nalalch work don e ;
Motrkd ari , broken vessel tébrlc'
d si c , ext ingu i shed fire ; (a), by addi ng th e
n oun of ag en cy 5rd dlds,th e man who sees ; th e boy wh o kn ows obj)“lea/rims,
th e mean i n g i s : a clever boy ; para p e lld, th e g i rl who s i ng s .
"
By addi n g the adverb lalclzd, li ke (an A ryan loan word) to a noun an d
putt i ng these before th e.
n oun to be quali fied we obtai n anoth er ki nd of
gees 1 9
ad ject i ve , wh i ch i s used most extens i vely i n the Kurukh languag e , th erebyreplen i shi n g th e i r poor stock
'
of adje ct i ves . Ex amples A n di sti n
g ui sh e s on ly between three di fferent colours, vi z .
, red,wh i te and black 1221330.
p anelra an d molghdro. I f he i s pressed for a speci ali sat i on of other colours ,
h e has recourse to th e adverb Ieklzd and combi n es it wi th one of these wordsthus h e wi ll call yellow, M i sc lelclzd, reddi sh dark green , molgzdro lelcli d ,
blackis h and ash grey, pandra lelckd, whi ti sh .A n other mode of formi n g adj ecti ves i s by prefix i n g or sufi x i ng th e
n egati ve adverb mal, mald and malkd, thus a barren woman i s ren dered
by [Lhddd mallcd dlz, li t. , chi ld not havi n g woman ; munj dmalta, endless ;
malulunfi nd, unperi shable ; d/zi bdmalkd, to be wi thout money, poor ;
larmd lkd, unwi se , stupi d ; mal saimyiyd, to be wi thout stre ngth, weak.
A correspondi n g pos i ti ve i s made up by addi ng the n oun of agen cyto another quali fy i ng n oun ; e .y .
,ldr u i yu alas , a clever man , li t., a
wi sdom havi ng man ; .tdlcd u iyu alas, a ri ch man , li t. , a rupee
holdi n g man ; sawang ui ga , m i ghty , l i t.
,on e who holds authori ty .
By addi n g th e s i gn of the posse ss i ve case a i d to a n oun for th e purpose
of. quali ficati on , another ki n d of adject i ves i s formed, négcd r
homely custom,li t. custom belon g i n g to th e house ; merlsban td“608; th e
heaven ly father, i .e ., who i s i n heaven ; a llan td n alalck, da i ly work ; p drbanldd lar, ori en tal men , men belong i ng to th e east ; W tbélan ld ale
, earthlythi ng s.
C.—Compar i son .
27. Th e mode of compari son i n Kurukh i s very s imple ; the n oun or
pron oun to be compared i s put i n th e n omi n ati ve , an d th e n oun or pronoun
wi th wh i ch i t i s compared i s put i n th e ablati ve , i n the same way as i n
H i ndi : Urbas j dlglras ti lcoli d taldas, th e master i s greater than the servan t .N i n enganti saun i tolda i , thou art smaller than I .
Th e superlati ve i s formed i n the same way, only the compari son i s
made by th e word“all , ormar (masc . and fem.) and urmi (n euter), i n ste ad
of or alon g wi th the n oun or pron oun to be compared : f i e ormarti kbhd
talyas, he i s th e greatest of all dd orma mule/cart? lcoad ra’i, she i s greater
than all the women . I man urmi mangallzi nti sanm’
tall , thi s tre e i s th esmallest of all.
20 x URugg GRAM MA R. 27 28.
There are two other an d perhaps more ori g i n al ways of compari son i nKurukh th e first i s by putti n g th e substan ti ve wi th -whi ch th e subject i s
.
to
be compared i n to th e locati ve case : e .g amon g h i s brethren even h e was
g reat : i an‘
gli a i a’adarnu ds i m kolzd ra
’acas ; and, secondly, by con trasti n g
th e n om i n ati ve to be compared ; e .g , ,n ot th i s, but that on e i s
n im mai d lzus im li d/2d luldas .
D .-L i st of th e most comm on ad i e ct i v e s .
28. Dau, g ood ; malalau, bad, li t. not good ; daulelckd, fai rly good .
Kora, healthy ; marl/core, i ll, li t. n ot well ; puddd, short ; di g i la, long ; me ckd,h i gh ; p unud, n ew; p aced, old odlo, soft ; carrd , bare , bald ; dongle, fooli sh ;laudi d, lazy ; g ee/2d, far ; cdbltd, n ear ; h i ss i , fai r ; kou
‘
leo bon'
ko, crooked ;
urb, ri ch ; Ici rd , poor, hun gry ; lcocro, n arrow ; ltd/rd, dumb, i di ot i c ; kollam ,
pen i ten t lclzasrd,di rty, leprous M arkltd, bi tter ; l i n i , sweet ; M i ss i , bri ght
M on lgbd, deep ; lepd, th i n ; ludu, g en tle ; marblzlcd, soi led ; muno, excellen t ;nagad, n i ce , pretty ; a i di , empty ; ctkd, heavy ; nebbd , li ght ; pacr i , early
panj lcd, ri pe paudko, un ri pe ; p an gé, clear ; paced , di li gen t ; pokkc,
swollen , pu ffed up ; pared, half boi led ; m’
j li d, fat ; sann i , small ; lodlod ,
great ; s i rs i i d, slender ; s i lkc‘
ya, easy ; thaulcd,ri gh t ; ti nd, ri ght hand ;
dsbbd, left ; f i nal, firm ; llzotlzd, n aked ; uj go, strai ght.
ss29 a 21
C H A P T E R V.
P RONOUNS .
1 . P erson al P ron oun ,
A .—Case s i g n s .
29. Stri ctly speaki n g , the personal pron oun of the Kuruk_h lan guag ehas on ly two person s , first and secon d, the person al pronoun thi rd personbe i ng really th e demon strat i ve pronoun , thus ds lcéras
,dr kérar
, mean s n ot
e xactly, h e wen t , they wen t, but rather, that on e , those on es wen t.Th e de clen s i on of th e pronoun i s si mi lar to that of th e n oun , wi th th e
fol lowi ng devi ati on s i n th e first an d second person .
1 . The n omi n at i ve s i ngular i s n ot th e stem of th e pronoun , th e stembe i n g en
‘
g or My i n th e first person , s i ng i n th e s econd person , and n an‘
g i n
th e collect i ve plural.2 . Con sequen tly, i t wi ll be observed that th e s i gns of the obl i que
cases are added to th e stem an d n ot to th e n omi n at i ve form .
3. Th e suffix of th e g en i t i ve i s n ot galzi as i n the noun , but li a i,
th e latter be i n g afii x ed to th e stem eng-angkal, my or mi n e ; stem s i ng an d
ka i-bi n’
gli ai , thy or th i n e ; stem lady and hai -lan’
glza i , s i n gular, tan g/mi h i s .
The sufii x of the dat i ve case i s d an d dgé i n stead of ye i n th e dati ve case
of the noun : en‘
gd and engage"
, to me . The accusat i ve s i gn an i s the same
as i n n oun s wi th th i s dev i at i on that i t i s n ever chan ged, engan , me .
Th e ablati ve case has ti or anti : en‘
gti or cu‘
yanl i , from me . The
i n strumen tal case has th e corre spon di ng i f ? or tru,eng lr i
, by or through
me . Th e locati ve also adds i ts case si gn to the stem en‘
gnu, i n me .
30. The plural case s i gn s of th e first and secon d person s are th e
same as those of th e s i n gular, wh i le the plural s i gns of th e th i rd personexactly correspond wi th th e plural case s i g ns of the n oun
,but all of them
are added to th e n om i nati ve and n ot to the stem,
“e x cept one of the two
colle cti ve plural forms, v i z. , n anglzd i , our, and nan‘
gdgé, to us, whi ch add
th e i r case s i gn s to the'
stem .
x unn gg GRAMM AR. f§§ 30 31 .
The Kurul_
1_
h language has a double plural i n th e first person , vi z .
,Em
an d mm . Th e former i s used wh en th e party addressed i s excluded, andth e latter when the party addre ssed i s i n cluded ; i f thi s peculi ari ty i s n ot
stri ctly observed, a d i fi erent sen se wi ll be con veyed from what i s i n te nded,e .g . , i f on e of a di n n er party were to call out to the servan t : mandi ondr
’a ndw
onot, bri ng th e di n n er, we wi ll eat ! th i s would i n clude th e se rvan t and con
vey to h im an i n vi tati on the sen ten ce therefore should be man di ondr’a, Em
(mom.
Th e plural forms for the th i rd person of n eutral pron oun s are u‘
b'rd andabrd, n ot dr, as for masculi n e an d femi n i ne pronoun s .
§8L B .- De clen s i on of th e P erson al Pron ou n .
FIRST PER SON .
S i ngular . Fi rst P lural. Collecti ve P lural.N . 612, I . ém
, we ndm, we all .
G. engkaz’
my, of me . cmh az’
, of us . namfiaz’
, mmgka i , of us all.D. engd , en
‘
gdgé, to me . emd,emd yé, to us . mmgd, nafigdgé, L amag e, to us all
A ce . engm, me . eman, us . naman , us all.
A bl. eng ti , en‘
gan ti , from me . am ti,cman ti
,from namti naman ti
, nang l i , from , byus . flangan ti . us all.
I nstr. engtfl , tm, through , em lr i, tra through, nam tr i , {m throug h
by me . by us . us all.Loo. mg ml , i n me . em ml
, i n us . nam ml, nang mi , i n us all
8ECOND P ERSON .
S i ngular
m’
ayi ma’
,
m‘
ngd, nmga‘
gé,
n lngcm ,
m‘
ngl i , n i nganll’
, from thee .
mag tr'
i,lra through, by th ee .
m'
ng ml , i n thee .
P lural.
n i m, you.
n im ica i, your, of you .
m’
ma, n imdgé, to you, you.
n lman , you .
nlmt’i, n iman t
'
i,from you .
m'
m tr i‘
tra, through ,by you .
m’
m m‘
c, i n you .
s; 31 a 32 ] 23
TH IRD PERSON .
S i ng ular .
Mascnune.
as, he (that on e).as gah i , h i s, of h im .
as 95 , h im, to h im .
dai n , hi m .
del i , as z'
nn'
, from hi m.
astr i , tra, through , by h im .
ds ml , i n h im .
B arnu m—For th e sake of euphon y the vowel i i s put be twe en th e
stem and the postpos i t i on i n th e obli que case s of the si ngular i n th e
femi n i n e an d n euter.
P lural.
Masculi n e and Femi n i n e .
ar, they, those .
argal u'
, the i r, of them.
drgé’
,th em, to them .
arm, th em .
am, drz’
nti from them .
dr tr i , tra, through, by them .
ar n i t , i n them.
2 . D emon strati v e P ron ou n .
5 32. A s has been already stated, th e thi rd person of th e person al
pronoun , mascu li n e and femi n i n e , i s i n reat th e remote demon strati vepronoun . Th e proximate form for th e masculi n e s i n gular i s i s (defini te),an d for
“th e femi n i n e and n euter i d, the plural of the former be i n g i n
wh i ch i s also used for th e femi n i n e , wh i le the plural of th e n euter :
i s
i by‘a ; th e remote demon strati ve be i n g as, a
'
d, dr and abrd , of whi ch the
Femi n i n e .
sh e , i t (that on e).ddz
’
gah i , he r, of h er, i ts , of i t.
ddiyé, to her, to i t.
adi n , h er, i t.
adi ti , ddi nti , from h er, from i t.deli tr i , i n } , through, by i t.adi m1 , at ml , i n h er, i n i t.
Neuter .
abra'
, they, those .
abrogahi , of those .
abré gé, to those .
abran , those .
abran ti, from those .
abran tr i , tra, through , by thoseabraml , i n those .
24 x n nn g g GRAM M AR. 32 33.
declens i on has been g i ven above . Th e de clen s i on of th e prox imate i s g i venbe low
S i n g u lar.
M asculi ne . Femi n i ne . N euter.
i s , th i s (man). (woman) (n euter be i n g)i s gah i , of thi s .
i s 95 , to th i s .
i s i n , th i s .
i sti , i s i n l i , from th i s .
i s tri,tru
, by , through
i s ml , i n th i s .
P lural.
M asculi ne . Flemi n i n e . N euter .
A
i r, these (men), (women).
i rgah i , of thesei rye, to thesei r i n , the sei rti , i r i nti , fromthese
I n str. i r tr i , tru. i bran tr i , i n ?
through , by through , by
the se these
i r ml , i n these i bra nu, i n th ese
§33. When th e demonstrati ve pron oun precedes a si n gular n oun, i ts
i n defini te s i n gular forms are used for all th e three genders, v i z ., i n li eu o f
th e n ear defin i te , i s and i d, 5 i s used ; i n stead of the remote defin i te as and
ad, th e i ndefin i te a i s employed ; e.g .,a alas i n
”
e'
ra, see that man ; i nmlclcan
Era"
, see th i s woman ; a addon‘
e'
ra, see that ox .
i d,thi s ,
i di galzi , of th i si a
'
i gé, to th i si di n
,th i s
i ati , i di nti , from th i si di r
'
i, tru, through,
by thi si dnu, me , i n thi s
i brd, these (n eute r be i ng s)i braga/i i , of th esei brdg
‘
e‘
, to th esei bran, thesei bran ti
, from the se
26 Runny ; GRAMM AR. 34 36.
Masculi ne.
li ar,those men
barge/i i , of those menbar 95 , to those men
buri n , those men
narli , bar i ati , from thoseburtr i , tru, by those menbur ml , i n those men
3 . P osse s s i v e P ron oun s .
§35 . Th e g en i ti ves of th e personal and demon strati ve pronounsfor possessi ves and of course are used also as adj ecti ves
Fi rst pe rs on . Second pe rson . Th i rd pe rson .
S i n g . engh ai , my . n i ngh a i , thy. asgalzi , h i s ; adi gah i , h er,
P l. emlza i , our. n imba i , your. argah i , thei r (remote).
abraga/i i , the i r (i rgah i , the i r (near).
namka iour.
i bragah i , the i r ( (n euter).augna i
In con n ecti on wi th n ouns i bra and abra are u sed when a collecti ve sen se
i s to be impli ed, e . g . , i brd alar gah i erpa, th e house of all th ese men ; abrd
mukkar gahi ki er i , th e garmen ts of all those women .
36. P ossessi ve pronoun s may be used as n oun s . A ccordi ngly the
g en it i ve of th e person al and demon strat i ve pron oun s has a declens i on .
F i rst person .
S i n g ular.
(people or property).
Neuter.
hubra, those th i ng s .
hubragaki , of those thi ngs .
bubragé, to those thi ng s.
hubran, those th i ng s.
hubranti , from thos e thi ngs.hubran tr i , tru,by those th i ngs ,hubra m}, i n those thi ngs .
as sea 27
F i rs t plural.
(people or property).
Co llect ive plural.
namba i , nan’
gbai ,
namlza i gali i , s ang/mi gaki ,
namha i yé, nan’
gkai yé’
,
namli ai n , nan’
ghai n ,
namhai n ti , nan’
gha i nti ,
namha i n tr i , tru
namha i nu, m ag/mi nu
Se con d p erson .
S i ng u lar .
(people or property).di tto .
di tto.
P lural.
(people or property).
thy ownof thy ownto thy own
thy ownfrom,
by thy owni n thy own
28 x unvg GRAMMAR. 38 39.
38 . Th i rd person .
For th e th i rd person th e reflex i ve pronoun (wh i ch see later on) i s used
e x cept i n th e accusat i ve , ablati ve and locati ve case of e i ther g ender .
ExamplesEn n i nglza i nti been , I wi ll take from thy own .
i s gah i n mend, hear h im , i .a.
,h i s words ; i rgalzi n li ed, take away
the i r belon g i ng s ; ar ga/n n h ebr’a, throwaway th e belon g i ng s of those .
Th e g en i ti ve of th e plural form gut/zi ar and guth i of course may also be
substanti zed and decli n ed, v i z., argut’zi ar galzi n li ed, take away th e belong
i ngs oi all those i a’abragutlt i geni n mole/2a, thi s (n euter)has eaten the thi ng
wh i ch belon gs to those , (n euter).B efore words denoti n g relat i ves th e possess i ve pronoun i s not prefixed
i n full, but on ly th e stem, wh i ch i s compounded wi th th e noun i n to on e
word ; e .g . , embas, our fath er ; n imbas, your father, etc. For a full li st of
these words see the Syn tax 5 1 4 5 .
4 . R efl e x i v e pron ou n .
39. Th e reflex i ve pronoun s are ten,self, one
’s own ; and i ts plural
tam. They are used qu i te s im i larly to the H i ndi ap, apna self, on e’s self
,
on e’s own , and stand wi th the ir di fferen t case forms as substi tutes f or the
possess i ve pronoun th i rd person , when ever i t i s con n ected wi th or represen ts
such pronoun standi n g i n th e nomi n ati ve case .
De c le n s i on .
Si ngular . P lural.
N . tdn , himself, herself, i tself , tam, themselves, own .
on e’s own .
G. tangba i , of h imself, of herself, tamha i , of th emselves, own .
of i tself, own .
.D. tan‘
gag'
e'
tangc‘
i , to h imself, to
h erself, of i tself , of own .
A ce. tangan , h imself, herself, i tself , taman, themselves, OWE
own .
A . I . tan’
ge n ti , tru, from, by h im
self,-herself, i tself , own .
L , tan‘
q m , i n h imself , herself, tam nu, i n themselves, own .
i tself own .
temeye tama, to thems elves, own .
tamti , tru, from , by themselves,own .
55 29
ExamplesGen . ds tanghai erpa Ic
‘
éras, h e wen t to h i s (own) house .
Dat. dr tangage badge r, they searched for themselves .
A ce . dd tan‘
gan laued, sh e beat herself.
A bl. abra taml i heard, they (n euter)di ed of themse lves .
L oo. dr tam tdm nu bdcar, they sai d amon g themselves .
40. For th e sake of emphas i s im i s added to th e refle x i ve pronountan
,thus , as tan i m k
'
éra s , h e wen t h i mse lf, he h i mself wen t. R emark : On
the use of tan wi thout the person al pron oun see 1 48.
A s to th e refi e x i ves of the first and second person i t must be observedthat the di ff eren t cases of th e person al pronoun s are used as subst i tutes ,v i z
én enghai erpa ki rkan , I wen t to my (own)house .
em ema‘
g'
é bi d/cam, we searched for ourselve s .
nam naman érét, we wi ll se e ourselves .
n i n n i ngti ékd, walk from,i .e .
, of thyself.n i m n i m nu bedda, se ek amon g yourselve s.n i m n i mba i erpa kala, go to your (own)home .
For th e first and second person s th e person al pronoun s serve as reflex i ves“eu engan laudan , I beat myself n i n m
’
ngan lauda i, thou beatest thyself ;
em eman laudan , we beat ourselves n i m n iman le nde r, you beat yourse lves
nam n aman laudat, we (collect i vely)beat ourselves .
Th e repeti ti on of th e person al pron oun s has also the force of a reflex i veem 6m na, mean s, amon g ourselves ; n i m n i m nu
, among yourselves dr tdm
tam mi kacnakralagyar , they were talki n g among themselves .
5 . I n terrogati v e pron oun s .
5 4 1 . There are five i n terrogati ve pronoun s i n Kurukh, v i zN é and ékd’ bOth mean i n g WI10 P an d whi ch ?” an d endr
,endra
and elsaumean i n g what ?” and whi ch ?”
N é‘
i s always used i n defin i tely except when repeated : né no?
mean s whosoever. N é as an i n terrogati ve stands only for mas
culi n e and femi n i n e n oun s ; i t i s treated, however, as be i ng n euter,
30 unsung GRAMM AR . 4 1 -43.
even though i t may stand for a masculi n e noun ; se e e x ample below
eta i s always used defin i tely i n con n ecti on wi th n oun s or the i r substi
tutee ; i t i s appli cable to all g enders .
Thus n é barca, who came ? but“what man came ? must berendered éka alas barcas ? N e n é be rcer , whosoever came . See 5 1 ;
N e i s the n omi n at i ve of th e stem n et,the de clen si on of wh i ch i s
g i ven below
S i ngular and P lural.
n é, who, whi ch ad n é tall
, also dd n é ra’i who i s she P
né'
khai , whose : i d n ekli a i erpa ra’i, whose house i s th i s
n ekage‘
, to whom n ékagé or n éka olekai,to whom di d
you g i veA ce. n élcan , whom n e
'
kan lauelcar, whom di d you beatA . (St I . n ékan ti , n ékti , from, by whom : n ékan ti lglzakhka i , from
whom di d you g et P
n ék ml , i n whom : n élc ml Lela/t icker, i n whom wi ll you
fin d ?
Eli a i s not decli nable , n or does i t change i ts final vovtel before di fferen t
genders : and alas bareas, eke ali barca,
“e'
ka addo barca, who, i .e., what man ,
woman , eta , came ? éka man khatra, what tree fell elm alas gah i erp'
d,
What man’s house éka makkdg‘
é ei ekai , to wh i ch woman hast thou g i venElmman mi narr tali , on whi ch tree i s the snake
Eli a be i ng conn e cted wi th art, on e (masc. an d fern.) an other defin i te
i n terrogat i ve for who i s formed ; ni n eta ortai Who‘
are you ? What
parti cular pe rson are you A s élca orlas Pwh o i s h e ? L i t. what a on e i s h e ?
f ld aka ort i who i s sh e‘
P i .e ., who i s sh e l i kely to be PB e fore words s i gn i fy i n g relat i ves i n th e g en i ti ve case th e form éka i s
n ot common ly prefixed as be fore other n ou ns , but a shortened formof the
gen i t i ve : of the i n terrogat i ve pronoun i s'
appli ed, néli i n stead of th e
g en i ti ve case ; thus , n'
e'
lc tan’
gdai latri al , wh ose son art thou? néli tanlbas
ta lisas , whose father i s h e ?‘
né’
khai lan‘
gdai taldai and seri al: tmnbas tats/61 8,would be consi dered ambi guous .
43. Fudr i s decli n ed li ke n?
43 31
S i ngular and P lural.
andr, what.endr galai , of what.sudr yé, to what.endran , what .endrti , tru, endra nti , from, by what .andr nu
,i n what.
Endr i s i ndefin i tely used i n an abstract sen se . Emi r re 1 , what’s
th e matter ? Endr an barca,what (ki nd of) woman came It stands for
all gen ders, v i z ., A s andr alas tall/as , what (ki nd of) man i s h e ? Endr bi nké
ethra, what (ki nd of) star appearedEndr i s also used as an exclamat i on of surpri se : andr as arga barcas ,
what, has he n ot come yet P
Endr i n combi n ati on wi th lea, or, i s even used as a di s jun ct i ve : endrmukkar ra
’anqr leamétar talgar ari n ormar i n éd
’d, whether they be women
or men , call them all ! Budr urbar ka ki rar ormar kbéor, whether ri ch or
poor, all. wi ll di e . The ke (or) may also be di spen sed wi th an d andr
repeated i n order to convey th e same di sjuncti ve sense , v i z . , andr meter
andr mulckar ormar i n lfora ai d, whether men or women , let them all come i n
L i ke“é/ca so endr i s u sed also as an adverb or adverbi al phrase , e .g . , i d
andr lekh’am ra
’i,what i s th i s li ke N i n audrye barekat? Why (for what)
di dst thou come
44. Endrci , what, i s used on ly defini tely : andra ra’i, what i s i t ?
Fadra M an, what shall I sayN . endrd
,what.
G. andrei galai , of what .D . endra g e
‘
,to what.
A . endran , W hat .A . I : endrdti , tru, from ,
by what.1 3. endra nu, i n what .
Th e di ff eren ce between andr an d endra wi ll be seen from th e followi n gi n stances, v i z . , i n conne ct i on wi th the n om i n at i ve , gen i ti ve, dati ve , ablat i veand locat i ve oases .
32 x n nugg GRAMMAR. 44
1 . A s andr manos, what wi ll become of h im B ut as endrd manos, whatwi ll h e be li ke ? Th e former re ferri n g to condi t i on , th e latter to quali ty .
2 . Id chdr gah i ra’i What i s the cause of th i s P But i d endra ga/zi
ra’i, of what ki nd i s th i s
3. A d endrti kamrk i ra’i by what has th i s been made Referri ng
to th e acti on by wh i ch th e th i n g has bee n made but i d endra ti kamrki
ra’i, re fers to th e arti cl e out of wh i ch a certai n th i n g has been made .
4 . Endr yé’
kaon , mean i n g why should I go But cadra 979“M on
,
mean s what for'
should I go ? B adr i s used both for cause and purpose
endre i mpli es on ly purpose .5 . F udr nuMenti on , i n what shall I fi nd refers to th e acti on or cause ,
by whi ch a certai n obj ect i s to be found, but endra nu ZgZi aki i on P re fers to
th e place or condi t i on i n wh i ch that thi n g may be found.
45 . There i s a spec i al form of th e dati ve case for the i ndefin i tei n terrogati ve , andr and endra
,v i z .
,andrud, why, where fore or what for
endrn d lade n, why, wherefore or what for should I go P It i s used whe n
proh i bi t i on , cen sure or h i n dran ce i s impl i ed, e .g n i n endrn d kao’e, why
should you go i .e . , you ought n ot to go ; i n andrud mal mol_g_hon , why
should I n ot eat ? i .e there i s n o hi ndran ce . N i m andrud Ici rlcar, whyd i d you go i .e . , you ought n ot to have gon e .
g 46. Ekda, whi ch on e , i s a defin i te i n terrogat i ve pronoun , used for
n euter substan ti ves on ly.
The declen si on endi ngs are th e same as i n th e n oun , v i z
$ 47. Ekda i s employed for andr an d endrd when ever a certai n i rrati onal object i s di st i n ctly understood.
S i ngular and P lural.
Eli ci a,
what, whi ch .
ékda galzi , of what .ekda yé, to what .“e'
kdan , what, whi ch .
ékdanti tru,from by What .
élcda a i r, i n what.
34 uns ung GRAMMAR. 49 50'
both mean i n g“how do you doP
” but the former refers to th e condi t i on ,
th e latter to the man n er of li vi ng or doi ng ; eli asse kao’e,ékanné kao
’e,
howwi ll you go th e former denotes th e condi t i on of , th e latter th e man n erof g oi ng .
In th e locat i ve case élcas sé and 5kan né stand as noun s e’
n ékas sé nu
up on or ekanne'
nu ujjon , howshall I li ve th e former agai n referri ng to
th e condi ti on and th e latte r to th e man n er of li vi n g .
6 . In de fi n i te P ron ou n s .
g 50. The i n defin i te pronouns i n Kurukh are formed from the
i n terrogati ve né , aka an d andr,v i z .
, n i k’im, n i d
’i m
,ék
’am and endr
’am,
i ndr’i m.
These stand for both n umbers, s i ngular an d plural : ek’am i s used before
n oun s an d has di fferen t mean i n g s : any on e , 5/1’am ortci si n mi li tia, call any on e
or ek’am ‘
ortas i n (mas . and ék’am orti n (f em .) mélglza a certai n ék
’am
torang nu onta ltd/i d lakra ra’aca
, there was a bi g t i g er i n a forest ; on e ék’am
ulla nu enne'
manj a, i t happen ed on e day some 5k’
am kh i ri tenga, tell some
story. I ndr’
im i s also used be fore n oun s on ly and h as th e mean i n g of any
on e”
(th i ng); i ndr’im manan lard, out any tree ; endr
’i m, somethi ng endr
’im
c i’
,a g i ve somethi ng .
N ak’i m and n i d
’im are always used as substi tutes for n oun s of both
n umbers ; th e i r mean i n g i s any on e .
Ni k’im (or n i d
’im)bar
’d, Izolé engan ten
’
ga, i f any on e comes, let me
kn ow.
Whosoever : n i k’im (or n i d’i m)patt5 or patt5 r ar bacr5
’or
, any on e
whosoever)beli eves, wi ll be saved. Somebody, a certai n : n i k’i m (or n i d’im)
Icki ri tengalagya, somebody was telli ng stori es . N é mi and endr endr are
li kewi se employed for whosoever and whatsoever : né n 5 bar5 r, ari n mesa,
whosoever wi ll come , admi t them . Endr endr man5 , nam sah’ét
,whatso
over may h appen , we shall suffer i t.Endr’i m or endr
’adim
, anyth i n g . éndr’adi m men 5 hole ten
‘
ga, i f anyth i ngh appen s, tell me ; andr
’adim bar5 , adi n clzé'lc’a, wh atsoever comes, stop i t,
li terally, should anyth i n g come,step i t. Also i ndr
’imman5 i n dr
’i m bar-5
5 1 a
D e clen s i on of nék’am, any on e .
N . n‘
ék’am
,any on e , etc .
G. n élclzai dim, of an y on e .
D. nék’am yé or nélc
’agem,
to any on e .
A cc . nek’an im, any on e .
A &‘ I . nék
’anti , nélc tru, from,
by any on e .
L ac . ne'
lt’im or nékha i num, i n any on e .
N é lcba i dim temp an Mzakhkan , I foun d somebody’s sti ck .
N i n nékd’am (nékdgem)otaltai , di d you g i ve to anybody ?
Nékdn im (la/ref ? nu k_ ha'
lrlalca i , di d you fin d somebody on the roadN éki m
’ti ebsrd , from, or by whom, was i t lost
Enné conha nélc/zai numala, such love i s i n no on e , i .e ., does n ot ex i st.
D e c le n s i on of n i l: an and n i di m.
N . n i k zm n i d’z’
m, any on e , whosoever.
G. n i lc’i m galzi gabi , of any on e , wh omsoever.
D . n i k’im 95 yé, to any on e , whomsoever .
A ce . n i k’i m an an , any on e , whomsoever .
A .&I . n i k’im ti
, tru ti,tru, from ,
by any on e , whomsoever.Loo. n i ic
’im nu, nu
, i n any on e,whomsoever.
R emark .—Nek ‘ im and n i k ‘im are used promi scuously.
D e clen s i on of endr’adim, an yth i n g .
endr’ddim,
en dr’am galai , i ndr
’i m ge lzi ,
endr’amge'
,i ndr
’i mg é
'
endr’an im
, i ndr’iman
,
tru
endr’am nu, i ndr
’im mi ,
anyth i n g .
of an yth i n g .
to anythi ng .
anyth i ng .
from, by anythi n g .
i n anythi ng .
36 x uaugg GRAMM AR.-5 4.
Id i ndr’im galzi kamrki ra
’i, th i s has be en made
'
of .anyth i n g .
4 5 8 gah i 951963 " 17 6ndr’5mg
'
é mal khaktlrd, there was not room f or
an ythi n g i n h i s house).
5 3. Other i ndefin i te pron ouns are
Some on e or other : n i d’im, n i d
’i mga n i d
'
i m n i d’im gusan ga dbi ba man5 ,
some one or other wi ll‘
hai’
re mon eyA ll orma, ormar, urmi , th e first two for masculi n e and femi n i ne on ly,
th e latter for femi n i n e and n euter n oun s .
Some or a l i ttle more j uken dr’im or endr
’i m j ok, or j okim ; j ok i m joki m,
very li ttle .
Taman , many taman alar barcar, a multi tude of men came .
Joken dr’i m amm ci
’a, g i ve some more
'
i
wate’
r .
Someth i n g or other, i ndr’i m,indr
’i ing
'
a.
“Example : a dakare' nu kerlcan t'ii ndr
’i m i ndr
’imga Igbalclzr5 , i f you go that way, you wi ll fin d somethi ng or
other.
5 4. The numerals wi th an i ndefin i te pron om i n al sense are ort, on e
f or masculi n e an d femi n i n e ; onta, on e for n euters : ort barcas , on e came ;
ontan c i’a,
‘
g i ve on e i rbar ( i rbari m), i rbar i m bar5 r, both'
of them wi ll come .
Nanna, oth er, nan nas, ths other nannar, plural, mascu
l i ne and femi n i n e . Nanna i s used adjecti vely. En nan na ulla nu ka’on
I wi ll go on an other day. Nannamay be used of course also bstan ti velv .
S i ngular .
nan n d , n anas , other, th e
other.
nanna gah i , nannas gahi ,
nannagé, nannas yé,
nannar , nan nas i n,
naunan, nannas ti , tru,
nanna, nannas nu,
P lural.
nan nar, nann dgufih i ar, nanndgufizi ,others, the othe rs .
nannargah i , nanndgui h i gaki , of
others .
nannargé, nanndyuéh i argé, nann d
gufizz’
gé,'
to others .nannqr i n , n an fidgutfl i arén , nann d
mm , others, other‘
s .
nafinar‘
i n;i
nann dgui kz’
ari n,
n ann d
p ut/fin fromfl by others.
nagmama, namzdguts qr mi , i noth ers .
55 5 5 to 37
5 5 . By addi ng the emphati c postposi ti on'
h i‘
i an d the n egati ve adverbma i d we g et th e followi ng i ndefin i te pron ouns : not one , n ot even on e : of t
h'
c'
ma i d formasculi n e and femi n i n e ; ontd 135 mold for n euters : art h’é
’
mai d
barcd, n ot even on e h as come ; any gusan com 11 5 ma id , 1 have n on e , n ot
6761] 01 1 6 .
7. R elati v e p ron ou n s .
5 6. There are n o relati ve pron oun s i n Kurukh ; when ever th e
H i n di (Gafiwari ) relat i ves j é an d 86 are employed , i t i s don e con trary tothe i di om of th e Kuruk
‘ h lan guage , wh i ch forms i ts relat i ve and correlat i vesenten ces i n a peculi ar way, about whi ch 5 69 th e syn tax 170.
57. L i st of p ersonalo
pron ou ns an d ~words der i ved th e refrom .
A .
—P.erson al p ron ou n s .
S i ngular . l ql.
1 person En , I ém,we , ndm, we and you .
2 person n i n , thou Mm, you .
3 person as,masc . h e dr masc . fem. th ey .
3 person dd fem . sh e and i t. abrd n euter, they .
Th e emphasi zed forms: énz
’
m, even I .
n i nz’
m, even thou .
dsz’
m,
even he .
ddj m, evenfi
she , i t.
dr im, even they .
B .
- L i st of d emon strati ve pron oun s an d wordsder i ved .
P [am] .
P rom. i s,masc . i d, fem. n eut. thi s . i r , mass . f em . i brd, n eut.
these .
R em. Th e same as the th i rd person person al pron oun .
P rom.Remote.
.
.R‘amote emp hati c .
t,th i s ; d
, that hazthat.
38 n onugg GRAM MAR . 58 5 9.
S i ngular .
P rom. Remote emphati c.
i bf a, these ; hubra, those .
i s,th i s , masc . ; has, that.
i d, thi s fem . and n eut . ad, that had, that .
Ibaggé , thi s much abaggé, that much bubaggé, that much .
“i leklzd, li ke thi s ale/«ska, li ke that hale/ri m, li ke that .lean , here , thi s place asau
,there , that place ; husan , there , that
place .
i tara, hi ther, thi s di rec atara, thi ther, that hutara, th i ther.
t i on di recti onma, th i s way ; and , that way Izum
'
i,th at way .
i li ngé'
,i gé, for thi s reason ; dfigé, for that reason .
i tt'
i,from,
by thi s ; am,from , by that .
i ulla,thi s day aulld , that day .
i bi r i‘
,th i s t ime abi
‘
r i, that t ime .
i g/d, here , th i s place ayd, that place .
g 5 9. O.—Emph ati c dem on strati v e pron oun s .
S i n gular.
Rem. has, masc . had n eut . that bur, masc . fem. hubrd, n eut .those .
D .
—P osse s s i v e pron ou n s .
S i ngular .P lural.
1 person , engi zai , m i n e , my own ; emhaz’
, ours, uamba i , our
2 person , n i ngha i , thi n e , thy own n imha i . yours, your own .
3 person ,se e below
E .—R efl e x i v e pron oun .
S i ngular.P lural.
tau, one self, one’s own . mm, themse lves .
so a 3
F .—In terrogat i v e pron ou n s and words deri ved from .
N? who, whi ch PN é/c, whose PNékha i , whose PEka, who, whi ch PEkdortas , ékdorl i , who PEkdtard , wh i ther PEkds ti , where from PElm/d , where PEksan , where PEudfr, what PEndr yé
’
,why P
Eudr lekud, what l i ke PE ndrd , what P what ki nd PEkdd , what , whi ch PEbaggé , how many, much PEd, how man y, much P
how man y, much ?Ekdssé, howPEkana, howPEkatti , from What PEkan né , howPEkann é nu, how, by whi ch
s 61 . G . I n de fi n i te pron oun s an d word s der i v ed .
N ék’am,
i dd’z’
m, any on e , whosoever.
Endr’adz
’
m,
anythi ng .
Jokendr’i m, j ok, j okim, some , li ttle , more, very li ttle .
Taman , many .
N auud , an other.
Ort hama i d, n ot even one , (masc .)On i a In) ma i d, n ot even on e (n euter).Ek
’am
,some on e .
Ek’am ar i as , ék
’am om, some on e, (masc . and fem .)
40 x oaug g GRAMMAR [g 61 .
pron ou n s an d words der i v ed- concld.
somewhere .
i n some di recti on .
from somewhere .
i n some way.
by som e way .
on some day.
KUBUKg GRAMMAR. 63 65 .
The Kurukl; verb has three pr i n c i pal ten ses th e presen t i ndefin i te, th eh i stori cal past an d the future ; and four sub-ten ses, v i z . ,
th e defin i te
presen t, th e i mperfe ct, the perfect and th e pluperfect .There are three g en ders, th e masculi n e , fem in i n e and th e n euter and
two numbers , th e s i n gular an d th e plural.
5 64 . I t must be born e i n m i nd that i n Kuruk~h only men are cons i
dered to be of th e masculi n e g ender and on ly women to be of th e femi n i ne
g ender, and that accordi n gly all i rrat i on al be i n g s are n euter. I t i s furtherto be n oted that whe n men speak to wome n or about women they treatthem as equals and address them or talk about them as i f they were of th e
masculi n e g ender, e x cept i n th e se cond an d th i rd person s i ngular, for
wh i ch alon e th e femi n i n e form of th e verb i s used . It would be con si dered
rather i ndece n t i f m en were to speak about women or address a plurali ty of
women , an d they di d n ot us e th e masculi n e form of the verb. On the oth erhan d i t would be very i mproper i f women i n address i n g men were to talkabout themselves or other wom en as be i n g of the femi n i n e gen der ; thus eveni n th i s case women wi ll figure as men and use th e masculi n e form of the
verb only, th e thi rd person s i ngular excluded, for wh i ch they wi ll employth e fem i n i ne . Con sequen tly i n th e con jugati on of th e verb th e form
for th e femi n i n e gen der i s en ti rely reserved for the con versati on of women
among themselve s, wi th th e e xcepti on o f th e secon d and th i rd person
femi n i n e s i ng ular, wh i ch men andwomen ali ke wi ll always treat as femi n i n e
wi th regard to women .
Examples : N i u elsdtard ka’adai ? Wh i ther are you goi n g ? (Masculi n e).
N i u ekdtard ka’adt ? (femi n i n e). A
'
s elf dtard ka’adas P Where i s h e goi ng
to ? ri d ekdtard karP'
(femi n i n e). N i m ekdtard ka’adar Whi ther are you
goi n g P i s used also when men address women . N i m ekdtard ka’adaz
'
Wh ere are you goi ng to ? i s used on ly among women . .zi r ekdtard
ka’auar .
9 Where are they goi n g to? used also i n address i ng women
when th e quest i on i s about other women ; and even women wi ll say among
themselves wh en speak i ng of other women i f th ey ask th e quest i on i n th e
pre sen ce of men : f i r ekdtard ka’anar P
65 . Th e si ngular of the n euter verb i s i den ti cal wi th th e femi
n i n e si ngular n umber ; yet i n th e plural they di ffer from each other i n so
far as th e Kuruk_l_
1_n euter verb has n o plural at all 5 for even i f th e
Kurukh talks of a plurali ty of i rrat i onal be i ng s, he treats them as i f
65 a 43
they were a s i ng le be i ng on ly, even though h e denotes th i s plurali tyby affixi n g the plural si gn to the noun or uses the plural form of th e
pron oun . Th e se cond an d thi rd person plural n euter gender take therefore th e form of the second and th i rd person s in gular, femi n i n e gender .
Example : Maud addo, th ree oxen ; and addd on e c x'
; mand addo
itercd, three oxen en tered ; abra addo korcd, those oxen en tered ; 0440
g ut/( i Icorcd, the oxen e n tered.
66. In analysi ng an i n flected verb of th e languag e we
fi nd that i t con s i sts of three di sti n ct parts , v i z ., th e root or modi fiedstem, th e ten se characteri sti c and th e i nfi ecti onal endi n g ; th e latterbe i n g n oth i ng e lse but th e pron oun or th e modi fied form of a pron oun ,
wi th whi ch the verb i s con n ected. Th e fol lowi ng examples wi ll i llustrateth i s . \Ve take the v erb eond, to break. The ten se characteri sti c for
th e presen t i ndefin i te , masculi n e g en der i s da, whi ch chang es i n to no
i n th e th i rd person plural . Femi n i n e and n euter verbs take da on lyi n th e secon d person ; as for th e first an d thi rd person , th ey s imp>lyadd th e pronoun or i ts modi fied form to th e ten se characteri sti c . Thus ,éu, I , as th e root, da,
_
th e tense characteri st i c, wi th th e pron oun
added z én eedan, I break . 1 8, h e , es, th e root, da
,th e tense ch a
racteri sti c an d as, h e , the pron oun , be i n g added as cedas , h e breaks .
Em,we , es , root, da th e ten se characteri st i c : em th e pronoun be i n g
joi n ed wi th da= dam : em esdam, we break . En , I (fem i n i n e) es, th e
root . an d En , th e pron oun precedi n g th e root be i n g added i n repeti ti onas an 1 n fiecti onal endi ng produ ce th e word es
’éu : eu es
’en , I break ;
n i n , thou , es, da, th e ten se characteri sti c, and at g i ve mm esdaz'
, thou
breakest. N i m, you es-da-dr : cedar, you break ; dr y.
they, as u-dr, they
break ; udm as-d-at, we and you break . It i s imposs i ble at th e presen tto explai n th e ori g i n al mean i n g of these tens e characteri sti cs or of all
pronomi nal i n fiecti on al en di n g s of th e verb ; howeve r th e above wi ll besuffi ci en t to showthat i n Kuruk
_ h as well as i n other Drav i di an
lan guag es th e i n fiecti on al endi n g of th e verb i s a pron omi n al
on e .
$ 67. Th e tense characteri st i c for the past ten se takes four di fferen tforms , di v i di ng thus th e Kurukh verbs i n to four classes, vi z . ,
for th e
44 x unog g GRAMM AR. [55 67 65 .
masculi n e gender lea, lea, aka and flea and for femi ni n e .d, yd, c d
and j’a ; e .g .
, éu cakes , I broke : co th e root, ka the ten se charac
teri sti c, and u th e pron oun (en) M d to th e latter.
For the future th e ten se characteri sti c i s th e vowel o i n all
person s, numbers an d g enders ; e .g ., en es
’ou ; as the root, 0 the te n se
characteri sti c, and“e'
n th e pronoun combi ned wi th th e latter, g i ves ea’ou,
I wi ll break .
Th e ton se characteri sti c of th e defin i te presen t i s th e consonan t Iwh i ch i s placed between th e modi fied stem of th e verb and th e tensech aracteri sti c of th e i ndefin i te presen t ; e.g . , eu es
’dldau, esd th e modi fied
stem ,i th e ten se characteri sti c of th e i ndefin i te presen t, da th e ten se
ch aracteri st i c of the i n defini te presen t, and u (673) th e pron oun be i ng
added g i ve es’-dl-da-u es
’dldan, I am breaki ng .
Th e remai n i ng ten ses i .e. , th e imperfect, perfect an d pluperfect,h ave no spe ci al tense characte ri sti c, but are formed wi th of
aux i li ary verbs, as wi ll appear later on .
Th ere i s no past future i n Kuruk_ h form ; see further on .
§68. Li st of tense characteri sti cs wi th pronomi nal endi ngs .
Ma‘
s cu llne .
dan . P l. dam,dat.
aa i . dar .
as . nar.
Masculi ne .
8 . loan. P i . loam, kat. or kat.
Isa? kar
P re se n t ten s e .
Fem i n i n e .
8 . en P l. em,(lat.
di
l
P eat ten s e .
Fem i n i ne .
8 . an, P l. am,
i ci . leaf.
a. ai .
as a 4 5
Mas culi ne .
P i . cm, at.
er.
or.
The acti Ve verb eaud, to break.
fNDlOATIVE MOOD.
69. Of the first class, wh i ch forms the past by the i nserti on of the
ten se characteri sti c tea for masculi n e and a for femin i ne and neuter.
PRESENT INDEFINITK TENS E.
Mascul i n e . Fem i n i ne .
S i ng. en sedan , I break . éu es’éfl , I break.
n i u aadai,thou breakest . ”i n tedi
,thou breakest.
as esdas , h e breaks . dd £87, she, ( i t)breaks .
P i . em esdam,we bm k . g ém m’ém, we break.
I II samesdat,we and you break.ndm cede i , we and you break .
ai m cedar, you break . am eada i , you bmak.
i f emar,’ they break. dr swat, th ey lam .
NEUTER PLURAL Ill PERSON .
i brd or abrd i s’i‘
, th ey break .
PAST TENSE.
M ascufine .
En eokan, I broke .
umwh i t, thou brokest.
ds es’as, he broke .
ém eskam, we broke .
ndm eatat, we and you broke .
n i m eskar, you broke .
dr es’ar, they broke .
Future ten se .
Femi n i ne .
8 . on . P 1. cm
09 . or.
6 . Of .
Femi n i ne .
eu es’an
, I broke .
mi n i s“, th ou brokest.
dd ee’d, she , i t broke .
em es’am
, we broke .
nam eskat,we an d you broke .
aim eelcai, you broke .
dr os’ao
’
, they broke.
6 x uaug g GRAMMAR .69 70.
NEUTER P LURAL III PERSON .
{bra or abra es’d, th ey broke .
FUTURE TENSE.
Mas culi n e .
S i ng . én es’an , I shall or wi ll break.
n i n es’oe, thou shalt orwi lt break .
(i s es’bs, h e shall or wi ll break.
P I. Em es’om,we shall or wi ll break .
ndm es’ot,we an d you shall or
wi ll break .
nfm es’or, you shall or wi ll break
ai r cs’or, they shall or wi l l brea
NEUTER P LURAL III PERSON.
i brd or abrd os’c, they wi ll break .
P RESENT DEFIN ITE TENSE.
70. Th i s ten se has two di ffe ren t forms, th e on e be i n g the ori g i nal,
wh i ch i s used by people who have n ot been i nfluen ced by H i n di
an d th e other bei n g a Kurulglzi sed H i ndi form . Th e former takes as i ts
ten se characteri sti c th e con sonan t I added to the modi fied stem of the verb,to wh i ch aga i n th e i n fi ecti on al endi ng of th e presen t i n defin i te i s affi x ed ;th e latter i s formedwi th th e ai d of the H i ndi verb la
'
gnd, to commen ce , to
engage .
I . M asculi n e . Fem i n i n e .
S i ng . (”
an és’dldan
, I am break i n g . oa’dl’én , I am break i ng .
um es’d lda i , thou art breaki n g . ea
’dlah, thou art breaki n g .
ds es’dldas
, h e i s break i n g . oa’dl’i, sh e , i t i s breaki n g .
PI. ém es’dldam, we are break i ng . se
’dl’ém, we are breaki ng .
nam es’dldat, we and you are es
’dldat, we and you are break i n g .
breaki n g .
mmes’dldar, you are breaki ng . rs’dldai , you are breaki ng .
drm’dlnar, they are breaki ng . ea
’dlnaz
’
, they are breaki ng .
Fem i n i n e .
én es’on
,I shall or wi ll break .
Mn es’ce, thou shalt or wi lt break .
dd es’o,sh e, i t sh all or wi ll break .
ém es’om
, we shall or wi ll break .
ndm es’ot
, we and you shall or wi llbreak .
n i m cs’or
, you sh all or wi ll break .
dr es’or
, th ey shall or wi ll break .
5 570 a 47
NEUTER Ill PERSON PLURA L
i brd or abrd ca’dl’l,they are breaki ng .
I I . Th e root of the H i ndi verb lagnd or Bi karz lagdb i s i nsertedbetween the modi fied stem and the i nfiecti on al endi ng s of the defin i tepresen t.
M as culi n e .
Si ng . én es’dlci gdan
n i n ea’dlagdm
'
ci s es’dlagdas
P l. em es’dlagdam
n dm es’dlagda t
NEUTER III PERSON P LURA L.
am or abrd es’dlag
’z, they are breaki n g .
IM PERFEOT TENSE
71 . Thi s ten se apparently i s n otgan ori g i nal Kurukh on e .
I t i s formed by addi ng th e Kurulgn’
zed i nflecti onal past of theverb lagnd to th e modi fied stem of th e verb, v i z
M asculi ne .
Si n g . én es’d lakkan
n i n es’d lakkaz
’
as es‘dlag
’
yas
P l. ém es’dlakkam
M m es’dlakkat
Fem i n i n e .
én es’dlaq
’én
, I am break i n g .
run os’dlagdi , thou art break in g .
dd es’dlag
’i , h e , she , i t i s breaki ng
em es’d lag
’ém, We are breaki ng .
ndm es’dlaydat, we and you are
break i n g .
n i m es’dlagdaz
'
, you are breaki ng .
dr es’d i agnaz
’
, they are bre aki ng .
Fem i n i n e .
fin es’dlagyan , I was break i ng .
mm es’dlakk i , thou wast breaki ng
dd es’dlagyd, h e, sh e , i twas breaki ng .
Em es’dlagyam, we were breaki ng .
mi m es’dlakkat, we and you were
breakin g .
Mm es’dlakka i , you were breakin g .
dr es’dlagyai , th ey were breaki ng .
48 uns ung Gam m a . 71 72.
NEUTER ll AND Ill PERSON P LURA L.
66rd or abrd cs’dlagyd, you, they were breaki ng .
Remark : In the first and second person s ra’alagyan and ra
’alagya i
ra’alagyam, m
’alagyai and raalagyer may also be used.
PERFECT TENSE.
72. Th i s tense i s formed wi th th e ai d of the Kumkh aux i li aryb
‘
é’end, to be,whi ch however i s i ncomplete , havi ng on ly the i ndefin i te presen ttense, v im
M asculi ne .
Si ng. én bé’edcm
mu b‘
é’édaz
‘
(i s bé’edaa
P l. 5m bé’edam
ndm bé’edat
n i m bé’edar
ar bé’enar
NEUTER llt LURA L.
are or card b fi,
‘ they are .
In form i n g th e perfe ct ten se of a verb th e above auxi l i ary i s added toth e full i n flected form of th e past ten se of that verb for all person s, g enders
and n umbers .
M as culi n e . Fem i n i n e
Si ng. an, aalma bé’ealan an i ski n bé
’én , I have broken, or {sk i be’én .
um eskai bé’cdat
' “i nM ! bé’
i di, or 65321 5 thou hast broken .
as eskas bé’edas ad {ski bi
’i , h e, sh e, i t h as broken .
P l. 2m. askam bé’edam Em i skim,
bé’ém, we have broken, or i ski bé
’ém
nam aslfat b'
é’edat ndm eakat bé
’edat,we and you have broken .
a i m askar bé’edar a im oska i bé
’eda i
, you have broken.
ai r askar bé’enar ar eskai bé
’enai , they haye bmken.
Fem i n i ne .
e’
u bé’én , I am .
ambi’i dl , thou art .
dd bl’i , he , sh e , i t i s .
em be’em,we are .
ndm bé’édat, we and you
mm bé’edm'
, you are .
dr bé’enai , they are.
60
M asculi n e ,
do ra’ald gdda ;
3m rd’ni agdam
ndm ra’alagdat
a im ra’d ldgdar
dr m’alagna r
Kunugg GRAMMAR . 74-75 '
NEUTER m,PERSON- FLORA L.
I brd e r abrd ra’alag
’i,they fare remai n i n g .
Masculi ne .
Si ng . m’alakkan
wa’alakkd z'
Imperf e c t .
Fem i n i ne .
ra’alag
’an , I was remai n i n g .
m’d lakk
’i, thou wast remai n i ng .
rd’alakkas or rd
’d lagyas ra
'
d lagyd, h e , sh e , i t was remai n i n g .
Plur. rd’d lakkam or ra
’aldgyam ra
’alag
’ém
,we were remai n i ng .
ra’alakkd t or ra
’a i’dgyat rd
’alagdat, we and you were remai n i n g
rd’alak/car or ra
’d lagyar ra
’alakkai
, you were remai n i ng .
ra’alagyar ra
’alag na i , they were remai n i ng .
NEUTER m,P ERSON—PLURA L .
I brd or d brd rd’aldyyd, they were remai n i ng .
M as c uli ne .
Si n g . ra’ckd n
ra’ckd i 1 ;
rd’cd s
ra’ckum
rd’ckat
m’okdr
rna’cdr .
P ast t e n s e .
Femi n i ne .
dd ra’alag
’i , he , sh e, i t i s remai n i ng .
ém ra’alag
’ém
,we are remai n i n g .
ndm m’alag dd t, we and you are remai n i n g .
fn i m ra’alagdaz
’
, you are remai n i ng .
dr'
ra’aldgnai , they are remai n i ng .
Fem i n i n e .
rd’c’an
,I rema i n ed.
m’ok i
, thou rema i nedst.
ra’cd
, h e , she , i t remai n ed.
ra’c’ém,
‘we remai n ed.
i ra’c kd t
, we an d you remai n ed.
m’ckaz
’
, .you remai n ed.
ra’c’a i,they remai n ed.
$ 576 a
NEUTER Ill. PERSON- PLU RAL.
I brd or abrd ra’cd
, they remai n ed.
M asculi n e .
ra’ckan be
’edon
ra’cka i b
'
é’edai
ra’ekae bé
’edas
ra’ckam bé
’cddm
ra’ckat te
’edai
ra’char bé
’
edat
ra’ckar bé
’endr
P erfec t.
Fem i n i ne .
ra’an bé
'
én , I have rema i n ed .
ra’ck i bi
’e’
di,thou hast remai n ed.
ra’a’d bi
’i,
h e,sh e h as remai n ed.
ra’c’ém bé
’ém, we have remai n ed.
ra’ckat bé
’edat,we and you have remai n ed.
ra’cka i bé
’edat
'
, you have remai n ed.
ra’c’ac
’
bé’can e',they have remain ed .
NEUTER i ll, PERSON- FLURA L.
l7nd or abrd rd’c’d bi
’i,they have remai n ed .
Mas culi n e .
S i ng .
Futur e .
Fem i n i n e .
NE‘
UTER m,PERSON—PLURA L.
Ibrd or abrd na’o, they wi ll remai n ,
of th e v erb Esn a .
Mas culi n e .
Si ng . é n eskan rd’ckan
v ei n“loc i ra’ckdc’ én i sh'
n ra’o’an, I had broken .
Mn iski ra’cki , thou hadst'broken .
61
én ra’on
, I wi ll, shall remai n .
s i n ra’oe, thou wi lt, shalt remai n .
dd rd’d,h e , sh e , i t wi ll, shall remai n .
ém m’om, we wi ll, shall remai n .
ndm ra’dt, we and you wi ll, shall remai n .
a i m ra’or, you wi ll, shall remai n .
dr ra’er, they wi ll, shall remai n .
5 2 Ke n ny ; e u n m a . 76 78.
Mas culi n e . Fem i n i n e .
Si ng . da eskds ra’c’as dd {ski f a
’c’d, h e
, sh e, i t had broken .
P lur. Em esksm rd’ckam Em askam ru
’c’dm
,we had broken .
9adm eskat ra’ckat n dm eskat ra
’ckd i
,we and you had broken .
a i m eskar ra’cl’mr ndm eat/i i ra
’cka i
,you had broke n .
dr eskar ru’c’ar dr eskd i m
’cno i
,they had broken .
NEU TER m,PERSON—PLURA L .
I brd or abrd i ski ra c d, they had broken .
Past Futur e .
The Kurulgjz has n o spec i al form for th e pas t future , butwi th the help ofthe (grace d, to complete , th e mean i n g of a futurum eractum i s brough tout, i f we add the future ten se of th i s verb to th e modi fied stem of the
precedi n g verb, v i z .
M as cu i i n e .Fem i n i n e .
Si ng . en es’d lghac
’on th e same
,I shall or wi ll have broken .
n i n es’d Lhac
’oe di tto
,thou shalt or wi lt have broke n .
as cs’d Ic
_hacE
’
s dd es’d Ignac
’o,he
,sh e , i t shall or wi ll have broken .
P lur. em es’d Ig_
hac’om the same , we shall or wi ll have broken .
rzam ec’d khac
’dt di tto we an d you shall or wi ll have broken .
Mm es’d Iglzac
’cr di tto you shall or wi ll have broken .
dr es’d Igbac
’or di tto they sh all or wi ll have broken .
NEU [ER lli,PERSON—P LURAL.
1 6rd or abrd es’d fl i ac
’o, th ey have broken .
§78. B es i des g race d, th e H i ndi verb cuknd, to fin i sh, i s also employed
i n the formati on of the past future , cuknd be i ng Kurulglzi sed i n to cukrnd, thefuture ten se of whi ch i s added to th e root of the precedi ng verb, vi z .
M as culi ne . Fem i n i ne a nd Ne ute r.
Si ng . En es’cukr
’cn En
’cs
’culf r
’on, I shall or wi ll have broken .
N i n es”autr
’ac mmes’cukr’oe, thou shalt orwi lt have broken.
78 5 3
M as culi n e . Fem i n i ne and Ne ute r.
Si ng . A s es’cukr
’ds dd es
’cukr
’o, h e , she , i t shall or wi ll have broke n .
Em es’cukr
’om Em es
’cukr
'
om,we shall or wi ll h ave broken .
N dm cs’cukr
’ct admes
’oukr
’ct we and you shall or wi ll have broken .
N i m es’cukr
’or n i m es
’cabr
’ar
, you shall or wi ll have broken .
A r es’cukr
’dr dr ea
’cukr
’
dr, th eyzshall or wi ll have broke n .
NEUTER Ii i,PERSON—P LURA L.
I brd or abrd jes’cukr
’o.
C.— ‘I'h e Subjun c ti ve
§79 . Th i s mood i s also employed for th e poten ti al and optati ve ; but i t i svery defecti ve, hav i n g on ly on e ten se th e presen t i ndefin i te , whi ch i s formedby th e suffix nek/c
’d,whi ch i s added to the i nflected form of the present
i ndefin i te i n di cati ve mood, v i z
M as culi n e .
Si ng . En sedan
n'
m cedas'
de esdas
P lur. Em cedam
adm esdat
n im cedar
dr emar
NEUTER Ill, PERSON- P LURA L .
Ibrd or abrd es’d nekk
’d, they may break .
§ 80. Bes i des th e above form,the subjun cti ve may be e x pressed also by
th e future i ndi cati ve , v i z .,En as
’on , I may break, etc . There i s, however,
a sli gh t di ff eren ce i n the mean i ng of th e two, whi ch may be i llustrated bythe followi ng ex ample : ndm aedai nekk
’d, we may break or let us break, and
I may break.
thou mayst break .
he , she , i t may break.
we may break .
we an d you may break.
you may break.
they may break.
5 4 x unug g GRAMM A R . [gt81.-82.
n dm es’Et, wh i ch has th e samemeani ng , but wi th th i s di fference that wh i lst
th e former i mpli es that the acti on i s to be don e i mmed i ate ly after a g i venmomen t or the completi on of a g i ven acti on , th e latter denote s that i t i s to
be don e i n the i mmedi ate future .
Th e subjun ct i ve i s formed also by th e appli cat i on of th e conjun cti on sEkdti and Ekdn d, that or i n order that, c. g . ,
csang i ai d, Ekdti (Ekdna)En i dz'
n
csdannekk’
d (or cc’cn), han d me the ploughshare that I may break thi s.
D .—Th e Con di t i on al M ood .
81 . The condi t i on al i s formed by i n se rti ng th e con jun cti on koi E, then ,between the condi ti on al clause and th e completi ve part of the sen ten ce , an dby adding fin ally th e con jun ct i on pahE, however, 1 1 1 hypotheti cal sen ten ce s
,
e .g . i f you break thi s , I wi ll beat you , i di n ea’or holE, n i md n ldu
’on . If you
broke th i s, I would beat you : i di n eskd1 , /zoZEm'
man Id u’on pakE. It must
be noted that th e past con di ti onal always puts th e verb of the completi ngclause i n th e future i ndi cati ve . In th e same man n er th e pluperfect of th econdi ti onal i s formed : If th ou hadst broken th i s , I would have beaten you ,
i di n eskar rd’d ckdr, holE n iman lau
’o n p dhE. Other e x ample s, future i f h e
break thi s , i t wi ll be we ll, i di n es’os , hatEddu mane past i f he broke thi s ,
i twould be well, i di n es’d s lzclEddu mane p al pluperfect : i f h e had broken
th i s , hi t would have bee n well, i di n askd s rd’c’
as,holE ddu md nd p dl .
REM AR x.—P d l i s elli pti cal, leav i ng someth i ng to be added, vi z .
, that
th e condi ti on had not be en fulfilled,and there fore th e con sequen ce di d n ot
happen or ln eed n ot be carri ed out Idi n eskd i m’aoka i , hoiE n iman
lauon pal thou di dst n ot break i t, therefore I n eed not beat th ee .
E —Th e Imperati v e M ood .
g 82 . Thi s mood 1‘
s formed by addi ng'
e i ther the vowel d or th e
syllable'
lcEto th e root of the verb both for the s i n gular arid plural number.
In‘
the femi ni ne tad neuter 'sihgular‘
as Well as i n the n euter plural th i s d i s
i t 82 65
chan ged i nto d i
, and whe n women speak to women th e d i s changed i n to E.
Ex ample
S i ngular .P lural.
Masc. N i n es’d,thou break . N lm card , you break .
Fem. N i n es’ai , d i tto. N i m es
’d , di tto.
Neut. N di tto. N i m ca’d z
’
,di tto.
Femi n i n e (for use among women) n i m es’
E, you break .
Th e form IcE i s employed wh en a more fami li ar or]l mi lder sort of
i mperati ve i s i n tended or when the fulfilmen t cf_
the |acti on commanded i s
n ot expected to be accompli shed at on ce . Illustrati on : Bar’d, come ! at
on ce); bd r’kE, come (i f you please). KE remai n s un altered i n all genders an d
both numbers . In a s imi lar way he and Ico’e are employed as a ki nd of
m i ld imperati ve , e .g ., bar’kobar
’ko
’c, come kdlko, kdl
’
ko’e, go Compare th e
Mundari poli te imperati ve kc sen/come, please go. K6 and ko’e are
li kewi se added to th e mi ld i mperati ve : barkEkc, barleEj ro’
e the former
i s used when men or boys are addressed, the latte rwhen g i rls are addressed:
Compare 1 39.
£3 83. In th e i rregular verb kd’d nd, to go, n ot only the past te nse
but also the imperati ve mood i s formed i n a spec i al man n er ; i t has [ca/d ,
g o, for masculi n e si ng ular an d plural kd ld z'
for th e femi n i n e an d n euters i n gular and n euter plural, an dml
’Efor th e plural amon g women .
The i mperati ve may be i n ten si fied by such words as khacnd , to
complete , an d capad, to fulfil, es’d khac
'
d would mean be sure to break
an d es’d cap
’d , break qui ckly ”
. Th e forms for th e other g enders are
es’ai Ig_hac
’d i , es
’ai cap
’a i , os
’E lghdc
’E, es
’E cap
’E. Of course , th e future also
may be employed imperati vely : En dndan j di n n i n es’oe
,I te ll you , you
wi ll (have to)break th i s . L i kewi se th e subjun cti ve i s used as an i mpera
ti ve : dr i di n es’narnekkd, may they break thi s . There i s n o hon ori fic
i mperati ve i n Kurukh besi des kEwh i ch resembles i t somewhat .
F .—Th e Infi n i ti v e M ood .
84 . Th e i nfin i ti ve endi n g of the verb i s sometimes con s i deredto he a d ; but th i s end i n g i s probably borrowed from th e H i n di grammar.
The genu i ne i orm of .th i s mood seems tobe an a added to th e root of the verb
5 6 x usugg Gam m a. 84 d 85 .
for i f we wi sh to say : to break, for th e purpose of breaki ng , we can n ot say
a nd yé, but must say esd 96 or s i mply esd e .g ., an sad g'
e'
Ica’ada tg or better
én esd ka’adan , I go to break . The i n fin i t i ve form of th e verb hasof
course the character of a verbal noun , and i s therefore decli nable and i s usedas a matter of course also adject i vely.
76. Esnd , to break or the break i ng .
Si ng ular.
sand, th e breaki n g .
08nd gah i , of th e breaki n g .
esud yé, to the break i ng
canon, th e break i ng .
sand (5, from th e breaki ng .
esnd tra, by th e breaki ng .
sand m),i n the break i n g .
EXAM PL ES .
Esnd altha nalakh ra’i, break i n g i s a di fficult work .
Esnd gah i or an dr’d, bri n g the tools for breaki ng .
Esnd yé’
ép M an na manj d , to th e break i ng steali n g of the'
r0pe was
added.
A oo. Esndn n ebbd na i akb ambd org’d,do n ot thi n k that breaki ng
i s li ght work .
Esmd ti endr mano .
9 from th e break i n g what wi ll happen PEsnd mi sawan g car ra
'
i,i n breaki ng force i s requ i red.
G . P art i c i ple s .
5 85 . The Kurukh parti c i ples are
A . A dverbz'
al p arti c ip les—On e i s formed by th e addi ti on of th e s i g n
of th e locati ve ease ml , th e emphas i zed form of wh i ch i s num ml i s al so
combi n ed wi th th e ablati ve case-s i gn ti emphasi zed : ti m,matim. These
ten se characteri st i cs are added to the root of the verb ; e .g .,esnum and
m u“; ti or esna ti m
, break i n g . They are th e s ame i n all n umbers, person s
and gen ders ; eanum i s also repeated : as esnum esnum bardlagyac, he came
P lural.
esndgufi u’
, the break i n g s .
esndguflzi gaka’
, of the breaki ng s .
esna'
gutk i 95 , to the breaki n g s .
esnagufiai n , th e break i n gs.
esnagu flJn ti , from the break i ng s .
esndgugf/zz'
tra, by the breaki n gs .
esnagugfbi ml , i n th e breaki ngs .
75 8 1 03 05 3 GRAM MAR . 87-90
g 87. Conj un ctz’
ce parti c iples—Th ese are formed i n di fferentways
(a) By addi ng th e g overn i ng verb to th e i nflected form of the precedi n g
v erb an d by mak i ng th e latter agree wi th the former i n n umber, g en der,
person and te n se e .g .
,as es
’as lbarcas , havi n g broken h e came ; an esdcm
ka’adan , breaki n g I go
‘
én es’on kd
’on
,breaki n g I wi ll go.
(6)By i n serti ng the tense characteri sti c lei betwe en th e precedi ng i n flect
ed verb and the govern i ng verb, maki n g th em agree both as to number,
g ender,person and ten se . Example : 5 13 carri ers kt lea’adan
, havi ng broken
I go ; é’
n es’on lei lea
’cn
, breaki ng I wi ll go ; en eslean lei barckan , havi ng broke n
I came .
(0)By i n serti ng lei between the mod i fied root of th e govern ed verb, to
wh i ch the first characte ri sti c r has already been added and the pri n ci pal
verb ; en es’ar lei Iea
’ad 'm
,havi n g broke n I go ;
‘
eu cs’ar lei lea
’on , havi ng
broken I wi ll
go ; 611 cs'
ar lei bars/earl , hav i n g broken I came .
88.Whe n i t i s i ntended to emphasi ze th e acti on of the con jun cti va
part i c i ple , th e word dard i s added to th e same ; as es’as dard kéras as es
’d
dara leéras, breaki ng or havi ng broken h e wen t ; as es’és dara
'
lea’os, as es
’ar
dara kd’c'
s , hav i ng broken h e wi ll go ; but dard cannot be combi n ed wi th
lei because the latter denotes already i n tens i ty or completi on of act i on .
89. When th e govern i n g n oun stands i n th e imperati ve , any of th e
precedi n g forms of the con j un cti ve parti ci ple may be employed : es’d kala
es’d dara leala cs
’ar kala, es
’ar dara leald
,es’a lei kala, as
’ar le i kald, breaki n g
or havi n g broken g o. The femi n i n e forms are : es’ar’
kala i and es’é leal
'
es’az
‘
dara kala i‘
an d cs’é (lard kale es
’ar leala i an d es
’ar kale cs
’ar dard kalac
'
and es’ar dara. kal
’é es
’a i le i [ax ia l and ask lei kalé cs
’dr lei lec la i and cs
’ar ki
lea'
l’e, havi n g broken go.
H .
—N oun of A g en cy .
90. Th e n oun of ag ency i s formed by addi ng the vowel a to the root
of th e verb, whether i t e nds i n a con sonant or i n a vowel ; i f the verb beg i n swi th th e vowel c, th e latter i s chang ed i n toi , send, to break, es, the root, i sa,i ndef . , a person who breaks ; zs
’us
,de f .
,th e on e who breaks ; i sm ,
th e person s
who break owed, to eat, ah a, an eater ; 12mm, th e eater, flnur, th e eaters .
ss 90 s 5 9
Th e declen si on of th e n oun of age ncy i s regu lar.
Sa‘
fl gular . P lural.
the breaker or the breaki n g on e . I s’ur
,the breaki n g
on es .
G . I s’us gah i , of the breaker or the breaki ng on e . I s
’ur gu l n
'
,of the breaki n g
on es .
D . I s’us 96, to th e breaker or th e breaki ng on e . I s
’urgé,
A c . Is’us i n
,th e breaker or th e breaki n g one . I s
’ur i n ,
A bl. I s’us t i from,
by the breaker or th e break I s’ur ti ,
I n st. I s’us tra i ng on e . I s
’ur trr
‘
e
Loo. I s’us ml
, i n th e breaker or the breaki ng on e . I s’ar mi
,
Fem . Si ng . I s’a j P lur. es
’ar.
Neut. Is’a j i s
’a.
I .—Th e d i ff e ren t c lass e s of th e v erb .
5 9 1 . It has been e x plai n ed already how the Kuruli h'
verbs , thoughthey have but on e con jugat i on , may be di vi ded i n to four di fi ere n t classe s
,
accordi n g to the vari ous man ners i n wh i ch th e ten se characteri sti c of the i r
past ten se i s formed .
On e class , taki n g lea and a respecti vely as ten se’characteri sti c , has be en
ex empli fied by the con jugati on of th e verb csna’
; cslean,masculi n e , es
’én
,
femi n i n e , I broke , and cs’as and es
’d, he and sh e broke .
Anoth er class takes lea and ya as tense characteri sti c : e x ample , an na,
Masculi ne . Neute r.
Si n g . En ankan ;
N i t. dnka i ;
1 1 8 dug/as ;
Plur. Em dukam ;
to the breaki n g
on es .
the breaki ng
on e s.
from or by th e
breaki ng on es .
i n th e breaki ng
ones .
Fem i n i n e .
dnyan ; I sai d or di d say.
dnki ; thou sai dst or di ds t say.
dd‘
d'
nyd ; dd dnyd, he, sh e, i t sai d or di d say.
’
anyam ; we sai d or di d say.
60 un sung GBAK MAB. 91 92.
.Plur, . Nam anleat we and you sai d or di d say.
N i ne dalear ; an lei , you sai d or di d say.
d nyar dag/d, they sai d or di d say .
‘
Th e thi rd class takes as i ts ten se characteri sti c cleft and c’d
re specti vely : e x ample , barn d, to come
Neute r .
The fourth class takes j lea i’a as
ten se : example , manna, to do
Fem i n i no. Neute r.
I di d.
92. It 1 8 imposs i ble to lay down gen eral rules as to th e classi ficat i on“0of Kuruleh verbs, to th e termi n ati on of the i r roots . H owever, th ereare some rules, as useful gu i i the i ‘cot of
the verb ends 1 n ( double vowel, or i f i rom g i n di , we
I came.
thou camest.h e
,sh e , i t came .
we came .
we and you earns .
you came .
theycame :
characteri sti c for the
nanj d, h e , she, i t di d.
we di d.
we an d youdi d .
sang/er, you di d.
nanjd,
55 92 a 61
Runs I .—If the root of the verb ends in a double vowel, as ca
, ca, 1 1 or
00,i t i n vari ably takes ol d and c
’c respect i vely as i ts ten se characte ri st i c
for the past ; e .g .
,ba
’ana, to speak, bdcleau, bdcas , bac
’em
,bard ; bé
’and
,to bi nd
,
lzéclccm, lzécas, lni c’an
,lzéca c i
’i na, to gi ve, ole/ran
,m as
,c i c
’an
, c i ca ; lzo’omi ,
to take away, oclca"
, ocas, oc’an
,oca.
RU LE II .-A ll H i ndu i zed verbs or verbs deri ved from H i n di , espec i ally
tran si t i ve s , also take c’lea an d c
’d i n th e past ten se ; as li lcla
’clcan
, I wroteli klz
’cas
,h e wrote ; dagc
’lcan
,I marked ; chutc
’lean, I got fre e .
REMARK.—Th ere are man y more verbs wh i ch take Wm, M i n th e
past, both tran s i t i ves and i n tran s i ti ves , whi ch cann ot be brought under
any defin i te rule .
Runs II I.—A ll pass i ve verbs and all i n tran si ti ve and rec i procal verbs,
th e roots of wh i ch end i n r take lea an d a i n th e past ten se ; e. g khatrnd,
khatrkan , I fell ; p i firna, p e'
tras, he was ki lled ; leacnalem d, leacnakrlrar ;
you spoke amon g yourse lves .
RULE IV.—Tran si ti ve verbs g en erally take lean an d yan as ten se
character i st i cs of the past ten se : leaj na, leaj lean . I pressed down ; kaj yd, sh e
pressed down ; llzi glnd, lz'
zzdlean , I kneaded ; lz'
nqd, she kn a ded ; natagna,natagkan , I drew, n atagg/a, she drew.
K —Th e P as s i v e Vo i ce .
93. The formati on of the Pass i ve voi ce i n th e Kami la]; lan guag e i s
very s i mple, n o aux i li ary be i n g n eeded for th i s purpose , n oth i n g beyon dthe i n serti on of th e voi ce character i sti c con son an t r between th e root an dthe i n flecti on al termi n ati on of th e acti ve
‘voi ce, these i n flecti ons bei n g th esame as i n the i ndi cat i ve mood.
A ct1 ve v01 ce : sand, to break pass i ve voi ce , csrna, to be broken .
Conj ugati on
Mas culi n e .
Si ng . En esrdan , I‘
am broken .
.Nm cardai, thou art broken .
A} csrdas, he i s broken .
P re se n t In defi n i te .
Fem i n ine .
En csr’én
, I am broken .
Jt'
tn esrdi, thou art broken .
ri d esr’i , she
, i t i s broken .
62 un s ung e nn u n x . [5
Masculi ne. t i m'
n c.
Em csrdam, we are broken . Em car’em, we are broken .
Nam esrdat, we and you are broken . Nam csralat, we and you
broke n
N i m csrdar, you are broken . N i m csrclae'
, you are broke n .
f i r sern ur,they are broken . A i r esrnaz
’
,they are broke n .
The n euter plural, s econd and th i rd person s : esrdi and csr’i .
P re se n t Defi n i te .
M A SCUL INE.
En esr’aldan
,em esr
’aldam,
etc . , I am and we are be i n g broke n
or
En esr’alagdan , em esr
’alagdam, e tc. , I am and we are be i n g broken .
FEM INlNE.
En csr’al’ém, em csr
’dl
’ém
,etc . , I am and we are be i ng broken
or
En ers’alag
’én , c
'
m esr’alag
’ém, etc .,
I am an dwe are be i ng broken .
IM PERFECT .
En csr’dlaleli am em esr
’alagyan , I was be i n g broken .
P AST TENSE.
En csr’lean, én esr
’an
,I was broken .
PERFECT .
En esr’li an be’edon ,
‘
én m k in be’en , I have been broken .
PLUPERFECT.
En esr’lean ra
’aclean, eu errlein f a
’co’un , I had been broken .
FUTURE.
Eu-esr’on , and tom ,
I wi ll,‘shall be broken :
s ca
PA ST Fl ! TURE.
En car’lgbac
’on or csr
’oukr
’on , maso. and fem .,
I wi ll , shall have be enbroke n .
A DVERB IA L AND A DJEOTIVE PA RTIC IP LES .
P re s . ,csr
’num,
esr’num csr
’num, esr
'n um dam, esr
’mm
, car’n ct im
be i ng broken , i sra, be i ng broken , be i n g breakable .
P ast , csr’lcd, havi ng been broken .
00NJUNOTIVE PA RT IOIFLKB .
Esrac, csras dard, etc. , (he)bei n g broken .
Esraslei ,
Esrar dard , (he) di tto.
Errarlei , O1 9) di tto.
ADVERB IA L PART IC IP LE.
Es r’aMari am, on be i ng broken , i n the act of be i n g broke n .
INFINITIVE.
Erm a, to be broken g erund, csm d gal u'
,etc .
IM PERAT IVE.
Esr’d , masc . ; asr
’a i
,fem. s i ng . , csr
’é,fem . pl., be broken .
NOUN OF AGENCY.
oa
co p a j o
I nr u, mde . zsr ar,osr us
, def . on e , on es , the on e, who 1 3 (are)broke n .
CONJUNOTIVE OR OPTATIVE.
Mace . i s esrdasncl'le’d dd esr’d n elck
’d, h e , she, i t may be broken .
M asc an d fem . J r ssrnarnelck’d, they may be broken .
Di tto, Nam car’datn elek
’a, we and you may be broken .
64 x naug an i m us . 96-98.
L .—Ou th e formati on of In tran s i ti ve and Tran s i ti ve Verbs .
96. Th e letter r , th e voi ce characteri sti c of the passwe , 1 s used i n
chan gi n g a tran s i t i ve verb i n to an i n tran si ti ve , for i nstance :
A ssad, to play an mstrumen t ; asrnd, to tremble , to v i brate .
g randad, to collect ; lglwzqrnd, to assemble .
Tébnd, to ext i n gu i sh, put out tébrnd, to be ext i ngu i shed, go out.
Ej ad, to awake , to waken aj rud, to be awake .
g utte d, to break, smash ; lghottrnd, to break, get smashed.
Kolnd, to open ; lcalma, to be open ed, g et open ed.
Th e pass i ve verb frequen tly serves as an i n tran si ti veEsrnd, to be broken ; to break i n two.
Ebsrnd , to be lost to get lost .
5 97. In tran s i ti ve s are chan ged i n to tran s i t i ves by affix i ng a double
as to the root of th e i n tran si ti ve verb ; e .g .,marlgbnd , to be di rty ; markba
’ana,
to soi l, to make di rty éfisrdd , to come i n touch : étsra’and,to touch, to reach
at. A lso by employ i n g th e cau sal form : K i tnd, to rot ; lei tta
’and (to cause
to rot), to destroy ; bi tn d, to cook, boi l, i n tr. bi lta’and, to caus e to boi l, to
cook ; tran s . lglmrlglmd to sound, Mzarlgbtdand, to tun e ; g randm a, to
sleep ; l_e_handrtd ed, to put to sle ep ; leundrnd , to be born , leundrtd’and
,to
beget, gen erate ; mennd, to hear, mentd’and
,to te ll se e also 5 89.
M .
-Cau sal Verbs .
§ 98. Causal verbs are formed by the i n serti on of th e syllable td’a
between the root and the i nflecti on al en di ngs of the acti ve verb : csnd,cstd
’fmd
,to cause to break be si des th i s i n serti on no chang e whate ver take s
place i n the con jugati on of causal verbs, td’a be comes to
’o i n the future and
i s often con tracted i n to td i n th e past ten se-eEu estd
’adan , I cause to break ; én estoca
, I wi ll, shall cause to break
alsos std’on .
Pres. i nd. N i n estd’adal, thou bausest to bre ak ; rai n esto
’oe, thou wi lt,
shalt cause to break.
Pres . de l . En eetd’
alagdan , I am ce asi ng to break .
66 1 173 175 3 Gu n man . 100-1 02 .
Th e pri n ci pal are
Ka’an d, to go lee) lean or leerlean
, I wen t lrala, go.
H o’ond, to take away ; oclean
, I took away hc’a,take away .
Ui nd, to plough ; usslean , I ploughed ayd, plough ; a i yon , I wi ll
lough .
fi o’ma, to measure lgboi lean , I measured ; Maya, measure .
g amma or lglzoynd , to out g rai n , to reaped ; Mag/on ,
shall reap.
Qattnd,to smash ; lsbattlean , I smashed ; legi otton , I wi ll smash .
Noll/ad,nulllean , to take water i n to on e
’s hand.
K hossnd , to cut, di g ; khattlean , I dug ; lsbossd, di g .
P ben d, to rai n ; posed, i t rai n ed p teyo, i t wi ll rai n .
Nanj nd, to pai n nuncd , i t pai ned nay’o, i t wi ll pai n .
0mm,to dri nk , eat on a
’lean
,drank, ate 6nd
,dri nk, eat.
O.—D e f e cti v e Ve rb s .
§ 1 01 . Of those , bé’end. to be , has be en de s cri bed already ; another i s
taldan , I am, wi th th e correspon di n g n egati ve ve rb maldan,I am n ot. Of
taldan we have n o other form ; what i s le ft i s only a double form for th e
presen t ten se th e first may be called the i ndefin i te , the other th e de fin i te
presen t .
M as cu li n e . Ne ute r.
Si n g ular Enl
taldan
N i n taldaz'
A'
s talc/as
P lu mb . Em taldam
.Nam taldat
N i m taldar
ai r talnar ;
I am .
thou art .
h e, sh e , i t i s .
we are .
you and we are .
you are .
they are .
smama] 07
M ascuni ne . Fem i n ln e . Neute r.
Si ngular En lalyem talg/én , I am .
N i n talyaz'
; talyi thou art.
[ a talg/as ; talyd he, sh e i t i s .
P lural E’m talyam talyém, we are .
Ndw talyat talyat, we and you are .
Nm talyar talyat'
taly i , you are .
J r talyar talgar talyd, th ey are .
Examples showi n g the di ff e ren ce i n mean i ng of the se two prese nt formsA s gollas taldas mean s h e i s a lan dlord ds paddantd gollas talyas , h e
i s th e landlord of th e v i llag e .
The coun terpart or n egat i ve form of taldan i s maldan , wh i ch h as threedi fleren t forms for the prese n t ten se, but n o form for any other ten se .
Con ju gat i on of maldan . I am n ot.
Mas c uli n e . Fem i n i n e . Ne ute r.
Si n gular En maldan ma l’én ,
N i n malda i
1 8 maldas
P lural Em maldam
Nam maldat
N i m maldar ; malda i
f i r malyar or malnar, malyaz'
or malyar
Or
Si n gular En malyan malt/en ,
N i n malyai malyi ,
21-
3 malyas dd mal’i
P lural Em malt/am malg/am,
N dm malyat malv/al ,
N i m malyar malya i
J r malyar malyar
Or
I am n ot .
thou art n ot.
h e , sh e , i t i s n ot.
we are n ot.
we an d you are not.
you are n ot.
they are n ot .
I am n ot .
thou art n ot .
h e, she , i t i s not .
we are not.
we an dyou are n ot.
you are n ot.
they are not.
68 x c s c g c am e ra . 104-1 05 .
Masculi n e . Fem i n i n e .
Si ngular En mallean malycm ,
NM malleal ;
.Zi a mall /( as ; malle i ,
Pural Em malleam
Ndm malleal
R emark s on maldan .
Maldan i s i n defin i te En bélan mat/an , I am n ot a ki ng .
M ale/an i s defi n i te : Al'
s bélkh zntd bélas male/as, h e i s n ot th e ki n g of
the state . M allem i s also defin i te . Th e di ffere n ce betwee n malyan an d
mat/can i s th i s th e form er i s used i n a qual i tat i ve sen se én m zlyan , I am
n ot, i .e . ,th e on e you suppcse wh i lst mat/ea): i s u se l i n a locat i ve sen se , en
mallean , I am n ot h ere or there ; ds crpd ml ra’as I s h e at hom e? A
‘
s mallcas,
h e i s n ot (at home); i s uj j ndm ra’as .
9 Is h e st i ll ali ve An
a malleas , h e i s not
i .e . , ex i sti n g here or there , h e i s dead .
M aldan , malyan or malkcm i s a de fecti ve n egat i ve verb. B es i de s i t thereare two more n egati ve verbs i n Kuruleh wh i ch, however, are complete i nall tenses ; v i z, th e counterparts of a lgbnd , to kn ow and on
’
g nd , to be able
n amely, baln d , to kn ow n ot ; p oled , to be unable . They are con jug atedregularly an d take lea, an
,a i n th e past as th e characteri st i c of that te n se
En baldc n , I do n ot kn ow; n i u baldaz'
,thou does t n ot kn ow; as p ola
’ds , he
can not, i s un able ; dr polar , they wi ll be un able ; én polledn , I could not
dd bal’dlagyd , sh e di d n ot know.
P .
- Th e re c i procal au x i l i ary M iam i to be or act to
ward s on e an oth er .
§ 105 . In form i n g re ci procal verbs we have to add m krnd e i ther toth e root of th e ve rb or to i ts modi fied stem, as th e case may be . The
latter takes place when ever th e verb belon g s to those classes wh i ch form
I am n ot.
thou art n ot.
h e,sh e , i t i s n ot.
we'
are n ot.
we and you are
n ot.
you are n ot.
they are not.
55 1 05 69
the i r past te nse by tak i ng air or j le as ten se characteri st i c . The con jugat i oni s qu i te regular, but i t must be kept i n mi nd that nakrud appli es on ly to the
plural n umber.
Examples
Ernakrnd, to look upon on e an other kébnakrnd , to abuse one an other ;Iaucn alernd, to beat on e an other ; mcnj nalernd, to ask on e another. N i m
cmlr érnalcrdar, Why do y ou look at each other N i m ambd kébnakr’d,
Don’t abuse each other ! Er i n é
'
rleé'
dr laucnalero’cr
,see to them ,
they wi llbeat e ach other. A r laucuakra
’
layyar, they were beati ng e ach other.
In a few i n stan ces th e addi t i on of nalern d to th e root of th e verbcon veys th e i dea that th e act i on represen ted by th e latter i s be i ng done i n
compan y or wi th others thus bon’
g n nlerud, to run away on e wi th an othe r.
Nakrud further den otes habi t or abi l i ty to do som e thi n g : én K urukl z
leacnalerclan I am able to speak U rdo or I am i n the habi t of speaki n g U rdo.
Kacnalernd really mean s to talk wi th or to on e an other,i . e . , con verse .
5 1 06 . A lon g wi th nalernd th e postpos i t i on 9771 6, wi th, i s employed,when i t i s n ece ssary to den ote rec i procal acti on be i ng don e be tween two
di st i n ct part i e s, e .g .,métar mule/ear gan é laucnalernar , th e men wi th th e
women are beat i n g on e an other, i .e . , th e men on th e on e s i de an d th e
women on th e other are beati ng each othe r. M é tar mule/car laucnalernar
mean s : men an d women are beati n g on e an othe r (wi thout havi n g formedtwo di fferen t parti e s).
The reflex i ve pron oun tri m i n th e locati ve case from tdm mi i s also
employed alon g wi th nalernd for th e same purpose as gané melar malekar
tam tdm mi laucnalernar, th e men and th e women are beati n g on e another,among st themselves, i a , be i ng two separate part i es . M é tnr mulelear tdm ml
launar would mean ,that th e men and the women are quarrelli ng be tween
themse lves .
$ 1 07. The pass i ve voi ce characteri st i c r i s made use of to formreflexi ve verbs, e .g . ,
mdj lmd, towash an other’s face maj lzrnd, to wash on e’s
own face larkharnd, to stumble over on e
’s own fee t i nj rnd , to blow one’s
own n ose n imrdrnd,to mend on e
’s own ways named, towash "fir/trad
, to
wash on e’s self.
70 1 1711 05 3 GRAMM AR} [g 1 08.
R .
—Comp oun d Verbs.
5 1 08. There are many compound verbs i n Kurulgz, v i z .
On e class i s formed by th e combi n at i on of a verb wi th an un i nflected
n oun th e former be i n g con jugated regularly. They may be called nom
i n als, though i n reali ty they are rather i di omat i c phrases .
Example s
fl an élglmd, to sleep, li t. to shade or cool th e eyes .
d ém d, to expect , li t. to see th e way.
K li'
élyl i'
él érnd , to spy , li t. to look towards th e earth .
A de Erna, to envy, li t. to be squ i n t-eyed .
E GO] lglza’ana, to take on th e back , to li ft, to st00p .
M cfij rd manna, to salute , li t. to remai n i n wai t i ng .
Colelzmanna, to pass by , to go or to remai n as i de .
Nar i lecrnd, to have feve r, li t. to have a flame or fire wh i ch has en teredi n to on e .
N dr i ambnd , th e leav i ng of th e fever .
Sandra bécnd , to hun t .
Malcul trlrnd , to bow th e kn ee , li t. to have th e knee plan ted.
S lbd Mam a, to covet , to en vy .
K i ra sdrnd and umlz'
é sdrnd, to be hun gry and to be pat i e n t or con ten t .
A mmp acnd, to become accli mat i zed, li t. to d i g est th e water.
Jlmy‘ d ladnd , to make ri ce be er, li t. to lay up ri ce beer.
Bkk ole/end, to take shelter, l i t. to s i t i n th e shade .
Adda érnd, to look out for an Opportun i ty.
Dandi p drnd, to s i n g , to s i n g a son g .
Dudki ambnd, to be wean ed, li t. to leave the breast.
Dhaka lecrnd, to become a concubi n e .
Cambi éknd, to walk i n an other’s footsteps .
A mof lea’an a, to fetch water, li t. go for water.
Name p lnj nd, to n ame , l it. fix a n ame .
Otma code d, to be ambi ti ous , li t. to rai se honour .
d dd ke’éna, to take root, l i t. to bi n d the root .
P dgdr ldund, to throwup a mudwall, li t. to beat a wall of mud.
P d lzi érnd or 131101 3202, to attend on guests , to be hospi table .
Ti naMam a, to n eglect, li t. to despi se th e ri ght hand.
Umli t sdrnd, to be happy, to feel comfortable .
gs 71
Lather ole/end, to squat on th e g round .
L ubdr i on nd , to breakfast.
L hadd pdlend, to be con fin ed, deli vered of ch i ld .
it 1 09. Other n omi nals are formed wi th the he lp of the verb n an na,
to do ; ra’and, to be, and mam a, to become—s imi lar to the H i ndi aux i li ari e s
,
karnd , bend and lad/and :
Ubér nannd , to clear up, to sh i n e (weath er, sun).Jolehd named, to compare .
H ard named,to stop, to make an end .
Gemdd n annd, to pound.
Erpa nannd,to g et marri ed, li t. to make a house .
Ddré named , to make a sacri fice .
D umbi named, to slander.
B z'
lli named,to li ght, en li ghten .
Nalaleli named, to work , let . to do work .
Ocltlzor nannd,to shelter .
P dh i nannd, to become en gag ed, betrothed, li t. to make fri en ds or guests .
P otom nan nd, to wrap up .
Sagae'
nan nd, to take a se cond wi fe .
Sagrai nannd, to consult th e oracle .
Ti li rd nannd, to chew, i n i ti ate .
Uprdr named, to resi st.
Con /1d nannd, to love .
P angé named, to clear away (Jungle).Otthdélsb manna or ra
’and
,to become or to be preg nan t .
K i ra ra’and, to be poor lei ra mannd , to become poor .
Urb ra’and, to be ri ch Urb manna, to obtai n ri ches .
Kore ra’and, to be i n good health leoré manna, to recover health .
mannd , to be come dark .
5 1 10. From among th e above n omi nals, such as are tran s i ti ve li ke
pdb“érnd requ i re th e n oun or pron oun , wh i ch they govern ,
’
to be‘
put i n to th e
g en i ti ve case
En urbas gah i pdb erdlalelean, I was awai t i ng the master. P aws named
governs th e accusat i ve case .
72 x unc gg cas umi n . 1 1 0-1 1 2 .
Newleornd requ i res th e dat i ve 973n 95 ndr i lecrcd, my sen had fever ;li t. to my son th e fever en tered.
Nom i n als are also formed by combi n i ng th e past parti c i ple wi th a n oun
and th e aux i li ary c . g ., amm onled ra’and
, to be th i rsty li kewi se by
addi n g th e latter to th e past parti ci ple tarled ra’and
,to be s i len t li t. to be
out or struck .
5 1 1 1 . Compoun d verbs are also formed by combi n i ng two verbs, th efirst g i v i n g th e g en eral an d th e affixed or second th e spec i al mean i n g of th e
compound. Th e latter verb i s always con jugated regularly ; th e formertakes e i ther th e stem on ly or th e past parti c i ple , tran s i t i ve or i n tran s i ti ve .
These compounds are di vi ded i n to several class esA . Complete
'
ces, wh i ch add lsbacnd or cakrnd e i th er to the i r root or the
modi fied form of th e same , a. 9.
Es klzacnd or cukrnd
to have don e break i n g .
Esd kbacnd or calerna
B are [al mond or calemato have don e commg .
B ard lsbacnd or cukrnd
Th e tran s i ti ves of th e se compoun d verbs requi re th e obj ect to be i n th e
accusat i ve case en i di n csd Leli aclran , I have don e breaki ng thi s ; é n days asman
c i’d lglmclean , I have don e g i v i ng h im bread .
1 1 2 . B . I n tens i ves and P ermi ss i ccs .
—These are formed by add i ng
th e verb cl’z’
n d,to g i ve , to th e con jun cti ve part i c i ple of the precedi ng verb o r
to th e modi fied stem of the same
H ebrar t r end, to throw away ;
T idar as end, to throwdown ;
P ltar ci’z’
nd, to k i ll outri ght ;
Onar or end,to eat up .
B ard ct’i nd, to allow to come , let come
Kdld ozmd, to le t go ; permi ssi ves .0nd c l
’z’
nd, to let eat
Remark—Al l these compounds govern th e accusati ve .
Capad also has an i n ten si fyi ng character
74 GRAMMA R . L§§ 1 1 5-1 1 6.
S i n gular. Plural.
l . P ers . En Ito/um, I am great. Em Isa/1am,we are great.
2. N i n keba i , thou art g reat . N i m Isobar , you are great .3 i s kohas , h e i s great . Nam kolmt, we and you are
great .
Zr kolzar, they are great .
1 . P ers . En Rancz’
n tan, I am the Ran ci on e . Em Rancmtam We, you ,
2. N M Ranomtaz’thou art th e Ran c i on e . N i m Rancmtar we and you ,
3. 1 8 Ranoz'
ntas he i s th e Ran c i on e . Nam Ronoz'
ntat|> they are the
A r Ranoi n tar J Ran c i on e s .
It wi ll be n oted that appellati ve verbs are’
appli cable on ly toth e masculi n e and fem i n i n e g ender .
§ 1 1 6. Other examples
En 661 1 72, I am ki n g , the k i ng .
Em bélam, we are ki n g s, th e ki ng s .
N i n béd—hbadda i , thou art a pri n ce , the pri n ce .
N‘
i m bél-Ighaddar , you are pri n ces , the pri nces .
do Bal u’
bas, h e i s a Sdh i b, the Sdhtb, a part i cular European be i ngunderstood.
f i r Sdkz’
bar,they are Sci /dos, the Sci /ri bs .
En Gallon , I am landlord, the landlord .
Em Urbam, we are masters, the masters .
N i n fi lfimi , thou art a servan t, also th e servan t .N i m N dgpurantar , you are the people of Nagpur.
.e B i laz‘
tantor, they are Sci /woo or the people of Europe .
En kukkon , I am a boy, the boy.
.Ni n kakho’e, thou art a boy, th e boy.
Em twi g Iglzaddam, we are hi s son s, chi ldren .
A s sanm’
s,h e i s th e li ttle one , th e youngest.
A'
r Iglzblpj rantar, they are th e last on es, belated on es.
En mundbkdrentan , I am the person who goes i n fron t, the foreman .
Em d i am,we are men , the men .
N i ): méta i , thou art a man ,a master, th e man .
N i m khattar, you are H i ndus, th e fore i gn ones.
21'
s D’mrmés , h e i s th e God.
Compare also
maZg/on , I am not th e on e , an d
talyan , I am the on e—Compare 92—94.
76 KURUELI GRAMM AR . 1 17 1 1 8 .
C H A P TE R . V I L
A DVERBS .
1 17. In Kurukh n oun s, adjecti ves and adverbi al parti c i ples may be
used or taken as th e equ i valen ts of adverbs e .g ., do It‘
d/2d Zekham othrdas, h e
appears great ; dd Iglzanom hhanem bare/t i ra’i,sh e has come frequen tly ;
dr p oem 6m”
Ifd’or
,they wi ll go early, li t. , morn i n g t i me ; dr i dm alg mum
dard Zouoar, they beat her kn owi ngly ; dr Mondrar ki
'
pdrolagyar, havi n gassembled, they were si n g i n g . The adverbs properly so called may be
di v i dedli n to four g en eral classes : adverbs of ti me , of place , of manner,
of affirmati on and n egat i on . They all precede the verb whi ch th ey are toquali fy, an d almost all may be emphas i zed by th e suffix m or am, am and em,
respecti vely, e .gz, néld kdom,we wi ll go tom orrow ; n
'
élam kdom,we wi ll
i n deed go to-morrow.
1 1 8. A .
—A dv erb s of Ti m e .
P am,early, early i n the morn i n g .
A kita, i n defin i te ; alckun , defin i te , n ow even n ow, just n ow.
On‘
glzoflum, at on ce, i mmedi ately, i n stan tly .
Ozzy/i on , on ce, on e day, agai n .
Urung , on ce ,a momen t, or ungur.
I la/am,on ce , on e day z
'
klam z'
klam, somet imes .
IkZd,what or whi ch day ( mi d
,that day, then .
’
Ikld 125 md ld, n ever.
Ekd 6m d bi r i , when , what time ; then , that time .
Gdkcfi ,late .
H olé, then , con sequen tly.
‘
l‘
REMA BK&
Iktd , i t lam and m i d are der i ved from died , what and M i d , day and d , that, and and , day .
T Th e me an i n g of bold most probably i s be i n g thus compare th e H i n d i hon e so and th e
B e n gali hoi lé e.g . ,[d i n esor, hole
“lauon , i f you break th i s th e n (that i s ; i f i t be so.
)I sh allbe atyou . Be ngali Takd hozle
~ “dmi j d i bd, that be i ng so I wi ll go. A ccord i n g to th i s assumpti on {Lola i sa
borrowed-word, de ri ved from ho“, th e root for to be and lé z Bengali and gafiwZi r
’i IEand th e H i ndi se n :
ablati ve s i g n of the g erund frond.
ss 1 1 9 a 77
1 1 9 .
1 1 Mari am, there and then , i nstan tly.Lagklem, constan tly, con t i n ually .
Ulld ulld an d sagarkhd n é , dai ly, always .
Lhanom,I_
c_
hanem, frequen tly, repeatedly, agai n and agai n .
B erd bérd, prec i sely, pun ctually.P dlfi pdli , alternately (H i n di ).
Sugar di n , all the day these of course are borrowed~words .
Sagarkkan'
é, always .
I nnd, to-day i n néld , n ow-a-days, lately li t., to-day and to-morrow.
Oéro, yesterday .
Nold, to-morrow.
H arbord, th e day before yesterday.
N é lbei ij d, th e day after to morrow.
Em’
adl, three days hen ce Izdkus’
ndl, four days hen ce .
Mund, mand
’im, prev i ously, before , early.
Ej okl ui , afterwards, later on .
I dad, th i s year.
I ti ngal i , last year.
Mano, two years ago dmzmé, three years ago.
D i rt,late (H i ndi ) more properly e xpressed by the past form of th e
verb timed, to delav i n Mun dari ti r i , tore, after four days ”i n t i rka i k i
barokaz’
, you have come late , you are late .
Sadau sadaw, (H i n di ), ever, e tern ally, i s better expressed by Imllon ti
bui ld 964 5, from beg i n n i ng to end.
A descri pti on of how the Kurukh reckon s hi s time wi ll be found i nA ppendi x No. VIII .
1 20. B .—A dv e rbs of P lace .
f yd, i yam,i san , i sdm
’
m, h i sdn , here , even here .
A yd, ayam,asan
'
, asdn im, busan , there , even th ere .
Ekoda, where ; okadm’
m, wh erever ; also okkho, where , li ke the Mandi ri
equi valen t.
K URUKLI GRAMMAR . 1 20 1 21 .
Jtord, hi ther, th i s di recti on ; atard and batard, th i ther, that di recti on ;these are compounded from th e demon strati ves 5, thi s, d, that, I'm, that,there an d ten d , d i recti on ; tard most li ke ly i s a borrowed-word“
B endhm’d and comman d , around, round about.
I paklzé , th i s s ide d pale/25 , that s i de , over, across ; from th e H i ndi p akh ,
Ind,i n th i s di recti on , thi s way dnd
,i n that di recti on , that way
thi s,i n that.Kati kd fi, alongs i de .
Colt/t, s i de .
Sdgro (H i ndi ), everywhere .
Mund,mundbhdré
, before , i n fron t, i n future .
g ourd, after, beh i nd, i n th e rear.
H eddé, odlglzd, h i di , n ear ;
Geobd, gecham,far
,very far .
E dd‘
i , yonder.
Caugurdi , all round (borrowed-word).
Combo, i n fron t .A j go formed of d and aj oo, that strai ght, i .a. , thi ther ; also huj go,
to th i s place , to that place .
These latter adverbs, commen ci ng from mund, may be called prepos i
ti onal adverbs or improper prepos i ti on s , si nce th ey are also used as preposi
ti on s or rather postpos i ti on s .
5 1 21 . C .
—A dv erbs of Man n er .
Saint ml , acc i den tally , sudden ly ; also d uhdr i .
Khob, Ickobim (U rdfi), very much .
Aj gar, dh ér, kbard, very much ; e x ceedi ngly.
lBM ”? di tto,A kaz
’
iBédor J
Bagg i , baggd , much .
Dlz'
e'
r and dhor baggé, much , very much .
79
Ker/1 6, moreover, leer/rem,very much.
i baggé, th i s much d bogg'
é, that much .
R and,kem i , some , a li ttle .
Tan i kund , tam’
lczm‘
i , li ttle .
Nagad kund, n i cely.
Iodd,th i s much .
Abdel , that much .
I i i rd , d'
z‘
i ra, th i s much, that much .
Iddto and ban i, n amely, v i z . , also, etc .
Urd , n i oli , dot’o, rot
’o,on ly, s imply, mere .
Surrd, eas i ly also scbr’am and algéhem.
015k_ hd otok_h, alon e , s i n gle .
Ontd ami d , an d and, art art, separately, on e by on e .
Ti lé HIE, by degrees, succe ss i vely .
Rds'
é rdsé, slowly, by degrees ; also raj té rafl é.
Karokaré , di tto, di tto ; li t., pi ece by pi ece .
Dem,ddudz
'
m,well , very well.
Tkaukom, very well, exactly, justly.Indhfi, dm
’
rhd,n everthe less , i n spi te of ; li t., i n thi s , i n that also.
Ennem,dnnem, thus , i n thi s man ner, i n that way .
I lekh’am, dlelc/z’am,
li ke th i s , li ke that, th i s and that way .
Mdn i m,uj go, truly, veri ly.
S it/zz'
yam, grati s , gratu i tously.
B égar m m, i n vai n .
Sahaj é, eas i ly (borrowed word).
Oddé, qu i ckly.
Gi lda/rem,qu i etly.
d clzom oi zdohem,very qu i e tly, secretly .
Dh i ro,slowly ; diam didre, very slowly (borrowed word.)
Trio, do. ; ti lé ti lé .
H z”
? for bi , certai n ly ; compare th e mun dari be, yes .N i di , merely, only .
Néli ho, nélgho’e, andr agro
’e, perhaps, perchan ce, probably ; means
who kn ows .
P d]? pdlé, separately, i n terchan geably.
80 KURUE GRAMM AR . 1 22-23.
5 1 22. D .-Adverbs of A ffi rmati on an d Ne gati on .
H a’i, yes .
Gd, i ndeed, certa i nly.
A nti , antife'
, of course .
Jami, of course , no doubt, i n deed. Illustrati on i d’s
“food, th i s of course ,
th ere you are .
Mal, mal
’d, malld. n ot, n o.
A mbd, masc. amboa
’
, fem . ambé (among females), do n ot, not !A rgd, arg i , not, n ot yet.
The proh i bi ti ve ambd may be con jugated wi th th e verb before wh i ch i tstands,
‘
and made to correspon d wi th i t i n'
gender and n umber : da ambd or
ambdd s bardoshek/c’d,he shall n ot come dr ambd or ambndr bdrn d rnelck
’d,they
shall not come dd ambd or omban bor’d neklc
’d, sh e shall not come , don
’tallowher to come .
5 1 23. A ryd or arg i , not yet, are used wi th verbs when the acti on i ndicated by the latter i s not yet fin i shed : do argas bard, h e has n ot ye t come ;dd org? algj i d, she has not yet understood ; or do aryd barcds , or arg i barons,h e has not come yet eu aryd or arg i (i n/can , I have n ot yet eaten .
82 KURULIg GR AMM AR . 1 25 1 26.
L éké, by, through, by mean s of perhaps deri ved from léké lékar, th e
H i ndi past parti ci ple of the verb lend, to take.Tole, talem, through, by mean s of .B éld, wi thout, from th e H i ndi bi nd .
O’dk i , wi th, tog ether.
Gusti , gusbi lé , of , away from .
Tz'
lé , one, by, through, by mean s of ; also trd , m .
0055 t i ll, un t i l, up to.
Jdld, un t i l, up to, as far as .
.Tard, towards, i n the di recti on of .
B i rdo, bi rdoml , opposi te , agai n st, con trary to.
B dra, bdro m2, bdbal (U rdfi)wi th regard to, con cern i n g , about .Kballr i (U rdfi)for, on accoun t of kbdti r .
Caddé (more i di omat i cal)for, on accoun t of .Bégar an d chorde
’ké are both used for except, wi thout ; borrowed
from U rdi i and H i n di .
H owever,a more gen u i n e Kurukh way of expre ssi n g th i s i dea i s by
usi n g the form of th e past parti ci ple of the verb dmbud, to leave ; e .g . ,i dz
'
n
ambar lei urma’
n Izod, except thi s take away everyth i n g .
Lakhd, li ke , s im i lar .
5 1 26. Ellipti cal sen tences .—Of these , the followi ng may be me n t i on ed
i n conn ecti on wi th adverbsEmi r atbo
’e,né alglad, nélgltb, for who kn ows
Endr nano’e,omlr ndnon for what’s to be don e
Emi r nan la’adaz
'
, for“what are you goi ng to do P
Ekd gai t—mald—d gdl i , un less ékd gdl i mandar mold bno’e,d gala
km mold mama’s,un less you take medi ci n e , you wi ll n ot improve
i n health .J oub
b
,n everth eless en pas/can dnd ho mold bi rbal, i n spi te of my
order you di d n ot go.
1 27. 1 2o.]so
OR A FTER IX.
OONJUNOT IONS
A .~—R emark s .
In the li st of con jun cti on s g i ven below, those have been om i tted
wh i ch are made use of by people who have much i n tercourse wi th H i ndus ,
v i z .,th e H i n di kl, that ; to, then ; j obj e, i f , etc . The i r appli cat i on i n Kuruk
_ h
i s, to say th e least, qu i te superfluous an d c ertai n ly n ot i di omati c ; thus , for
e x ample , th e phrase h e d i d n ot beli eve that h i s son ran away should n ot
be ren dered : domold potocas kt tang/mi bboddao bongoo, bu t ton gdao bon go;
do mold pottdooo. I n th e same way th e H i ndi our, an d
,n e ed n ot be employed
at all, s i nce Kurukh h as i ts e qu i valen ts for th e same : moreover i n thi sh bi nd two sen ten ces are n ot so freely used as
lan guag e con jun ct i on s whi o
i n som e other lan guages , th eKurukh pre ferri n g rather th e use of con .
jun cti ve parti ci ples for example , th e sen ten ce h e was beaten and di ed
should n ot be rendered do louroo our keooo, bu t should rather he do Iouros
ki keooo or louroo dard bead s .
1 2a] B .- L i st of Con ju n ct i on s .
A rd , an ti , dord ,-an d.
M undd, bockon , pot/23, but, however.
A nti , on ti lé, Iglzoné, th en .
A nt i/“é,of course .
Td to, gd, hold, then , hen ce .
Kd, or and mot/d , or.
Dord, A5, also.
Duru and dord, th e same .
H 5, doabb, even , eve n i f, yet, n evertheless .
Mak’lé,i f not th en .
84 KURUELI GRAMM AR . [S 1 28.
Idolo, namely, v i z .,li t. th i s
,that, then .
Adli , on accoun t of, because dli ti i s composed of d, that an d co, much ,and ti , from : that much from ; also i finti ; these denote reason ,
for that orth i s reason .
Iago, A dgo, onnegé, i gé therefore , hen ce , denoti ng purpose , for th i s,that purpose .
Coddé, on accoun t of , for th e sakeOn
‘
gbon , agai n , then , moreover.
A dlai , org’o, both mean i n g as i f , as i twere, v i rtually, suppose .
Mold lcd, i ndeed n ot.
Mold to, moltd, i f not then .
86 K URUKE GRAMMAR . 1 30-1 32.
5 1 31 . Th e nomi n at i ve form of these n umerals always precedes the
n oun , wh i ch i t quali fies : nub dlor gol u'
bore-ml,wi th regard to three men .
Norr orl mukkon parmz’
gd, a snake has bi tten a woman . Nai b dlor ti menj os ,h e heard i t from four me n .
Th e n omi n ati ve numeral for on e may be used as an i n defin i tearti cle , but i t must be born e i n mi n d that th e Kurukh has n o art i cle , an d thatart, and an d onto always mean really on e i n con tradi sti n cti cn of two or more .
Th e n euter n umeral cod and cold also precede th e n oun to wh i ch they
belon g , wh i lst and, mdnd and ndkh ge n erally follow i t i n such a man n er as to
form a compoun d word : ongd and gbbold oddo ro’z’
, I have on e yoke of oxen ;engbo i gobold and addo ro
'
i,I have two yoke of oxen . (f lood monj d , two days
have passed ; ulmdnd monj d, i t i s three days, etc ., but and may also pre cede
th e n oun formi n g a compound wi th i t : ono’ul enn é manj d , i t happen ed on e
day .
5 1 32 . Di str i but i ves are formed i n two di ffere n t ways, vi z
1 . By repeat i n g th e numeral, as or art art korcor, they en tered on e ,
on e , i .e .,on e by on e do 07mm mon kf
'
zgoo, h e let i n on e,
on e
by on e ; and
2 . By putt i ng th e repeated numeral i n to th e ablati ve case , v i z .
,dr n ub
nubti boroor , they came by threes .
Remark.-Th e En gl i sh di stri but i v e ord i n als, every secon d,
” “every
th i rd ”are rendered i n Kurukh thus : i rb on art, mund mi bald ; li t. i n two
on e , i n three on e ; at mundmi . ondul, every th i rd day ; li t. i n thre e days on e
day. The n eu tral c old i s used for th e purpose of th e speci ficati on of a
i rbam’
n, g
two.
i rbar t i , from two.
frbor no,
i n two.
nalb,
four .
naz'
bor ga i n, of four.
nolbor 95 , to four .
not'
borln , four.
no ibor ti , from four.
rm'
bar no, i n four.
55 1 83 87
plurali ty, vi z .
,and club or and oton
’
g ondr’d, bri ng two th i ngs -understood ,
i .e .,b ri ng two pi ece s, cOpi es, etc . , of the thi ng s understood . Old i s apparen tlyan abbrevi at i on of cold and along .
5 1 33. P roport i on al numbers are formed by compoundi ng th e prefix
par wi th the numeral ; e .g ., porond, twi ce , parmand, thri ce . Th e adverh i a l
n umerals twofold,”“three fold are taken from H i ndi , i .e .
,dubord, tt
’
bard ,
e tc . From five upwards the word M ar i, t imes ,
”i s added, wh i ch stands
both for“t imes”an d fold” ; pon
'
cé bbar i, etc ., five time s
, fivefold.
1 34 . Th e Kurukh ordi nals are formed only from th e n euter cardi n alsby addi ng ontd
,ntd or to, mean in g
“of or belong i n g to It mus t be
n oted, however, that th e first ordi nal i s formed i rregularly, i t bei ng not
ondon td, or ondtd, but mund’td and mzmdon td, the first ; the second i s
ondon td or ondtd ; th e th i rd, mandantd, mandtd ; th e fourth , ri d/Lhontd, orndlgbtd . W i lli am th e Thi rd i s : W i lli am mondlos
, def . W i lli am th e F i rstW i lli am mundlos. Georg e th e Fourth : Georg e ndlgbtoo the second endtos
but“th e first man would be : mundtd dlds . A ll the rest of th e ordi nals
are formed i n th e same way by addi ng ntd or to to the Kurukhi zed H i ndi
numeral.
5 1 35 . Comp lete l i st of Cardi n al an d Ordi n al n um eral s fromon e to on e h u n dred .
Remark—Th e followi n g table i s n ot based on a system of coun ti n gi n vogue amon g th e Kurukhs , but i s from th e n umber ten upwards
rather an attempt at Kurukh i z i n g th e H i nd i ar i thmeti cal table . Th e
li st h as been furn i shed by an 0rdo g en tleman ; as regards th e prevai lin gpract i ce of count i n g , the studen t i s referred to th e n ext paragraph
Cardi nals . Ordi nals .
90 KURUK_ _
I_I GR AMMAR .
1 35 -1 36.
n dyé
dd’adoyé
136. It must be hom e i n mi nd,however,
'
that the genui ne Kuruk_ _h
way of coun ti n g i s not by employi ng the ari thmeti cal table , but by maki ng ,
u se of the collecti ve numerals : Icari or bi so’e, score and kdri or and bi oo’e ,
on e score kari end, and bi oo’e,two scores, etc.
A di vi si on of the year and th e mann er howth e Kurukh measures wi ll
be found i n A ppendi x No. IX.
Ordi nols.
ofl do’e nd lg lgtd
W
p an td
oo’ota
od'
etd
fi loll tfi
nd’
otd
nd odo'
etd
ndg edogé muntd
n dyodoyendtd
ndyedo’
a md ndtd
ndlclztd
pantd
sa'
etri
sd’ati i
dud e?
n d’
otd
dd’
edo’etd
GBAPTEB. XI .
INTERJECTIONS .
1 37.ago, 0 mother
and bang , O fath er! Expressi on of gri ef, surpri se and joy.
ando, 0mother !
96, dear, used amon gst relat i ves compare the Bengali go.
5 , and , anal, one, vocati ves, Oobré olaré agoI express i ve of pai n and di stress .
bddi , begon e be off
gnobr’d, gucbr
’at I get away !
obdohom, hush s i len ce l shut up
good I come along !
ondd, takehard, enough ! It
’s don e .
louokan , I have don e , fin i sh ed, won ; lone/cat, etctba, tho I Fi e ! fie e x press i ve of di sgust .khé
‘
d,di e ! a curse .
p ai d, are? gold I Express i on of con tempt .
bbalcbo I fe e l !
érké, take heed ! take care 1 beware
bhar i , let us pause stop !
an ti , an ti fé, of course , n o doubt.
j an dgé I bar’
gé I bard f ond I dear, come dear.
than/cam, bravo well sai d ! Well don e
W ind barb I hear, hear
td td toI come on ! forward !
91‘
9 2 GRAMM AR . 1 38-1 39.
C H A P TE R X I I .
On th e Noun
A .- Ge n der and Number .
1 38. God, spi ri ts and man be i ng only capable of sexual di st i n cti on ,accordi n g to the concepti on of th e l1q by far th e largest number of h i s
nouns are n euter. Even i n th e case of an imate objects h e g eherally'
does n ot
make any di sti n cti on as to gender, and speaks of a ti g er or ti gress as i f
th ey were n euter. The godhead , t. a , the supreme or good spi ri t i s sup
posed by the Kurukh to be of th e female sex , and i t i s dn ly the Chr i sti an
who by s imply addi ng the defin i ti z i n g as turn s th e femi n i n e word Dbarmé
i n to th e masculi n e Dharm'
a‘
s. It has been sai d that Dbormé i s of H i n di
ori g i n . H owever, thi s i s doubtful : th e word more probably i s con n ectedwi th the Magyari an word Tormetuo, creator or maker. If that be the case ,
the word Dbarmé would‘
mean creator, a most sui table term for God. The
quest i on how far the Dravi di an i s con nected wi th th e Scythi an lan guag es ,
of wh i ch Moggarlon i s a member, does n ot fall wi th i n th e scope of th i s
grammar.
1 39 . The fact that the U r‘
do, i n speaki n g about or addressi ng women ,
makes use of the masculi n e form of th e plural i s very peculi ar , and no doubt
poi n ts to th e pos i ti on of equali ty women hold among these oth ervn se backward pe0p1e .
Neuter objects be i n g i n capable of be i n g'
di v i ded 1 n to male and femaleaccordi ng to the noti on of the Kurukh , he con s i ders con sequen tly even a
plurali ty of them as be i ng a un i t, a whole , amass , and therefore speaks abouta plurali ty of n euter objects as i f i twere a si ngl e on e .
94 .Kun p g GRAMMAR . 1 41 -1 48.
The use of th e gen i ti ve i n Kuruhh i s rath er restri cted to the i dea of
possessi on . When local con n ect i on i s to be denoted, the posse ss i ve case-si gn
ntd i s used i n stead of gabi paddan td pdb, the road of the vi llag e, z. e ., to
the vi llage . A ge also i s expressed by thi s possess i ve and n ot by the gen i
t i ve : da mi ls] : cdnantd or cdn ndlch mamas, he 1 8 four years of age .
1 42. Th e gen i ti ve i s employed also to s i g n i fy the materi al out of
.whi ch someth i ng i s made : frank gai n erpd ,a house of wood, z.e . a wooden
house but the word [rank may also be used adjact i vely lead/c erpd ,
a wooden
house .
The pri ce atwh i ch someth i ng i s bought stan ds i n the ge ni ti ve case
mdnd takd gai n?or takd mdnd 13191 1 54 three rupees worth of ri ce ; measure i s
s i
fg n i fied wi thout the g en i t i ve or any case s i g n , udddend awl, two mamde
0 m e
In n ouns si gn i fy i n g relati onsh i p, th e g en i ti ve case-si gn i s dropped and
the noun compoun ded wi th th e base of the pron oun : c g .,enghae
’
my but to say englzai dd s, my son , would be wrong i t should be edgdas,
my son ; engdd, my daugh ter. We may say dc ga i n Iglzaz’
,hi s wi fe
, but
tang Mi d i would be more appropri ate and i di omati c . In the words
my fath er, my mother, a furth er except i on i s made wi th regard to the
g en i ti ve case ; for n ot only i s the case-si gn dropped but i n stead of the
stem of the pronoun precedi ng th e n oun , i t i s made to succeed 6d, father,
my (obli qu e base of th e pron oun I), compounded becomes bang , my fatheraye, mother, combi n edwi th mg, base of th e gen i ti ve any/mi , becomes ayang ,
my mother. Th i s e x cepti onal renderi n g , however, i s qui te a fami li ar
phenomen on i n th e Drav i di an -Scyth i an lan guage s for, accordi ng to Dr.
Caldwe ll’s Grammar, th e H un g ari an also says fath er mi n e, master mi n e ,e tc . My master i n H ungari an i s uram from ur
‘master’and em or am,
my.
1 43. l e de l i ca—Tbi s case i s often used wh ere we would expectthe accusati ve or g en i ti ve case e .g .,
“let us con fess our faults i s not
con strued wi th the g en i ti ve , but wi th the dat i ve , when i t i s i n tended to
denote severalli ty ; ndm tan‘
gd tan‘
gd akkdbalkan terzgro’ci ; li t. , we to us, to
us, z.e. our faults wi ll con fess tangd tdn‘
gd con veyi ng the i dea that e achon e should confess h i s own faults for h imself however, when i t i s th e
object to s i gn i fy un i versali ty, uamka i wi ll be employed i n stead of lan‘
gd,
ndm namfim’
aklcdbalkan tengro’ct. I have i s con strued not wi th th e
1 43-1 45 4 95
accusat i ve as i n Engli sh , but by the dati ve : I have no money, efigd or
engd ge‘
d/u'
bd mali li t. , to me no mon ey i s but I have mon eycon strued wi th the gen i ti ve ewgbai dlu
'
bd ra’i would mean , I have got
my mon ey . H e return ed to h i s v i llage” would n ot be con strued wi th
the s i gn of the dati ve case , but i n an elli pti cal way by om i tti ng the same ,
vi z.,de tarvghas
'
paddd ki rrg/as . Thusj: they are goi ng to th e market i s dr
pet kd’alagnar. The dat i ve i n Kurukh denotes also n ece ss i ty k i cr i ori gdgé
cdr ra’i,I am i n n eed of clothi n g . In other respect s the dati ve i s used i n
the same way as i t i s i n En gli sh e .g ., I gave to h im,
“eu da g
'
e’
c i ckan .
The dat i ve i s also used sometimes i n a locati ve sen se for yeti , t i ll, un ti lexample dr galzz
'
onar bard yé ndm i sdm’
m ok’ct, li e the i r hav i ng eaten
to come let us s i t here= dr ga/n'
bamd yeti , un ti l they come . Th e dat i vealso denotes purpose and i n ten ti on daMendezor lgbendd yé ta
’d dea
, he i s
goi ng to buy én drz'
n mélglpd or,mélgh dgé ka
’adau, I. am goi ng to call
th em.
1 44 . Th e accusati ve—Thi s case i s often used where we wouldemploy the dati ve .
En i sz'
n lakran p i td yé dnkan, I told hi m (accusat.) to ki ll th e ti ger.
It should be observed that verbs s i gn i fyi ng te lli ng (speak i ng , say i ng) re
qui re the noun to be i n th e accusat i ve case,at also perm i ss i ve verb3 °
e.g ., let h im go, dsz'
n kale c i’a, n ot da yé kale e i
’a.
§ 1 45 . The ablati ve and i n strumental. The pri n c i pal mean i ng of the
ablat i ve case-s i gn ti i s from, away from : dr Ranci ati barae r,they came
from Ran chi . N i m z’
k i yan’ti bare/car ? Where di d you come from ? Ti also
mean s“of,” v i z .
,I erpd gah i p achr i k_ haj ti [came/t i ra
’i , the walls of thi s
house are made of mud. It i s employed”
also i n compari son s, vi z , de engan
t i koh’d te ldes , h e i s greater than I ; t., great from me some times i t
den otes the mean s by wh i ch somethi ng
l
comes to pass, vi z ., as landed nmnj kd
t i ki rd mamas , he has been i mpoveri shed by be i ng lazy.
The i n strumen tal trd and M and We are best translated by“through ,” vi z., ds ki rd trd kecas, he di ed from (through) starvati on .
Edgdge gollas talea li ke/cl ad, I‘
got i t through th e landlord. Conlzd tuls‘
,
through love ; gusto'
le i s another ablat i ve case-si gn : adm ds gasi i le 130’at,
96 K URU_K
_
Ij GRAMMAR . 14 5-1 47.
let us" take from h im ; yusti la i s composed of gus
’
an ; wi th, ti , frori 1'
, and i t
the borrowed ablat i ve si gn .
O ri g i n i s li kewi se expressed by the ablati ve case . 1 leak/cos ddi gah i
fl i cked ti ra’as, that boy i s of her hands, i .e .
, born from he r.
“Ma/n pddan ti
uri ch i , 1 th e tre e comes forth from th e root . A lso the word s i n ce may,
ofte n‘
be tran slated by ti : d beran ti bagg i ulld manj d, i t 1 s a lon g time since
l i t. that ti me from man y days have passed.
The i nstrume n tal mayIbo-expressed by the adverb li ke, through, wh i ch
g overns the‘
gen i ti ve case‘
: uneas e! dalrd gahc’
M emoi r/drab,th e world 'has
been created by t he word.
§ 1 46. The locati ve i s’
used when place , t ime or con di t i on i s e x
pressed : torang mi lakrd ra’i ; there i s
'a t i ger i n the jungle p ékd edi t we
kandrkai , i n'
what year were you born ? sasti mi . gam melgbd ra’d,
. be
pati en t i n di stress . Di recti on also i s e x pressed by thi s c ase : as dodge mi
d rygas, he stepped i n to th e boat . Nd i s also used i n compari son s ; mekk6
mi man lfltd kolad ra’i, among cattle th e buffalo i s th e bi ggest. Nd i s
really n ot a case-s i g n , but a postpos i ti on , i n li eu of whi ch other simi lar
postpos i ti ons are employed to form the locat i ve case, espec ially, gase s ,wi th , and game, by.“H e i s n ot wi th us ,
”ds nam gusan malkds ; and dd métar gari e ki
f ’d;
sh e wen t wi th th e men . 01 1, and ki yd , un der, are also frequen tly
used for the locati ve case-s i gn . From the combi n ati on of the ablati ves i gn ti wi th the s i gn of the ablati ve ad and gusan , we ge t another form
oft postposi ti on employed as a m‘
a‘i,mi ti m ; li t. , from i n gasti
an d gasti lé, from wi th ; example : as ndti m, from out of h i m ; ds gusti or
gusti lé , from~wi th hi m, correspondi n g to th e En gli sh out of .
” When
di recti on i s =i mpli ed th e locati ve case-si gn i s often omi tted, v i z .
i En Rahcha’
kd’adanpmot Rana/15 na ka
'
ddan, I am goi ng to Ran ch i . A s erpd keras ;
n ot appd mi kéras , h e wen t home .
55 1 47.
"The vocati ve—Thi s case havi ng been ex plai n ed already i n
th e etymolog i cal .part‘
an explanati on i s on ly , requi red ‘ for the
vocati ve i nterjecti on ewh i ch mi ght be suppdsed to have been deri ved from
thewH indi or H i ndustan i rlzé or. ai . ~ Thi s i s, cas‘
e,e bei ng
fa
genui n e old Dravi di an form of the vocati ve i n terjecti on . Its compan i on
and or and probably means say, speak, as i t i s treated as a verb, be i ng
98 KuRUIgg GRAMMAR . [51 48
CH APTER XII I .
THE ART IC LE A ND A DJECT IVE.
A .
'
—Ou th e A rt i c le .
{4 1 48. There i s n o word i n Kuruk_
l_
1_
wh i ch corresponds to th e
Engli sh arti cle s a, an , th e . Th e con text on ly en ables on e to de term i n e
whether the n oun i s defin i te or i ndefin i te . It must be remembered, however,that by affix i ng as or s to th e i ndefin i te n oun s i ngular i t becomes alwaysdefin i te ; th i s 3 or as, he , hav i n g th ere fore the force of th e defin i te art i cle : at
,
a man ; di as, th e man [cu/66,a boy ; takes , th e boy. The plural i s made
defin i te by prefix i n g i brd, these , an d abrd, those , to the n oun i n a demon strati ve man n er : i brd dlar an d abrd dlar, these and those men . The place of the
i ndefin i te art i cle may be suppli ed by th e use of th e n umeral art and one} or
ante , on e , th e former for masculi n e and fem i n i n e , th e latter for n euter n oun s ,at the beg i nn i n g of sen ten ce s . In th e same man n er th e i ndefin i te pron ounmk’z
’
m i s used i n th e sen se of an i ndefin i te art i cle for th e masculi n e and
femi n i n e gender and i ndr’i m for n euter substan ti ves ék
’dm may be used
i n th e same way for all g enders :‘
ort dlas baron s , a man came li t, on e man
ondul,on e day, a certai n ti me , etc ., N i k
’im bare Ii i ra
’
acd, a man
(some one)had come i ndr’i'
m ra’acd, da
’z’
n nab?) baldlaggd, the re was a th i n g ,wh i ch n o on e kn ew; ek
’am blab/foo ra
’acas, there was a fool ek
’dm n tld mi
cnné manj d ; i t happen ed some day . In these sen ten ces man an d th i n g are
understood on ly , because n i k’a’
m and i ndr’i'
m are n ot usedwi th n oun s . Wheni t i s des i rable to express defin i ten ess, the Kurukh uses the i n defin i te an d
i nterrogati ve‘
ékd and th e demon strat i ve pronpun , plac i n g them i n a correlati vep os i ti on Ek
’dm alas barcas ds e
'
n meg a, call the man who came . Elsa pampan
ét'
da’
kac'
Odi n ondr’d, bri ng th e flower you have found. M ore i di omati cally
sti ll th i s senten ce wi ll run , N i n In'
ddkaz'
d pampan ondr’a.
”
55 1 49 99
B . On th e A dj e cti v e .
1 49 . A dject i ves, be i n g i n reali ty noun s, can he decli ned, as has been
shown already i n the etymolog i cal part of th i s g rammar. They se rve asverbs as well : i d p uddc, th i s wi ll be too short a ir/can alga/d, i t has becomedark now ; an d they may be turn ed also i n to appellat i ve verbs and thus becon jugated : en [Cd/mu, I am great or rather the great
N i n kcbai, thou art great or the great .
i s Ice/tag, he i s great or the great .
Em Ice/2am, we are g reat or the great on e s.
Empdp/zam, we are s i n n ers .
N i m malddnbar, you are wi cked.
A-
s lapdi as , he i s an i dler (i dle one ).
f i r malkbrér, they are unhealthy or bad (people).
Compare
§ l fJO. When the adject i ve quali fie s an acti on of the subject wi thregard to some mental habi t, i t places th e sphere of that habi t i n the
locati ve case : de tang/mi natalcb mi landz'
d ra’as, h e i s lazy i n h i s work. i s
j i d na sann i ra’ds , he i s
“humble i n mi nd. In compari son the adjecti ve
requ i re s the ablat i ve , ds engan ti keha ra’adas, he i s greater than I li t. ,
from me h e i s gre at ; d paddd i ganti é?) gecbd ra’i H owfar i s that vi llage
from here See § 27.
When an adje cti ve or word used adjecti vely quali fies more than
one n oun of di fferen t n umber an d gen der , i t i s made to agree Wi th the finaln oun . El i dpur ard mekk/zo nrmz
’
gundi erp d na korcd, th e cowherds an d all
the cattle have en te red th e cowshed. Note here that kli dpur i s a masculi n en oun , wh i ch would requi re the adjecti ve to
,
agree wi th i t i n gender i f i t
stood alon e ; but as [3110e i'
s followed i n th i s sen tence by melt/clad whi ch
i s a n euter n oun ,the adject i ve i s made to agre e wi th the latter, v i z .
,
mekklzo i n stead of armor .
Words used adject i vely an d express i n g fuln ess are put i n th e
ablat i ve case ; art amp: ti n i nd Ici'
ra’i, the pot i s full of water.
It must -be n oted that i n Kurukh the verb i s often used when we
would u se th e adject i ve combi n ed wi th an aux i li ary verb ; e.g ., I am ti red
from much walki n g , bagge ék’na ti {spew/ran ra
’adan .
1 00 imam GRAMMAR . j§§ 1 5 1 -1 52 .
C H A P TER X I V .
ON THE PRONOUN .
1 5 1 . Kuruk_ h has n o honori fi c pronoun ; all person s are addressed as
M n,thou except that th e word sad/ad i s somet imes used i n a hon ori fic sen se
for e x ample , i n con n ecti on wi th th e i mperati ve , ba'r’d sas
’
kd, be pleased to
come i n ,Si r .
I f the possessi ve .pron oun i s repeated, severali ty i s expressed thereby ;dr tunqd tangd padda ki ryar , they re turn ed to the i r respecti ve v i llag es .
1 5 2. Th ere i s a peculi ar way of conn ect i ng the possessi ve pron ounwi th the words for paren ts, ch i ldren and other relati ves, as wi ll appear
from the followi n g li s tSi n gular.
embas, my or our fath er,n imtas, thy or yourna
’
mb‘as , my and thy or our and your father.tambas, hi s and the i r father.
i ngyo, my mother.
engdas, my son .
mgdd, my daughter.
engdddas, my elder broth er.
’
Mgrz'
s, my young er broth er.
engda i , my elder si ster.
i ngai my youn g er si ster.
auwam, my elder brother’s wi fe .
Madro, younger brother’s wi fe ; used on ly m addressi ng her.
bdé’dlas , husban d
’s elder broth er.
bdg’dli , si ster.
erkhos, young er broth er.erkbo, s i ster.
élglzlagos, elder broth er’s son .
i lelzlagb, daugh ter.
efigj aunhbaddi c, my son-i n -law.
Plural .
embd baygar.
m'
mbd baggar.
nambd baggar.
tambd baggar .
i n‘
gyobag gar.
en‘
gdar cayda baggar.
en‘
gdci baggar.
engdddd baggar
{rim baggar .
en'
gdaa’
baggar.
i n‘
gr i baggar.
102 KU RU_K_
H_
GRA M M A R . 1 5 4 1 5 5 .
C H A P T E R X V
ON THE VERB .
§ 1 5 4. The verb always must agree i n g e nder, number and person
wi th the nomi nat i ve or subjec t, a. g .,a’
n‘
gyo bar’oki m
’i, my mother has
come . Tambas kecce s , hi s father di ed. P addantd dlar sendrd béod yé
kérar, th e men of th e vi llage have gon e a hun t i n g .
On Man i a—In Kurukh the i ndi cat i ve , i . a.
, th e mood of object i vedeclarat i on , i s frequen tly employed where i n Engli sh we would use th e
con jun cti ve : i n oth er words , there i s no i ndi rect but on ly di rect speech i n
Kurukh ; th i s language maki ng on ly an attempt, so to speak, to form a
subjun ct i ve ; e. g . , The ki ng passed an order that th e hun ters shouldreturn . On th e i r arri val h e i nqu i red from them wh eth er they h ad trackedth e t i g er ; and wh en they had repli ed i n the n eg ati ve , he di smi ssed themto the i r v i llag es .
”Th i s passage would run i n Kurukh li terally
The ki n g to th e hu n ters : return say i ng , ordered . They arri ved ; thenti g er have you tracked ? say i ng , asked th em . They sai d : we di d n ot see .
Then th e ki n g to them : to your vi llag es go ! say i n g , di smi ssed. Bélas
sendrd bacur i n kz'
rrd bdcas dam pésas . Z r fi rsyar, Mum? lakran i rktfi ' bdoas
lei? drz'
n menj as . A r bdcar mai d i rkam. A ntc'
lé b'
élas dr i n tan‘
gd tan‘
gd paddci
kald '
dnyas .
§ l5 5 . W i th regard to the i n fin i ti ve mood, i t must be kept i n m i n d
that i ts use i s very limi ted, because i n Kuruk_ h_ i t does n ot serve as i n En gli sh
the purpose of quali ficati on ,9 . g ., h e i s able to wri te , would n ot be re ndered
by th e i n fini ti ve , but by compoundi ng th e verb to wri te and to be able ,
addi ng the i nflected form of th e latter to the modi fied stem of th e formerds tada ca
‘
gdas, h e i s able to wri te . I wi sh to work” i s anoth er example .
H ere , agai n , th e i nfin i t i ve i s n ot to be employed, but th e two verbs are to becompounded i n th e mann er descri bed above : En nalakh nan d beddau .
On the oth er han d, th e i n fin i t i ve i s used i n U rao i n th e same man n er
as i n Engli sh ; a. g .,n imc
‘
i gé hand cdrma! ra’aca, you ought n ot tohave gon e ,
If to you to go n eed not was. When ever th e i nfin i ti ve i s combi n ed wi th
s; i se 103
the aux i l i ary ra’and, to remai n , or manna, to become, the i dea of obli gati onor n ecessi ty i s brought out, wh i ch i s expressed by putti ng the pri n ci pal
verb i n th e i nfin i ti ve mood, addi n g the i n flected aux i li ary and by plac i n gthe subj ect of the sen ten ce i n th e dat i ve case : Engage kdnd mane ; li t.
to me to go wi ll be, i . e . ,I wi ll have to go. N i rtgdyé barnd car ra
’
dcd, li t.
to you to come n ecess i ty was, i . a , you ought to have come .
1 5 6. [h e parti c i ple frequen tly serve s as a subst i tute for the relati vepron oun and con jun cti on s as has been explai n ed already , the former be i n gen ti rely wan t i ng i n K uruéll , an d the use of th e latter be i ng limi ted.
Th e presen t parti c i ple s i gn i fy i n g durati on of a secondary act i on wh i lstthe pri nci pal act i on i s go i n g on ,
may he , there fore , rendered by the Eng li shwh i ls t or duri n g ; e .g any/mi oa
’aaum (or ra
’
audt i m or ra’anum ra
’anum)da
mald bards , wh i lst I am presen t h e wi ll not come, or duri ng my presen ce
h e wi ll n ot‘
oome . The re i s another form o f th e con t i nuati ve premn t,whi ch i s made up by u s i n g the past of a verb an d putt i ng thi s i n the
locat i ve , e . y.
,engha i m
’ackd n um ds ma i d barbs , as lon g as I am s tayi ng ,
h e wi ll not come ; li t. duri ng my havi n g be e n presen t he wi ll n ot come .
Simi larly“whi lst i s expre ssed by addi n g bdr i
,t i m e
, to th e past
con jun cti ve of a verb ; da ondkd bar i khatras, whi lst eati ng he fell
To emphas i ze durati on of a secondary acti on th e presen t parti c i ple i s
repeated : da s i ti ltd ci kj d bardlagyas, h e came cryi n g cryi n g , i .e . , e venwhi ls t cry i n g he was comi ng .
Th e past con jun ct i ve i s employed most ex ten s i vely f or the purpose of
combi n i n g di fi erent clauses of a sen tence , s i n ce copulae are avoi ded i n
Kurukh as much as poss i ble e.g . , wh en h e had thus spoken , h e di ed
azmé bdcas k'
i keocas , thus hav i n g sai d h e di ed. I have los t th e mon ey,wh i ch I had earn ed, m ghaz
'
ari dckd dlzi baa abcakan , li t. my earn ed mon ey Ilost .
Th e adverbi al parti c i ple expre sses custom or habi t,i f used i n an
i n defin i te sen se dr labels/van n ow-d Quanem maadi d amn ,they are accustomed
to eat havi n gwashed the i r han ds .
Th e past parti c i ple i s also used i n th e sen se of an adjec ti ve , wh i ch i s
equi valent to a n oun i n En gli sh ex ample H ave your wi tn esses arri vedN imkaz
'
tried manj ka dlar drag/m“? as i rl d manj ka alas m
’as ; li t., he i s
1 04 KURUELI GRAMMAR . 1 5 6-1 5 8.
a havi ng seen and a havi ng heard man ,i .e. , a wi tn ess . a ha i ur ic/aka
addd li t. , my havi n g come out place , i .a. , th e place whi ch I left th e place
of my e x i t .1 57. A s to ten ses th e i ndefin i te as i n other lan guag es den ote s an
acti on wh i ch i s con ti nuous addo bass’an mold s, th e ox eats straw th e
presen t defin i te s i gn i fies that th e acti on i s be i n g really performed i n th e
presen t addb bass’un mclghdli or mclglzdlag i , the ox i s eat i n g straw.
Th e past ten se i mpli es th at th e acti on i s comple ted, addc Lass’un
”wk/1d, the ox ate th e straw, i .a., has fin i sh ed i t, eaten up th e e ffects of th e
eat i n g are sti ll last i ng . The imperfect de n otes that th e act i on was g o i n g
on i n the pas t , i n dependen cy on an oth er acti on addo buss
’an mék d laq ,
th e o x was eati n g ( i n th e act of eat i n g) th e straw (whe n ,for e x amp e) 1 5.
was attacked by a t i ger.
Th e perfect represen ts th e acti on as i n dependen tly an d fully completedor fin i shed addomole/ch i 5 5
’s or wok/aki ra
’i, th e ox has eaten the straw,
(and h as fin i shed eati n g because i t i s sati sfied). The pluperfe ct i ndi cate sthat th e act i on had been already comple ted, when an oth er act i on was g oi ngon : «ado bussun mokkh i ra
’acd, the ox had eate n the straw (when , for
example th e own er came to take i t to the marke t).
1 5 8. A bout th e use of th e future ten se the Urao i s rath er part i cularh e n ever makes use of the presen t defin i te as i s don e i n Eng li sh when th e
future i s mean t example I am goi n g home (th i s To expressthi s sen ten ce the U rfio i s obl i g ed to employ th e future , lest i t be un derstoodthat he was already i n th e acti on of goi ng . H e wi ll say th erefore é
'
n
i dad erpd kdon I sh ell or W i ll'
go home (thi s year). Con s equen tly all
questi on s or affirmat i on s , etc . ,regardi n g capabi li ty or wi lli ngn ess are n ot
e x pre ssed as i s often don e i n Engli sh by the presen t, but by th e futureten se A re you able to go to Rdnc i .
9 th erefore must n ot be re ndered by
am Rdnc i kdld ori gdai , but by kdld ongo’e P A nd the reply wi ll n ever be
ofigdan or c dan , but ori gon , kdlon or kdon .
Th e past future agai n i s employed i n th e usual man n er, denot i n g an
act i on , wh i ch wi ll have been completed when another acti on upon wh i ch
i t depen ds wi ll have been performed addd bussun mclglzdW e, the ox
wi ll have eaten up the straw (when, etc .)
1 06 R URUQ GR AMMAR . 1 62-1 63.
i n flected form ds cz’
d mal oi’r’
das ; l i t. , g i vi n g he does not g i ve érd lwmald
érn ar,see i ng th ey do n ot see . Nar i ambd lu
g
) mald ambi,th e fever leavi n g
does n ot leave . A lso“eu ong
’am polde n li t.
, I th e to can , I n ot can
i .e ., I am e n t i rely unable .
5 1 63 . There i s an oth er form for th e defect i ve verb taldan , wh i ch i sa borrowed word, taken from the d dr i , bo
ok or lzék
P RESENT.
S i ngular.
Muse . kékdan , I am .
hékda i , thou art.
hékdae, h e i s .
Fem. hék’én , I am .
Izékdi , thou art.
Izé’
k’i,
sh e , i t i s .
PA ST TENS E.
FUTU RE.
P lural.
P lural.
leékdam, we are .
lzékdat,we and you are .
h'
ékdar, you are .
Izékn ur, they are .
Izék’ém
,we are .
békdat, we and you are .
Izékd at'
, you are .
lzéknar’
, they all .
P lural.
Izi klfam,ndm bi kyal .
ki kkar .
bi k’
yar.
lath em, ndm bi kyat.
bi kya i .
h i kya i .
bi kom,adm bi llet.
laélcor (h i ker).kekor.
hé lcom, n
'
dm Iz'
élcc t.
hékor.
dékdr.
s 107
B arnu m—A ll other ten ses are formed by addi ng the aux i li ary verbra
’and Iz
'
élcdan ra’adan ; lzékkan ra
’ddan ; lad/clean ra
’d ekan ; M kda n rci cn
Irélckdn ra’on .
§ 1 64 . In stead of the optati ve and poten ti al suffix n ekk’d,th e U rfio
frequen tly uses , at least i n some parts of the coun try , the sums h i lalangor Izo
’otang , e g .
,ds bardasbi
‘
i ntang , h e may come , let h im come dr Iu’anar
Izo’olang, th ey
'
can g o, le t th em go ; dd olckylzi‘
i ntany , sh e may s i t, let h er
s i t down , abrd i nokhdleo’otang, let them eat.
REM ARK—H i’
m or Izo’o are i nducti ve sounds
,— i n thi s case equi valen t
to let do and tang i s th e base of the obli que case of th e reflexi ve and poss e ss i ve pron oun ; Izo
’ota/J
/
g there fore has probably th e mean i ng of let h im (her ,
i t)do”
dd okkyho’ota/g let her s i t down .
108 KUR UK_ _H~ GRAMM AR . 1 65 4 66;
C H A P T E R X V I .
ON THE ADVERB .
5 1 6 5 . A dverbs adm i t of declen s i on or of be i ng used i n stead of n oun s :rlcz
’
yan ti bare/mi , where di d you come from ? I/rdm’
t l '
don, wh i ch way s
hall
I go ?i
f yan td amm ; the Water of th i s place . M a i td ga/i z'
bzl-i, the li g
hton h i gh .
From some adverbs n oun s may be co'
n structed, e .g . ,
maz’
td, he i ght, top k i nd, below, un der lci td
, depth
.
Care must be ta ken n ot to nEe“ti ll” “un t i l as they are used i nEn gli sh . It would be e ve n worse to use them as th e H i ndi lan guag e does ,v i z .,
as a k i n d of re lat i ve and’
correlati ve . On e h ears suchphrase s as 51rd
gal? mald bar’oa
,d gall ayam ra
’
al é, remai n the re“1 1 I come (fat [2
mé'
yd , on, above
E '
ghai barad gate, would also do we ll. Senten ce s of i n terrogat i on are
followed as i n other lan guag es by ltd ma i d or n ot : a nd , z’
nj on lglréna'o’e
led mald ? What, wi ll you buy fish or n ot ? L ek/ed, li ke , i s frequen tly
added to th e stem of the pronoun and not to i ts full i nflected form, e .g . ,
do n ot say : sag/ral or m’
ng lzaa’
le i s/2d, li ke myself, l i ke you ; but angle/clad and
w‘
nglek/zd . The emphati c sufli x es, am, am
,di m
, li d, pa lalai are n ot mere
emphati cs , but real adverbs , an d may be best tran slated by such wordsas“above all
,
”“even
,
”“n o doubt
,
”well palafé
'
,by but, for.
§ 1 66. Th e emphati c dim, even , also, i s somet imes used wi th th e
i n i ti al (l on ly, e.g . , i n stead of de gabi di m
,da gat i d . These emphat i c s
are frequen tly i n serted betwe en th e root or modi fied stem of th e verb an di ts i n fle cti on al e ndi ng . e spe c i ally by women ; e . g .
,em kdld dun lag
’é
‘
m, ém
kdldlag‘
em, we are goi ng . Ndw olldgam lagdar, we are do i n g homag e .
1 10 KU RULLLI G RAMMAR . [55 1 68-170.
Part i c i ples precede th e verb they quali fy : gui ld s g sln'
z’
rb kahd yolcj zar
tam/mi urbd s gaki Igfidl mt k_hdr gak i dpaklzé erer n dtzm pa i r i m Iglzeasd n
cdlgladlagndr, Two great servan ts of the landlord pe rspi ri n g are sowi n g ri ce
early i n the field of the i r master beyon d the ri ver .
1 69 . Imperat i ve sen ten ce s follow th e same syn tacti c rules, v i z
and Iran) n i m z'
rb M i ld fl it/mm“) a im/(at urbas gah i 191 ml ml M eagan pa i ra
'
m
cdlglr’d
,O ye two g reat servan ts sow early ri ce i n the fie ld of your master .
In terrogati ve sen ten ces follow the same rule s the i n terrogat i ve
pronoun precedi n g the n omi n ati ve or subj ect of th e sen ten ce : m dr nam i ré
Iro’zd 75 12 s n imlmz'
urbas gdbi lgbal ml M essan cdlgjzdlagdur What ye two
g reat servan ts, are you sowi n g ri ce i n the field of your masterIn relati ve sen ten ces we fin d th e same ru le s be i n g observed, the re lati ve
be i n g put at th e head of th e first clause an d th e correlati ve i n th e second .
Ek’dm lad/7d fi lgltas tang/mi urbas gabi lglzal ml M essan cdlgbdlagyas ds z
'
n ayam
n err parmz’
yd , th e great servan t who was sowi n g r i ce i n th e fie ld of h i s
master was bi tten th ere by a sn ake .
From th e above i t wi ll be se en that whe n a sen ten ce con ta i n s on e or
more clauses, the n omi n ati ve always takes th e first place an d th e all
govern i n g fin i te verb th e last .170. Th e Kurukh languag e be i n g devoi d of relat i ve pron oun s , form
i ts relat i ve senten ce s i n the followi ng parti cular ways , v i a.
(a) By u s i ng th e demon strat i ve pronoun to supply the con n ec
ti on wi th that clause of the sen ten ce wh i ch would requ i rethe relat i ve pronoun , e . g ., 572 céro i rkun d na i gas {mm kz
'
ryas ,
th e pri e st whom I saw yesterday has re turn ed to-day ;
l i t., I ye sterday saw that pri est to-day came aga i n .
(6) By employ i ng adj ect i ve parti cle s wi th th e subject , th e relat i vesen se i s li kewi se i di omat i cally expressed : N z
’
ng leklzd landi d
lass'
zdr i n mai d m’
dan , I do n ot employ labourers who
are so i dle as you are li t., thee li ke lazy labourers n ot Iemploy .
(0) More frequen tly, however, the relat i ve se n ten ce i s con structed
by subjoi n i n g th e presen t or past part i c i ple or th e i nfin i t i veform of the adje cti val verb to th e subj e ct of the se n tence ;
1 1 1
Rdncl na kundrkd ILM ddaa i aim tat/lac , the boy who was
born at Rduc i i s th i s on e . Urbas bard m’acas endr bas i m
talc/as ? What i s that on e th e saheb who was to come ?
li t. , th e saheb a comer was , what that on e i s Cép p h‘
and
ra’acd dd ma i d posed, the rai n wh i ch was about to come d i d
n ot come l it. rai n to rai n was that not ra i n ed .
(d) By far the most usual mann er of form i ng a relati ve sen ten ce,
though i t i s n ot i di omati c Kurukh i s by employ i ng an i n
defin i te or i n te rrogati ve pronoun for th e relati ve and addi ng
a demon strati ve as correlat i ve , e .g . , é/c’dm dlas barckas
ra’ncas ds i n i rkar ? Di d you see that man who had come P
li t. : What man had come h im you saw? Ekd ulld n i m
am onor d ulld mi klzéor , on what day you ; wi ll eat of i t,
you wi ll di e . Endran M m n éor ddi n mmd yé c i’on , what
ever you wi ll ask that I wi ll g i ve you .
Regardi ng th e employmen t of th e H i ndi -Gafiwari j e an d 33, s ee 5 6.
§ 17l . A bout the subordi nate clause of man n er“as though,
”“as i t or
as i t were .
Th i s k i n d of subordi nate clauses i s expre ssed by affix i ng the adverbi allakhd to the di fferen t ten se forms of th e verb, e . the clouds look as i f
i t would rai n , bdddli’
cép p'
dend lekhd éthr’i i li t. : Th e clouds to rai n li ke
appear . H e ate as though h e h ad n ot got anyth i ng for days , dc taggé ulldml md l Malt/aria? le i s/ad endlagyas , l i t. , h e many days i n n ot hav i n g re ce i vedli ke eats . H i s hai r has been cut as though rats had n i bbled at i t
, osgd
ga/zi p drmkd Zak/rd as gabi cuét‘i khandrd Icérd, li t .
, Rats bi tten li ke h i s hai r
has be en out. H e speaks as i t h e h ad been many years at school, da bdgg é
cdi i gati skdl ml ra’ackd dl lahk
’am kacnak rdas, l i t. : H e man y years ti ll i n
s chool hav i n g be en on e li ke speaks .
Don’t assume an ai r as though you kn ew n oth i ng of th e theft
,li t. ,
Theft wi th regard to n on -kn ower li ke form don’t take hold of (assume .)
Ehalbnd gar/23 bdre ml md ldlghu lelglad magi /1d ambké (li zard . H e slept as i f h e
were dead ds lteckd lei s/mm Mandralagyas, li t. : H e dead li ke slep I arri ved
1 1 2 K URU_
K_
I_
I GRAMM AR .
here as though i n a dream, Sapnd Erad leklzd u’
ydm drskan te’cu’an
,li t.
,
dream se e i n g li ke here I arri ved. They spend the mon ey as i f i t had n o
value at all, dr talc/tan ma llimalkd Zak/ad Zahara nan nar , li t. They mon ey n otvalue l i ke spend. H e was i n a dream as i t we
'
re , do sapnd ml ra’u: leklzd
li t. H e dream i n be i n g on es li ke was Sh e was half deadas i t were , dd adhkke
’end Zak/2d md nj d, li t , sh e half dyi ng li ke became .
$ 172. Restr i cti ve clauses are formed by addi ng th e locati ve case-s i g n
ml and the postposi t ion bdré,bdré nu, regardi n g , con cern i ng , to the verb :
A s far as I know, h e di d n ot come , ds gaai barnd gah i bdré na En baldd n, li t.,
h i s comi n g regardi ng I do n ot know. A s for that matte r h e knows n oth i n gabout i t d katlzd g ah i bdré
’
ad da mai d ): lac baldas , li t., that word con cern i n g
h e n ot even one kn ows . Th e restri cti ve mean i ng i s also rendered by the
con jun cti on gd for example : as for g etti ng drun k, I have n o p i ce to
buy li quor. Unkh’on
'
gd mald ankk’on
, engdgé arklzi fi en dd yé dh i bd mal
ma/d li t .
,I shall get drunk, then n ot I shall get drunk, to me buyi n g for p i cs
n ot even i s . A s regards Ch ri st i an s, th ey do n ot worsh i p demon s ; K / i stan
dlar gd ndddn mai d mdnaar li t. , Chri sti an s then demon s do n ot Worsh i p.
It must be hom e i n mi n d that all these sen ten ces are more or less
elli pt i cal.173. F i nal clas ses -In form i n g these i t i s ne cessary to remember
that i n Kurukb th ere i s n o such th i n g as i ndi rect speech , but that the
words of a th i rd person must always be quoted i n t he d i re ct form ; for
example : H e sai d that h e would go to-morrow, i n order to fetch mon ey
ds d/n'
bd ondrdgé nélnm kd’on bdada li t.
,H e p i cs to bri ng to morrow I shall
go sai d . H e always fr i ghten s me because h e says that h e wi ll. beat me ;az
’
ayan-lauon tddas ddt i sugar khan? mgam e lktd
’
adas, li t. The e I wi ll beat
says that from (therefore) always me causes fe ar. H e gave us some r i ce
that we m i ght have to eat on th e way Dallarré mi moti l e ): bdoua i gé emdgé
j ok fl ight! c i cr/
s ; li t . , Road on they wi ll eat sa i d th i s for to us some ri ce g ave .
In order to becomeO
ri ch h e i s worki n g day an d n i ght : Urb md non bdrm
d i i gé ds U lla mdlgfid n alnkh rzd ndlagdd s, li t.,R i ch I wi ll ’ beoome sai d, that
for h e day an d n i ght works . H e gave us a rope i n order that we
m i ght take water from th e well ; tusanti amm ondr
’or bdcm
,i ge dr emdgé
ep c i ckas m’as
,li t Well from water they wi ll take sai d, th i s for to us
rope has g i ven .
1 1 4 twang}; GRAMMA R . 175 -176.
bard , l i t. , B ell-soundi n g t ime all church come . H ow di d you plough when
you had n o oxe n A dagio ma i ra’acd d igzanem ekdssé usska i bé
’eda i , li t
Oxen n ot were , that upon how di d you plough ? A t th e ti me whe n I was
teach i n g th i s boy, h e was n ot lazy at all. En i ku icos i n s rkkdbdckd ra’a i
agkan , d bérd mi i azzci i d mai d ra’acas ; li t . ,
I th i s boy te ach in g was , that ti me
i n lazy n otwas .
176. Con secuti ve sen tences are formed i n th e same way as the above
men ti on ed clause s , z’
. a ,by employi ng ch i efly th e past parti c i ple . In con sc e
ut i ve sen ten ces th e form of the past parti c i ple i s treated as a ve rbal n oun ,
be i n g put i n to th e ablati ve case ; for example : i s gusan di té’
l‘ tdkd ra
’aci cd l
as pat/clan iglzéndd ongos wi th h i m much mon ey be i n g from he a v i llag e
purchase wi ll be able,he n ce h e h as much mon ey, so that h e can purchase
a v i llag e . The se sen ten ce s are also formed s im i larly to the way i n wh i chfin al clauses are form ed : I hav e broug ht the s e that vou m i ght exam i n ethem : N i ng/zaz
'
parki zdgé zbran ondrkan ra’adan , li t. , Your exami n i n g for,
th ese I hav e brought. Th e use of th e final or con secut i ve th at ,” H i n d ikl
”i s n ot i n vog ue i n g en u i n e Kuruk
_ h spe e ch, for whe rever i n En g li sh orH i n di that” or lei
”would be employed, th e Uvdo s i mply puts th e clause s
tog e ther as correlati ve on e s wi thout employ i n g a part i cle , e . y., L e t u s ru n
away that th e ti g er may n ot g e t hold of u s : must be ren dered Bon‘
gdt hard
i ai crd ambd di zar’ann ek
’d li t.
, L et’s flee
,t i g er n ot may tak e hold. H asten to
g et home , that darkn e ss may not overcome you Ef f /d kald cap d, a imags
ambd d isband » a, li t .
, H ome go'
qu i ckly, to you i t may not g et dark .Take
thi s ve sse l home care fully, so that i t may n ot bre ak , s arm orpd ci ir'
é Izo’dambd M ol trdn n e/c
’d, li t., th e ve ssel hou se care fully (se e i n g) take , i t may
n ot break.
177 1 1 5
CHA P'
I an XVI I I .
On th e d er i va t i on s an d th e formati on of words .
177. Th e Kurukh lan guage be i n g aggluti n ati ve , there i s,s tri ctly
speak i ng , n o deri vat i on of words i n i ts grammar. Th e n oun serve s as
adj ecti ve and more as f ad , and there are on ly a f ew abstract noun s . Dau i s
good and also goodn ess , ki rd, poverty, fami n e , k i rd also i s poor and poorlyi n ae i d i rdj 'z m
‘
l i f i rd ickatrd,there i s a fami n e at presen t i n th i s coun try d s
i ‘ i rd d i la i das,h e i s a poor man da k i ram uj jci as , h e l i ves poorly .
P a i rs mean s daybreak or th e early morn i n g , but i t i s used pri n c i pally
as an adverb da pa i rs drsyas , h e arri ired early i .e . ,early i n th e morn i ng
M i liti a, af ter ; cd igbd , n ear d i d, i n s i de , etc . , are postposi ti on s , whi ch are used
as n oun s as well as adverbs ; Ig zoli ha ad, i n th e rear cdkhd ml , i n th e vi c i n i tyd i d ad
,i n the i n teri or ; as 191 1 5 ]d barcas, h e came after ; dd cd iglzd ra
’i , sh e
i s n ear ; dr ai d ra’auar ,
they stay i n s i de . From these few e x ample s i t wi ll be
se en that the re i s n ot much room i n th e Kurukh lan guage for the format i on
of words .
178 . There i s , however, thi s pe cu li ari ty that n oun s may be turn ed
i n to verbs (d l—by s imply addi n g th e i nflecti on s of th e verb, e.g . , éigh , shade ,
hen ce éipj zdaa , élg zda z‘
, ékkdas, I shade , thou shadest, he shades etc-a Kbalb,
th i ef,theft' ; h en ce dr iglza i bnar do
: Iglza i byar, dr Mzalbor, they steal , they stole ,
they wi ll steal, (b) I f th e n oun en ds i n a vowel, i t i s dropped an d th e
i n flect i on i s added to th e procedi n g con son an t ; e .g d igbd, darkn e ss, 11 9 1 1 09
e li di n g th e fin al a we con jugate (71311 5 i t i s g ett i ng dark, MEN/d,i t has be come
dark,d ig i t} . i t wi ll g et dark . K hon dkd , gatheri n g , assembl
y drop th e d and
i n fle ct ig coqzdi cun , g ran der, [g rand/rat, I have g athered, they wi ll gather, we
an d you have gathered .
I t has been prev i ously explai n ed how th e n oun
i .e . ,by s impl
y addi n g th e vowal a to th e base of th e verb, M L , ti mo, beg ,
l imbd beggar ; { mic/z, to g et drunk, { mic/(u drunkard ; pdz
'
,s i n g , para, s i nger.
Ci , g i ve , h er as ca’u, g i ver, man , to
do, hen ce m ad, the de er ; 1 mm, make
henn ce kamu, the maker, creator.
of ag en cy i s formed ,
1 1 6 KU RU JQ; GR AMM AR . 179-1 81 .
179 . Th e n oun of agen cy may s erve as an adj e cti v e , i rd alas,the
se e i n g man [01 mm a thi ev i n g se rvan t ; If/z‘
i d dlar,mortal man .
Th e i nfin i t i ve of th e verb stan ds for th e abstract noun érn d, to see,
h en ce érn d, the se e i n g , th e rev i ew,
observat i on ; on nd and mé lgj md , bothmean i n g to eat ; when taken tog e ther they mean food, support.
Noun s are formed by th e employmen t of th e past parti c i ple kd, added
to th e base of a verb, v rz . , gas /crud, to prom i se , wow/ed th e promi se , covenan tag re emen t dn nd to say dnkd, th e word é
'
r nd,to se e , nae/4nd, to hear hen ce
i rka many/rd, wi tn e ss .
1 80. By prefi x i ng th e abbrev i ated form of th e n egat i ve adverb mai d ,i .e .
,mal. to verbs or adjec ti ve s , we g et an othe r k i n d of compoun d
M al munj m d,n ot en d i n g , e ndless , etern al,
M al sadng i d, n ot strong , weak, fe eble .
By addi n g ma i d or malkd to n oun s or adj e ct i ves , we g et an other se ri e s
of der i vati ve s : Igbadd mulled chi ldless , barren ; munj dmallcd , e n dle ss , ete rnal.
By addi n g th e posse ss i ve locat i ve affi x natd, or ntd to noun s , we get'
sti ll an other k i n d of deri vat i ve s : merébrmtd , he ave n ly ; ultantd, dai ly ; also
by addi n g Zak/2d”
,li ke : pan drd lek/zd , whi ti sh , e tc . Ma i td
,he i ght, and kctd
depth, are der i ved f rom mgyd and k iyd ,“hi gh an d low”
an d an td or,
ntd or ta, belong i n g to.
”Compare 26 .
1 8 1 . There are n o d im i nuti ve s i n Kurukh ; but we find that on e of
the H i n d i d im i n uti v e form s use d some t i me s i s e .g from c hatd, small,
youn g : cuflcd, th e li ttle on e , the youn g es t . Th i s i s i n Kuragh sanm, small ;
hen ce sankd,th e li ttle on e , th e le ast .
The abbrevi ati on of [Gk/N7, li ke , i .a.,I? i s also sometimes employed as a
d im i n ut i ve : kélzdlé , li t ; th e greatli ke , pretty larg e .
D im i nut i ves are further formed by addi n g the word M ada! to the n oun ;
e .g . , alld k_ hadd, a li ttle dog ; p i tr i M ada, a small mat ; k/topp d M add, a
small hai r tuft cdcd“add, a small ston e but“) flac ci d, a small star .
Th e adje ct i ve san n i may be used g e n e rally i n form i ng di m i n uti ve s,e .g . ,
ram ? man . a small tre e ; 8mm? Jr“, a small bow ; safm i (tong/5 , a small
ax e .
1 1 8 K URU In GR AM M A R . 1 81 .
kalkd lamba’and, to tease ;
kankd ndmba’an d, to i rri tate ;
Jami /orb bon‘
kro, crooked ; also [carried ban/cc, Ben g ali bdnka
Inmdxrmun dr , prote stlambar lumbar , qu i cklylaram 214m m
, gre edy ;hundr i mna
’rd , wi de ;
lup luprd , trembli n g ;n o/zortohor
, preservi ng ;ollglmd c i lslmd, lame n t
puln z'
puln i , softsbrad adrad, care le ssly
t i adp dt/zdp d , flat footedulukbuluk, con foundedarapara, stra i ghtway.
PA RT III .
A P PENDICES .
APPENDIX I .
On th e Drav i d i a n c h arac te r i s t i c s i n th e Kuru k h Gramm ar .
Th e pri n c i pal characteri st i cs of the Dravi di an lan guag es are , accordi n g
to Dr . Caldwe l l,th e followi n g . They are i n th e first plac e agg luti nati ve .
Th i s characteri sti c i s foun d i n Kurulgh , whi ch expre sse s grammat i cal relati on sby mean s of afli x ed words , Wt l] mai n ta i n throughout the i r ori g i nal
character . Th e D rav i di an n oun h as on ly on e de cle n s i on . Thi s i s jus t thecase wi th the Kurukh n oun . The Kurukh also di v i de s h i s noun s i n to rat i on alan d i rrati onal th e latter be i n g n euter, whe ther they be an imate or i n an i
mate . Th e plural for masculi n e an d femi n i n e n oun s i s i de n t i cal,and the
n euter n oun has,stri ctly speaki n g h n o plural. A s i n Dravi di an lan guag es ,
so i n Kumk_h, th e person al pron oun , plural n umber, h as a collecti ve pluralbe s i de s , whi ch i n cludes th e first and s econd pe rson s . Th e e ndi ngs of th e
i n flected n oun are n othi ng but person al pron oun s added to them . Th e
n om i n ati ve s i ngular h as n o case-s i g n , an d those of th e obli que cases are
added to i t or to th e mod i fied stem wi thout any con n ecti n g li n k whatev er.
-r dj e cti ve s i n Kurukh as i n a ll Drav i d i an lang uages are mere n oun s of
relati on or quali ty, whi ch are prefixed to th e substan t i v e wi thou t alterat i on .
Th e compari son of adjecti ves i s formed i n th e true Drav i di an style by plac i n gth e adje cti ve to be compared i n th e n om i n at i ve an d th e n oun or pron oun
wi th wh i ch i t i s compared i n th e ablat i ve case . Th e Kurukh has n o relat i vepron oun , and n o thi rd person person al pronoun
—very characteri sti cDrav i di an features .
Th e structure of the Kurukh verb i s , li ke that of all Dravi di an verbs ,agg luti n at i ve : first th e root
,then th e voi ce characteri sti c or causati on
parti cle , after thi s th e te n se charac teri sti c,and fin ally th e pron om i n al
e n di ng , denoti n g pe rson , g ender and n umber. Th e Kurukh verb has on lyon e con jugati on , li ke i ts s i sters of th e Drav i di an fami ly .
1 20 KURUKE GRAMMAR .
A P P E N D I X I I .
Connecti on of Kurukh wi th other Dravi di an languag es .
L i st o f Drav i di an word s an d roots i n K uru k h as fou n d
Dr . Caldwe ll’s Comp arat i v e Gramm ar .
It i s n ot n e c e ssary to prov e th e con n e c ti on of Kurukh wi th
Dravi di an fam i ly of lan g uag e s , but a li st o f some of th e words wh i chc ommon to all of th em
,may be of i n te re s t
NO UNS .
father.
A DJ ECTIVES .
1 9 KU R UK_
I_1 GRAMMA R .
Th e Kurukh personal pron oun first person s i ngular i s en , plural ém and
adm i n old Kan arese i t i s can , emu an d némn respect i vely, i n old Tam i l ndn ,
ydm and ndm. In old Kan arese th e personal pron oun s f or th e second
person ,am
,n i nz
,tog e ther wi th the rec i procals tdn tdm, are qu i te i den ti ca l .
The person al pron ouns ds and dd, h e , she , i t, are appare n tly con n e cted wi th th eTe lug u eddu and ad i . Th e ch aracteri sti c of th e past ten se o f th e verb c/r or
on may be compared wi th oi i n Te legu and Gea r] ? as well as wi thth e ea of th e Korava di alect. In th e future ten se th e Kurukh verhs
e nd i n c, wh i lst corre spondi n g sufli x es i n Tam i l and Kan arese are u and r
re spe cti vely . Th e nume rals orf , masc .
, on e ,‘
and 0nd, n eut . ; and may be
compared wi th the l‘
am i l are and e arn also wi th the Telug u c icada an d cach e
respecti vely . Koravd has wt and and, th e same as Kurukh . I‘he trh an d
i f tar, two or both , are s im i li ar to th e Tam i l i ruvur and the Kan arese z
'
bc’
mm .
The Kurukh end tw’
o,n eut . , i s i de n t i cal wi th th e Tam i l rendn an d i randu
and tho Kan are se eradn . Th e Kurul_
1_h_.n ubar
,three ,
.
m asc corre spon ds
wi th th e Tam i l mdvar an d th e Kanarese mdvaru . Th e Kurukh word for
three , n eut. , i s mdnd, wh i ch i s i den t i cal wi th th e Tam i l md n ru,mum/m
an d mcmdd . Kurukh wa i te r , f our , masc . ,corre sponds Wi th fzalvar i n Tam i l
an d wi th n dlsam i n Kan arese ; n dlglz, four, n eut . , to th e Kan arese fed/kn
and the Telugu n alugu . Th e ord i n al mum/ta , first, i s i den ti cal wi th
th e Telugu mcdald .
A P P E N 1 ” X TI T.
S i m i lar i ty of Rama an d Malta.
A part from a di fi ere n ce i n pronun ci at i on the Kurukh and Malta Vocabulory i s almost ali ke . The se two languages , more ave r, zare close ly related ,
grammati cally . They have n o separate femi n i ne s i ng ular, but us e the neuter
i n stead, an d the i r n oun s have n o separate obli que case . Th e case-sufi x e s
are almost i den t i cal an d the personal pronouns i n each of th em are qui te thesame
,wh i ch may he sai d also of th e ten se characteri st i cs .
CA SE-S IGNS
Kuruéll . M dltc
Si n gular .
NUM ER A L ADJECTIVES .
Ortc s , ort, masc fem.,
on e orté and orti,
Irb, masc . , fem . ,two i br
,masc . ,
fem
0nd, neut . on e an d, n eut .
PE RSONA L PRONOUNS .
En , IN i n , thou ;
Em,we ;
N i m, you ;
we and you
1 24 Kna g g GRAMMAR .
DEMONSTRATIVES .
I n Karel/loll 58, de, i d, dd, h e (th i s on e , that on e), sh e , i t (th i sthat on e).
In MaltB—i h , h e zit/z, f em . an d n eut.
In K urukh Er,dr
,they (the s e on e s
,those on e s), masc. an d fem .
I n Malta i n both for masc an d fem .
The refle x i ve M n and ldm i s i n both languages al i ke .
INTERROGATIVES .
m kh . Malta
NE,ekd
, enrlr,n ék
,who
,wh i ch
,what ; né, f i re , i n clr, né
’
t .
TENSE C HA RACTERlS T lOS .
Past ten se , Kurukh Ira i n Matte k .
Impe rfe ct, d d .
1 26 KURUJQj GRAMM AR .
k and h are on ly euphon i c addi t i on s . A. more i mportan t di fferen ce i s
found i n th e ten se characteri sti c of th e perfect, where manflmi become s
rn aqw/redde mem’
kaz, man e/sedate . Thi s kedae i s borrowed apparen tly fromMunddr i . The most i mportan t di ff eren ce howev er, i s i n th e aux i li aryverb to be . Thus En bé
’edan or ra
’adcm i n stan dard i s wi th those people
atlcm,I am atlae, thou art
,atlas, h e i s,, am, sh e , i t i s.
A P P E N D I X V .
1 a Muzzddr i cmmectcd wi th {be Urdo lang uage ?
Dr. Sten Konowh as take n excepti on to th e theory propounded by th e
A uthor i n th e first edi t i on of th i s g uemme r that Mundari 1 8 a Drav i d i s tl
lan guag e and i s thus con n ected wi th Kurufl . It i s n ow g e ne rally adm i tted
by scholars that th e Munda tri be s belon g ethn olog i cally to the Urav i d i an sth i s fact h as bee n proved by an thrOpometri cal i nvesti gati on s carri ed out on
the larg e st poss i ble scale , and con sequen tly a relati on sh i p betwe en the
Kurulgh an d Mundari languag e s would not appear i mprobable ; moreve r,the re i s a larg e n umbe r of Words wh i ch are used i n common both i n Kurukh
as we ll as i n Mundani and con n ec ted lan guage s , not merely borrowed words
but words wh i ch can n ot be deri ved from other source s and last but n ot
leas t, there are feature s i n th e con struct i on of th e grammar of e i the r
languag e wh i ch seem to support th e theory of relat i on sh i p .
Th e suffixe s of the noun i n i ts decle n s i on are s i mi lar i n both lan guage s
th e dat i ve s i g n i n Kurukh i s yé and that of th e ablati ve ti , wh i lst i n Mundari
i t i s ké and (6 respect i ve ly . Th e d i vi s i on of n oun s i n to rati on al and i rra
ti onal i n th e former and i n to an i mate and i n an i mate i n th e latter i s thoughd i fferen t yet pract i cally the same . E i ther lan guage posse sse s the double
plural, on e i n wh i ch th e speake r e li cludes th e person spoken to an d on e i n
wh i ch h e i s i n cluded There i s , howe ver, n o dual n umbe r i n Kurukh as we
find i n Mundari but, on th e other hand, th e Jhang , th e Savers. and Godaha
lan g uag es also have no dual, though they are bran ches of th e Munda fami ly
of lang uag es .
A dj ecti ve s are of the same character i n Kurukh and i n Mundari : i n both
they are i n real i ty n oun s .
Th e pron oun first pe rson s i n gular appears to be stri ki n gly s im i lar i n bothlanguage s ; i t i s i ng i n M undari an d en i n Kurukh wi th the obli que base
M y. Th e pron om i n al suffix for th e th i rd person i n th e ve rb i s i n severalDrav i di an lan guag e s d and at or 06 , wh i lst i n Mundari i t i s as , me an i n g i n
both h e or s he . The i nfi’
x ta i n M undari an d the poss e ss i ve pron oun tan i n
Kurulgh have th e same mean i ng , e.g.
,Sada»: ta i fig my own horse , i n M 1 1 scarf ,
i s tang/mt glze rc, h i s own horse i n Then aga i n ,th e way i n
wh i ch th e possess i ve pronoun i s con n ected wi thwords denoti ng relati on sh i p i s
1 28 K U R UJQLI GRA MMAR .
i n both languages ali ke the on ly di ff eren ce i s thi s , that i n Mundari the pro
n oun i s added to th e noun ,wh i lst i n Ku rukh i t i s prefixed e .g . , i n Kurukh
embas my father i n Mundari (wi ri ng , e tc . The emphat i c suffix m and ye or‘
yd are i n both lang uages th e same e .g .
,i n Mundari we say a i n
'
g g‘
é , eve nI i n 01 30 éngd i n Mun da gapam re c od i n g , even to morrow I shall go i n
Kurulgh n éldm ltdon . R elati ve c laus e s and i n terrogat i ve se n te n ce s are formed
i n Mundari almost i n th e same way as i n Kurufi for other s i mi lar .ti e s se e
n ext appendi x ,Yet i n spi te of all these s im i lari ti e s Professor Sten Konow comes to the
con clusi on that they can be explai n ed otherwi se and that they do n ot furn i shsuffi c i en t proof of th e con n ecti on of th e Mundari languag e wi th the
Urawdi an group. In putti ng forward h i s theory the A uthor h i mse lf i n th efirst edi ti on of th i s grammar di d n ot attach much i mportan ce to the co i n c i
den c i e s 1 11 th e vocabulary, s i n ce these can be e x plai n ed by th e mutua l
i n fluen ce these two languag es have exerc i sed upon each othe r through the i rclose con tact for cen turi es , though h e lai d stres s on grammat i cal affini ti es
‘
,
H owever, even these can be explai n ed otherwi se , as sh own by th e learn ed
Professor ; for example , Dr. Sten Konow ascri be s th e s imi lari ty of case
s i gn s i n these languag es to th e i n fluen ce of A ryan speech es on both of
them ali ke
A ccordi ng to the same authori ty th e adject i ve has the same characte r i n
all aggluti n ati ve lan guage s—not on ly i n KuruLh and Mu ndari . A gai n , th e
real base of th e pronoun first person s i n gular be i ng i n M undari n'
, i t i s
i mposs i ble to con n ect i t wi th th e base 32 of th e Dravi di an lan guag es . In
th e exami n ati on of the format i on and con jugati on of the verb Dr. Sten
Kon ow fa i ls to se e any trace of analogy betwe en M anda and Kuruk_ h , the
s im i lari ty met wi th here an d the re be i ng on ly appare n t, n ot real. Th e
learn ed ph i lolog i st sui n s up h i s i n ve s ti gat i on by de clari ng that th e M undas
an d Dravi di an s belon g to the same e thn i c stock, thoug h th e phys i cal type .
i s n ot un i form throughout, but that the lang uag e s of th e Mundas rn d
Drav i das are n ot con n ected, an d form two qu i te i n depende n t fam i l i e s th e
former ag ree i ng i n many po i n ts wi th var i ous forms of spe e ch i n FurtherIn d i a , th e M alay Pe n i n sula and th e N i cobar Islan ds , and the latter form i n gqu i te an i solated g roup.
1 30 K URULLI GRAMM AR .
2 . Ori g i nal words .
En gli sh . Mundari
Fathe r dpu, abbd .
M othe r (my mother). cpgd .
W i fe (youth). [sar i (kord).
B eard. mood .
Nose .
Kn ee,
Daughter.
M ulti tude .
H ouse
Garmen t .Man ger.
Ox .
H un ti n g .
Forest .Wall .
R i ver .
Rape seed .
Sound.
A rrow.
Vegetable .
R i ce .
W i tch , evi l spi ri t.
R EMA RK ." The Oreo plural, n euter e ndi n g gut/i i i s used li kewi se
Mundari i n the followi ng i n stan ce : dds i g utbz, mean i ng mai d-servan ts .
B,Adje ct i ve s .
1 . B orrowed-words .
Whole . gem.
Proud, stubborn . did.
Bli n d. kard .
R i ght . thaukd .
Crooked. bcngko.
Ilflhx
abbd, bacc‘
i , bang .
i flgyb.
[cu-
r i d i n Dhalnkdm’
d
nnwd.
mi tt.
i nakuL
snaL
géhon da
01 d .
kwr idhdha.
adda
1 8 1
En gli sh -Mundafi
Lazy.
Clean , wh i te .
Sh i n i n g , gli tteri ng .
H oary, grey , old.
0. Ve rbs , (Roots).
1 . Loan -words .
To be , rema i n . man .man .
Serve .susar.
B eli eve . pati a . p atta.
Ki ss .or). f ung i , H i n di came .
To be surpri sed . [mi /cat. hatkaé, U rdu .
2 . Ori g i nal words .
Make , bui ld, repai r. bat.
Fear, tremble . eke}.
Break, (bread). kec.
F i n i sh, hasten . cab.
Gi ve , permi t . i n , i n Mj u i c i kedkoae,
he allowed or gavethem to ceme .
Collect, gathe r. hundi .
Come out .oz
'
on g .
To dri ve .bar. dri ven
Who, what.
Far, off .
U rao .
Iazzdi d .
pandra.
bi ri -sun , bi rud , heat.
p anflrd, p undkd.
um .
leaf .
0!
P ro noun s and Adve rb s .
1 . L oan-words .
lekd
M nté.
1 32 R ou ti ng GRAMMAR
Eng li Sh 0
H ere, h i ther.
There , th i ther.
Not yet.
Yes .
REM ARK . Kurukh word wi ld, day, appe ars i n several M undari
adverbs of t i me : H old ,ye sterday ; h alti ng , d ry be fore ye sterday ; hole tare ,day before ye sterday ; at ulla, wh i ch day ; c i ulla 0 led
, n ever, n ot on anyday .
E. Conjun ct i o n s , Nume rals an d P os tpos i t i on s .
kart (H i ndi ).
Towards .
li a RK r—These li sts of words m i gh t be i n creased con s i derably
, s i n ce
the n umber of words i n common use i n both language s i s about on e
ten th of th e vocabulary.
2 . Or i g i nal words .
Mundari .
né taré.e n tdré.
carl’
ye.
laé.
i 34 Huang GRAMMAR .
A P P E N D IX V I I I .
TIME REOKONING OF THE KURUKHS .
A —Day -ti me .
Qér cabl e cm ,when th e cock crows .
B ijo bi r i , blfla’d,
at dawn .
Cr cucuh i a c i kho bi ri when th e bi rds beg i n to ch i rp.
Cr j alpullzem,di tto d i tto.
bi r i,
at ri si n g time .
B i r i argnd (bard), at sun ri se .
P a i r i , pa i r im,morn i n g , early .
Gobolap a ndua bérd , time to yoke th e oxe n .
Landi lukdr i , early breakfast .
Luhdr i bm ,breakfast t i me .
Kukkccpc, mi dday, n oon .
A r i abi r i , aftern oon ,water-fetchi ng ti me .
Elk/trad bi r i , wh en the sun i n cli n e s .
Em puttnd (bard), at sunset .
B i r puttd, the whole day, from morn i ng to even i n g .
fi lgbmi beg'a, at dusk .
Qurti 6m,supper time .
fl urti bi nko bérd, the t i me of the even i ng star, late supper t ime .
Cate 6m ,t ime to go to bed .
n i g ht .f dlnms lld, mi dn i ght .
B .
—Th e Kurukh year .
Th e Urfio di v i des the year (can) i n to lun ar months (ami de) each mon th
as two parts, v i z .,bi ll? mdlglzd, bri ght n i gh ts , and {1 1d mdlgbd, dark n i ghts
ami d made i s n ewmoon or beg i n n i ng of th e mon th p ane l i s full moon .
1 86
The names of the months are taken from the H i ndus , but th e year i sdi v i ded i n to the followi ng season s
Sandra candc, spri ng t ime ; li t. , hun ti ng t i me , from February to them i ddle of March .
Ez'
raa gall, hot season ; from the mi ddle of March to the beg i nn i ng of
J11 11 9 .
Ekj ld gall, rai ny season ti ll th e m i ddle of September .
Ci rdi gah , harve st time t i ll th e end of November .
P a i d u lld , cold season December and January .
i mportan t even ts i n th e fami ly li fe are counted from these season s , andmore parti cularly from festi vals or from some poli ti cal even t, such as th e
rebe lli on of the Kola i n 1 882, (Jar/rd ) or the Muti ny i n 1 857, (ulgulan), etc .
e .g . , Lay/rd cdn ml benj rdlakkan , i n the year of the L arka (Rebe lli on 1 832)I got marri ed .
1 36 R outi ng GRAMMA R .
A P P E N D IX I X .
Kuruk h m easure s .
ormeasures th e U raos have very few0nd c urled, on e pallet , about on e pound (for grai n).
toalla,about five pounds (for grai n ).
M ag i , about 20uddd, on e maund (man)or 80 pounds (for grai n)
Mali , chapter, li t., root, H .
Kari , verse, li t., part, H .
Makd, e lbow (hath : H i ndi ).
Sobbd, a handful .
0nd pasti , both hands full.
0nd (their, on e spoon ful.
0nd kan‘
z’
, th e e i ghth part of a paud of land.
0nd kanud, the fourthl
part of on e paud of land.
A ll/2196".
or adhapaud, half a paud .
Kanad mdnd, three kanud or three-fourths of a paud .
Oadp aa or paud, on e paad of lan d.
REMARK .—P aud or pawa i s H i n di an d has th e mean i n g of on e-fourth
part of a se’
r-two poun ds : and paud M al,on e paud land i s there fore , agai n
on e -fourth part of a larger or complete quan ti ty, v i z. th e Heart and Zahara
lglml, four paud land . On e p awd of low ri ce land i s a quan ti ty of lan d on
wh i ch about four maun ds of paddy seed-grai n can be sown . Kan t an d
Kanwd are also H i ndi words .
0n d Has , on e Kes , about two m i les i n le ng th .
l golf , a di stan ce as far as a small round ston e may be
thrown .
0nd dang or (land, dapdd , about ten feet .
1 38 Kn i tti ng GRAMMAR.
A P P E N D I X X I
L i st of Kuruk h v i llag e name s wi th me an i n g s .
Kurukh way of spelli ng Eretcdro, bow, arrow.
Nagg'
d,humus
,clay.
lgharta, by th e ri ver .
‘
Kang i d, sour.
Kundo, ferti le .
Belaf tu,
Odo/i i and Ohdche,
Radar/cc,
P agdrd or P apdra, wh i te .
Kborhbc, sprouts .
Mai /t i , belon g i ng to th e
g i ant .
M a i l/o, fru i tful.Kuruhll i , homestead.
S id,boundary .
B ells, belong i ng to the k i n g .
B él/rddi /z, v i llage of the
ki n gdom .
B als id, ki ng
’s boundary .
C’a’
c i and stony .
Kud’arkbc, a ki nd of veg s
table .
grati s .
Noll i n i,swee t yam .
ulcrd, pri n ci pal
Karame, Kuru1_
r_
h way spelli ng
Turlamba,
Karammba i , warm water
spout or spri ng .
Tari ammba i,forest water
spout or spri ng .
Keroé, crooked.
B nag i , clean ed .
P allamme, teeth water v i llag e .
1 40 K URU IQLI GRAMMAR .
A P P E N D IX X I I .
Mandor i vi llage names .
[Th ese v i llages are found i n the n orth-western port ofwh i ch di str i ct, i s at. presen t i nhab i ted by U rfios on ly .]
Serefighdtu, serenghdtu, rock v i llage.Serefi gddg or do, serengda
’d, rock water.
H andagd, or dd, bonda’d,ch i ld water.
H ondp i rz'
,honp i r, chi ld plai n .
H esdp i rz'
,hesdp i r, pla i n of flows r
‘
elz'
g i osa .
F ood, kocd, crooked corn er.
Mankdlu, mankata, tree v i llage .
M0821.dtu,mesa/mm
, gram vi llag e .
Szmse rawg , s imseren g, fowl rock.
P atrdtu, patrhdtu, wood vi llag e .
D i ri ddg or dd, di r i da’d,ston e water.
1 42 K URUK} ; GRAMMAR .
A P P E N D IX X I V .
Som e Id i om at i c P h rase s .
i s alglzam baldas, li t. , he kn owi n g n ot knows==h e does n ot know at all.
[yantd amm en’
gdgé mai d pao’i , li t.
, of th i s (place) water to me n ot
d i g ests= th e cli mate of th i s place does not agree wi th me .
Ed dzdi g/d, li t. , sh e man rev i ved z she has marri ed a second t ime .
B d i d i d comb/{ é bd’d,l i t. , i n si de th e mou th do n ot speakd n ot speak
i ndi st i n ctly .
Kohd baz’
ambd nand, li t .
,a larg e mouth do n ot make=den
’t assume a
proud a i r.
A'
s tang/mi ohmd codas , li t. , h e rai ses h i s honour= h e i s ambi t i ous .
f i e d/wkkd man/thyme li t. , h e rece i ved an en teri n g on e= h e has taken 8
con cub i n e .
A'
s gd bz'
élc en‘
gd n looj yd, li t. ,h i s shade pressed on m e =he has favoured
H ullonti hallo yet i , li t from end to end=ev ermore .
Ndr i ambd mai d a vnb’i, li t. th e fever even leav i ng n ot leaves ‘
h i m
the fever n ever leaves h im .
21'
s oi’a 11 5 mold oi
’i dd s, li t. h e g i v i n g even
\n ot g i ves= he n ever g i ves
at all .
En yzd Iglzakhkd n , li t. , I soul have found=I have taken courag e .
21'
s engd n k_ hnn Icog'
d 155 ma i d“érdas , li t., h e does n ot se e me even wi th
a. corn er of h i s oyo=he takes n o not i ce whatever of me .
[fr Zdndi lubdr i mmar, li t. , th ey eat a lazy breakfast= th ey take breakfastvery early.
i fs ma i d ozmum ci’z‘
das,li t. , he i n not g i v i ng g i ves=h e g i ve s unwi lli ngly .
A s on’
gan fedpoldd s , l i t., he even b e i ng able i s un able z h e i s absolute lyun able .
A d I_c_haddpdkyd, li t. , sh e took ch i ld i n to her 1ap=ch c gave bi rth to a
1 43
Nela parb bds i ulld, li t., tom orrow the festi val’s stale day=to-morrow
i s a post~festi val holi day .
Uj j nd bi jjnd okkd lagdac’
.
2 li t. , li vi n g shi n i ng are you seated ?=are you
hale and heartyA s landi d j
‘
d
'
éll ark/cos, li t., he came out= turned out to be a lazy fellow.
Je'
d ml omi r’d, li t., take to heart, pay atte n t i on ; also j c
'
an saf ad , li t
throw soul, i .s ., i n to the matter un derstood andrud , to bri ng mi nd, to throw.
M éld codnd , to arrange a gatheri ng , a fa i r .
i s gdm mdlglzus rrt’as , he i s forbeari ng , pat i en t .
Cuttan oau’e ? W i ll you dri nk (have)a o/u
'
root
Bd nod ! That’s done, fin i shed from th e H i ndi bannd.
L anctot I We have fin i sh ed, overcome , won th e vi ctory.
A syé j e'
d cc uzd mono, h e must be encouraged.
L agé, lagé Go on ! Come on ! Forward
KURUELI GRAMMAR .
A P P E N D IX X V .
Ku ruk h P rov erb s .
Em Kurulabdm, makhle Turkom
L i t , We are Kurukh un less we are‘
.l‘
urksM ean i ng : If you wi ll li sten to us we shall treat you we ll , i f notwe shall treat you as the Turks would do.
A i r gd/n'
kuddd ma i d
They have n o n ave l =They are not trustworthy ;stran gers .
H ad? gd/u‘
kdpz‘é mecohd m
’i
Yonder woman bears her head h i gh”=She i s stubborn or
quarrelsome .
4 1 8 gah i kap ré uj go ra’r
H i s head i s strai ght =H e i s a lucky fellow .
God d lld j hdgfd Mold
Th e lan dlord’s dog has a hai ry tai l =The Landlord’
h i gh-handed .
B élds gah i haudd ur i c/1d Mac i a“The ki ng’s e lephan t seat has appeared ==H i s quali ti es areapparen t .
Gi sso i nj o M d? ué’i
Small fiShOS impede th e curren t =The combi n ed eff orts of weakpeople may accompli sh great th i ng s .
K hd ttas ml M ettd n ew kdrcd“In that wretch ' s (house) en tered a cobra snake =A g reat Galam i ty h as befallen that unfortun ate fellow.
K haddi dard p haggu Iferd
The Sar/zdl and th e P lzdgzm (two pri n ci pal festi valsyare gon eThe days of merry-mak i ng are over.
they are
s act i onsare
1 46 KURUfl GRAMMAR .
Eng/mi mdkddim mukkd,
Anti Made! dim Made .
My kn e e i s my wi fe and my foot i s my daughter-i n -lawI have n o oth er helper be s i de s myself . On e must n ot rely
on othe rs for assi stan c e H elp yourself .Kubd lakhd j i g/an p dsdd i
You support your li fe li ke a cuckoo =You depend on
others for th e subs i sten ce of your fami ly, i n stead of cari ng for
them yourself.Khdhbd k/zotd na kulzd Madd
In the n est of th e crow there i s a youn g cuckoo =There i sa black sheep i n good company .
Jard n errd n amb/ré aj’d
Don’t wake th e cowach sn ake Don
’t provok e e x ci table
people .
(7rd Mi dlglld add mangled
Th e b i rds and th e crow have se lected the i r dwell i ng -place=Your opportun i ty i s gon e .
L a/crd karag/d arg i cd’
d“Th e t i g er has n ot yet put on h i s n i gh t dre ss . It i s st i lldark, n ot opport un e . There i s yet dan g er ahe ad.
H ad busd odr i kodd t'
kas’i“That woman g ri nds th e chaff tOg e tlner wi th the corn
That i s an unrel i able person of m i x ed character.
i s gd lzi Medal Igbékhd esrd ké’
rd“H i s fe e t and hands are broken H e i s helple ss . Therei s n o help or remedy for hi m.
H as 050061 9012 i rkds ba’edas
H e has seen th e delug e , h e i s very old an d wi se, or i ron i cally
pre tends to be so.
B trp uttd koddz'
i dead~“A ll th e day she i s work i ng for mi lle t. Do not alwaystrouble me.
Laadz‘
a yé mau ll i ,
Kamiyas qé amcj i .
To the lazy ri ce , to th e di li gen t ri ce water =Th e n eg li ge n toften fare better than the di li g e n t .
L ip i Dlzarme khadc'
an bi atl'
i“The lark deli ghts the ch i ldren of God =A small bri g h t fe llowmay g ladden th e he arts of many people .
Dwzdd part part .
P eed li dpar i .
The larg e owl i s s i lly and the small owl also gets s i lly A ll
people err, g reat an d small,
P arld gecclumti lgbénd lg_h6r’§
From a di stance th e hi lls all appear g re en an t fre sh If pe ople
li ve afar from e ach other,th ey e ste em e ach oth e r n ore than
when th ey are li vi n g close tog e th er .
Calls? két/ar mudglanalcrfi
Th e broom an d th e duster are poki n g each othe r ”3 Ne i ghbours
ough t n ot to quarrel wi th on e an other .
1 43 KURUELI GRAMMAR.
A P P E N D I X X V I .
Th e P arable of th e Prodi gal Son .
Orl dlas-gd/ri a'
rb lglzaalclm'
ra’can.
On e man-of two son s were .
Sunn i s tam-odai a'
dng/a8,‘and bang , urmi n
The-youn ger h i s-father ~to sa i d,
‘ O father, alllob/{flan en
'
gbeu'
lglmlgfarkd ra’i adz
'
u c i’r’
lréh av i n g -di v i ded my share i s that g i ve-please .
K han é dv longlaa i afj ad-ga/zz'
dr-gnfi n’
n i rbar-gé
Th en h e h i s l i vi n g -of goods two-toIglwflyas c/o
’as . JONC ulld arg i mammm
di v i ded gave . Few days n ot-ye t be i n g-i asanm
’
s tang h d z'
urmt'
n [agendas dard geclzcbdth e-young er h i s all hav i ng -gathered also far
lard lréras (lard d i g/am badrad ufl'
nd-t i tang/ral
towards wen t and there-even ri otous li v i n g from h i sn rmln mullgjzdcas . A s m'mt
'
n munj yas c i cas khan é
all drown ed-fin i sh ed . H e all spe nd-g i ven thend rdj i -nd k i rd kbatrd ard ds l ' i r'd-sdr
’d
that coun try-ln hung er fell an d h e hungry -to-su fferbalm s . K hané da atlammd or addi gas g us m
began Then he regi on-of on e land propri etor wi th
lrorcas ds ds i n tang/va l lgl mll-na lrz'
ss lglzdpd
en tered ; h e h im h i s fi eld-i a p i g s to -tendtalym ; ds ékd utarban dan ki ss-gu i ld ms d-lagyd
sen t ; h e wh i ch husks swi n e -flock eat i n g-wereat-li tangba i kdlan ard
’d bi ddyas ; mundd
that-from h i s belly to-fill sough t ; yetn éhl
‘
i ds-yé ma] cr’
d o laggar .
anybody h im-to not g i v i ng-was.
1 50 KURUKE GRAMMAR .
malkan .
’Manda lambda tan
‘
glaai j OM dl‘tfl
not-am . But h i s-fath er h i s servan ts-todug/as, arme
'
n-fi dan ln'
or i n ondr’d
sai d, all-from good cloth bri n gdard dai n bdr
'
i od ard da-gal n'
M elckhdnd
and hi m put-on ; an d h i s hand-on
maddi (lard labednd fald a i t’d ;
ri ng and fe et-on shoes putan d aldrlzdrlcd gunqli -lgbada
’an oudr
’ar-k i
and fatted cow-young brough t havi n gerba, lgltané 5 n6t dard r i rr
’
ydr’dl ; ddgé
k i ll, then shall-dri n k also shall-rejoi ce ; becausecagdas keolrds ra
’cas
,antz
'
lé uzjnas ,my-son dead was
, then li ved ,
da ebserkds ra’cas, ard M alt/clams . K han?
he lost was , and was-found. Then .
dr r img/dr’d bolrar .
they to-rejoi ce began .
M undd kdhas Mu ll-71d ra’cds 1 18
But th e-elde r field-i n was . H e
erpd heddé drsyas dard aasnan dard
house n ear arri ved havi ng play i ng and
ndlnan monjd s . M an? ds j dlglzar-ti orlosz'
n
dan ci n g heard th en h e servan ts-from on e
tang-gnaw: eddas dard me i ij as ,
‘andr mandlagyi i
’
h im-n ear call i n g asked,what i s-be i n g on
i s data dag/as, n i ngdes barcas a rd/
m’
mbas
H e h im-to sai d,thy
-brother came and thy-fath er
ddrlzarlcd gundi -lgbaddan i rbyas, dsz'
n lroré
fatted cow-youn g prepared, h i m safelrdrem fi akklzyas ddgé . A n ti lé ltd/od e lclzz
'
sdras
soun d found therefore . Then th e e lder got-an gry
drd ala kdr’d ma i d bz
'
ddyas. E ta/(é tam-baa
and i n s i de to-enter not sough t . Then h i s -fath er
ur ic/(as dard ds i n go/u dras . A n ti lé as lambas i u
come-out also h i m e n treated. T h e n he h i s-father-todad ln
'
rtdoas, érd, én 65 can ti n i n‘
ylral
say-return ed,
’see , I the se-many years-from thy
nala/rk nandan dara {ki d/ad n i n'
glaaz'
pé tkan
servi ce do and ever-even thy order
mald eslcan ; aaadkd n i n eng dgé i kld/w
n‘
ot broke that-in-even thou rue -to on ce-evenontd boltrd n mald s ic/Cd ,
élcdti e’
nlu’
l ori g/m ;
on e ki d n ot gave st, wh i ch-from I also my
sang i tur gané lolwa-mdro" . Mundd i s n i nydas
fri ends wi th merry-m i gh t-make . But th i s thy son
blmrrwd ti tang/ral n rmm mullLli as dard barons ,
ri otousn ess-wi th h i s all spen t an d came
g ran? n i n dsgé ddrlzarlrd gangl i -Igbdddan
then thou h im-to fatted cow-youngi rbkac bé
’eJat
'
. Tambas ds zn dag/as , and
k i lledst art. H i s-father h i m-to sa id ‘ 0
1rd,
n‘
i n-gd sagarklmné eng-gan'
é r'
a’arlar
dear thou-i ndeed always me-wi th art,
ard englza i urmi n z’
nglzaz’
oltm tall. Patel
and mi n e all th i n e-i ndeed i s . But
n i ngdgé-lzo klrua-mdrnd ard dad j cyd -ti
thee-to-also merry-to-make an d good heart-fromra
’and cdg
'
ra’i , i gé i n i ngdi s l
'
e fl lcas
to-remai n n ecessary i s becau se th i s thy-brother deadra
’oas
,an ta
'
lé ujj g/as da absorbas ra’oas,
was, th en revi ved ; he lost wasard lglaalcklzras.
and was-foun d.
1 5 1
1 62 x uaumz GRAMMAR
A P P E N D I X XV I I .
On a tea-garden .
What i s your n ame P N i ngltai s i ng .)endr ndmé 2
Did your wi fe come w i th you N5729 lgbat n e’
ngat e carol-t“ra
’i .
2
H owman y ch i ldren have you P Nz'
ngd 65 f en Ighaddar r o’on er .
2
I have two son s and thre e daughters . Eng/mi ab [cu/co [g m/11 m alard
n ub kukoe lgj raddar ra’anar.
Wi ll they be able to do some work ? A-
r ormar nalalclz nand ongor .
9
Two wi ll n ot be able ; they are too youn g yet. I f !) gd pol/Or ; ar
dhérim sann i ra’d nor.
Go wi th th e Sardar —Sardara3 gané Itald .
H e wi ll show you your house —21 8 ra’age erpan n imdg
'
é (p1 .) 6 for cm
Keep i t always clean .—Erpan eage r/{ hone i rkddim (swept)ulyd .
A ri se early i n the morn i ng , don’t sleep too lon g ,
Pa i r im oddé cd'
dé co’d,dér i amblré cdtnk’i rd
’d .
Do your work properly.- Nz
°
nglza i nallclzan clan leklz’am nan
’ké
If you do so, you w i ll draw full pay—Erma nanj kd ti n i ngdgé pdrd lambQbakard.
Never stay at home wi thout le ave —B égd r c lanttlzi né‘
arki t/clam lad eg'
pd
mt amblf é ra’dlcé .
If you feel s i ck, g i ve n ot i ce to th e Doctor Babs —b’i mdr man o’a kdlo’ehold Doctor l tdbus t
'
n ledl oi’t’
ké .
Take the medi c i n e h e wi ll g i ve you —Endr’dm mandar or as adm onké .
H ave you got an y mon ey .N i n'
gn san dln'
bd ra'
i Ad .9
No, 1 have on ly a few pi cs left —fili ald enyn san t/zoré/ean Itaoca baa/rake
Well, I shall advan ce you four rupees. -B és, hol‘
é n z'
ngdgé car takd
agbtar c i’on .
S i r, g i ve me ten rupees. -Salzeb das take c i’d .
KURULH GRAMMAR .
As semble at the offi ce i n th e morn i n g . P ar’
m’
m dpbzs gusan'
Lhoadorkd
I wi ll g i ve you all your mon th ly wag es . End can don td mullz'
n m’
md
ormdr y'
é c i’cn ,
Come n ear, be not afrai d . H i gh bard, ambk? elcd .
My dog wi ll n ot bi te you . En g/mi alld n iman ‘mald parmb’
.
Come on e by one , don’t push each other . Ort ort bard , dim/rd di m/{ i
ambd nand .
Wh ere i s Sukoo to-day Sula/ms i nnd aksan ra’as .
2
H e i s n ot well, Si r . Urbdy, ds fibre/n malkas .
Yesterday was th e market day; I suppose he g ot drun k an d thereforeh e i s u n able to work . C’érb p et ra
’dcd
,andr algbo
’e,ds unki zyas , d i
‘
i gé Mala/{ h
paldua nand.
Call h imat on ce and bri n g h im to me . J ai n dkkun z'
m cddé mélghd
dam en‘
y gusan ondrd .
H e dan ced all n i gh t , d i d h e n ot ? Badr da bij td ma i d adld bead Zagyna
Si r,I have headache an d I fe el rather shaky. Urbayo! engbaa
’
[mick
ndj i dard black/2d asrdlagg i .
I f you had told th e truth , I m i gh t have forg i ven you ,but now you wi ll
be publi sh ed. Uj gb kab/zd n dnkaz ra’ackar
’
, Izolé m’
n‘
ghaz’
gun i zan amb’on c i
’on
p ct/25, backan air/cam ma i d ban d, m
'
ngd dandé c i’i nd manb .
Ne i th er you n or your wi fe speaks th e trut h . You are all li ars . N i n
dard m’
ng Maw: [23 satlé ma i d dn a’ar . N i nz
'
ormar j buth d dlar taldar .
You are a very lazy fellow. N i u kbrbé Zandi d dl m’ada i .
I f you were wi se , you would.
li sten to my adv i ce . N i n ldr alalau m’adm
,
hole engbaz’
leaf/can m'
o’c pa/ae .
Wh at do you wan t ? N i m andr beddmi . .
9
B i rsa and Se a are quarrell i n g tog e ther. Bi rsas dard Somrd s bdm
tdn'
zm'
t Zaucaak/zrkd r be’enar .
B i rsa oaugh me by th e throat . B i rsas any/mi Mae gan/m p ea? 191 1 61 8 .
Sfimra provoked me by calli n g me had n ame s Sdmrd s eng an kébas
(lard yandi panqli ndmen p z'
fij yas .
S'
r B udhu wan ts to marry B udhn i . Urbay, B ad/ms Bud/m i n be i jra
A re you wi lli ng to marry h i m ? N i n dam bey'
i j rdge bi ddt
H as he not a wi fe Emi r ax ga/u'
maklrd ra’i ltd malk i
She le ft h im, an d i s li v i n g wi th another man . A d ambrd kerd (lard
named me'
las gusan korcki ra’l.
Why di d you n ot obey my orders Eng/mi péskun endr yé ma i d
mdnckai 9
You wi ll not recei ve any reward . N i dgdgé ozzbd to bake/Ji b ma i d
Iglmlglzro.
You are a wi cked v i le n an . N i n maldau , qandd d! talda i .
I can n ot allowyou to m i sbehave yourself i n th i s way. En i rukam ga in
mo i /core calm: calrd yé nmgan p ollen c i’d .
What are you talki n g about ? Nm endr endr kacnalch rdar ra’ddar 2
Why do you laugh Endrnd alk/uli .
9
Whi ch .way di d you come ? Ekdnd barckar be’cdar .
2
When wi ll th e master be back Urbas t'
kldm ki rros .
9
Where i s Soomi Wh ere dld sh e go to Soomi eksan ra’i Ekd lard
kérd
She was standi n g n ear th e we ll. ri d tdsd guarm ra’acd .
I saw her s i tt i n g under the man go tree Tatiana man gusam’
m okknum
ddz'
n i rkan be’edd n .
Why di d sh e run away f i d endrnd bongd kerd
Do you know where sh e has gon e to ? ri d elven /4 Ic i rki ra’i, adm
algba’az
'
.9
Don’t h i de th e truth . Sat katfian ambd ndkbrd .
What have you don e wi th my kn i fe ? Eng/mi kabun ena'
r nary /ma
You took i t away from my table . N27: any/mi mej meg/an ti [glad lb/ca i
ra’adaz.
’
Where are th e men , who were accused of steali ng Ekam dlar meyd
M arn d gai zi udlzs manj ki ra’i,dr eksan ra
’dnor 0
Who gave you that cloth whi ch you are weari ng Ekd ks’
cr i n back/er
ra’adi adi n m
’
ngdgé ué‘
c i c’d If
Don’t make such a n oi se . Ibaggé gal ambd franc.
Si t down and keep qui et . Okkd dara’
chdclum ra’d .
Come home qui ckly. Erpd odde edde l n’
rrd.
1 56 twang ; GRAMMAR.
Take my horse to the ri ver Eagbaz'
gleoran lgbar gusan labd .
Go ahead an d showme th e way—Bahama edag
'
a'
ong/mi mundbbdre 16am.
Stretch out your han d—N i ngha i ki te/chad parala’d.
Showme your tongue— Tathbau otbrar bi édd
Stand i n a li n e—P dn té ad ijj d .
Look th i s way that way—I bard 8rd dtard erd .
Carry th i s carefully—[ di n bés érké ced’4 .
Carry th e water pot home - 1 1 7m kamar I d erpd Izo’a i .
m i n ing GRAMMAR.
I wen t to th e poli ce-stati on to g i ve noti ce , but th e Sub-In spector told me
to go to Court and lodg e a complai n t .En T/zdnd kerkan dard hdl cz
'
ckan, pahe Darbgas addlat na nalz
'
s nan d yé
dnyas .
You Budhfi , do you plead gui lty to hav i ng cut B i rse’s paddy
A nd Budhd mend, am B i rsas qalu'
Isbessaa u ogslmi [a gunhan tengrdlag
Si r, I have cut theri ce , but i t i s n ot B i rse’s, i t i s my own .
Urbdyo, Masad a eu endrnd mai d {obey/on , any/lat dim yd ra’i, B i rsas gabz
'
What’s the name of th e paddy-field
Elms: M al gah i m a’r ndme .
9
It i s called Kusum Chaura, Si r.
Kuasum ohaurd gd bd i’r i’i,Urbay.
Who di d the plough i ng an d sowi n g‘
r’
Ut'
ud adhbnd né nanj d .9
I have don e i t wi th my servan ts .
Entry: gd dimngar gané urmz’
ma i d/ci t n onj lcan ra’aa
’an .
But B i rse’s allegat i on i s that he di d that all. Who speaks the truth P
B acku s Btrsas gd dudas : ém’
m urmi nary/fan ra’adan , né gaté dn
’i 9
What can I kn ow, Si r—I h ave n ot see n h i m doi ng i tNe algae Urbay, ea dc gai n
“m
’
nan cdhlman mal trkan ra’adcm.
Whose j ot i s Kusum Ch auraKusum caurd nekkacjot ra
’i .
2
It i s part of my ma/ztod i land.
H ad ad mahtowd i k_ hal gah i and khand ra’i .
Si nce what year h ave you been Mahtd of the v i llag eP addan td Illa/ate ed cdnti manj kaz
'
ra’dda i .
9
S i n ce two years .
Odnbnd gd manj d kérd .
Who was Mah tc"
) before you
N i ngan ti mund Mahto né ra’acd ?
B i rsa’s father was MahtB for some time .
Jek ulld kbatr i B i rade goh i tambas gd ra’dlagyas .
1 59
Di d B i rsa ever put forward a cla i m wi th regard to th i s lan dB i raoe 5 M a i ga/zz
'
bdré na ik/d 115 dabi nauj lms ra’acas 2
Ye s,he cla ims i t as h i s bhm
'
n lzdr i,and last year tri ed to cut my paddy.
H a’i,wi ng /i i i“oughn i addi yd k
_
hal ra’i bdcas ki ong/mi Lh asa/1“an d
bi a’
yas .
Di d you not complai n agai n st h im i n CourtN i n add i at m
'
i ds ingyd n d i z'
s ma i d nanj ka i .
9
Yes,Si r, I sued h im i n th e Crim i n al Court .
H a’t'
, Urbay, pleauj dhdr i ndli s nmg’
kan gd .
Who got a decre eD i gr i nekd yé balm/ri nd
Non e of us g e t a de cre e , but I was ordered to lodge a su i t i n the C i v i lCourt, because B i rsa had succe eded i n findi n g false wi tn esses to swear
that h e had ploughed and sowed .
Ndiraye lab ma i d manj d, backdn H dki mi a engd yé i mi mm c’ms kt daym
n i m dewdn i ”an d em’r yé Bi rses j /mt/zd gawdhari n ondras c i cas
, dr ici r i l/a
mat i zar ci ard ti nggar B i rsas u-scas dard edifi c e .
Then why di d n o t you go up to th e C i vi l CourtA n ti lé add i at m? dewdn
'
z'
endrnd ma i nanj ka i
B e cause th e land i n di spu te belon gs tome an d s i n ce 1 have been Wa l doof th e v i llag e I always u sed to plough an d sow an d keep i t i n posses s i on
th ere fore my pleader adv i sed me , n ot to sue i n the C i v i l Court .K ha i ad edgha i ai m ra
’i ard M a i ne ra
’ri ta p ar i yan ti
’
ém’
m gd vdn can
usskan,(
‘dlfi tkan dard dai s /ral ml mkan ra’adan . H al? endrgé ri d/{s rumoe
’
an g i zai Moigktdras day/73 .
What ev i den ce i s the re that Kusam Ohaurd i s servi ce landKusum Oaurd naui m
’
Leli a i ra’z adage andr sabd t ra
’i .
9
It has been measured an d demarcated as such by Rakhal Dds H alda
Speci al Comm i ssi on er, and my landlord, Ram Chan dr Rai , wi ll bear Wi tn e ss
th at I h ave been i n h i s servi ce s i n ce th e last two years ~ R akda i bdbu law'
s/mllramcsbnar p ai mds nan tdcaa
, p a ir/man garta’cas ddrd th antowd i
,obtduas ,
Eng/mi Gal/as Rdm candr li b r/awdbi ct’os j ?! ea cdaezzd paddd no as gala;
mahtowdfinauj i mn be’edan .
Well Bri sa, what are your t i tles i n th e land i nquesti on
Anti E i rad’o n i s im langd d i ah i a 151ml m
”
: s i ng/1a: andr d ig i ts/ai r rd; .9
1 60 un s ung GRAMMAR .
It i s my h eredi tary bhu i hari land, measured and demarcated i n' the
n ame of my father, Sukrfi MathoA
'
d par/clad gai a'
par i’
yan ti engba i b/zuz'
izdr i‘
I_
o_ha i ta i é ; ard embas ga/u
'
name ad l p aimds manj icd ti p air/can gdr i lab manjd kérd embas gabz’
name
Sukrd Mabto ra’acd .
To what klzfit do you belong ?
N i n emi r [ch i li ga/n'
d i kékda i
I an d my forefath er’fl'belon g to th e M abtd kbdt.
Eaz’
m dard para/char ormar M elli tokhdt gabz’
h i kdam ra’adam.
To what c z’i t does Budh fi belong s
B ud/ms éicd khdn taata ra’aa’as .
9
1 do n ot know h e came to our place from qu i te an other vi l lage h e i s‘
a
Gauro, n o b hu i bdr.
Add: da bai dan as nann d tartz‘
m en'
g i zai pdddd barcas dard Gauro
bima'
hdr ma iyds .
Do you pay any ren t for Kusum Chaura
N i m Kusmn Oaurd caddé i okena’r md i c it
’daz
My fath er n ever pai d ren t for that land, n e i th er di d I :.
i t i s a ren t-fre e
bhu i hari holdi n gEmbds gd i lci a 126 md i mai d ci cas
,an ti én 116 ma i d cz
’
ckan , d [g m] gab i
Irdrané md i ct’t'
nd ma i a mam’
b/mi ladr i ra’i ddgé .
Do you render predi al servi ce s on accoun t of your bh u i hari lands P
Eu} {ki d lab ma i d nanj kam rd’adam,
aatzi é audrye bi t/t i c i’on
Di d th e lan dlord n ever demand ren t or serv i ces from you or your
fath er ?Got/as tiri am ltd m
’
a’
gasti ka m’
mbas g as i i le ma i d bi ddgas
H e di d,but we di d n ot g i ve h im ,
why should we
N ed yd nécas, pdh§ em bd i balsam ma i d a i kaw,emi r yé bi t/d n anom 9
H ave you any more lan ds i n th e v i llag e
P addd m1 fl i ng/mi j okemi r mmad hba i ra’z‘
1rd .
9
Ye s , s i r, bhu i hari as well as raj tas an d kdrkdr .
H a’i,Urbayo, bi ma
'
lzdr i dard kbrkdr 125 yd ra’z‘
.
In n i ng GRAMMAR .
B i rsa’s father put zorward a
1 clai m of Bhu i hari wi th regard to thatlan d
,but Rakhal Babu di sm i ssed that claim . B e i n g vi llag e Mahtfi an d Of
th e Mabto kkdnt‘
he remai n ed i n possessi on of i t un t i l h i s death , wh e reupon
B ndh i i wa s appoi n ted Mala/b by the landlord. Th ere fore accordi n g to our,
custom the land belongs to Budh i i .B zrsas ga/u
'
tambas any/mi bi zm'
bdrz'
ra’i ode da lei ci doi nanj kas m
’acas
pai l? Raklza i Bdbds di smi s s mums . P adda ntd Ma htba m’achd mum ard 2!! d
k/zi i t ga/t z'
ma i tflcdn ti ds let s/end gai t d i_c_ha i an dakha i n anj icd mcm ra
’a agyas
K 1301d got/as B adbusz'
n Mable d i g/as i gé eon/mi négcdr d kiwi Bud/ms
gal/i dim ra’i .
You may be r i ght ; n owgo'
home’
.
Emi r ak_ho
’c n i n thdatam dnkaz
’
akkan‘
efpd Ra i d.
B. S. Press - 461 8J—350c D’
C. oth ers.
