Life~hist Rees Frlcan G an Als Theodore Roosevelt and Edmund

LIFE~HIST‘

REES

FRlCAN G A ALS

T H EODORE ROOSEVELTA N D

EDMUN D H ELLER

WI T H I LLUEA R A T I ON S FROM PH OT OGRAPH S , AND FROM DRAWI N G SBY PH I LIP R . GOODWI N ; AN D WI T H FORTY FAUN AL MAPS

VOLUME I I

N EW Y O R K

C H A R L E S S C R I B N E R’S S ON S

1 9 1 4

LIFE-HISTORIES

AFRICAN GAMEANIMALS

T H EODORE ROOSEVELTA N D

EDMUN D H ELLER

WI T H ILLUS T RA T I ON S F ROM PH OT OGRAPH S , AND FROM DRAWI N GSBY PH ILI P R . GOODWI N ; AN D W I T H FORTY FAUN AL MAPS

VOLUME I I

N EW Y O R K

C H A R L E S S C R I B N E R’S S ON S

1 9 1 4

COPYRI GH T , 1 9 1 4 , BY

CH ARLES SCR IBN ER ’S SONS

Pub l ished Apri l, 1 9 1 4

C O N T E N T S

CH APT ER XVPAGE

BUSH BUCKS, S ITATUN GA S, KooDoos, BON GOS, A N D ELAN Ds

CH APT ER XVI

T H E WATERBUCKS A N D RE EDBUCKS

CHAPT ER XVI I

DU IKER S AND SMA LL AN TELOPES

CH APT ER XVI I I

T H E GAZELLES A N D T H E IR ALL IES

CHAPT ER XIX

DIKD IKS

CHAPT ER XX

T H E H OOK-LIPPED OR BLACK RH I N OC ERos

CHAPT ER XX I

WH ITE OR SQ UA R E-MOUTH ED RH I N OC ERos

CHAPT ER XXI I

T H E COMMON ZEBRA OR BON T E—QUAG G A

vi CONTENTS

CH APT ER XXI I IPAGE

T H E GREVY ZEBRA

CH APT ER XX IV

ELEPH A N TS

CH APT ER XXV

EQU IPMENT, ARMS, AN D PR E S ER VAT ION OF SPEC IMEN S

BIBL IOG RA PH Y OF EA ST EQUATOR IA L AFR ICA

APPEN D IX

IN DEX

I LLU S T R A T I ON S

T he g ian t eland F ron tifpi ece

Photogravure from a drawi ng by Phi lip R. Goodw i n .

FA C I N G PAC ET he grea ter and t he lesser koodoo

Bongo and eland from East AfricaT he South and East African races ofthe e land

Reedbu ck

Waterbuck, kob , and lechw i

Mounted Specimens of the N ile lechw iN ile lechw i

From a drawing by Phi lip R. Goodw in .

DuikersBushbuck and smal l an telopes

G ran t and T homson gazelles

G aze lles and impal la

G erenuk from Soma l iland

H erd ofimpalla an telope on t he b anks of t he T ana River near Fo rt H all,

Black rhinoceros to ssing a porter, N orthern Guaso N yiro districtFrom a draw ing by Phi lip R . Goodw i n .

Living spec imenS‘

ofAfrican rh inoceroses

T he Black and the White N ile African rhinoceroses

Show ing v aria t ionsjn do rsa l color patterns ofhighland quagga zebra

Living spec im en s ofhigh land quagga and G revy zeb

ILLUSTRATION SFACI N G PAGE

A N ile g roup . White rhinoceros, elephan t, hippopotamus, kob , waterbuck, and hartebeest

F rom a draw ing by Phi l ip R . Goodw in .

T he Abyssinian andWest African races ofthe elephan t

T he elephan t herds in t he Lado Enclave were often accompan ied by flocksofWh ite cow-herons

From a draw ing by Philip R. Goodwin .

African elephan t herd

East African elephants from Mt . Ken ia and the Uasin G ishu PlateauEast African elephan ts

MAP

I 2 .

1 3 .

I 4.

1 5 .

1 6.

I 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

20.

2 1 .

22 .

M A PS

Distribution oftheraces ofthe bushbuck

Distribution ofthe S pecies and races ofsitatungas

Distribution ofthe East African race of the lesser koodooDistribution of the East African race oft he greater koodoo

Distribu t ion of the races of the bongo

Distrib ution oft he races oft he g ian t elandDistribution of the East African race of the e land

Distribution oft he East African race of the rock reedbuck

Distribution ofthe races of the reedbuck

Distrib ution oft he races of the Defassa w aterbuck

Distribution oft he races of the common waterbuck

Distribution ofthe races oft he kob

Distribution oft he species oflechw isDistribution ofthe races of the bush duikerDistribution of the races of t he pygmy an telope

Distribution of the races oft he oribiDistribu tion oft he East African race ofthe steinbokDistribution oft he races oft he klipspringerDistribution ofthe races ofG ran t and Peters gazel les

Distribution oft he races oft he T hom son gazelle

Distrib ution of t he gerenuk

Distri bution oft he East African race of t he impallaDistribu t ion of the East African race oflong-snouted d ikdik

PAC E

x MAPS

3 5 . Distribution of the races ofthe Kirk dikdik3 6. Distribution oft he races oft he b lack rhi noceros

3 7 . Distribution oft he races of t he white rhinoceros3 8 . Distribution of t he races ofthe quagga zebra

3 9 . Distribution ofthe G revy zeb ra

40. Distribution of the races oft he African elephant

T he numera ls 1 , 2 . 3 ,etc on the maps mark the exact spots where specimens have been co l lec ted or

observed by reputab le sportsmen , and the lines l imit ing the d istri but ion are drawn around t hese numerals soas to map the approximate area occup ied by the race to wh ic h t he numera l refers .

0 Represen ts ty pe loca l i ty or exac t spot from wh ic h the ty pe or orig ina l specimen came.

LIFE H IST OR IES

A FR ICAN GAME AN IMALS

CHAPTER XV

BUSH BUCKS, S IT AT UN GAS , KOODOOS, BONGOS ,AND ELANDS

SUBFAMILY T ragelapkinae

T H E trage laphine antelopes of Afri ca form a compac tna tu ra l group

,compri s ing the bushbucks

,s i ta tungas

,koo

doos , bongos , and eland s . They are bes t defined by thei rsp i ra l ly twis ted horns

,bu t they a l so Show a s ingula rly close

agreement in the co lor pa ttern of the head and body . Thewhite transverse body strip es

,which a re found in a l l the

genera to a grea ter or less degree,a re charac teri s t ic of the

subfamily . Other whi te markings which a re common tothe whole group are the two whi te spots on the cheeks

,the

wh ite l ip s and chin,the white spots above the hoof on the

front of the pas terns,the whi te bars on the in s ide of the

l imb s a t the ax i l la: and the groins,and the whi te inner su r

face Of the ea rs . Some other markings which a re a lmostun iversa l a re the whi te pa tches on the upper throa t and onthe ches t and the whi te s trip e down the ins ide of the legs .The group has an immense range in S ize a lmost equal to tha tof the family Bovidae ranging as it does from the small harnessed bu shbuck to the immense bu lk of the elands , thelargest of a l l antelope . The withers a re d is tinc tly low insome members

,being les s in height than the hip s . The

snou t i s ra ther short and withou t a lachrymal gland . Thecars are large and b road owing to the bush-haunting hab i ts

421

422 AFRICAN GAME AN IMALS

Of most of the members ; narrow in only one species, thecommon eland . The ta i l varies grea tly from the short

,

bushy ta i l of the bushbuck to the long,tufted ta i l of the

eland . The skul l has long nasa l bones,short snout and Short

nasal cavi ty,and no lachrymal vacu i ty in fron t of the orb i t .

A large s inu s i s p resent be tween the nasa l and lachrymalglands a s in the waterbucks .The effort to d ivide thi s fami ly into genera and spec ies

i s fraught with d ifficult ie s that il lu strate clearly how art ific ial the terms “genus

,and spec ies are . I t i s absolutely

necessary to employ the terms and in some cases they meetal l the needs of the s ituat ion

,but in other cases

,as with the

t ragelaphs,al l that can be sa id i s that they are necessary

but that they are a lso unsat isfactory .

N early al l the spec ies of the T ragelap li inw are so closelya l l ied tha t they might al l b e included in a s ingle genus .Such an arrangement wou ld

,however

,resul t in cons ider

able geographica l confus ion and ob scu re the rea l rela tionships ofthe spec ies . N evertheless, the a ttemp t to make thegenera of equal weight SO as to express the rela tionshipsclearly

,or avoid confus ion

,resul ts in a multip l ic i ty of

genera ; and this means sp l i tting in to groups a number ofclosely al l ied spec ies . I n fact

,arguments of some weight

can be advanced for e ither unit ing al l the tragelaphs intoone genus

,or for making almost as many genera as there are

spec ies ; and in this same way arguments can be advancedfor both sp l itt ing up into a large number of spec ies, andfor reduc ing the great majority of these from spec ific tosub spec ific rank . The genera adop ted by most wri tersa re based almost solely upon horn characters . A S a s inglecharacter

,the Shape of the horns is certa inly the mos t re

BUSHBUCKS,KOODOOS

,AND ELAN DS 423

l iable gu ide to the na tu ra l affini ties of the various spec ies .A carefu l s tudy of the sku l l s

,however

,reveal s some impor

tan t d ifferences be tween spec ies which have hi therto beencomb ined in the same genus on account of horn resemblancessolely . The genu s of the koodoos

, S treps i ceros , i s an ins tance of th i s sort . The les se r koodoo

, S treps i ceros im

barbi s,i s wi thou t doub t a s c losely al l ied to the bushbuck

,

T ragelaphus , as to the grea ter koodoo, as regards i ts sku l lcharacters and pa ttern of colora tion . I t i s a geographica la ssocia te of both genera and deserves recogni tion as asepara te genu s in order to emphasize i ts true rela tionships .The nya la

,T ragelaphus angas i , i s another spec ies which

a lso mus t b e a ccorded generi c rank . Here,however

,we

have to do with a sp ecies showing almost iden tica l horncharacters wi th T ragelaphus , bu t d iffering d is tinc tly inskul l chara cters

,pa ttern of colora tion

,and hab i ts .

The tragelaphine ante lopes range over Africa south ofthe Sahara

,from the northern l imits of the Abyssin ian high

land s and adj acen t R ed Sea coas t south to the Cape . Theyare un iversa l ly dis tribu ted throughou t p la ins

,fo res ts

,and

swamps from sea-l evel to timber- l ine or the l imi ts of fores tgrowth . Geologica l ly the subfamily is known as far back asthe M iocene . Mos t of the foss i l spec ies a re Eu rasian andN orth African . R ecently twis ted horn-cores resembl ingthose of the koodoo have been found by M erriam in thePl iocene of N evada

,but such forms were doub tfu l members

of the t ragelaphine group . Within the p resent year Gidleyhas des cribed from a series of teeth from Pleis tocene cavedepos i ts in Maryland an American sp ec ies of eland . I t is,however

,far from proven tha t the anima l to which these teeth

be longed was an eland or a member of the T ragelap li inw,


which i s an association founded upon horn and sku l lcharac ters and not known to possess d is tinctive denta lcharacters of much weight . I t i s highly improbab l e tha tthe eland

,if i t d id exis t in America

,l ingered as la te as the

Pleis tocene . Gidley ’ s spec imen doubt less rep resents a genusa l l ied to the eland but pecul iar to America .

KEY T o T H E G EN ERA

On ly males bearing hornsH orns curved in a narrow sp ira l, triangu lar in cross-sec tion and

seldom exceed ing the head g rea t ly in leng thH oofs norma l ; tail bushy; ears larger T ragelaplzur

H oofs grea tly leng thened ; t ail tufted ;ears sma l lerLimnotragu:

H orns curved in a w ide open sp iral, c ircular in cross-sec tion,grea tly exceed ing the head in leng th

Male w i th a long throat mane; throa t un iform in colorS trepri ceror

Male w i thou t throa t mane; a wh ite pa tch on fore throa t and

ano ther on chest Ammelaphu;

Both sexes hornedH orns curved in an open sp iral, broadly e l lip tical in cross-sec tion

and flat tened, w i thout a keel; colora t ion rufous

Boocercur

H orns c losely sp iral , c ircu lar in cross-sec tion and furn ished w i tha prom inen t, rounded kee l ; coloration grayish or ful

v ous T aurotragur

T ragelaphu: De Blainvil le, 1 8 1 6, Bu l l . Soc . Ph ilom . , p . 75; type T . ryloati cu;

ofSouth Africa .

The bushbucks are med ium-s ized antelopes in whichthe males a re a rmed with short , sp i ral horns , the femalesbe ing hornless . The horns seldom exceed the head much inlength and are furn ished with a wide keel which gives them

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hab its . Their haunts a re fores ts or dense bush upon whichthey browse

,and where they lead a sol i ta ry l ife . Like most

of the dee r they are very loca l and seldom range over anarea of more than a few miles . I n external appea rance theresemblance in body and shape of head

,ears

,and ta il i s

s ingularly close . The genus comprises a s ingle spec ies whichspl i ts up in to numerous geographica l race s . N owhere

,how

ever,a re two races found occupying the same territory .

The nyala,a la rge

,transversely s triped antelope

,bearing in

the male a long throa t mane S imila r to tha t of the grea terkoodoo

,i s u sua l ly considered a member of this genu s ; bu t ,

owing to i ts d ifferences in colora tion and other s tructu ra ld ifferences

,i t has been d is tingu ished a s a genus

,N yala .

T ragelaphus ranges throughou t the whole of E thiop ia fromthe Cape northward to the sou thern edge of the SaharaDesert and the northern l imi ts of Abyssin ia . The alt i tud inal range covers a wide area from sea-l evel to feet .The only foss i l spec ies a ss igned to the genu s i s one fromthe Miocene of Germany

,but i t i s of very doub tful identi ty

with the bushbucks of Africa .

T H E BUSH BUCKT ragelaphu: scriptu;

The bushbucks range from the Abyss in ian h ighlands andthe adja cen t Red Sea coas t wes tward along the sou thernborder Of the Sahara Desert to Senegal

,and sou th through

ou t the whole con tinent to the Cape . They are absent onlyfrom the Open pla ins

,waterless deserts

,and from al ti tudes

above fee t .Owing to the grea t geograph ica l varia tion in color and

the marked sexual color d ifferences in some races,the spec ie s

i s d iffi cu l t of defin it ion . The forms which we now cal l raceswere nearly al l described a s spec ies

,owing to th is grea t

varia t i on and the lack of spec imens showing intermed ia techa rac ters .

S crip tus may be described as a bushbuck having a la rgewhite pa tch on the lower throa t

,another on the upper

throa t,two white spots on the cheeks below the eye , white

l ip s,ch in

,and gula r region

,a whi te band a t the axil la and

the groin,a whi te s tripe down the ins ide of the legs to the

BUSHBUCKS , KOODOOS , AND ELAN DS 427

fetlocks,and two white spots above the hoofs in fron t Of

the pas terns . These wh ite markings are a lways presen t .The body color ranges in shade from a bright tawny infemales to a da rk sea l-brown in the males of some races

,

and in color pa ttern from ten white transverse s tripes andone longi tud ina l one through every degree of spott ingwith in the l imits of these l ines to races which a re qu itemonocolored . The male in a l l races has a b lackish b rea s tand bel ly

,or ra ther this a rea is always da rker than the

s ides of the body,and the midl ine of the back is marked by

a low mane of longer ha i r . The female lacks the dorsa lmane and the darker colora tion of the b rea s t and bel ly .

The young of the variou s races resemble c losely thei r femalepa ren t in color

,and the various ra ces can be d is t ingu ished

qu i te a s read ily a t b irth as can the adul t female . Thedarker colora tion of the male i s gradual ly assumed duringyouth . The male i s d is t inc tly larger than the femal e .

We found the bushbuck common in d ifferen t forms,

from Ea s t Africa through Uganda to the Lado . We foundi t in the h igh

,wet

,cold mounta in s

,in the hot

,dry

,low

country,and in the wet

,low country . Everywhere i t

avoided the open and l ived in the timb er or b ru sh . Bu t i tshowed a degree of adap tab il i ty to changing cond itionssuch as

,for ins tance

,the roan and waterbuck a l so Show,

bu t wh ich other spec ies,l ike the top i and oryx

,do not Show .

In the Lado the bushbuck— here a form of harnessed bushbuck— l ived in the ra ther th in

,ra ther scan ty pa tches of

thorn scrub with which the d ry country was dotted . Theywere a lways within such d is tance of wa ter tha t they coulddrink a t leas t once in the twenty-four hou rs . Bu t excep twhen drinking they were a s ap t to b e found miles fromwater a s in i ts vic in i ty

,and we saw them feed ing in the im

med ia te neighborhood of hartebees t,kob

,and waterbuck,

a l l in the same type of country . In Ea s t Africa and Uganda

428 AFR ICAN GAME AN IMALS

we never saw bushbuck in such country o

e

r in the neighborhood of such compan ions . In Uganda the bushbuckanother form of harnessed bushbuck— l ived in wet

,marshy

ground, often where the water s tood some i nches deepamong the ta l l grass and bushes . In much Of Eas t Afri cawe found the bushbuck— much less s trip ed and spotted

,

and some of the ma les very dark-colored— l iving in thickfores t

,in the hil l s and b roken country

,where there were

s treams in the gul l ies and val leys,bu t where the fores ts

themselves were dry ; and there bushbuck were never seenin the open or on the feed ing-grounds of the hartebeestsor kob . In the Uasin Gishu the bushbuck were found inthe b el t of heavy timber a long the river

,and a lso in b ig

reed beds,in places where reedbuck were al so found ; el se

where we found them in the haunts of the du iker and impa l la .

Bushbuck are sol i tary crea tu res . A buck and doe,or a

doe and fawn,may b e together

,bu t general ly we found them

s ingly . A S with other antelopes the i r times for feed ing anddrinking vary ;in the Lado we came on them feed ing in theb right dayl ight . Bu t in Eas t Africa they usual ly laid upduring the day

,and began to move abou t toward dusk .

They tru st for safety to sku lk ing and hid ing in the thickcover

,and i t i s not easy to shoot them . They are ra the r

noi sy,and u tter a deep bark when alarmed or d is turbed ;

they sometimes u tter th is bark when they hear or smel l aman or l eopa rd . The leopard i s thei r chief foe, as i t l ives inthe same local i ties . Doub tles s the l ion kil l s them if i t happens to get a chance , bu t i t i s not suffic iently adroi t to takethem while in cover . The bushbuck evidently know this ,and have no fear whatever of the l ions in the thick b ru sh and


fores t . In one place , by a stream,among the twis ted

,close

growing s tems of b ig and l i ttl e trees,in which l ions hab i tu

a l ly made thei r beds, and evidently passed much of thei rtime, we a lso roused a bushbuck ou t of i ts bed . This bushbuck had used th is bed for some days

,and i t was within

twen ty paces of a tra i l a long which the l ions had b een con

t inually pass ing and repass ing . Evidently the buck,as a

finished d iver and skulker in th ick bush,able to dodge a t ful l

speed through the mos t tangled cover,fel t en ti re ly safe

from any rush or sp ring of h is huge and formidab le neighbors . Bushbucks a re b rowsers

,bu t sometimes ea t grass

a lso . In the Lado they were feed ing on leaves,twig top s

,

and pods of the yel low—barked acac ia . In the Uasin Gishuthey were feed ing on leaves

,wi ld o l ives

,and a l i ttl e gra ss .

1 The buck is much larger than the doe,and is by fa r the mos t

trucu len t of a l l the lesse r an te lopes ; indeed for i ts s ize i t i sp robably the most formidable fighte r among a l l the an telopes , and i ts horn s are very effect ive weapons . I t wil l

,

when wounded , charge a man , and has even b een known tokil l one, as recorded by Drummond ; i t ha s a lso been knownto kil l both the leopard and the wild dog— Drummond re

cord ing the former fea t,and S tevenson-Hami l ton the latter .

On one occas ion , when we were bea ting a reed bed , a doeru shed back through the l ine of bea ters

,and fa irly charged

one bea ter,knocking h im over wi th her ru sh . I t i s a very

curiou s th ing tha t among the tragelaphs i t should be thel i t tl e bu shbuck which is so fierce

,whil e the larger members

of the subfamily,the eland and even the koodoo

,a re mild

and gen tle an ima l s by comparison .


KEY T o ADULT MA LE S OF T H E RA CE S OF J‘

Cfipt‘

uf

N eck w i thou t a co l lar ofshort hairN o stripes or bands on body menel i lei

S ides marked by two longi tud inal s t ri pes decula

N eck w i th a col lar ofshort hairN o s tripes or band s on body

Body co lor dark , ches tnu t or seal-brownH ind quarters marked w i th two or three whi te spots

delamerei

H ind quarters w i th many whi te spot s marra i cu:

Body co lor l igh t , ochraceous or tawnyDorsal mane wh i teDorsal mane black

Co l lar ofshort hair w e l l m arked multi color

C o l la r ofshort hair ind istinc t n igri notatur

Body color o l ive-gray, w i thou t redd ish suffusion oli vaceu:

Body crossed by transverse bands and one longi tud inal stripe

H IG H LA N D BUSH BUCKT ragelaphu: scrip tus delamerei

N ATIVE N AME S : Kikuyu , swali ka ; Kikam ba, n dway i a .

T ragelaphu: delamerei Pocock, 1 900, A nn . 65 Mag. N at. H im, p . 95 .

RA N G E — From the highlands sou th and eas t of LakeRudolf sou thward through the highlands of B ri ti sh Eas tAfrica to the sou thern coas t of the Victoria N yanza .

The bushbuck named for Lord Delamere by Pocock,i n

1 900, was ass igned to Sayer, Somal iland , erroneously, andhas rema ined unrecognizable

,partly owing to this confus ion

of local i ty,and partly to the immaturi ty and faded cond i

tion of the type spec imen . Sayer is,however

,in B ri tish

Eas t Africa . I t is s i tua ted a t the sou thern edge of the Lorogi Mounta ins

,on the northeas tern l imi ts of the La ikip ia

Pla teau,a t an al ti tude Of four thousand four hundred feet

,

and is on one of the old trade rou tes to Moun t Marsab i tand Lake Rudolf. A few years la ter Thomas described the

BUSHBUCKS,KOODOOS , AND ELAN DS 43 1

adul t male of the same race a s haywoodi from a spec imentaken a t N yeri

,which is s i tua ted almos t wi th in the same

watershed,bu t one hundred miles sou th of Sayer . S til l

more recently a spec imen from N aku ru has been made thetype of a new race

,tjaderi , by Doctor J . A . Allen .

The highland bushbuck is d i s tingu ishab le by the darkseal-brown color of the old male

,and the almost tota l ab

sence of whi te markings on the s ides . The hind quartersu sual ly show two or three spots

,bu t occa s ional ly they are

absolu tely wanting . The adul t female is tawny rufous .The color of an Old male i s uniform raw umber-brown

on the dorsa l su rface,but l igh te r on the rump

,where there

i s some mixtu re wi th tawny ha irs , and darker on the s ides andb rea st

,where the color becomes bla cki sh sea l-b rown . The

midl ine of the back is marked with a mane of long,white

tipped ha ir . On the s ides a re a fa in t ind ica t ion of twotransverse whi te s trip es and two or three wh i te spots on theflanks al so . The ta il i s bushy ; the dorsa l su rfa ce and s idesa re rufou s l ike the ‘

rump , the under-su rfa ce wh i te , and thetip b lack . The legs a re deep sea l-b rown l ike the bel ly, butare whi te on the ins ide of the ax illaa and a t the groin s . Theins ide of the forelegs from knees to pas terns and a s imila rs trip e on h ind legs from the hocks are tawny-ochraceous .The fron t of the pas terns i s marked wi th a pa i r of la rgewhi te spots . The neck is enc i rc l ed by a wel l-marked col la r ofshort ha ir a t the base

,which is bone-b rown in color . The

fore part of the neck i s tawny with a short,b la ck mane on

the nape . There is a whi te bar a t the base of the throa t anda rec tangula r one on the fore th roa t . The crown and forehead are b right-rufous

,the snou t umb e r-b rown on top

,and

the s ides of the face ochraceou s-tawny . B e low the eye onthe cheek are two rounded whi te spots . The l ip s

,chin , and

upper throa t a re whi te . The ears a re ochraceou s-tawny onthe back

,with umber-brown tip s and whi te ins ide .

Immature males a t an age when the horns a re two orthree inches long are l ike the adul t females in color, bu t thecol la r a t the base of the neck is da rker and the ind ica tionsof transverse s trip es more p ronounced . Males wi th hornshalf grown are les s redd ish than the females and qu i te un iform wood-brown in color . The old adul t female has thebody b right russe t on the midl ine of the back, and grades


on the sides gradual ly in to b right-tawny . The legs aremarked a s i n the male

,but the upper part 18 much l igh t er

tawny ins tead of sea l b .rown The head i s colored qu ite a s inthe male ; the neck, however, i s l ighte r tawny l ike the body .

The median dorsa l l ine lacks the mane found i n the male,

which i s ind ica ted only by a dark s trip e with occas ionals treaks of whi te ha ir . There is no ind ica tion on the s ides ofspots or transverse bands . Younger females show a row ofwhite spots on the s ides and ind ica tions of one or two transverse whi te s tripes . N ewly born young are l ike the yyoungfemales in color and pa ttern , bu t lack the dark leg str i pes ,and have the head colored as in the adul t . The collar i s i nd icat ed by the dark-brown color of the ha ir on the nape

,

which i s no shorter than on the res t of the neck . I t i s surpr i s i ng how slight the color d ifferences a re be tween thenursmg young and the adul t female i n a group showing suchgrea t sexual color difference i n the adul ts . The absence ofany ind ica tion in the young of the remote ances tra l colora t ion would ind ica te grea t age in the p resen t color pattern .

The type spec imen col lec ted a t Sayer by Lord Delamerei s an immature female wi th the milk teeth and fi rs t mola ronly in u se

,and has every appearance

,a s far a s the skul l i s

concerned,of being a kid six months Old . The skin is in a

faded cond i tion and apparently lacks the white areas on theins ide of the legs . I t i s matched c losely in color by someskins of adul t females from the Aberdare Mounta ins whichShow the same wood-brown color and ab sence of a l l spots onthe S ides and hind quarters . The colla r of short ha i r on theneck i s not always wel l marked in adul ts and i s occas ional lylacking

,as i s the ca se in the type of baywoodi which was one

of the d is tingu ish ing characters u sed by Thomas for therace . The amount of white Spotting on the s ides i s qu itevariab le and i s sometimes ab sen t, a s in the type spec imensof both delamerei and tjaderi . The whi te chevrons on thesnou t are a l so subj ec t to grea t ind ividual varia tion i n const ancy , and thei r presence is of no racia l value a s a character . A large number of spec imens have been examinedfrom the Aberdare Mounta ins, Lake N a ivasha , the Lo i taPla ins

,and the Uasin Gishu Pla teau . This race i s very s im

i lar i n color to sylva ti cus of the Zambes i region , the d ifference being much less than in the Uganda bushbuck

,with



SWA H IL I BUSH BUCKT ragelaphu: J criptu: oli vaceu:

N ATIVE N AME S : Swahili, kungu; T aita, rariga .

T ragelaphur scri ptur ol i vaceur H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Sm ith . Misc . Coll . , v ol. 6 1 , N o .

1 3 , p . I .

RA N G E — Eas tern edge of Taru Desert from the Germanboundary of B ritish Eas t Africa north throughou t the coas td is tric t a s fa r a s Lamu a t leas t ; l imit s of range unknown .

The Swahil i race has been recently described from spec imens secu red a t Maj i-ya Chumvi S tat ion on the westernedge of the moi s t t rop ica l bel t flanking the coast . Amounted spec imen from Lamu i n the B ri ti sh Museum represents the northern l imi ts of the range of the race . Thedorsal colora tion of the male i s grayish O l ive withou t anyrufous suffusion . The s ides and hind quarters are markedby whi te spots and the l egs are sea l-brown . The neck i sshort-ha ired

,bu t withou t eviden t col la r

,and the dorsa l

mane is white . The female i s c innamon and has the s ides ofthe body crossed by six to eight white cross-bars . Thereare white spots on the lower s ides and on the hind quarters .From both the highland and the Masa i bu shbuck theSwahil i race may be d is tingu ished by the absence of anyrufous in the coa t of the male and the p resence of a l ine ofwhi te spots on the s ides of the body . The female is d ist ingu ishab le by the grea ter number of transverse whi tes tripes on the body .

The colorat ion of an adult male i s grayish-ol ive sparingly l ined by buffy, with the midl ine of the back crossedby an ind is tinc t whi te bar . The lower s ides a re marked bya

yline of irregula r whi te spots and the h ind quarters a respotted by severa l consp i cuous whi te spots . The breas t1 8 dark sea l b rown with a whi te ba r a t the axi llae ; anotherback Ofthe knee and a white spot on the ins ide from the kneeto the pas tern . The front of the pastern is marked by twolarge whi te spots . The h ind legs are marked by a whi tespot behind the hocks and a broad white stripe on the ins ideof the legs from the hocks to the pas terns

,the la tter marked

with two large whi te spots in fron t a s on the forelegs .

The ta i l i s bushy and has the ha ir above and on the s idesol ive b rown

,marked by a narrow streak of whi te on the

under s ide ; ha i r a t tip i s ind i s tinc tly blackish . The neck

BUSHBUCKS , KOODOOS , AN D ELAN DS 43 5

i s brown , withou t a defini te col la r, be ing short-ha ired to thewhi te bar on the lower throa t

,where the long ol ive ha i r of

the body begin s ab rup tly . The upper throa t has a largemedian whi te spo t . The snout is wi thou t whi te chevrons .The crown of the head and the snou t are ol ive-brown andthe s ides of the head are ochraceous-tawny . The cheeks b elow the eye are marked by two large whi te spots . The upperl ip s , ch in , and fore thoa t are whi te . The back of the ears i sO l ive-b rown and the tip s are seal-brown

,while the ins ide and

the base are whi ti sh . The adul t female has the s ides of thebody bright ochraceous-tawny, with the med ian area muchdarker c innamon-brown , through the cen tre of which extends a th in whi te dorsa l s trip e from the withers to the ta il .The S ides of the body are marked with s ix or seven transversewhite s tripes

,the anterior ones be ing the longes t . The

lower s ide s a re marked by a l ine of whi te spots and thehind quarters wi th abou t a dozen s imila r spots i rregu larlyarranged . The b reas t i s buffy and l ighte r than the s ides ;the bel ly is white . The legs are b right- tawny with the whitea rea s arranged as in the male . The ta i l shows much morewhite below than tha t of the male

,only the med ian dorsa l

l ine be ing c innamon l ike the body color . The colla r on theneck i s more d is tinc tly marked than in the male . Thecrown of the head i s b right-rufou s

,the snou t dorsa l ly ol ive

b rown with narrow white chevrons from the eye to the snou t,

and the res t of the head is colored a s in the male .

An adul t male buck measu red in the flesh : 44 in ches inl ength of head and body ;ta i l , 8 inches ;hind foot, 1 4% inches ;ear

, 5% in ches ; l ength of sku l l , 9 inches . The horns ofthe type measu re in length 1 2 inches on the cu rve of thekeel . The spec imen in the B ri t i sh Museum from Lamu hasmuch grea ter horns

,thei r length on the cu rve be ing 1 6%

in ches . The female i s somewha t smal ler than the male .

UGA N DA BUSH BUCKT ragelaphu: scrip tu: dama

N ATIVE N AME S : Kavirondo, ngao; Luganda, engabi .T ragelaphu: dama N eumann, 1 902, S itz .

-Ber. G es . N a t . Freunde, Berl . , p . 97.

RA N G E — From the Kavirondo country on the northeas tcoas t Of the Vic toria N yanza westward throughou t Ugandaand northward through the highlands a s fa r a s the la ti tude

43 6 AFRICAN GAME AN IMALS

Of N imule . Absent from the low country bordering theN i l e and the Victoria N yanza , where the race bor occu rs .Herr N eumann described this race from some fla t skins

which he Ob ta ined from the na tives in the Kavirondo country

,where the race reaches i ts extreme eas tern l imi ts and

i s not so wel l marked as in centra l Uganda . Speke andGrant met with the bushbuck on severa l occas ions inUganda . Grant described one he shot very careful ly andmentions the avers i on the natives have for I t

,ow i ng to thei r

supers ti tiou s bel ief rega rd ing the unwholesomeness Of i tsflesh a s food . This bel ief regard ing the poi sonous characterof the flesh of the bushbuck i s qu ite universa l among thenatives of B ri t i sh Eas t Africa .

The Uganda bushbuck approaches the highland race ofEas t Africa mos t closely in color and s ize . I t i s d is tingu ishab le from this race by the much l ighter color of the oldbucks

,which never b ecome sea l-brown

,bu t a re a l ight

ochraceou s-tawny . They are marked more numerously bywhite spots

,a row extending from the forelegs to the hind

quarters,where they merge with an irregula r a ssemblage of

spots . N O transverse white s tripes are found in the oldmales . The body of the female i s , however, crossed byfrom fou r to S ix transverse s tripes

,and she has al so wel l

marked rows of spots on the flanks and hind quarters . Theimma tu re male i s s triped and spotted l ike the female

,bu t

has the blacki sh b rea st and bel ly and the dorsa l mane ofshort ha ir of the adul t mal e . From the N i l e bushbuck thi srace i s a t once d is tingu i shable by the absence Ofboth transverse or longi tud ina l s trip es in the adul t male

,and by the

much larger body s ize . I t does,however

,approach the

N i l e race in the s imilari ty in body color be tween the sexes .The l ine of spots on the flanks marks the pos i tion of the whi telongitudinal s tripe in bor .

N o measu rements of adul t mal e spec imens in the fleshare avai lab le . An adul t female

,however

,measured in

length of head and body 49 inches ; ta il , 8% inches ; hindfoot

,1 3% inches ;ear, 5% inches . The skul l of an old mal e

has a l ength of 9% inches , with a length of horn along thecurve of the keel of 1 4/ inches .Spec imens have been examined from the Maanja River

in centra l Uganda and the types from Kavirondo . Bush

BUSHBUCKS , KOODOOS , AND ELAN DS 43 7

buck from the headwaters of the ’

N zo ia River immedia te lyabove the Kavirondo country a re dark colored l ike delamere i , old males from this elevated region being qu i te a sdark a s any from the Aberdare Mounta ins . The recordhorn length of this race recorded by Ward 18 1 8% inches

,

based on a spec imen shot i n Unyoro by F . A . Knowles,the

d i s tric t commiss i oner .

N ILE BUSH BUCKT ragelaphu: rcriptu: bor

N ATIVE N AMES : Djeng, bor; Bongo, tobbo; Dinka , pehr.

T ragelaphu: bor H eug lin , 1 877, Reise , N ord-Ost Africa, I I, p . 1 22 .

RA N G E — Upper N i l e from the Albert N yanza north tothe l imi t of the bush country i n the White N i l e region

,eas t

to the N i l e-Rudolf wa tershed and wes t over the Congowatershed to the headwa ters of the Congo sys tem .

H euglin described the bushbuck of the Bahr-el Ghaza lreg i on in 1 877, giving to i t the name bor, by which i t wasknown to the Djengs who dwel l In the country lying b etween the mouth ofthe Soba t and the Bahr el Zeraf. DoctorS chweinfu rth al so met with i t du ring his travel s in the upper Bahr-el-Ghazal d i s tric t in 1 869 . He makes mention Ofi ts extreme shyness

,sol i ta ry hab i ts

,and the ea se wi th which

i t i s detec ted by the eye,owing to i ts s trip ed colora tion .

I n an append ix to h is na rra t ive of h is travel s he fu rn ishes along l i s t of names by which the bushbuck is known to thevariou s tribes he encountered .

The N i l e bu shbuck is sca rcely d is tingu ishable from thetyp ica l race from West Africa . The male may be d i st ingu ished by the col la r on the nape, and the da rker throa t,but the color pa ttern i s qu i te the same a s in scriptus . Thefemale cannot be d i s tingu ished from the typ ica l form . I ti s qu i te remarkable tha t the bushbucks show practical ly noracia l varia t ion from the N i l e to S enegal , a d is tance of threethousand mil es

,whil e eas tward they b reak up into severa l

races wi thin an a rea of less than one thousand miles ’ width .

From delamerei i t i s d is tingu ishable by i ts numerous transverse s tripes

,the s ingle longi tud ina l s t ripe

,and the rufous

color of the adul t male . I t approaches more closely dama

in colora tion,bu t is read ily d is tingu ishable by the presence

43 8 AFR ICAN GAME AN IMALS

Ofthe longitud inal s trip e and the more numerous transverses tripes

,as wel l a s by the smaller body s ize and much smal le r

ears .The adul t male has the col la r ind ica ted upon the nape

by an area of short,uniform bone brown hai r which does

not reach more than half-way down on the s ides . I n thefemale the col la r I s not ind ica ted

,e i ther by color or l ength

of ha ir . The male and female have the same color pa ttern,

the body be ing crossed by eight to ten transverse whi tes tripes

,none of which a re uniformly whi te . The lower s ides

a re marked by a clea r white longi tud ina l s trip e ex tend ingfrom the shoulder to the middle of the body and continuedto the hind quarters by elongate whi te spots . The hindquarters a re marked by severa l rows of whi te spots whichextend wel l up toward the base of the ta il . The dorsa l manei s b lacki sh basa lly

,and has the ha ir whi te- tipped

,but is only

ind ica ted in the female by a dark s trip e with occas ionalwhi te ha irs . The male has the b reas t sea l-brown and thelegs dark-brown with whi te areas a s in delamerei . Thefemale has the b reas t l ighter than the s ides

,buffy-ochraceous

,

and the l egs l ight-colored with only a med ian sea l-b rownS tripe i n fron t . The head 18 colored al ike i n both sexes andclosely resemb le s delamerei i n pattern and shade . Thenurs ing young are l ike the female i n color .An adul t male i n the flesh measu red :49 inches i n l ength

of head and body ;ta il , 7 inches ;hind foot, 1 4% inches ;ea r,5% inches . A female measu red :44 inches in length ;ta i l , 7i nches ; hind foot, 1 3 inches ; ea r, 5 inches . Skul l of a malemeasu res in greates t length 9 inches , tha t of a female 8%i nches . ffhe longes t horns rneasured l 1 }é inches on thecu rve of the keel in a series of three adul ts . Ward ’ s recordi s a Soudan spec imen measu ring 1 4% inches .A series representing al l ages has been examined from

Rhino Camp,Lado Enclave

,and s ingle spec imens from N i

mule and a local i ty eighty miles eas t of Gondokoro . Spec imens from the two s ides of the N i l e a re qu i te’ al ike, as areal so those from the headwaters of the Congo tribu taries Ofthe I tu ri and Wel le . The race i s not confined to the valleyof the N i l e

,bu t extends westward into the 'Congo water

shed .

MA P 1 2 — DI STR IBUT ION OF T H E RA CE S OF T H E BU SH BU CK1 T ragclap lzu: J cr iptuf maffa i cui ‘ 2 T ragclaphur J criptuf ol ioaccur 3 T ragclaplzu: scr iptuf dclamcrci

4 T ragelaphur scriptu: dama 5 T ragclaphuy scri ptur bor 6 T ragclaphw rcriptuf n igr inotatu:

7 T ragclap li uf J criptur mcncli ki 8 T ragclaphus scriptur multicolor 9 T rage'laplzui

~scr iptuf deca la

T ire Izea ivy b la ck line on t/zz'

s a nd th efollow z‘

ng maps ind ica tes t/ze rou te of C01 R ooseoelt’s Afrz

’

m n exp ed i t ion qfrooo-t o.


Limnozragur Sclater and T homas, 1 900, Book of An telopes, v ol. 4, p . 1 49;type L. Jpcleci .

The s i ta tunga has been accorded generic d is tinct ion fromthe bushbuck chiefly on account of i t s elonga ted hoofs andthe more open sp ira l of the horns . I n shape of body andcolora tion i t closely resembles the bushbuck

,bu t has the

white markings of tha t spec ies much les s clea rly marked .

The ta i l 1s not bushy,bu t ra ther th in—ha ired basal ly

,with a

tuft a t the tip . The ears are smaller than In the bushbuck,

bu t have the same broad shape . The pelage i s long everywhere on the body, bu t there is no dorsa l mane a s in the malebushbuck . The hoofs a re very long and sha rp ly pointed

,

the i r length be ing more than twice the i r basa l wid th . Theback of the pas terns and the a rea abou t the fa lse hoofs a renaked and pad l ike a s in the lechw i

,which i s a l so a swamp

haunting genus . The elonga te shape ofthe hoof i s an adaprat i on to g ive the foot grea ter support in the soft, swampyground which the an imal frequents . The horns a re muchlonger than i n the bushbuck

,more openly sp i ral

,with usu

al ly more than one complete turn,and white tipped for an

inch or more a t the poin t . The skul l exh ib i ts a muchsmal ler orb i t than in the bushbuck, and has much narrowermesop terygoid fossa . Three forms a re included which exb ib i t d iscontinuous d is tribu tion paral lel ing the lechw i somewhat in this respect . One of the se i s known in Uganda ,another from the swamps of the upper Zambes i

,and a third

from the mouth of the Congo and the West Coas t of Africa .

The differences in these races a re in coloration chiefly, therebeing no d ifference in body s ize .

UGAN DA S ITATUN GALimnotragu: Jpc/eci

N ATIVE N AME S : Luganda, chobc ; Karagw e, nzoe.

T ragclaphu: J pckci Sc later, 1 863 , Speke ’

s Journ . Discov . , p . 223 .

RA N G E —N orth and west dra inage area of the VictoriaN yanza from Mount Elgon westward as far as MountRuwenzori and north to the Bahr-el Ghazal d is tric t .



sl ides over the treacherous mud,or swims where the wa ter

is deep . We found the s i tatunga l iving in papyrus where thewater was waist-deep on a man . The stomach of the oneKermit shot was fil led , not with grass, but with the leavesand twig tops of a shrub which grew in and alongside of theswamps .

The Uganda s i tatunga is readily distinguishab le from theZambes i species, sclous i , by the marked sexual d ifference incolor, the female being rufous and the male drab-brown .

I n sclons i both sexes are drab-brown . The males of the twospecies are d istinguishable by the more spotted and stripedcharacter of the coat in the Uganda s i ta tunga

,which has

fa int indications on the body of the white s trip es and spotsof the female . From the Congo s i ta tunga there are onlysl ight racia l d ifferences

,the two forms being closely related

by the s imilarity of the colora tion of the females,which are

rufous,with indica tions of transverse white s tripes on the

body . The male of the Congo race is much,

more distinctlybanded and spotted on the s ides of the body than is the casewith spc/ec i , al though both are al ike in the genera l drabbrown tone Of colora tion .

The colorat ion of the ma le i s uniform drab—brown withthe median dorsal l ine marked by a whitish stripe . There isa white bar in front of the chest and a white spot on the forethroa t . The sides of the body are marked by three or fourfa int indications of white transverse s tripes which reach onlyhalf—way down the sides . There are a few white hairs onthe lower s ides indicating the lower lateral l ine of spots inbushbucks

,and the h ind quarters a re marked by severa l

d istinct spots . The b reast i s drab-brown , l ike the dorsa lsurface

,and the bel ly whitish

,the white extending down the

ins ide of the hind leg to the hoof,where i t merges with the

white spots in front of the pas tern ; res t of leg drab-brown ,l ike the body color . T he foreleg is white a t the axil la , thewhite area continu ing down the ins ide of the leg to the pastern

,as in the hind leg . The ta il i s tufted a t the tip , the ha ir

a t the base be ing shorter and less abundant , and i s coloredabove drab-brown

,the under s ide be ing marked by a nar

MA P l S- DI STR IBUTION OF T H E SPE C I E S A N D RA CE S OF S ITA TUN GA S1 Limnotragu: Jpcki i fpcki i 2 Limnotragur Jpc/ei i gratur 3 Limnotragu: sclousi


row l ine of white . The head is drab-b rown and the snouti s marked by two broad white chevrons from above the eyeto the midl ine of the snout

,where

,however

,they are sepa

rated by a narrow space . The cheeks below the eye aremarked by two white spots . The upper l ips and chin arewhite . The ears are small but b road , and are seal-brown onthe terminal half with the rest of back, base, and wholeins ide white . The female is bright tawny-rufous with adark stripe fol lowing the median l ine of the back

,with

indica tions of several white s tripes on the body,and the legs

are striped with white,as in the male . The young Show the

transverse white s tripes much more distinctly than the adul tfemale . The characteris tic white markings on the head

,

throat,and legs of the bushbuck are found in the s itatunga

,

but they are much less consp icuous .The male shot by Kermit Roosevel t measured in the flesh :

in l ength of head and body, 54 inches ; ta il , 1 2% inches ;

hind foot,1 9% inches ; ear, 5% inches

,and height a t the

withers, 39% inches . The skull of this specimen measures

in length 1 0% inches . The longest horns recorded by Wardare from the Bahr el Ghazal

,and Show a length around the

curve of 3 5 inches . Average horns are, however, much les sin length

,20 inches being the usual length .

LE S S ER KOODOOAmmclaphu;

Ammclaphur H eller, 1 9 1 2, Sm ith . Misc . Col l . , v ol. 60, N o . 8, p . 1 5 .

The lesser koodoo has been given generic d istinction fromthe greater owing to the more narrowly Sp iral horns

,absence

of a throa t mane,and presence of the white patches on the

throat and chest,as in the bushbuck . I t i s qu ite evident

from these d ifferences in colora tion that the lesser koodoo isno more closely rela ted to the greater koodoo than i t is tothe bushbuck or the bongo . The color pattern i s almostidentical with that of the bongo in those features in which i td iffers from the grea ter koodoo, that is, the absence of athroat mane and the white patches on the throat and chest .The body stripes are practical ly the same in number andposi tion as in the bongo

,from which i t d iffers decidedly by

LE S S E R KOODOOFrom Soma l i land G roup i n F i e l d Mu seum ,

Ch ic agoMoun t ed by Carl E Ake ley

G REATE R KOODOOFrom Soma l i land . G rou p in F ie l d M u se um, Ch icago

Mount ed by Carl E . Ake leyT H E G R EATER A N D T H E LE S S ER KOODOO

BUSHBUCKS , KOODOOS , AN D ELAN DS 445

the difference in the shape of the horns,and their absence in

the female, and the bushy ta il . Besides the color differencesfrom the greater koodoo, there are some distinctions in theskull . The snou t i s longer

,the premaxil lary bones being

much longer than in the greater koodoo . The genus contains bu t one species

,the lesser koodoo .

EA ST AFR ICA N LESSER KooDooAmmclapbur imbcrb ir aus tra lir

N ATIVE N AME S : Swahili, kungu ; Duruma, cka /ewa .

Ammclapbw imbcrbir aurtralif H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Sm ith . Misc . Col l . , v ol. 6 1 , N o.

1 3 , p . 2.

RA N G E — From Ugogo ,in central German East Africa

,

northward through the Rift Valley to the Bri tish EastAfrican border

,where i t spreads eas tward to the coast and

northward to sou thern Abyssinia and Somal iland ; not oc

curring above an al ti tude of three thousand feet .The typical lesser koodoo was firs t described by Edward

B lyth in 1 869 , bu t i t was no t for several years afterward thatthe difference with the grea ter koodoo was C l ea rly defined

,

owing to the absence of spec imens in Europe . S ir JohnKirk ob ta ined the firs t specimens in East Africa

,in 1 873 ,

a t B rava nea r the mouth of the Juba R iver . Later Willoughby and Jackson Ob ta ined specimens in the Taita country

,east of Kil imanj aro . The presen t race was recently

described from specimens secu red by the Rainey expedi tion ,south of Mount Marsab i t .The lesser koodoo inhab its the level

,bush-covered desert

a t low al ti tudes,usual ly occurring in ra ther dense thickets

and seldom in sca ttered or open b ush . The males are usuallysol i ta ry

,bu t the females a re found in smal ler groups of two to

fou r,with thei r young . Usually such groups are made up

of an old female with a yearl ing offsp ring and a nursing kid .

When startled they sometimes u tter a sharp,barking call ,

s imilar to that made by the bushbuck,and bound away in

grea t leaps,a t times Cl ea ring bushes six feet high . Their

feeding time is a t dusk and again a t dawn . The hot hoursof midday are spent in the secu ri ty of some impenetrablethicket . Their food consi sts chiefly of the twigs of acacia s


and various other bushes . They are, no doubt, independen tofwater

,al though they are seldom found in absolutely water

l ess deserts . They have not, however, been observed drinkinga t water—holes

,to which other game resort for such purposes

in the desert d is tri cts they inhab i t . The East African lesserkoodoo resembles imbcrbi s of Somal iland closely

,bu t differs

by darker colora tion , absence of the white spots on the frontof the pasterns on the forelegs, and shorter horns .The colorat ion of the male i s bright-tawny l ined with

black along the median dorsal region . The vertebral l inei s marked by an il l-defined white-and-black dorsal s tripe andthe s ides are crossed by twelve to thirteen consp icuoustransverse whit e S tripes from the dorsal s tripe to the underparts . The lower sides and the breas t are ochraceous

,and

the midl ine of the chest i s marked by a b road black stripe,

bu t the bel ly and groins are pure white . The forelegs arepure ochraceous

,without the white spot on the front Ofthe

pasterns . The band above the hoofs and the back of the pasterns are black . There i s a b lack band on the back of the legj ust above the knee

,bordered below by a white band a t the

knee . The hind legs are ochraceous,with a white spot on the

front of the pas terns and a black band above the hoofs,and

the back of the pasterns are black . There i s a white s tripeon the ins ide of the leg from the white of the belly to thehock . The ta i l i s tawny above , white below,

and tip sealbrown . The neck is somewhat l ighter than the body

,being

ecru-drab with a narrow black stripe on the nape from thehead to the withers . There i s a wh i te patch on the foreth roa tand a larger oval one near the base of the throa t . The crownof the head i s seal-brown

,banded in front by white chevron

bars from the eyes to the snout . The median l ine of thesnout i s walnu t-brown . The s ides of the head a re ecru—drab ,with two white spots below the eye and a short white postocula r s tripe . The l ip s and chin are white

,bordered by dusky .

The back of ears i s ochraceous,the tip narrowly margined

by blackish ; ins ide and base white . The female resemblesthe male closely in color

,bu t i s l ighte r

,being ochraceous

tawny,very scantily l ined by b lack

,with the crown of the

head l ighter— tawny rather than seal-brown . The young arel ike the adul t in pattern Ofcoloration but in tone somewha tl ighter . Sexes quite equal in s ize .



The measurements in the flesh Of an adul t female were :head and body, 59 inches ; ta i l , 1 4 inches ; hind foot, 1 8%inches ; ear, 8 inches . Length of skull , 1 2 inches . Fullygrown horns u sual ly measu re 30 inches on the cu rve . Therecord length recorded by Ward for B ri tish East Africa is 3 3inches . This specimen was shot by A . H . N eumann

,the ele

phant hunter . Ward records a considerable number fromSomal iland exceed ing N eumann ’ s head by an inch or two

,

the average horn length in Somal iland being about equal tothe record of Bri tish East Africa .

GR EATER KOODOOS trcpr i ccror

S trcpri ccror H am ilton Smith, 1 827, G riffith ’

s An im . Kingd . , V, p . 365 ; typespec ies 8 . J trcpf i ccrOJ .

The koodoo is best characterized by i ts immense spira lhorns and long throat mane

,both of which are found in the

male sex only . The horns are a wide,open spiral in shape

which make two or three complete turns . I n section thehorns are c ircular

,with a rounded keel

,not fla ttened or fur

n ish ed with a sharp keel as in the bushbuck . They moreC losely resemble the open sp iral horns of the nyala

,which

is also a bearded or throat-maned antelope with transversewhi te body stripes . The lesser koodoo has horns very similarin shape

,and on this account has been associa ted generical ly

with the greater koodoo,bu t i t differs by having the Spiral

much closer and lacking the throat mane . The femalekoodoo is hornless and without the throat mane

,but in

coloration i s identical with the male . The tail i s bushythroughou t

,the ha ir a t the tip sl ightly longer than a t the

base and rather short in length,being in termediate in length

between that of a bushbuck and an eland . The greaterkoodoo ranges from the Cape Colony northward to Angola onthe West Coast

,and on the eas t through the Zambes i Valley

to Abyss inia . I t i s absent from the Congo basin and the region north and west to the Sahara . Owing to the bushy character of i ts haunts and its extreme alertness and shyness , thekoodoo has pers isted throughou t most of i ts original range ,even in Cape Colony . I t i s very local , the areas which i tinhab its being widely sca ttered . A single l iving species i s

BUSHBUCKS , KOODOOS , AN D ELAN DS 449

known . Two foss i l species a re described,one from the

Pl iocene of India and a more recen t Pleis tocene speciesfrom Algeria .

EA ST AFR ICA N G REATER KOODOOS trcpxi ccror J trcpr i ccror bea

N ATIVE N AME S : Swahili, marua; Masai, olmaalo.

S trcpri ccro: rtrci ccro: bea H el ler, 1 9 1 3 ; Sm ith . Misc . Col l . , v ol. 6 1 , N o . 1 3 ,

R 3

RA N G E .

— R ift Valley and coast desert dra inage in German and Bri ti sh Eas t Africa . Confined to isolated local i tieswhich are widely sepa ra ted .

The grea ter koodoo was firs t reported from British Eas tAfrica by Count Teleki

,who obta ined two in 1 887 , east of

Lake Baringo,in the same d is trict where Kermit Roosevel t

ob tained his spec imens . Jackson early reported them fromthe coast d is tric t near the Taita Hill s

,and A . H . N eumann

found a few in the hil l s near the sou th end of Lake Rudolfin 1 895 . Recently a few have been seen on the Germanborder near the Southern Guaso N yiro R iver . The presen trace was described from specimens shot by Kermit Roosevel t

,

a t Donyo G elasha , near Lake Baringo .

Kermit was the only member of our party who came acrossthe koodoo, the most beautifu l of African antelopes . Hefound them east of Lake Baringo

,in rough

,d ry

,volcanic

country . They were a lways found on rocky hills,covered

with a jungle of thorn scrub and tree euphorbias . Usual lythey rested during the hot midday hours

,but once Kermi t

came on two which were drinking in a stream exactly a tnoon . They were wary . The stomachs of the two whichKermi t shot

,a bu ll and a cow

,were filled with grass ; the

beasts were grazing a t the time .

The East African race i s s imila r to the Abyssinian raceckora in the reduced number Of body stripes, but decidedlyda rker i n color on the med ian dorsal reg ion, ear tips, and the


bands on the pasterns . The pelage is longer and the whites tripes are very d istinctly marked . I t i s b righter-coloredthan the typical race from South Africa

,the stripes - be ing

much more conspicuous al though less in number .The colorat ion is ochraceous-tawny

,but the med ian

dorsa l region i s darker, being sea l-brown with a whites tripe following the verteb ra l column from the withers tothe rump . The s ides are marked by s ix or eight transversewhite bands wh ich extend from the med ian dorsa l s trip eto the ventral surface or lower s ides . The under-parts areochraceou s with a b road b lackish s trip e extend ing medial lyon the b reas t . The groins and the ins ide of the legs arewhiti sh and the fron t of the l egs ochraceous . The bandabove the hoofs and the back of the pas terns a re black

,and

the front of the pasterns a re marked by a la rge blotch ofwh i ti sh . The ta i l i s tawny-ochraceous l ike the body

,the t ip

darker walnu t-brown,and the unde r s id e whi te . The neck

i s d rab-gray,and the nape has a th in mane of long

,dusky

brown ha i r,which i s cont inued along the midl ine of the back

to the ta il . The throat has a long mane of b rown ish ha i rextending to the chest ; the s ides a re buffy . The crown ofthe head is walnu t-brown crossed on the snou t by a wided iagonal whi te band from the eye

,which meets i ts fel low on

the snout . The s ide s of the face are ecru-drab and markedby two ind is tinc t whi te spots below the eye . The l ips andChin are white . The back of the ears i s ha ir-brown

,the ter

minal half being seal-brown,and the ins id e and base whi ti sh .

The female is u sual ly longer-ha ired than the male and ha sthe white body stripes more d is tinctly marked . The throa tmane is absent and the dorsa l mane is not so d is tinc t .The koodoos found nea r Baringo a re confined to a few

square miles of country among rocky hil l s, and a re widely sep

ara t ed from any other group . One hundred miles north,nea r

the south shore of Lake Rudolf,a re a few others

,while to the

sou th the neares t ones occu r on the German border near theSouthern Guaso N yiro R iver . Wide breaks of this sort

,how

ever,a re characteri s ti c of the d istribu tion of the grea ter koo

doo,owing

,no doub t

,to the i sola ted na tu re of the hil ly and

rocky country which they sel ec t a s thei r haun ts .N o flesh measu rements are ava ilab le . The sku l l of the

adul t male measu res 1 6 inches in grea test length . The

MA P l 5— D I STR IBUTI ON OF T H E EA ST A FR I CA N RA CE OF T H E

G R EA TER KOODOO1 S trcpficcro: 1 1rcp1 icero: bca


horns of the male shot by Kermi t Roosevel t measu re 47inches a long the curve . Ward records a spec imen fromEast Africa having a horn length of 6 1 inches .

Booccrcur T homas, 1 902, Ann . U Mag. N at . H ist, v ol. X, p . 309; type B.

curyccrur i saaci .

The genus was founded by Thomas on the Character ofthe horned female in d is tinction to the hornless females ofthe genus T ragelaphus , to which i t was formerly assignedunder the supposi tion that the females were hornless . Thehorns a re

,moreover

,much broader and heavier than in the

bushbuck . The colora tion i s qu i te d ifferen t from that of themos t ful ly s triped bushbucks

,the pattern cons i s t ing of trans

verse whi te s tri pe s wi thou t the longitud ina l s tripes found inthe harnessed bu shbuck . The ta i l i s bovine l ike tha t of theeland

,not bushy a s in the bushbuck . I n the horned cha r

acter of the female, the s triped body, and bovine ta il , thebongo resembles the eland and may be cons idered i ts fores trep resenta t ive . Only a s ingle spec ies i s known

,which ex

h ib i t s wide,d is con tinuous d is tribu tion .

The genus occu rs on the Wes t Coas t of Africa from themouth of the Congo River north along the Guinea coas t toS ierra Leone

,and aga in appears in the highlands of B ri t

i sh Eas t Africa,where it ranges from the Mau Escarpment

to Mount Kenia .

BON GOBooccrcur curyccrur iraaci

N ATIVE N AMES : Kikuyu, ndongoro; ’

N dorobo , r i roya .

RA N G E — Highland fores t of B ri tish Eas t Africa fromthe Mau E scarpment ea stward through the Kikuyu E sca rpment and the Aberdare Range to Mount Kenia . N o t foundb elow an al ti tude of six thousand feet .The bongo was origina l ly described by Ogilby as early a s

1 836, from a pa ir of horns of unknown or ig i n . The colora t i on was not, however, known until 1 86 1 , when Du C ha i lludescribed i t from a skin which he had ob ta ined i n the fores ts

BUSHBUCKS , KOODOOS , AND ELAN DS 45 3

of the Gaboon , some di s tance north of the mouth of theCongo R iver . He gave i t the name a lbo-oi rgaztus , suppos ingi t to be new to sc ience . Although i t was a l ready named

,he .

was the firs t to describe i t ful ly and give i t a defin i te loca li ty . We owe a lso to Du C ha i llu the name bongo, by which,he s ta tes

,i t i s known to the natives of the Gaboon . Even

a t the p resen t day the typ ica l race is represen ted in museumsby only a half-dozen skins , none of which a re female, sotha t d irec t evidence i s s ti l l lacking concern ing the hornedcharac ter of the femal e in the Wes t African ra ce . The raceappears to be very loca l on the West Coas t . Spec imens haveb een secu red in i sola ted loca l i ti es north of the Gaboon onthe Gold Coas t, in L iberia , and in S ierra Leone . The fi rs tspec imen secu red in Eas t Africa cons is ted of a pa ir of hornsfrom the Ravine S ta tion

,on the Mau E sca rpment

,ob

t a ined from the na tive bushmen dwel l ing in the fores t andsen t by Jackson to the B ri ti sh Museum in 1 897 . They wereerroneously identified by Sc la ter a s horns of the nyala

,a

buck not known to occu r north of the Zambes i d ra inage .

In 1 902 I saa c, who was then s ta tioned a t Ravine , ob ta inedfrom the natives both skul l s and skins , and these enabledThomas to iden tify the animal pos i t ively . R ecen tly sportsmen have made spec ia l efforts to ob ta in sp ec imens

,bu t the

bongo is so secret ive and keen-s ensed tha t very few haveb een successful . Specimens ob ta ined from the ’

N dorobo,

who ca tch them occas ional ly in p i ts,a re not rare

,and many

of these are now in col lec tions .

A l though in company with Lord Delamere and a numberof ’

N dorobo friends of Delamere’

s we hunted severa l daysfor bongo

,and fol lowed the ir fresh tra i l s for hours

,the only

member of ou r party who saw them was Kermi t, who kil ledtwo

,an adu l t cow and a half-grown one . M r . George Grey

(whose own lamentab le dea th by a l ion i s elsewhere re

corded) soon afterward kil led a bu l l , which he most kind lyp resented to u s

,so a s to comp lete the group for the Smith

son ian . When mounted,the labe l i s to record the fact tha t

he i s the donor of the bul l .


The bongo is in termed ia te in s ize and bod ily characteri st ics be tween a bushbuck and an eland . I t i s a lso in somerespec ts intermedia te in hab i ts ; l ike the former, i t hauntsdense cover

,and

,l ike the la tter

,i s found in herds . Bu t i t

d iffers markedly from both in many other respec ts . I t i sa bea s t of the dense fores ts and high timber ; among b igbeasts i ts haunts a re shared only by the fores t hog and theleopard . The leopard preys on the young of both the hogand the an telope ; bu t i t does not a ttack the adul t hog, andnever meddles wi th an adul t bongo— an an ima l as large a san Alderney cow

,both sexes of which carry long and sharp

horns .The dense

,dark

,wet fores ts in which the bongo dwel l s

are fi l l ed with a mass of undergrowth— bushes,bamboo

,

plants of various kinds . I t i s imposs ib le to see more thana few yards through thi s growth

,and almost imposs ible for

a man to traverse i t noiselessly ; wherea s the bongo runsthrough i t a t speed and mos t often in a crouching pos i t ion

,

getting under low l imb s and through narrow Open i ngs i n away astounding for so b ig an an imal . I t is exceed ingly shyand wary, and is such an adep t in sku lking, hid ing, running,and wa tch ing tha t even the ’

N dorobo,the wild

,naked hunt

ers of the dense fores ts,find i t very d ifficul t to kil l ; whil e

only half a dozen whi te men,or even fewer

,have ever shot i t .

We did not find the bongo noctu rnal . The ’

N dorobo,with whom we hunted

,sa id they never fed a t n ight . We

came across one sol i ta ry bul l and four herds,and fol lowed

their tra il s for hours,s tudying what they d id . The bul l

,

and three of the four herds,lay down and res ted in the

middle of the day,and fed as they moved slowly forward

through the forenoon and the afternoon . The fourth herd



continued feed ing, withou t lying down , from the middle ofthe forenoon , when we struck thei r tracks, unti l the middleof the afternoon , when we unfortuna tely a la rmed thean imal s , whereupon they went s tra igh t up the mounta inand over the rim rock . We twice found the n igh t beds of aherd

,which , a s ou r ’

N dorobo tra ilers poin ted ou t,had been

occup ied for the whole p reced ing n ight . I t was cold,ra iny

weather,and the da rk of the moon ; perhaps they might

feed under the ful l moon,and in b etter wea ther . They do

not graze,bu t browse

,cropp ing the leaves

,flowers

,and twigs

of various shrub s,and ea ting th is tl es and the flowering top s

of certa in rank p lants ; the s tomachs of Kermit ’ s spec imenscon ta ined leaves from a vine a l l ied to the common grape

,

C irrus . The ’

N dorobo sa id they sometimes b roke b rancheswi th thei r horns

,and sometimes scored the earth with them .

They wear deep tra il s through the gloomy mounta in fores tsin which they dwel l ; these tra il s Converge toward the rap id ,foaming b rooks which run be tween the s teep , th icklywooded spurs of the mounta ins .

The bongo resemb l es closely the typ ica l spec ies of Wes tAfrica

,bu t appears to be larger and darker colored and per

haps marked with a few les s transverse s trip es . N O exac tcomparison , however, can be made a t p resen t, owing to thelack of spec imens from West Afri ca ava i lab le for examinat i on .

The color of an adu l t ma le i s b righ t bu rn t-S ienna orChestnu t

,the body marked by twelve to fou rteen con sp icu

ou s whi te bands from the dorsa l mane to the lower s ides .The s tripes cover the a rea from the base of the neck to thebase of the ta i l . Along the med ian dorsa l region extends athin mane of b lack ha ir crossed a t in tervals by the whitebands . The ta i l i s bu rn t-s ienna l ike the back above witha narrow band of white below and a long tuft Ofbla ck ha i ra t the tip . The breas t and bel ly are sol id b lack . The


groins are white , the whi te extending in a narrow l ine to thebase of the ta i l and continued as a broad band down the fron tof the leg to the hoof, bu t in terrup ted by the dark hock-bandand the band a t fal se hoofs . There i s a white ba r on the ins ideof the forelegs fol lowed below on the ins ide by a black one

,and

a white bar behind the knee and another on the fron t of thepas terns ;the res t of the foreleg is black . The neck i s darkseal-brown on the nape and black on the med ian l ine Ofthethroa t . The lower throa t i s marked by a wide transverse bandof white . The crown of head i s ches tnu t and the interorb i talregion black with b road white chevrons extend ing from theeye . The snout i s b lack on the top and the s ides to the throa t .The l ip s and chin a re whi te

,and the orb i ta l region and area

below the eye are tawny . The s ides of the cheek behind theeye are marked by two large whi te spots . The ears are largeand broad ; the back ches tnu t, the ou ts ide edge and termina lhalf black

,and the ins ide whi te . There i s much varia tion

in the extent of the black . I n some males only the throa ti s b lackish

,the nape being ches tnu t . The female has the

same pa ttern of color a s the male,bu t i s brighter red

,the

body being Mars-brown and the dorsa l mane chiefly white .

There is much les s b lack than in the male,the nape being

without black,the l egs being chiefly reddish and only the me

d ian l ine of the bel ly i s black . N ewly born young have thecolor pattern of the adul ts

,but the body is rich tawny and the

dark areas are much suppressed . The ta i l i s not bovine a sin the adul t bu t bushy throughou t as in the koodoo

,the tip

being without a longer tuft . The muzzle and the med ian ventral s tripe are ha ir-brown and the dorsal mane is white . E ightskins have been examined

,S ix of which are adul t males . The

body stripes show cons iderable variation,and range from

eleven to fourteen , and al so Show varia tions of number onthe two s ides . Twelve s tripes seem to be the normal number .Mos t of the spec imens secu red from natives come from

the Mau fores t wes t of N j oro,bu t the bongo has a l so been

ob ta ined in the Kikuyu fores ts near Esca rpment S ta tionand in the fores t on the sou th s lope of Mount Kenia .

The female shot by Kermit Roosevel t nea r N j oro measured in the flesh : 8 1% inches in length of head and body ;ta i l

,inches ;car, 1 2% inches ;and height a t the withers ,

44 inches . The skul l of a large male measu res in l ength1 7 inches, tha t of the adul t female 1 5 inches . The horns of the

MA P 1 6— “ D I STR IBUTION OF T H E RA CE S OF T H E BON G O1 Booccrcu: curyceru: curyccru: 2 Booccrcur curyccru: iraaci


female a re 20 inches , those Of the larges t male in a series Ofthree spec imens 28% i nches . Ward ’ s record male i s 36%inches In length of horns .

ELA N D

T aurotragu:

T aurotragu; Wagner, 1 855 , Schreber’

s Saugethiere, Suppl . , v ol. V,p . 439;

type, T . oryx Pallas .

In the eland the horns are presen t in both sexes , cu rvedin a close sp i ra l

,and marked by a prominen t rounded keel

which i s mos t pronounced basal ly . The horns u sual ly exceedthe head in length

,and are heavies t in the male bu t longer

in the female . The skul l has p ract ical ly no cha racters,the

two species d iffering more from each other in shape and relat ive s izes of the lachrymal , nasal, and p remaxil la ry bones thando the other genera of the T ragclaph i nw . The body s ize i slarge

,abou t equa l l ing the ox, but the legs a re more slender

and the neck deeper . A dorsal mane extends from the headto the shoulders . The lower throa t is adorned by a penden tdewlap which is bes t developed in the male . The ha ir onforehead becomes lengthened and bushy in old males . Theta i l reaches the hocks and i s tufted . Both sexes are markedon the body by from ten to s ixteen narrow white transverses tripes which become ob sole te in Old males . The ins ide ofthe foreleg above the knee i s marked by a dark' transversebar and the b reas t and the bel ly a long the med ian l ine aremarked by a broad blackish band . The l iving spec ies a re oryxand dcrbi anus

,both having one or more geographica l races .

The eland ranges in Africa from the S enegal and Gambiawatersheds

,the wes tern affluen t s of the White N i l e

,Uganda

and Bri ti sh Eas t Africa from Gondokoro and Mount E lgonsou thward to the Cape region . They occur on open veld tand bush-covered country with in a vertica l range from sealevel to e ight thousand feet . One Pl iocene spec ies i s knownfrom Ind ia and a la ter Ple is tocene spec ies from Algeria .

The genus Palcorcas,which ranged from the Miocene to

the Pl iocene,i s qu i te d is tinc t

,bu t shows the short ros trum

of dcrbi anus . I t had , however, nearly vertica l ly d irec tedhorns

,l ike those of the koodoo

,extend ing d irec tly above

the eyes .


KEY T O T H E SPEC IES OF T aurotragu:

broad and rounded w i th a black bar on inside ofh inder margin;mane on nape black , long and extended , coveringwho le nape and s ides of neck; throa t fringed by a

narrow mane; a wh i te bar across low er throa t;cheeks w i th two large wh i te spo ts; fe tlocks bandedin fron t by a b lack bar; horn s very long, tw ice leng thofhead ; rostra l part of sku l l short . dcrbianu:

narrow and poin ted , w ithou t a dark b ar on inside; mane on neckwhen deve loped on ly covering nape and never blackin co lor; no wh i te throa t bar or cheek spo ts; legs un iform ly co lored on ou ter side; horns short, no t g rea tlyexceed ing leng th ofhead ; rostra l part of S ku l l e lon

oryx

T H E G IA N T ELAN DT aurotragur dcrbi anu: gigar

N ATIVE N AME S : Bari (Swaka) , tukectuk; Bong Bong, boroku; Ojeng , qualqual; Djur, adja r; Dor, ncwarrch .

Bou laphu; gigar H eng lin , 1 863 , N ova Acta Acad . Leop . , v ol. XXX, p . 1 9,

pl . 1 , fig . 2 (horns) .

RA N G E — So fa r a s known the gian t eland is confinedto the Bahr-cl-Ghazal and Lado Enclave Provinces of theEgyptian Soudan . I t i s l imi ted to the wes tern dra inage ofthe Bahr-el-Jebel N i l e, extend ing roughly from the vic in i tyof Rej af northward to the Bahr-el-Ghazal R iver and i tscon tinuation the Bahr—el-Arab ; wes tward i t reaches DemZubeir in the Dar Fert it country . The d ist ribu t ionds l imi ted to the eas tward by the N i l e and northward by i tsch ief wes tern affluen t

,the Bahr cl Ghazal ;while wes tward

the he ights of the N i l e wa tershed confine i t . In thi s la tte rregion

,however

,i t extends to the very borders of the water

shed in the N iam-N iam country .

Throughou t thi s range i t i s d is tribu ted only local ly and isso rare tha t i t i s a very d ifficul t spec ies to ob ta in . From thetypica l race inhab i ting Senegal i t i s separa ted by a d is tance oftwo thousand miles

,the whole dra inage sys tem of the N iger

interven ing . The two races a re so s imila r tha t such i solation must be very recen t . The case i s somewha t para l l eled


by that of the white rh inoceros , which has the same range inthe Bahr cl Ghazal , bu t is widely isola ted from i ts veryclose a l ly the sou thern white rh inoceros of Sou th Africa .

The gian t eland was d iscovered by Martin Theodore vonH euglin during his travels In the White N i l e region in 1 863 .

He described the species from a pair of horns coll ectedsomewhere near the presen t pos i t i on of Wau,probably

eas t of i t . La ter, in 1 874, Doctor Georg S chw e irifurth publish ed the account of his travel s i n the Bahr-el Ghazalreg ion in which he referred to the eland occu rr i ng abou t theLeh ssy River and the vil lage of Sabby in the same vic ini ty .

During the last fifteen years spec imens have been shot in theBahr el Ghazal by variou s sport smen , notab ly by ColonelSargean t Boardman

,Capta in Haynes , Leo Franco , Cap

ta in H . R . H eadlari, B imbash i ” Col l ins,and Prince E .

Demidoff. More recently Colonel Roosevel t and his sonKermi t shot three spec imens in the Lado Enclave

,and very

recently F . C . Selous secu red a fema le near Wau . Thespec i es

,in 1 894, was confounded with the common eland

by Scla ter and Thomas i n the Book of Antelopes,

skins a t tha t time be ing p reserved i n any museum,the

horns a lone be ing represen t ed . I n April,1 905 , Mr. A . L .

Bu tler pub l i shed in the Proceed ings of the Zoologica l Socie ty color descrip tions of the two specimens shot by B imbashi ” Coll ins

,and poin ted out the close agreement of these

wi th the Derby eland . La ter in the same yea r the Honorable Wal ter Ro th sch ild p ub lish ed i n N ov i ta tes Zoolog icaa

a colored figu re of a mounted head in the Ca iro Turf Clubwith a note ind ica ting the c lose rela t ionship of this formand dcrbianus .

The gian t e land has the regu lar e land horns,a l though

very much magnified,bu t otherw i se i t resembles a bongo

a lmost a s much as i t does the common eland . I t frequentsopen country

,covered by a growth of thorn scrub

,i ts haunts

b e ing much more l ike those of the common eland than l ikethose of the bongo ; but i t b reaks the higher b ranches withi ts horns l ike a bongo

,someth ing which we happen never



antelope harmonized wel l wi th the d ry landscape,and they

were more d iffi cu l t to make out than the hartebeests .These eland are sa id speed ily to leave a d is tric t if they

a re hara ssed by hunters . They wander far,thei r wandering

being sometimes seasonal and sometimes due to individua lvagaries . I t i s sa id tha t in the ra iny sea son

,when the grass

i s th ick and ta ll,they are often kil l ed by l ions

,which are

then ab le to ge t so close as to se ize them by the head ; bu ttha t in the d ry season few are kil l ed by l ions because thenthe b ig ca t can ra rely make his ru sh from such a short d istance as to insu re a grasp of the head

,while the quarry is

so huge and s trong that if se ized el sewhere i t can genera l lyb reak away .

The giant or N i l e Derby eland differs from the typ ica lrace from the S enega l reg i on chiefly by l ighter color i n thebul l

,the females of the two races be ing qu i te s imila r In color

and S i ze . I n the Derby eland the Old bull has the neckcovered by long b lack ha i r

,bu t in the N i l e race the lower

s ides and throa t lack the long black ha ir ; th is part beingcovered by thin grayish ha i r l ike the S ides . The materia lava ilab le of the Derby eland

,however

,i s very scanty . The

only spec imens examined were a male and female skin a tthe B ri ti sh Museum . The N i l e race i s much bette r represented in col l ections and i t i s qu i te certa in tha t uniformlyblack-necked bul l s such as the Derby eland a t the B ri tishMuseum do not occu r in the N i l e d is tric t . The mostheavi ly maned bul l examined is tha t shot by ColonelRoosevel t in the Lado . The long black ha ir covers thewhole nape in thi s spec imen and extends half-way down onthe s ides . The younger bull from the same local i ty showsonly a narrow dorsal mane on the nape .

The Old bull shot by Colonel Roosevel t has the groundcolor Of the body vinaceous-buffwhich becomes on the shoulders and the hind quarters ochraceous-buff and on the lowers ides merges gradually into the cream-buffof the under-parts .A white dorsal s tripe Ofirregularwidth extends from the black


mane at the shoulders to the lo ins and is con tinued on the rumpby a black s trip e . The left s ide of the body and the back aremarked by twelve, the righ t by eleven narrow transversewhi te s trip es a t i rregula r in tervals

,the s tripes be ing con tinu

ous wi th the whi te dorsa l s trip e and often forking before j oining, bu t below they do not extend on to the under-parts . Theta i l

,above , i s l igh t tawny and the b rush of long ha i r a t the tip

b lack ; but below it i s whi te, Sharp ly defined on the s idesaga ins t the tawny . The legs

,on the ou ts ide

,are ochraceous

buff to the fetlocks , which a re marked by a broad blackishblotch on the forel eg and a fa in ter dusky one on the hindleg . The pas terns behind and both the main and the fa lsehoofs are enci rcl ed by black

,but the fron t of the pas tern is

whi te . The under-parts and the ins ide of the legs are creambuff. The breas t and the bel ly are marked by a broad sealb rown s trip e which i s na rrowes t on the Ches t bu t widens post eriorly and covers the whole median portion Of the bel ly .

The foreleg i s marked by a broad b lack bar on the ins ide belowthe elbow . The whole nape

,from the base of the skul l to b e

tween the shou lders,i s covered by a b road mane of long b lack

ha i r which extends half-way down to the throa t on the s idesof the neck

,where it rea ches i ts lowes t poin t j us t in fron t of

the shoulder . The ind ividual ha irs of the mane are fou rinches long

,and b lack for three-fourths of thei r l ength

,with

the tip buff,bu t the ha ir so th in tha t the b rown tip s have no

appreciab le effec t on the general b lackness . The s ides of theneck are drab

,in con tras t to the l ighter s ides of the head and

body,and the dark area i s bordered on the throa t pos

t eriorly by a wide band of whi te . The median l ine of thethroa t i s fringed by a narrow mane of b lackish hai r in termixed with buffy

,which forms at the lower part of the

throa t a short,pendent dewlap . The cheeks and upper

throa t are vinaceous—buff. The chin and upper l ips a rewhi te . The cheeks are marked by a white spot below the eyeand the throa t by a s imila r one . The crown of the head has as l ightly bushy ma t of ferruginous hai r extend ing from thehorn bases to the in terorb i ta l region

,where i t i s bounded

by a white Chevron s trip e from the eye , bu t the s tripes ofthe two s ides do not meet on the snou t

,where they are

sepa ra ted by a b road black area which extends to the muzzle .

The fron t of the muzzle and the area below the nos tri l s


posteriorly to the upper l ip s a re whi te ; the nos tril s themselves sea l-b rown . The whiskers a re b lack . The area abovethe eye i s white wi th a dark blotch j us t below the horn baseand the lower eyel id i s whi te al so . The occip i tal portion ofthe head and the back of the ears a re ochraceou s-buff. Thetermina l half of the ears i s dark seal-brown and the ins ideof the ears i s white with a b road sea l-brown bar extend ingfrom the pos terior border to the centre .

The female shot by Kermit Roosevelt i s colored l ike themale

,bu t d iffers d i stinctly in lacking the grea t bushy mane

of the nape, thi s s tructu re being represen ted by a narrowmedian l ine of b lack ha ir . The bush on the forehead i squ ite wanting and the ground-color of the body is morereddish

,be ing ochraceous-buff withou t the vinaceous tin t

excep t on the lower s ides . The dorsa l mane of black i scontinued along the enti re l ength to the root of the ta il

,and

is crossed by the white s ide s trip es which number fourteenon the left s ide and fifteen on the right . The grea ternumber of s tripes found in this female i s not a sexual colord ifference bu t merely an individua l varia tion . The blackblotch on the front of the fetlocks i s more d is tinc tly markedthan in the male and the mane on the throa t i s shorter-ha ired ,the dewlap b eing hardly eviden t .The colora tion of the ca lf i s not known

,bu t i t i s wi thou t

doub t s imila r to tha t of the female,as i s the ca se in i ts nea r

relative,the common eland . The younger male shot by

Kermit Roosevelt i s qu i te identica l in color and maneCharacters wi th the female

,although its horns were longer

than those of the old bul l . I t i s an anima l j u s t reachingmaturi ty

,the milk molars having only recently been Shed .

As age advances in the male,the mane on the neck i s

extended,working i ts way gradually down the S ides of the

neck ; the body ha ir becomes th inner and more vinaceous ;the s tripes less d is tinct

,some of them d isappearing entirely;

and the black ba r in front of the fetlock grows fa in ter andsmal ler . The ch ief color d ifferences of thi s spec ies fromthe common eland are the white ba r on the lower throat,the two white cheek spots

,the grea t black mane on the

nape and shoulders,the black bar on the front of the hocks ,

and the broad,black-tipped ears wi th a black bar on the i r

inner s ide . Such color differences a re merely a revers ion to

MA P l 7— DI STR IBUT ION OF T H E RA CE S OF TH E G IA N T E LA N D1 T aurotragu: derbianu: dcrbianu: 2 T aurotragur dcrbianu: gigar


those of the bongo,thi s animal being much less special ized

than the common pla ins eland , which has lost much of I tsbush colora tion and the broad ears which a re a mark of suchenvironment .The skul l characters of the N i l e race are not determina

ble a t the presen t t ime,owing to lack of skull s of the typ ica l

race from Senegal for comparison . I n sku ll formation thespec ies d iffers grea tly from i ts neares t a l ly the commoneland . I t i s an eland by horn shape and bodily p roportionsonly

,i ts skul l s tru ctu re being qu i te s imila r to that of the

bongo and bushbuck . In agreement wi th the two la tter,i t

ha s the short nasa l and p remaxil la ry bones and the widelachrymal bone so d is tinc tive of them . I n the commoneland these bones are grea tly lengthened

,giving the animal

an elonga te snou t . The N i l e e land i s in termedia te be tweenthe bongo and the common eland in both color and sku l lchara cters . These d ifferences in s tructu re and color haveno doubt been brought abou t by the gradual effec t of thepla ins environment on the common eland which has forsaken i ts ancient bush hab ita t and brows ing hab its for theopen pla ins and a grass d ie t . I ts Colora t ion has reacted tothis Change in environment by becoming pa le r

,l ess s triped

,

and less spotted ; i ts ears have grown narrow ; the muzzlehas become more elongate ; the hoofs have los t thei r poin tedcharacter and become broad ; and the forehead has dev eloped a grea t bushy mat of ha ir .I n s ize the gian t eland i s p rac tical ly equal led by the com

mon eland . The sub spec ific name has reference chiefly tothe much grea te r length of the horns

,which w ere the only

availabl e part of the an imal for comparison a t the time therace was named . The neck 1 8 cons iderably la rger and deeperand the body somewha t longer than the common eland ,whichi t exceeds bu t sl ightly i n s i ze . I n the flesh the la rges t malemeasu red 9 fee t 2 inches In length of head and body ; theta il had a length of 28 inches ; the height a t the shoulde rwas 5 feet 8 inches ; the grea test gi rth of the neck was 5 fee t6 inches and the girth of the chest immed ia tely behind theforeleg was 8 fee t . The adul t female nearly equalled thesed imensions i n l ength and height bu t was much les s i n gi rthof neck and ches t or bu lk of body . The skul l of the oldmale

,which i s the la rges t

,measures in grea tes t length 1 8/


inches . That of the female i s one inch shorter . Largeskul l s of the common eland a re dec idedly longer

,being I 9%

i nches in length .

The horns a re cu rved in a wide open sp ira l and a requ i te d i s tinc t from the narrow sp ira l of the common eland ;the keel i s a l so higher and more p ronounced in the former .I n l ength they greatly exceed the common spec ies

,aver

aging a foot longer and are p roportiona tely grea ter ingirth . The young male had the longes t horns of thethree spec imens shot nea r Rej af. These measure 4 1 inchess tra ight, or 47 inches a long the curve of the keel , and equalthe k nown record for the N i l e race . The horn length inthe old bul l i s somewhat l ess

,being on ly 3 3% inches

s tra igh t and 45 inches a long the curve .

EA ST AFR ICA N ELAN DT aurotragu: oryx pattcrron ianur

N ATIVE N AME S : Swahili, mpofu;Masa i, of i rna; Kikuyu, namu .

T aurotragur oryx pattcrron i anur Lydekker, 1 906, Fie ld (London ) , v ol. CVI I I,R 579

RA N G E — From German Eas t Africa northward throughB ri t ish Ea s t Africa a s fa r a s the Lorian swamp and Laikip ia Pla teau wes t through Uganda and the west S id e ofthe N i l e a s fa r a s Mongo

’lla ; a l ti tud ina l range from sea-

1

level to e ight thousand fee t (s lopes of Mount Kenia andMau Esca rpment) .

The eland has long been known to sportsmen in Eas tAfrica . I t was recorded in centra l German Eas t Africaas early a s 1 860 by Speke and Gran t . Owing to i t s wided i s tribu tion i t ha s been met by almos t every travel le r whohas vis i ted the country . Recently the race from Eas tAfrica has been described as pa ttcrson i anus by Lydekker,from a specimen secured by Colonel Pa tterson on the La ikip ia Pla teau north of Mount Kenia .

This huge,s ta tely antelop e

,the s ize of an ox , was no

where abundant in Eas t Africa ;bu t we found i t fa i rly common in the Sotik

,on the Ath i Pla ins

,and along the N orthern

Guaso N yi ro . Everyw here i t was a beas t of the dry, open


pla ins— both those tha t were bare of everything excep t grass,

and those tha t were covered with a thin growth of scruband dotted wi th c lumps of thorn- trees . We have seen i t inthe edges of fores t . I ts ordinary gai ts a re a walk and aslash ing trot . I f not p ressed hard thi s trot does not t irethe animal , and i t wi l l go for many miles . When closelypressed or much a la rmed i t b reaks in to a gal lop . A heavyold bu l l cannot keep up this ga l lop for a mile withou t exhaust ion ; bu t the cows , the l ighter bu l ls, and the younganima l s run hard , a l though not as fas t as the sma l ler ant elopes . Of al l African game e land are the eas ies t to ridedown on horseback . We have rounded up a herd qu i tea s eas i ly a s we could round up old-s tyle Texan cattl e .

I t has one characteri st ic seemingly inconsis tent with i tsgrea t s ize and lack of speed

,and tha t is i ts ex traordinary power

Of l eap ing . When startled,and beginning a run

,the huge

cows,and even the bul ls

,bound l ike gazelles

,l eap ing clea r

over one another’ s backs . I t i s extraordinary to see suchbulky

,heavy-bodied creatures spring with such goat-l ike

agil i ty . I t would seem that the mechanical reasons whichmake the trot their natural ga it, and make their gal lopslower and more tiring than the gal lop of the oryx or hartebees t

,would also l imi t their j umping powers ; but such is

not the case . They are heavier-bodied than the moose orwapiti

,with huge necks and barrels

,and pendent dewlaps

and wrinkled neck skin ; yet, for a few seconds after s tarting,they make high j umps of a type which wapiti rarely, andmoose never

,attempt . The wap iti

,however, al though their

norma l ga it is a lso the trot, and although heavy wapiti bul l sa re speed ily exhausted by a hard gallop , at lea st sometimesrun faster than running blacktail deer— we have seen this



Ofwapiti, deer, prongbuck, and mounta in-Sheep ; but i t i shard to dogmatize in such matters

,for much depends on the

cooking,the cl imate, and the surroundings . The eland i s

by preference a grass-eater, and is u sual ly fa t, which makeshim a godsend in the African land of lean animals . We alsofound eland eating aloe leaves . When the country is soparched that the eland ’ s food cons is ts of d ry leaves from thethorn-trees

,the flesh i s poor and tasteless .

On the whole,eland are warier than any other antelope .

They are soft-bodied,and are d isab led by a wound which

wou ld not cripp le one of the smaller antelope or an Americandeer. So many trustworthy observers report that Africanantelope are tougher than the deer of the northlands that wesuppose they must be right ; in our own experience i t happened that we were not ab l e to d iscern any difference b etween them .

We found eland in herds of from ha lf a dozen to fortyor fifty individuals

,the two or three b ig bulls looming above

the cows and young stock . We also occasional ly came onbulls s ingly or in pa irs . The very old bull s

,cal led blue bulls

because the hide shows through the thin ha ir,were usually

sol i tary . They are so b ig and dark that we have known anentire safari mis take one for a rhino when seen a l i ttle wayoff in thin bush . Although so b ig

,eland are less pugnacious

than any other b ig antelope ; why the eland , and to a lessextent the koodoo

,are so mild-tempered

,when their smal l

kinsfolk,the bushbucks

,are such ferocious fighters

,i t is im

poss ible to say . E land are easily tamed . Our own government should make a business of importing

,taming

,and tra in

ing them ; and the African governments should do so a tonce . In a few genera tions they would be completely domes

S OUTH A FRICA N E LA ND,MA LE

Showmg ab se nce ofbody st ripe s and wh i t e c hevrons on snou t

EA ST A FRICA N E LA ND , MA LES hot by Theodore Rooseve l t at LOI t a Pl a ins

Moun t ed by ] L C larkT H E S OUTH A N D EA ST A F R ICA N RA CE S OF T H E E LAN D


t icat ed ; they would give excellent food ; they could be usedas draught-animals ; and lack of water and the d ire fly

borne cattl e d iseases of Africa wou ld have no terror for them .

They would be a great addition to the world ’ s s tock ofdomestic animals .Where we came across eland they were drinking every

twenty-four hours . Bu t there seems to be no reason todoub t the fact tha t in certa in desert regions eland

,l ike

giraffe and oryx , go many months without water . How thisis possib le for so huge and fat a beast, in a cl imate of suchintolerab le dryness and heat, we cannot imagine . N o problem is better worth the S tudy of competent field natural is ts .The eland

,l ike the roan : antelope

,and the ful l-grown

buck Grant gazelle, possesses a coat which harmonizeswell with the general hue of the landscape in which i t dwells .I t lacks the bold face markings of the roan

,and the face

markings and body stripes of the oryx,and therefore

,in

sp ite of i ts s ize,i s perhaps a trifle les s consp icuous than ei ther .

The thin stripes on i ts coat have not the sl ightes t effect inei ther conceal ing or reveal ing i t ; seen s idewise, i ts body isneither more nor less consp icuous than the uns triped bodyof a roan antelope . On a bare pla in or when coming towater al l these and a l l other b ig antelope are consp icuous .I n gray

,dry thorn scrub the eland is sometimes hard to make

ou t from a dis tance, if i t i s not sw i tching i ts ta i l . But,as a

matter of fact,i t rarely stands sti l l for any length of time

withou t switching i ts ta il ; the only elands we ever saw inwhat might be cal led forest

,revealed themselves to us when a

hundred yards off by the switching of their tail s . We doubtwhether the eland ’ s color is of even the smalles t use to i t asaga inst i ts natural foes . As wild dogs always hunt purely by


scent and leopards only occasionally kil l an eland calf,the l ion

is the only foe tha t need be cons idered . On the rare occasionswhen l ions hunt by day they do sometimes use their eyes .Governor Jackson has described a party of l ions huntingeland by sight . But

,unless wounded

,the eland

,though far

less consp icuous in color than zebra,hartebeest

,or wilde

bees t,and even than oryx or roan

,makes no more effort to

hide than any one of these,i ts constant companions . I t

never crouches or sl inks, or seeks to take advantage of coverl ike a bushbuck or orib i . A herd rests l ike cattle

,lying down

or s tanding ; and always there is some l i ttle p lay of cars orta il

,suffic ient to insure the attention of any beast of prey

which is on the lookout in the neighborhood . Moreover,the

elands l ie down or s tand res ting during the heat of the day,

when no beast of prey is ab road . In the morning and afternoon they are feed ing ; they then make no effort to hide, andare sure to be seen by any watchful foe which is trusting toi ts eyes for success . Ordinari ly l ion trust far more to nosethan eyes

,unti l close up

,when the shade or markings of the

coat becomes u tterly unimportant . At night,espec ial ly on

the very dark nights when the l ion is boldest,probably his

sense of smell i s his only guide until he makes his fina l rush ;and

,in any event

,on such a night a ll colors seem a l ike .

Therefore,a lthough the eland ’ s coloring

,l ike that of the wild

ass or male Grant gazel le,i s p robably more conceal ing than

that of any of the other antelopes or of the zeb ras,i t has no

effect whatever on the an imal ’ s hab i ts,and probably in actual

practice i s of no consequence to it,one way or the other, a s

regards i ts foes . At any rate,the coloration is not a factor

of su rvival va lue . The stripes,which closet theorists have

trea ted as of conceal ing value in the eland,are of no con


cealing va lue whatever . They are probably gradua l ly d isappearing ; they diminish the farther the animals a re foundfrom the probable origina l centre of development in theM iddleAfrican fores ts ; and in the form farthes t from this, the SouthAfrican form, which has certa inly been the last to be differen t iat ed, the strip es have comp letely disappeared . Thisof cours e means that they have no conceal ing value suchas to make them in even the sl ightest degree a factorin secu ring through natu ra l s elect ion the surviva l of thewearer under the cond i t ions of the exi st ing environment .The eland is certa inly less p lentifu l than the other antelopeswhich possess a more advertis ing coloration ; and it i s moreshy ,

and,in stead of seeking to elude Ob servation

,prefers to

sta tion i tself where i t can detec t i ts foes a t a dis tance andrun off. I f the color of i ts coat were of benefi t to i t

,i t would

certa inly act SO as to get tha t benefit, and this i t never does .Evident ly it s colorat ion i s an ent i rely negl ig ible factor so fara s it s su rvival i s concerned .

The East African race d iffers very l i ttle from lioingston i iof the Zambes i Valley . I t may be dis tingu ished usual ly bydarker colora tion and longer head

,bu t the difference is

merely an average affa ir . The race was based by Lydekkerupon a Specimen showing white chevrons on the snou t anda narrow bush on the forehead . These cha racters are

,how

ever,j uvenil e

,and are as prevalent i n the immature eland

of Mashonaland as they are in B ri tish Eas t Africa . The Oldmales In Eas t Africa have the entire forehead covered witha heavy mat of hai r and lack the whi te chevrons borderingthe mat on the snou t

,as do also the old males from the Zam

bes i . Two bulls shot from the same herd on the Lo i taPla ins by Colonel Roosevel t show both styles of colora tion .

The younger bull,which was a fully grown animal , had the

narrow bush of hair on the forehead and white chevrons onthe snou t

,while the aged bull of the same body size had the

474 AFRICAN G AME AN IMALS

entire forehead covered by a heavy mat of long hair,with

out any chevrons on the snout .yOld bulls of

gboth races

re ta in a few of the body stripes even in old age . The blackstripe on the Chest and belly of pa ttcrson i anus i s usual ly lacki ng i n l ioingston i i . Specimens of the South Africanyelandfrom the Kalahari Desert and Cape Colony

,however

,lack

the body stripes even in immaturi ty i n males,a s i s well

shown by specimens in the N ational Museum . The skull sfrom East Africa exceed i n l ength those from the Zambesi

,

but a re less in breadth . We may describe pa ttcrson ianus asa longer and more slender-headed race with darker-coloredmane and body .

The body color of an old male is u sual ly ochraceous-buff,

the hair often being so thin that the dark skin shows consp icuously and g ives i t a blu ish-gray appearance . The bodyi s crossed by two or three fa in t whi te transverse s tripes . Thenape of neck i s covered by a b road mane of long woodbrown hair extending half-way down the sides andg endinga t the withers i n a s tripe which i s continued on the back tothe rump . The ta il i s thin-haired and i s buff above andwhite below

,with a tuft of long black hai r a t the tip . The

under-parts have a b road seal-brown strip e from the ches tto the middle of the bel ly . The bel ly and the sides of thebody are l ight buff. The forelegs are ochraceous-buff in fron t

,

and white behind,with a broad black bar above and behind

the knee . The border of the hoofs and the back of the pasterns are seal-brown . The hind legs are l ike the fore i n colorbut lack the black band above the knee on the posterior s ide .

The forehead is covered by an immense bush Of thick hai r,

three inches in length and cinnamon-brown in color,bounded

behind and above the eye by a black stripe and in front on thesnou t by buffy bases to the hair . The snou t i s seal-brown tothe l ips . The upper l ips and chin are whitish and the chin isbordered behind by an indistinct drab bar . The sides of thehead and the orb i tal region are buffy-drab . The ears on theback are buff

,the tip s seal-brown

,and the inside and the base

whitish . The base of the throat has a dewlap or bel l coveredby a short mane of ochraceous hair . Younger males lack thebush on the head

,which is usually rep resented by a median tuft

oflong hair bounded in front bywhite chevrons ;the nape maneis also greatly reduced in extent and confined to a narrow l ine



and the body color i s more reddish . The body stripes aremore numerous and distinct and the dark stripe on thebel ly and above the knee

o

l S more pronounced . Often thesnout is marked by consp i cuous white chevrons extend ingd iagona lly i n front of the eyes . The adul t female i s l ike theimmature male i n color, but usual ly brighter . The bodycolor i s ochraceous-orange crossed by twelve white s tripesextending from the very d istinct black dorsa l s tripe half-waydown on the s ides . The under-parts and the bel ly are markedas in the male . The nape mane i s reduced to a narrow lineof wood-brown hair which merges on the withers into thebroad black dorsal stripe . The forehead i s withou t a matof long hair or white Chevron stripes, and the snou t i s

buffy-drab,not blackish as in the male . The throat has

a well developed dewlap covered by long blackish and buffyhairs . N ewly born young have the color pattern of the adul tfemale minutely reproduced, and are furnished with a dewlap on the throat . The snou t has a dark blotch as in themal e .

Flesh measurements of the Zambes i eland are not available for comparison

,bu t

,j udging by the size of the skulls

,the

Eas t African race is fully as large as the southern one . Theflesh measurements of a large bull shot by Colonel Roosevel ton the Loira Pla ins were . head and body along cu rve of back,1 06 inches ; ta il , 3 2 inches ; hind foot, 29 inches ; ear, I OAinches . A il adul t female measures 4 inches less i n body,1 inch less i n length of tail, IV inches less i n hind foot, andinch less in length of ear . The largest male in the N at ionalMuseum has a skull length Of 1 9% inches . The averageskul l i n a series Of twelve i s 1 8 inches i n l ength , and 8 inchesin grea test breadth . The female skulls average I 7 inchesin length . The horns i n the male are very much heavieror greater in d iameter than in the female

,but they do not

average any longer . The longest-horned specimen in a seriesof eight from British East Africa i n the N at ional Museum i s

27A inches s tra ight or 3 5 inches measured on the cu rve . Theaverage horn length i n the male i s 25 inches . All Old maleshave the tips of the horns greatly worn , and shorter by almosta foot than those of the younger males . Ward ’ s record forEast Africa is a specimen shot by Jackson measu ring 3 1%inches s tra ight . The spread at the tips is u sually abou t 1 2

BUSHBUCKS,KOODOOS

,AN D ELAN DS 477

inches,bu t the horn d irection varies grea tly

,and spec imen s

exceed ing 1 8 inches in spread sometimes occu r .The eland a re to a cons iderable exten t loca l i n d ist ribu

tion,bu t they inhab i t widely d ifferen t sorts of country

,from

dry desert bu sh to mois t h ighland meadows . I n Eas tAfrica they have been found i n

gthe low desert d i strict nea r

the Ta i ta H il l s by Jackson . Selou s has found sku ll s a s fa rnorth a s the Lorian swamp in the mids t of the northerndesert . These no doub t rep resen t the sku l l s of eland whichhave s trayed down the N orthern Guaso N yiro R iver fromi ts headwaters on the La ikip ia Pla teau and perished inthe desert

,as they are not known on the lower reaches Of

the r iver . In the N i l e Valley they reach the eas t bank of theN i l e, and are there only sepa ra ted by the river from theterri tory occup ied by the g i ant eland . Lydekker has sugges ted tha t i n th i s region in termed ia te ind ividual s mightbe looked for

,which wou ld b ridge the gap exis ting be tween

the two spec ies . Upon this poin t we can assure him tha tthe d ifference in Skul l S truc ture and shape of ears andhorns are of too fundamenta l a charac ter to permi t such anassumption . The region eas t of the Soudan s ta tion ofMong lla in 6° north la ti tude marks the ex treme northernl imi t f the East African e land in Africa .

CHAPTER XVI

T H E WAT ERBUCKS AND REEDBUCKS

SUBFAM ILY Kobinaz

T H E members of the Kobinw cover a wide range in bodys ize

,from the large

,s ta tely waterbucks to the smal l rock

reedbucks . The group includes the waterbucks, lechw is,kobs

,reedbucks

,and rock reedbucks and is Characterized

by low wi thers,absence of the anteorb i ta l gland

,and the

presence of horns in the male only . The horns are usual lycu rved forward and ringed for the grea ter part of thei rl ength . The skul l i s wi thou t anteorb i tal fossa bu t shows alarge lachrymal-nasal s inus on the s ides of the snou t . Therange of the subfamily covers the continen t of Africa fromthe Cape region northward to the sou thern edge of theSahara Desert in the Senegal

,Lake Chad

,and Abyss inian

regions . This subfamily has b een usually known amongnatural i s ts as the Ccroi caprinw ; bu t, owi ng to the genusC ervi capra having been found untenable, the genus Kobus ,being the bes t known and mos t typ ical

,has been selected

as the type .

KEY T O T H E G EN ERA

H orn s sw eep ing backw ard and upw ard or w i th tips curved forwardT a il short and bushy; body size smal l ; horns short and sharply

hooked forw ardH orns Shorter than head ; lachrymal-nasa l sinus smal l ; orb i t

large OreodorcarOr

H orns longer than head ; lachryma l-nasal sinus large; orb i t ."smal l Redunca

T ail long and tufted ; size large; horn s sl igh tly curved fo rw ardgrea tly exceed ing the head in leng th Kobu:

478

WATERBUCKS AND REEDBUCKS 479

H orns S-shaped , bowed forward a t the base and then recurved a t the

tipsBack of pasterns ha ired ; hoofs short; snou t slender; horns shorter

and narrower; ta il Short, not reach ing hocks, w ithou ttuft;ears longer Adenota

Back of pas terns ha irless; hoofs long; snou t Short and bu lg ing ;horns longer, broadly lyra te; tail long , reach ing hocks,tufted a t t ip ;ears shorter Onotragur

ROCK R EEDBUCKSOrcodorcar

Orcodorcar H eller, 1 9 1 2, Sm ith . Misc . Col l ., v ol. 50, N o . 8, p . 1 3 ; typespec ies Reduncafulvorufula .

The rock reedbuck shows no s triking ex terna l d ifferencesfrom the tru e reedbucks wi th the excep tion of the muchshorter horns

,the d rab body color and the more bushy

tai l . The genus i s based chiefly on the sku l l d ifferenceswhich cons is t of small e r la chryma l-nasa l s inu s

,larger orb i t,

and the smal ler s ize of the sphenoidal p rocesses of the bas iocc ip i ta l bone . Orcodorcas has hab i ts s trikingly differen tfrom the Swamp or p la ins haunting reedbuck . I t dwell su pon rocky hil l s ides and mounta in slopes on the edge ofthe pla ins country

,i n C lose p rox imi ty to the haunts of the

kl ip springer . The genu s includes a s ingl e spec i es, fn loo

rnfula , which covers a wide range of country i n the eas ternportion of Africa extending from Cape Colony north tosou thern Abyss in ia . Over thi s region i t exhib i ts some geographic vari a tion which has given ris e to the recogni tion ofseveral races .

C H AN LER ROCK RE EDBUCKOrcodorcar fuloorufn la chanlcri

N ATIVE N AMES : Kikuyu, katabidi;Wakamba, ndabidi .Cervi capra chanlcri Rothschild, 1 895 , N ov . Zool . , p . 53 .

RA N G E — B ri t i sh Eas t Afri ca from the German bordernorthward to sou thern Abyss inia in the R ift Valley andhigher parts of the coas t dra inage areas .


During his explora tions in B ri t ish Eas t Africa in 1 893Chanler secu red the type spec imen of the species whichnow bears his name . The type spec imen was shot on theslopes of the Jomb ene Range , northeas t of Mount Kenia inthe Tana R iver dra inage a rea . Upon i ts arrival in Londona t Rowland Ward ’ s es tab l ishment

,i t was recogn ized as a

new antelope and described by the Hon . Walter Rothschildbefore being sent to the Uni ted S tates N ational Museum .

These del i ca te and graceful kinsfolk of the reedbuckwere found among the s tony hil l s and small mounta ins inmany parts OfEas t Afri ca . Usual ly we found the does andfawns in coupl es or smal l parties

,and the bucks s ingly .

They were shy and elus ive,bu t not wary in the sense tha t

the b igger antelopes were wary . They l ived on the s teeps lopes

,among rocks and bush

,and fed on the grass

,the hi l l

p lants,and the l eaves and twig tops of certa in of the

shrub s,and if frightened fled in franti c haste to the thickes t

cover,on the roughes t ground . When alarmed a buck wil l

occas ional ly utte r a sharp whist le to warn its companions .

The Eas t African race d iffers bu t l i ttl e from the typ ica lrace of South Africa . I t i s d is tingu ishable by i t s l ighterand grayer color

,showing l i ttl e of the redd ish tint seen in

true fn loorufu la; and also by the smal ler body s ize andshorter horns . The dark s treak on the snou t which wasused by the original describer a s a character i s a variabl efea ture . I n a series of twelve skins from Briti sh Eas tAfrica in the N at ional Museum only s ix Show a dark noses trip e

,and in only two of these i s i t well marked . Oscar

N eumann described the Abyss in ian race a s new in 1 902,bas ing his d ifference princ ipal ly upon the absence of thedark s treak on the snout in his spec imens from Lake Abaya

,

Abyss inia . This,however

,has been shown to be a character

of no value in chan lcri . Specimens from Abyss in ia examineda t the B ri ti sh Museum showed no color or Skul l d ifferencesfrom Bri ti sh Eas t African specimens by which they could bed istingu ished .

MA P l Q- DI STR IBUTION OF T H E EA ST A FR I CA N RA CE OF T H E ROCKR E EDBU CK

1 Orcodorcarfnloorufula chanlcri

481

AFRICAN GAME AN IMALS

The head and neck are ochraceous and dis tinctly d ifferen tin color from the drab-gray body . The body i s suffusedl ightly by buffy-tipped hairs, but the rump and hindquarters are pale r drab gray . The hind legs are dec idedlyl ighter than the body

,be ing cartridge-buff in color . The

forelegs are drab-gray in fron t and pale ol ive-gray behind,

with buffpasterns . The under-parts a re white,Sharply de

fined on the s ides , bu t l ess so on the ins ide of the legs and onthe lower throa t . The ta i l i s d rab-O l ive

,the tip

,s ides

,and

under-su rface clothed by long,white hai rs . The head and

fore neck are b right ochraceous,and the nose near the tip

has a sl ightly darker hai r-brown median s treak . There i san il l-defined whitish area above the eye . The upper throa t,chin

,and l ip s a re whi te . The car on the back is ochraceous ,

and the i nside and base are whi te . There i s a large dark barespot below the ear . The sexes are al ike in color . N u rs ingyoung are qu ite identical to adul ts in color

,the body being

perhaps sl ightly grayer and decidedly longer-ha ired .

The female equals or perhaps exceeds s l ightly the mal ein s ize

,the larges t skul l in a series of fifteen being tha t of

a femal e . The measurements of a large mal e in the fleshwere : head and body, 45 inches ; ta il , 8% inches ; hind foot,1 3% inches ; ear, 5% inches . The grea test l ength of theskul l i s :male

, 9 inches ;femal e, 9 11, inches . Longest horns ina series of seven are 5 inches measu red along the curve

, 5%i nches sp read a t the tip s .Specimens have been examined from the Athi Pla ins

taken on Wami H il l,the Uluken ia Hill s

,and Kil ima Ku i ;

from the Lo i ta Pla ins,from Lake Elmen t a i t a

,from the

N orthern Guaso N yiro near the N gare N dare branch, andfrom sou thern Abyss in ia .

Redun ca H . Sm ith, 1 827, G riffith’

s C uvier An ima l Kingdom, V, p. 3 37;

type Ant i lope redunca Pa llas.

The wel l known genus Cervi capra ,by which the reed

bucks have long been known,has been recen tly replaced



The p retty reedbuck, which i s about the s ize of a whiteta i l deer

,was plentifu l i n the Uas in Gishu and in Uganda .

I t was s tri c tly a beas t of cover,and unl ike al l the water

buck and thei r al l ies i t was not gregariou s,be ing found

singly or in couples— usual ly a doe and her fawn,more

rarely a buck and a doe . L ike the orib i and kl i p sp ringer i tu tters a shri l l whis tle of a larm or curios i ty

,total ly dis t inc t

from the whis tle of e i ther of the others . I n Uganda thereedbuck were not wary

,and in certain places were so p len

tifu l that on a given flat of tal l grass we might find a scoreor two in fairly close p rox imi ty

,so that they looked a lmost

l ike a herd,sca ttered ou t to feed ;bu t when ala rmed each

went i ts own way withou t regard to the others . They weregrass feeders

,and thei r flesh was excel lent . They were

never found far from water ; in no case that we happenedto come across were they more than three or four milesfrom a stream or pond . They l ived in grass

,and in patches

of bush or reeds . I n the daytime we usual ly came on themlying up in the reed b eds or i n hollows among the tal l grass

,

so that they Offered ra ther hard running shots or very longstanding shots . Favori te res ting-places in the Loi ta Pla insd i s tric t

,were the deserted grass-grown Masa i kraa ls from

which they were on several occas ions rou ted . When disturb ed they usual ly bounded graceful ly over the wall s ofthe kraal and sought cover in the neares t reed bed . Often,however

,we saw them feed ing in the morn ing or afternoon

,

and then they were not very d ifficul t to app roach . Whenhid ing they would often le t u s get to within a few feet ofthem before making a headlong rush through the reeds orgrass . When pu t up by a l ine of beaters they would ei therrun whil e the beaters were s ti l l a long way off, or else wai t

S OUTH A FRI CA N RE ED BUCKI n t he N ew York Zoo log ica l Park

SWA H I LI RE E DBUC K CHA N LE R ROCK RE EDBUCKS ho t by Dr L W Abbo t t S ho t by W i l l iam A Chan le rTave t a K i l imanja ro , B E A Jom b ene Mo un t a ins , B E AUn i t ed S t a t es N at iona l M u seum Un i t ed S t a t es N a t iona l Mu se um

R E EDBUCK

WATERBUCKS AN D REEDBUCKS 485

unti l nearly trodden on . Occas ional ly reedbuck,l ike bu sh

buck,l i e up for the day in patches of b rush or reeds con

ta in ing l ions or hyenas . We pu t a doe ou t of a clump ofreeds from which we a l so pu t ou t and kil led two hyenas .Another pa ir were d riven from a reed b ed

,an acre or two

in area,from prec isely the same part of which a b ig

,maned

l ion was d riven a few seconds afte rward . Evidently thereedbuck in such cover fee l confident tha t they can detec tand avoid any hos tile app roach of the ir neighbors . Wenever heard of the i r lying in such cover in company wi th aleopard .

KEY T o T H E RA CE S OF redunca

Dorsa l color l ight , tawny-ochraceous l ined w i th black; pe lage longH orns sharp ly hooked forw ard ; co lor l igh ter ward i

H orns Short and w i thou t pronounced forw ard hook;color darkerugandaz

Dorsa l co lor l igh t , och raceous-buff, w i thou t black l in ing;pe lage shortH orns long and w ide—spread , no t hooked forward much cotton i

H orn s short and narrow ;hooked forw ard a t a sharp ang le

H IGH LAN D REEDBUCKRedunca redunca wardi

N ATIVE N AME S :Masai , crongo; Luganda, njazza.

Cervi capra redunca wardi T hom as, 1 900, Ann . ifl’ Mag. N at. H im, p . 304.

RA N G E — Highland region of B ri t i sh Eas t Afri ca fromthe German border north to the T urkw ell River and fromthe Victoria N yanza eas t to the headwaters of the Athiand Tana R ivers .Oldfield Thomas described thi s race from spec imens re

ceiv ed from Rowland Ward . The types were col lec ted byF . J . Jackson on the Mau Pla teau , no doub t somewhere i nthe v i c i n i ty of Eldoma Ravine S ta tion .


The highland reedbuck i s a dark-colored race,with long

pelage and with short, sharp ly hooked forward horns . Thedorsal region i s heavily l ined by black-tipped ha irs on atawny-ochraceous ground , the legs are marked in frontby a

y

,b road i l l defined blackish band

,and the under-parts

a re whi te,sharp ly defined agains t the tawny of the dorsal

surface .

The measurements of an adul t male in the flesh were :head and body

, 5 3 inches ; ta il , 7% inches ; hind foot, 1 6%inches ;ear, 6 inches . Greates t length of larges t skul l :male

,

1 0% inches ; female, 9% inches . The longes t horns measu re 1 0% inches on the cu rve and 9% inches in grea tes tspread

,in a series of n ine males . The spec imens examined

were col lected in the Uasin Gishu Pla teau,on the Mau

Escarpment a t Molo,Lake Elmen ta i ta

,the Amala R iver

near the German border,the Ath i Pla ins in the vicin i ty of

N a irob i,and from the Maanja River of central Uganda .

N ILE REEDBUCKRedunca redunca cotton i

N ATIVE N AMES : Dinka, leao; Bari, bore.

Cervi capra redunca cotton i Rothschild, 1 902, in Powell-Cotton ’

s SportingT rip T hrough Abyssin ia,” p . 470, two figures ofS kull and horns .

RA N G E — The N i l e Valley from the Soba t R iver andBahr el Ghazal sou thward in Uganda as far a s the AlbertN yanza and the Victoria N i l e .

The type of this race was col lected by Major PowellCotton in the lowlands of the N i l e be tween the main riverand the branch known as the Bahr el Zeraf. I t was described in 1 902 by Wal ter Rothschild in an appendix toPowell Cotton ’

S“Sporting Trip Through Abyss in ia ,” to

gether with another race,donaldson i

,from a po i nt midway

be tween the head of Lake Rudolf and the N i l e . The la tterrace

,however

,i s ind is tingu ishable i n horn shape and color

a tion,and mus t be regarded as a synonym of the race fi rs t

described .

The N i l e reedbuck i s read i ly d i stingu ishable from otherequatorial races by i t s wide spread horns . The horns sp readou tward

,the expanse u sual ly exceed ing the length, and the


tip s are hooked forward bu t l i ttl e . The colora tion i s l igh t,

withou t the black l in ing so charac teri s ti c of ward i,the gen

era l dorsal color be ing ochraceou s-buff. The s trip e ex tending down the fron t of the l eg is pal e

,usual ly mouse—gray in

color . The horn d imens ions of a large male shot a t N imulearc : l ength along cu rve 1 1% inches , grea tes t spread 9 inches .Another large male col l ec ted by Donaldson Smi th be tweenLake Rudolf and the N i l e has longer and wider-sp readhorns

,the d imens ions being 1 4% inches in length

,and 1 5

inches in expanse .

SWA H IL I RE EDBUCKRedunca rcdunca tohi

N ATIVE N AME : Swahil i, toh i .Redunca redunca tohi H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Sm ith . Misc . Co l l . , v ol. 6 1 , N o . 7, p . 1 0.

RA N G E — The moi s t coas t bel t from the Tana R iversou thward to Kil imanj aro and German Ea s t Africa

,bu t not

occu rring farther inland than the edge of the desert nyika .

The Swahil i reedbuck is loca l in d i s tribu tion and of rareoccu rrence . I t i s found along the ra i lway only a t Mariakani

,where the type and several o ther spec imens were

secu red in 1 9 1 2 by Hel l er . I t occu rred in thi s d i s tri c t inthe grassy val leys and hil l s ides in groups of three or fourcons i s ting of an old female and two or three offsp ring ofvariou s ages . N O adul t bucks were seen . Usually theywere found lying down in the long grass

,and were not de

t ec t ed unti l bounding away in grea t bounds over the grass .Sometimes when s tartled they u ttered thei r pecul ia r sharpbark or b l ea t .

T he Swahil i reedbuck d iffers from ward i by smal ler s ize ;the basa l length of skul l be ing only 9 inches . The coloration i s l ighter and pu rer tawny

,the b lack l in ing on the

dorsal su rface being much less eviden t . The dark leg s treaksa re much narrower or obsole te . The pelage i s shorter andthinner

,the length on the back be ing only three-fourths

of an inch .

The color is tawny and pures t on the s ides and the legs ,the dorsal region be ing darkes t owing to the p reva lence ofb lack-tipped hai rs

,which are absent on the s ides and the

l imbs . The crown of the head i s marked by a dusky-brown


patch be tween the ears and the midl ine of the snou t i sspeckled by dusky . The s ides of the head are pure yellowochre

,but the orb i ta l area i s l ighter buff in color . The chin

and the upper throat are cream color . The back of the ea ris much darker than the body

,the general effect being snuff

brown , but the ha ir covering itself is tawny . The inner s ideand the base of the ears includ ing the bare spot are creambuff. The legs are ochraceous-buff wi th a narrow

,dusky

brown s tripe in front from the hoofs to the shoulder on theforelegs

,bu t only reaching half-way to the hocks on the

hind legs . The ta il i s tawny above,and whi te below

,with

the tip chiefly white . The under-parts are pure whi te,and

sharp ly defined on the s ides agains t the tawny-ochraceous ;the whi te reaches a s far forward as the Ches t

,and also ex

tends as a narrow l ine down the ins ide of the legs .An adul t female spec imen measured in the flesh :49 inches

in length of head and body ; ta il , 7% inches ; hind foo t, 1 5%inches ; ear, 6 inches . Greates t l ength of skull

, 9% inches .Bes ides the spec imens from the type local i ty

,others have

been examined from Taveta,on the eas t s lope of Kil iman

j aro,col lec ted by Doctor L . W . Abbott . Three of these

spec imens are males,and exhib i t short

,narrow

,and sharply

hooked horns,by which they are d is tingu ishable from the

la rger-horned wardi .

AN KOLE REEDBUCKRedunca redunca ngande

Cervi capra bohor ugandae Blaine, 1 9 1 3 , Ann . E5 Mag. N at. H im, I I, p . 29 1 .

RA N G E — Highlands of Ankole,sou thwestern Uganda .

Mr . Gilbert B la ine has recently described from thehighlands of Ankole in sou thwes t Uganda a new race ofreedbuck differing from ward i by i ts shorter

,l es s-hooked

horns,and darker and browner color . Specimens in the

N ational Museum ,col lec ted in central Uganda from the

Maanja River, are not d is tingu ishable from wardi fromthe Uas in Gishu Plateau e i ther in color or horn shape . Thethree males from the Maanja River have the i r horns sharplyhooked forward as in typical wa rd i . The form described as

ngande may be a local race confined to the Ankole highlandswhil e central and eastern Uganda is occup ied by wa rd i .



WATERBUCKSKobur

Kobu: A . Sm ith, 1 840, I l lus. Zoology S . Africa, pt. VI I, pl . XXVI; typeK. cllipr iprymnur .

The waterbucks form a wel l-marked genus of l arges ized antelopes having long

,heavily ringed horns sweep ing

backward,with a sl ight forward curve a t the extreme tip s .

The withers are low and the body is covered by a coat oflong

,coarse hair . I n s ize and ca rriage they resemble the

European s tag or the American elk,bu t in hab i ts they

are more permanently gregarious and less fores t-haunting .

They are approached closely in s ize wi thin the subfamilyonly by the lechw i s from which they are a t once d is tingu ishab le by the d ifference in horn shape , and the wel lha ired nature of the fee t

,the back of the pas terns being

hairy . Waterbuck have a pecu l ia r odor due to a glandularexcretion from the skin . The skul l i s d is tingu ishable bythe flatness or depressed condi tion of the in terorb i ta l a rea

,

the large,hypsodont tee th

,and the la rge s inuses in fron t

of the orb i t be tween the nasal bones and the lachrymal .Severa l foss i l spec ies a re known from the Pl iocene of Ind ia

,

China,and Algeria . The genus to—day occurs only in

E thiop ia , or Africa sou th of the Sahara . I t i s found fromSenegal and the Abyssin ian highlands sou th throughou t thewhole continent as far a s the Limpopo River

,bu t is un

known in the Cape Colony proper . Two closely al l iedspec ies

,separab l e only by colora tion differences

,are com

prised in the genus .

KEY T o T H E SPEC IE S OF Kobu:

Posterior surface ofh ind quarters wh ite, in sharp con trast to the darkcoa t; tail tuft and legs from knee and hocks black ish sea lb rown;coa t Often suffused w i th redd ish ;body size larger

dcfarra

Post erior surface of h ind quarters marked on s ides of rump by a w ide,wh ite, e l l iptical-shaped stripe , connec ted below w i th the

wh i te ofthe posterior surface ofh ind quarters bu t mee ting


across the rum p, comp le te ly enc irc l ing the ta il; tail tuft andlegs not consp icuously darker brown than the body; bodysize smal ler, coa t w i thout redd ish suffusion

ellips iprymnur

T H E DEFA SSA WATERBUCKKobur dcfarra

The defassa waterbuck is a s ingu larly gracefu l buck withelk l ike carriage and a long

,rough coat of ha ir . I t I s some

wha t larger than the common waterbuck which i t resemblesclosely in color, d iffering, however, by lacking the whiteel l i p ti ca l s tripe on the s ides of the rump

,and by i t s darker

l egs and more redd ish body color . The sexes are very s imi lar i n s ize

,the female be ing scarcely inferior to the male .

The newly born young are wi thou t the d i s tinc tive whi tepatch on the pos terior . surface of the thighs

,the b rown of

the s ides extend ing on to the hinder surface and merging wi ththe whi ti sh color of the inner su rface . The legs are l ighterthan the body

,not darker as in the adul ts . The defassa

b reaks up in to a grea t number of geographical races whichare d i s tingu ishable by sl igh t d ifferences in tone of coloration . The earl i es t described race i s the defassa named bythe Abyss in ian exp lorer R ii ppell i n 1 840 . R ii ppell describedi t under i ts nat ive Abyss in ian name of defassa . Anothername which i s often appl ied to this group i s that of s ing- s ingu sed by the natives of Gamb ia for the West African race ofthe defassa . The t py ical defassa was met wi th by R i 'i ppel l i n the Abyss in ian highlands near the shores of LakeTana . I t i s one of the b rightes t-colored races

,and has a

large amount of redd ish i n i ts colora tion . The defassa as aspec ies i s wide sp read throughout West and Cen t ra l Africa

,

bu t nowhere does i t reach the Eas t Coas t,i ts eastern l imits

being marked by the grea t R ift Val ley,which extends from

the Red Sea to Lake N yasa . West of the Rift Val ley thedefassa ranges from the Abyssin ian highlands and the sou thern edge of the Sahara Desert sou th to Angola and the Zambes i Val ley as fa r wes t as Lake N yasa .

This s ta tely, shaggy-coated crea tu re i s close kin to thecommon waterbuck

,d iffering chiefly in i ts whi te rump .


On the average we found i ts horns longer,bu t thi s may b e

merely an accident of geography,for local i ty has much to

do wi th the size of an antelope ’ s horns,no matter what the

spec ies— and , extraordinary to say, the horns of one spec ies,say the impal la

,may b e les s than the average s ize in a

region where the horns of another,as the waterbuck

,may

be larger . I t seems curious,inasmuch as so many African

antelop e have short and even rather thin coats,to find these

marsh-loving,thicket-haunting waterbuck

,dwel l ing right

under the equator,wi th coats as long and shaggy as thos e of

northern deer .From Lake N aivasha wes tward we found the defassa ;

and from the N yanza Lakes i t extended down the N i l e tothe mouth of the Soba t . Everywhere the waterbucks weregregarious

,and

,therefore

,polygamous

,a heavy bul l ac

companying each herd of cows and young . The exac thab i ta t in which they were found varied in ra ther as tonishing manner . Around Lake N aivasha the i r home was inthe dense papyrus bed s which fringed the lake . The high

,

close-growing s tems of the huge reeds formed a wel l-nighimpenetrab le cover

,save where the waterbuck had trodden

ou t thei r trail s . These made a network,a labyrin th which

extended almost,but not qu i te

,to the lake ’ s edge

,meeting

and b eing crossed by the b roader hippo tra il s which,of

course,d id go down to—

or rather come up from— thewater’ s edge . When a larmed the herd s a t once fled to thepapyru s for protection

,and loud was the noise as they

crashed and crowded along the tra ils,sp lashing through the

mud and water whil e the dead s talks cracked and popped .

These reeds were merely thei r refuge and res ting-place,and

held no food for them . They fed ou ts ide them ,grazing in


the wet meadows,and in the glades among the masses of

vine-draped tree s and bushes . They fed a t al l hours of theday and nigh t . We saw a smal l party of cows feed ing onan ab solutely treeles s s tre tch of wet meadow at noon . Wefound a herd feed ing in the glades among thick c lus ters oftrees in mid-forenoon

,and another herd i n the mid-after

noon . We a l so found them grazing by moonl igh t .In the Lado we d id not find the waterbuck in the papy

rus,bu t ou t among the thin groves of scantily leaved acacias

,

often many miles away from the N i l e or from any watersave sma l l ponds

,in p ractical ly the same local i ti e s fre

quen t ed by the N i le hartebeests . Indeed , we Often foundthe spec ie s together . When a larmed these waterbuck s imply gal loped off among the thickets, not heading for the reedb ed s

,even if these were near by . In the Uas in Gishu coun

try a l so we Often found the Jackson hartebees t and thewaterbuck in the same country

,and even in the same herd ;

for the hartebees ts occas ional ly ventu red in to the fa i rlythick b rush

,dotted with trees

,which came j us t ou ts ide the

bel t of dense timber which fringed the river haunts of thewaterbuck ;whi le the waterbuck occas ional ly ventured farou t on the open

,grassy p la ins

,i n to the ord inary haunts of

the hartebees t . As a ru le,however

,the two species kep t

separa te,al though thei r hab i ta ts overlapped on the edges .

We once shot a hartebees t bul l from the top of an ant heap ;and a waterbuck cow with her calf continued to l i e underone of the many surrounding bushes for some minu tes . I twould b e qu i te imposs ib l e to say

,from our experience

,

which of the two spec ies was the waries t . We found in one’

place,or a t one time

,the waterbuck shyer than the harte

bees t ;and i n another p lace, or a t another time, the harte


b eest s were the more wary . We found waterbu ck cowswi th calves so young that they had not yet j oined the herd

,

on the N orthern Guaso N yiro in Sep tember,in the Uas in

Gishu in N ovember,and in the Lado in January ; we bel ieve

tha t there i s no regular b reed ing time .

The heavy bul l s wi l l not tolera te the p resence of youngbull s wi th the herds

,forc ing them ou t

,to form bachelor

groups of thei r own . The master bull s fight fiercely amongthemselves

,and when at bay

,especial ly if s tand ing in a pool

of water,are formidab l e an tagon is ts to dogs . They are not

,

however,by any means as dangerous as sable

,roan

,oryx

,or

W i ldebees t . Agains t the l ion,next to man the ir grea tes t

enemy,they can make no effec tual res i s tance .

KEY T O T H E RA CES OF dcfarra

Pelage long and heavyBody co lor redd ish , c innamon-rufous defassa

Body co lor darker brown w i th l i ttle rufous in the coa tBody co lor c innamon-d rab , the nape and crown ofhead rufous

nzoiw

Body co lor ha ir-b rown or dusky-d rabSnou t black as far as the in terorb i ta l reg ion ; body color

no t suffused w ith C innamon tjadcri

Snou t black on ly on an terior half; body color sufl'

used

w i th c innamon ra incy i

Pelage short and th inBody color redd ish , c innamon-drab matrch ic i

Body co lor d rab or hair-brownBody size smal ler, horns shorter harn icri

Body size larger, horns longer ugandaz



Spec imens Of this race have been examined from RhinoCamp

,Lado Enclave , and Gondokoro , Uganda . They are

universal ly d is tribu ted in the vic in i ty of water and havebeen met with by every sportsman who has vis i ted theupper N i l e . S ir Samuel Baker

,Von H euglin ,

and Schweinfurth were some of the firs t to record the occu rrence of thewaterbuck in the Soudan .

N o flesh measu rements are ava ilab le of spec imens . Thela rges t skul l examined i s 1 5% inches in l ength , which wouldindica te a somewhat smaller body s ize than the Ugandarace in which the sku ll s are usual ly 1 6 inches in l ength .

The longes t horns recorded by Ward are a pai r 3 3% inchesin length from the Bahr el Ghaza l col lec ted by Mr . A . L .

Butle r,the game warden of the Soudan . Average horns

,

however,a re very much smal le r

,25 inches being a good

adul t s ize . The longest-horned waterbuck col lected by theSmithsonian African exped it ion was one of this race shotby Colonel Roosevelt

,near Rhino Camp

,which measu red

30 inches .UGA N DA DEFA SSA WATERBUCK

Kobur dcfan a ngande

N AT IVE N AME : Luganda , nfama .

Kobur uncluom r ugandw N eumann , 1 905 , S itz. Ber. G es . N at . Freund .

Berl . , p . 92 .

RA N G E .

— F l‘0m the wes tern base of Mount Elgon westward throughou t Uganda to the Seml iki Valley north a sfar as the l imi ts Of the Victoria N i l e dra inage and south toLake Kivu .

The Uganda defassa was described by Herr N eumann in1 905 from spec imens shot on the Maanja R iver in centralUganda . Speke and Grant met with this antelope inUganda and brought home with them two heads which werereferred by Scla ter to the s ing-s ing defassa of Gambia . Atthat time the preserved specimens of waterbuck were so fewin number tha t the sl igh t color d ifferences now used to di st ingu ish the geographical races had not been de tec ted .

The defassa inhab iting Uganda and the Seml iki Valley i sa short and th in ha ired race l ike the N i l e defassa , from whichi t i s d is tingu i shable by i ts larger body S ize and much longerhorns . The color d ifferences wi th the la tter a re sl ight, the


color averaging somewha t darker . From the ’

N zo ia defa ssathe Uganda race i s read i ly d is tingu ishable by i ts short pelage and absence of c innamon suffus ion to the body coloration

,as wel l a s by i ts longer and more widely sp read horns .Dimens ions of spec imens in the flesh a re not ava ilabl e

for comparison,bu t those of the horns and skul l s a re abun

dan t ly recorded . Skull s of old adul ts u sual ly measu re s ix

teen inches in grea tes t length . The longes t horns,a s wel l

a s those showing the grea tes t sp read,recorded by Ward are

a pa i r sho t by A . F . B . Wollas ton nea r Lake Albert Edward .

This pa i r has a length on the fron t curve of 36% incheswi th a sp read of 36 inches . Severa l o ther heads of a lmos tequal d imens ions are recorded from the same genera l locali ty by Ward . The d irec tion of the horns la teral ly

,or the

amoun t of sp read,varie s grea tly from spec imens in which

i t exceeds the length to ones having a spread on ly half thelength . As a ru le

,however

,the horns a re remarkably wide

sp read and exceed the horns of other races in this respec t .

RUDOLF DEFA SSA WATERBUCKKobnr defassa ma trchi c i

Kobur unctuorur matrchi c i N eumann , 1 905 , S itz . Ber. G es . N a t . Freund .

Berl . , p . 92 .

RA N G E — N orthern shores of Lake Rudolf north throughthe R ift Val ley of sou thern Abyss inia a s far a s Lake Zwa i .The defassa from the Lake Rudolf reg ion and the Rift

Val ley of sou thern Abyss in ia has been named for DoctorPaul Ma t sch ie by Herr N eumann from spec imens whichhe shot a t Lake Abaya during his j ourney across Abyss in iato the Soba t R iver in 1 899 . Some years earl ie r

,Donald

son Smi th reported wa terbuck on the north shore of LakeS tephanie

,and abou t the same time A . H . N eumann met

with thi s race of the defa ssa on the northeas t shore of LakeRudolf whil e elephant shooting . The race is d is tingu ishable from the typ ical defassa of the highlands of Abyss in iaby i ts more grayish or d rab colora tion and by i ts muchshorter and thinner pelage

,i n which respec t i t app roaches

the N i l e defassa . I t can,however

,be d is tingu ished from

the la t ter by i ts more c innamon colora tion . Judging by the


s ize of the skull , i t i s smaller than the races to the sou th ofi t i n Br i t i sh terr i tory . N o measurements of the horns orbody are recorded .

’

N z0 1A DEFA S SA WATERBUCKKobur dcfarra nzoiw

N ATIVE N AME S : Karamojo, ccori a; Kamas ia, ki romcrc; Kavirondo (Jaulo) ,i rigu t .

Kobur defarfa naoia’ Ma t sch ie, 1 9 1 0, S itz . Ber. G es . N a t . Freund . Berl . ,p . 41 7 .

RA N G E — From the eas tern edge of the Mau Esca rpment wes tward to Mount Elgon and northward to the highlands wes t ofLake Rudolf.Doctor Ma t sch ie

,the describer of innumerable races of

antelopes from Eas t Afri ca,named the p resent race from a

specimen shot by Major Powel l-Cotton on the Uas in GishuPla teau . Jackson was perhaps the firs t sportsman to meetwith thi s race . He records i t a s abundant as far north asthe T urkw ell River d ra inage . The ’

N zo ia defassa i s a handsome race with an abundance of long cinnamon—rufoushair in the coat . I t i s the reddes t of al l the Eas t Africanraces and has the heavies t coat of ha i r . Overlying theredd ish ha ir i s a heavy black l in ing of dark-tipped hai r .The forehead and the s ides of the snou t are usual ly b righ trufous and the nape of the neck i s s trongly suffused byc innamon-rufous . The horns are much shorter than thoseof ngandw and are more paral le l in outl ine , seldom showingthe grea t d ivergence a t the tips exhib i ted by tha t race .

A fully adul t mal e from the Uasin Gishu Pla teau measu red in the flesh : 84 inches in length of head and body ; tai l ,1 5% inches ;hind foot, 22 inches ;ear, 8 inches . The hornsof the la rges t male in a series of four are 26% inches inlength by 1 6 inches in sp read .

RA IN EY DEFA S SA WATERBUCKKobur defarra ra i ncyi

Kobur dcfhrra ra incy i H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Sm ith . Misc . Coll . , v ol . 6 1 , N o . 1 3 , p . 5 .

RA N G E — Sou theas tern d ra inage of the Victoria N yanzafrom the headwa ters of the Amala River in B ri t i sh Eas t



and the ears a re much more b roadly tipped by seal—brown,the

whole terminal half being dark . The rufous of the foreheadis l ined by black, but i s not uniform as in the male . Theta il on the dorsal surface i s rufous

,only the tip be ing seal

b rown .

A large male had the fol lowing flesh measurements :headand body

, 79 inches ;ta il , 2 1 inches ;hind foot, 22 in ches ;ear,9 inches . The average l ength of an adul t male skul l i s 1 5%inches . The la rges t i s 1 8% in ches, which equal s large skull sOf ugandw from the S eml iki R iver . The female skul l s aresmal ler

,usual ly 1 43A inches in length . The horns of large

bucks are seldom more than 25 inches in length, the longestin the N at ional Museum being 28% inches .In the eas tern l imi ts of i ts range on the German border

th i s race assoc ia te s wi th the common waterbuck,K . cll ips i

prymnus,l iving with i t in the same meadows

,bu t keep

ing apart in herds of i ts own kind . Capta in Dickinson in“Big Game Shooting on the Equa tor describes such assoc ia t ion of the two species on the border . The commonwaterbuck has been reported as far wes t as I koma

,German

Eas t Africa , on the headwaters of s treams flowing to theV i c tori a N yanza .

LA IKIPIA DEFA SSAKobur defassa tjadcri

Gobai ' dcfarra tjadcri Lonnberg, 1 907, Arkiv . Zool ., S tockl . , IV, p . 7 .

RA N G E — Laikip ia Plateau wes t to the eas tern edge Ofthe Rift Valley

,north as far as Lake Baringo

,and south to

Moun t Suswa , a t leas t .Recently a specimen of the defa ssa shot by R . Tjader a t

the extreme eastern l imits of the spec ies near the j unctionof the Guaso N arok and N orthern Guaso N yiro R ivers hasbeen described as a new race by LOnnb erg . The charactersof this form are i ts dark colora tion

,the head being espec ial ly

dark,the black color of the snout extend ing far up the fore

head well into the interorb i tal a rea of the forehead . In s izeit i s somewhat smaller than the other races .

MA P 21 — D I STR IBUTION OF T H E RA CE S OF T H E DE FA S SA WA TERBU CK1 Kobui~ defarra dcfarra 2 Kobur dcfarra harnicri 3 Kobu: dcfarra uganda

'

4 Kobur defaffa zjadcri 5 Kobur dcfarra matrchici 6 Kobur defassa ra incy i

7 Kobu: defassa nzoiw

501


COMMON WATERBUCKKobu: ellipriprymnu:

The common waterbuck is wel l Characterized by theb road white r i ng on the rump , which enci rcles the ta i l andcontras ts consp icuously with the dark-brown coat . This i sthe only very obvious d ifference from the defassa

,bu t other

minor points,such as the lack of reddish suffus ion to the

coat,the smal ler body s ize

,and the l ight-colored legs

,may

be made ou t upon actual comparison of spec imens . N O

in tergrading races are known between these two species,

al though they lack skul l d ifferences and occupy separategeographica l areas

,as i s characteri s ti c of races rather than

spec ies . At the northern l imi ts of i ts range the commonwaterbuck shows a reduction in the rump ring

,the middle

portion across the back be ing Often Obsole te or wanting .

The common waterbuck i s in some parts of i ts range subj ec tto alb inism

,a condi tion never met with in the closely al l ied

defassa . S evera l geographica l races a re recognized whichare based on d ifferences in the genera l tone of coloration .

The common waterbuck is l imi ted to the eas tern coas t regionof Africa east of the R ift Valley

,from southern Somal iland

south to the Limpopo R iver in the Transvaal .

KEY T o T H E RA CES OF ellipriprymnu;

G enera l dorsal colora tion l igh t, drab or hair-brownG eneral dorsal coloration dark, warm sep ia-brown

H IGH LAN D WATERBUCKKobu i cllipr iprymniu thike

N ATIVE N AME : Kikamba, ndoo.

Kobur cllipr iprymnur thi ha’ Mat schie, 1 9 1 0, S itz. Ber. G es. N at . Ere Berl . ,

p . 41 1 .

RA N G E — From the N orthern Guaso N yiro R iver ofB ri ti sh Eas t Africa sou thward to the German bord er andwestward through the Rift Val ley ; eas t a long th e TanaR iver and the flanks of the highlands to within a shortd i stance of the coas t

,where i t intergrades wi th the Swa

hil i race .



some master bul l of fa il ing thews ;whereupon the latter, i nhis turn

,begins a l ife of sol i tude . The master bul l i s not

general ly the herd leader ;this function , as wi th the Americanwap i ti

,i s u sual ly performed by some old and wary cow .

The carriage of the waterbuck is l ike that of the wap iti,

p roud and graceful,with the neck erect

,ins tead of held

a lmost in l ine wi th the back,as with the oryx ; thi s

p roud port,and the long

,shaggy ha ir

,give i t a look l ike

tha t of some b ig northern s tag . White waterbuck are incerta in p laces not uncommon ;i t i s certa inly a s ingular thingthat in a land teeming wi th beas ts of p rey any individualof such a s trikingly consp i cuous color should be ab le toreach maturi ty

,and

,as i s frequently the case

,to b reed . I

heard of one white waterbuck cow with a calf of the ord inarycolor .The waterbuck is not a water antelope in the sense tha t

i s true of the lechw i and s i ta tunga . I t l ives on dry land,

feed ing and resting among the trees and bushes . But i t i snever found very far from water

,and when hunted i t takes

to the water readily,even when there are crocod ile s near ;

i t swims wel l and boldly,and if hunted by dogs i t will

,i f

poss ible,come to bay in a pool . I n the early morning we

found waterbuck feed ing a mile or two from any cover,on

the bare,short-grass pla ins of the Athi

,bu t when alarmed

they a t once fled for the trees along the river course . I n oneins tance we found a smal l party of waterbuck taking as ies ta under some small

,a lmost leafless thorn- trees

,miles

away from water,on a bare p la in swarming with zeb ra .

Ordinari ly,however

,the waterbuck keeps to the groves and

glades,feed ing and resting alternately a t al l hours through

the day and nigh t . The cow keeps by hersel f for a few days


whi le the calf i s very young . We have sa t wi th in a fewyards of a cow and calf which were lying down

,and

watched them for many minu tes before they took alarm .

The food is u sual ly grass,bu t sometimes the animal s

b rowse .

Waterbuck are not a s formidable fighters a s the roan,

sab l e, or oryx ;bu t the old bull s— perhaps tra ined by thei rdespera te battles among themselves— must be approachedwith some caution if a t bay

,for thei r horns are sharp

,and

the s trength of thei r heavy bodies i s grea t . Doctor Rainsford was severely hu rt by the sudden lunge and s truggl eof a wounded waterbuck bul l when he a ttempted to cu t i tsthroa t ; and a whi te man with Major Bulpe t t was kil l edunder s imila r condi tions . A badly wounded bull a ttemp tedto charge Kermi t and his gun-bearers .

An adul t male shot a t Juj a Farm measured in the flesh :79 inches in length of head and body ; ta il , 1 8 inches ; hindfoot

,2 1% inches

,and ear

, 9% inches . Skul l l ength,1 5

i nches . The horns of thi s specimen were 23% inches on thefront cu rve

,whil e those of the longes t a re 25 inches . Ward ’ s

record for Eas t Africa i s 29 inches . The horns of the typ icalcll ips iprymnus of the Zambes i region are much longer

,the

record be ing 36% inches . This record i s equal to tha t ofdefassa

,bu t curiously enough the geographica l pos it ion of

greates t horn growth is reversed in the two spec ies,the short

es t-horned defassa occurring in the sou th in close p roximi tyto the longes t-horned cll ips iprymnus . The iden tifica tion ofheads

,however

,i s a ttended wi th much uncerta inty unles s

the body color or the exac t local i ty are known,owing to

the close color and horn resemblance of the defassa andcll ips iprymnus .


SWA H IL I WATERBUCKKobur ellipr iprymnu: hum

N ATIVE N AME : Swahili, leuru .

Kobur cllipr iprymnur kuru H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Sm ith .Misc . Col l . , v ol. 6 1 , N o . 1 3 , p . 6 .

RA N G E — Coas t d is tric t from the Tana River sou thwardalong the coas t in to German Eas t Africa and westwardalong the larger watercourses to Kil imanj aro .

The race of the common waterbuck inhab iting the coas td is tri c t of B ri tish and German Eas t Africa has recentlybeen described from specimens col lec ted a t Taveta by Doctor W . L . Abbott . The waterbuck mentioned by such earlyexplorers of the coas t d istric t as Hi ldebrandt and Fischerre fer to thi s race . Willoughby

,Jackson

,and several other

sportsmen have given accounts of this race . The Swahil iwaterbuck is closely al l ied to thi hw of the Athi Plains

,bu t

d iffers from thi s race by i t s darker,sep ia-brown color

,

darker-b rown legs,and l ighter-colored snou t

,which shows

l i ttl e contras t to the color Of the forehead .

The color of the median dorsal region i s uniform darkbrown or warm sep ia

,with the s ides l ighter

,deep brownish

d rab in color . The breas t i s drab and the belly whitish . Thewhite s trip e on the hind quarters i s not continuous acrossthe rump

,bu t i s broad and dis tinct on the s ides . The tai l

i s sep ia l ike the back,the tip very l i ttle darker

,and the

under s ide has a narrow l ine of white . The legs from theknees and the hocks are uniform sep ia-brown

,and darker

than the s ides . There is a whi te fringe above the hoofs andthe fal se hoofs . The neck i s somewhat l ighter than thebody

,being dark brownish-drab

,but the nape i s uniform in

color with the throat . There i s a whi tish blotch on theupper throa t . The s ides of the head are l ike the neck incolor . The dorsal surface of the snou t is sep ia-brown , bu tcontrasts very l i ttl e with the more reddish c innamon-brownforehead . The rhinarium of the snout i s bordered by awhite band and the l ip s and chin are whi te . There i s al soa b road whi te area a t the front angle of the eye abou t twoinches long . The area about the eyes and the back of theears i s ochraceous-tawny . The tips of the ears are sep iab rown

,and the ins ide i s whi te .



N o flesh measu rements Ofspec imens are availab l e . Therace is smaller somewhat than the highland form

,the skull

measuring only 1 4 inches in length . Horns average 23inches in length .

T H E KOBSAdenota

Adenota G ray, 1 850, Proc . Zool . Soc . , p . 1 29; type Kobur hob.

The kobs are eas ily d is tingu ishable from the reedbucksand waterbucks by the pecul iar S- shaped curve assumedby the horns . The horns near the base are bowed backward

,bu t the tips are recurved forward and inward giving

them the shape of an elongated “S ” when viewed fromthe s ide . The back of the pasterns and the border of thehoofs are well ha ired as in the waterbuck . The ta il i s short

,

usual ly less than fourteen inches in length,and does not

reach the hocks . The tip has a d i stinc t tuft of long ha ir .All of the races

,with the excep tion of the whi te-eared

,are a

uniform tawny-yellow color on the dorsal surface withou tany very bold markings

,with the excep tion of the black

leg s tripes p resen t in most races . The neares t al l ies of thekobs are the lechw is

,which have somewhat s imilarly shaped

horns,bu t d iffer decidedly by having the whole pos terior

surface of the pas terns and a narrow border surround ing thehoofs and fal se hoofs bare or hairless . The tai l i s al so muchlonger

,usual ly reaching to the hocks

,and bearing a t the tip s

a d is tinc t tuft of long hair . The length of this member averages four inches longer than in the kobs . The horn lengthi s cons iderably greater in the lechw i

,in which the horns are

wider- spread,sub lyra t e, and less S-shaped . The skul l i s

d is tinctly Ionger- snouted in the kobs,and is withou t the

prominent swel l ing in the supraorb i tal region which i s charac t eris t ic of the lechw i . The genus includes two spec ies ,oardon i

,of the Zambes i region

,which lacks the black leg

s tripes,and hob, of the equatoria l region .

The kobs range from the Zambes i watershed northwardthrough the central lake dra inage area to the N i l e Val ley ;east to B rit i sh East Africa , and westward through N igeriato SenegaL


EQUATOR IA L KOBAdenota hob

The equatoria l kob i s characterized chiefly by i ts blackfronted or s triped legs

,and by i t s uniformity i n body s ize

and shape of horns . The female is very l i ttl e inferior ins ize to the male . I n some Of the races i t shows grea t ind ividual and age color d ifferences i n the male sex in the colorof the ears

,which assume a white colora tion as age advances .

I n one race the male often becomes qu i te a deep b rown orblack on the upper parts . The color of the female i s

,how

ever,qu i te cons tant in the various races . The nurs ing

young have the general color pattern of thei r female parent,

but are S l ightly l ighter,the dorsa l su rface and head being

ochraceous . They particu larly resemble the female in thepossess ion Ofdark

,seal b rown ea r tip s and in the restric ted

whi te orb i ta l a rea,bu t the l egs are withou t the dark st ripes

in front,these b e i iig merely ind ica ted by a sl igh t darken ing .

The l igh t hoof-bands are al so bu t fa intly ind ica ted .

The range includes equatoria l Africa from Senegal andthe N ige r eastward to the N i l e Val ley and the Vic toriaN yanza , and northward to the edge of the Sahara Desert .

KEY T O T H E RA CE S OF kob

Back of ears in male tawny l ike dorsa l colora tion or cream-buff, buta lways w i th dec ided dark tips;fema le w i th leg s tripes darksea l-brown and w i thou t a wh ite preocu lar stripe on the

snou t .S ize larger; co lora tion deeper tawny, pe lage long ; brain case deep;

fema le l ined w ith black on med ian dorsal surface thomari

S ize sma l ler; co lora tion l igh ter tawny; brain case shal low er;female w ithou t black l in ing on upper parts alum

Back of ears in t he ma le who l ly wh i te or cream-buff, the t ip on lys l igh tly darker if a t all; old ma les usua l ly becom ing deepsea l-brown or black on dorsa l surface, w i th wh ite ears and

orb ital area ;the fema le w i th leg stripes hair-brown , and w itha wh i te preocu lar st ripe on the snou t . lcucot i:


UGAN DA KOBAdenota hob thomari

N ATIVE N AME : Uganda, nrunnu .

Adenota thamari N eumann, 1 896, Proc . Zool . Soc ., p . 1 92.

RA N G E — Upper N i l e watershed from the headwaters ofthe ’

N zo ia River on the flanks of the Uas in Gishu Plateauwes tward through Uganda to the Albert N yanza

,north

ward along the E lgon highlands wes t of Lake Rudolf to theSoudan boundary a t leas t .The Uganda kob has long been known to natu ral i s ts

,bu t

i t has only comparatively recently been d is tingu ished fromthe older spec ie s from Senegal and the Zambes i R iver .Speke and Grant brought heads from Uganda in 1 863 .

These were the earl ies t spec imens to reach Eu rope,and were

confounded with the white-cared race by Scla ter . Later,in

1 89 1 , F . J . Jackson sent spec imens to the B ri ti sh Museumfrom Mount E lgon which were referred firs t to the Zambes ispec ies

,oardon i

,and la ter to the typ ical race

,hob

,of Senegal .

Final ly,Herr Oscar N eumann dis tingu ished the race in 1 896

and described i t under the presen t name,Adenota thomas i

,

naming it for Oldfie ld Thomas of the Brit i sh Museum .

We found this spec ies in one form or another,common

from the Uas in Gishu across to the White N i l e,and down

the White N ile to the sud ; below the sud i ts place wastaken by the whi te-cared kob . They are ra ther chunkyanimal s

,b ig bucks reaching a weight of nearly two hundred

and fifty pound s .A l though close kin to the waterbuck the golden-coated

kob reminds the ob se rver more of the impa l la . Along theUasin Gishu we found the kob i n herds of twenty or thirtydoes and young an imals

,with a s ingle master buck to each

herd . Thei r range was much more l imi ted than that of thewaterbuck in the same region

,for they d id not go so fa r

away from the river,ou t on the rol l ing and hil ly pla ins

,nor



white,as are al so the chin , throa t, l ip s, and margin of the nos

t ri ls . The whole lower throa t is ochraceous and somewhatl ighter than the nape . The under-parts and the ins ide of thel egs to the hocks and the knees and the under-surface ofthe ta i l a re sharply defined white . The legs have a b road

,

blackish-brown band extending from the whi ti sh hoof-bandto the shoulder on the forelegs

,and to the hocks on the hind

legs . The back part of the forelegs i s whi ti sh , but this area inthe hind legs i s ochraceous . The fal se hoofs are bordered by amuch narrower band of white than the hoofs . The femalei s l ike the male

,bu t eas i ly di stingu ishable by the dark seal

b rown tip s of the ears and the smal l exten t of whi te in theorb i tal region . The female resembles the female lcucoti s

,but

the dorsal color i s much darker tawny-ochraceous,the s ides

are more ochraceous-buff,and show cons iderable contrast

to the whi te under-parts . The backs of ears are l ike the bodycolor

,the tip s are b roadly tipped by sea l-brown

,and the base

and ins ide are white . The orb ital whi te area i s not produced forward as a preocu la r s tripe . The legs have a darks treak in fron t which i s deep sea l-brown a s in the females ofa lum . The hoof-band and the ins ide of the l egs are buffy .

The measurements of an adul t male in the flesh from theUas in Gishu Pla teau are :head and body

,65 inches ; ta il , 1 3

inches ;hind foot, 1 7 inches ;ea r, 6% inches . Length Ofskull,1 1% inches . The average length of the horns a long the cu rvei s 1 6 inches and the sp read i s 1 4 inches . The longes t hornsin a series of three adul t males are 1 7% inches

,and the

greatest spread i s 1 1 inches . A serie s of both sexes fromthe headwaters of the ’

N zo ia River in the Uas in GishuPla teau region have been s tudied

,al so the types in the

B ri ti sh Museum,inc lud ing spec imens from centra l Uganda .

LA DO KOBAdenota kob alum :

N ATIVE N AMES :Madi, lza ; Acholi, t il .Adenota kob alum H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Sm ith . Misc . Coll . , v ol. 6 1 , N o . 7, p . 1 1 .

RA N G E — West side of the N i l e from the Albert N yanzanorthward to the Bahr-el-Ghaza l dra inage ; l imit s of rangenot known .

WATERBUCKS AN D REEDBUCKS 5 1 3

The Lado kob was described recently from spec imensshot by Colonel Roosevel t a t Rhino Camp on the wes t bankof the N i l e a few miles north of the s ta tion of Wadela i .

In the Lado , the terri tory was everywhere of much thesame Character

,grassy pla ins covered wi th a sparse

,s canty

growth of trees and bushes ; and the kob , l ike the otherspec ies

,was far les s spec ial ized in i ts hab i ta t than on the

Uas in Gishu . Waterbuck,kob

,and hartebees t were a l l

found i nd iscrimina tely over the country,and Often together ;

from the same spot in two shots,a t only a couple of seconds

interval,we Shot a hartebees t bull and a fine buck kob .

As a rule,none Ofthe antelope were shy in the Lado .

The Lado race i s l ike the Uganda kob i n color,bu t l ighter

and decidedly smal le r . The skul l i s small er and flatter inboth sexes and the s ize of the hoofs i s smaller . I t app roachesthe typica l kob of Senegal in i ts smal l s ize and s tands qu itein termedia te between i t and thomas i

,bu t differs by having

the head more extens ively whi te,the en ti re orb i tal region

being whi te and the ea rs a l so showing a tendency to whi teness

,i n some being uniform buffy on the back withou t the

blackish tip . The Old males , however, never assume theblack coa t charac teri s ti c of this sex in lcucozi s nor do theyShow

,as a rule

,the whi te ears . The female i s d i s tinguish

ab le from the femal e Uganda kob by i ts l ighter color andthe absence of the b lack l ining to the dorsal region . Theha ir i s cons iderably shorter than in thomas i

,being a t the

ha ir whorl three-fou rths of an inch or less,whil e on the

Uas in Gishu spec imen i t i s one and one-fourth inches inl ength a t the same point .The color of the head and body in the adult male is och ra

ceous,l ightening on the lower s ides and the midl ine of the

throat to ochraceous-buff. The backs of the ears a re l ighterthan the head

,and are ochraceous-buff

,but the tips are very

l i ttl e darker,being ochraceous-tawny . The orb i tal region ,

base and s ides of cars, l i p s , borders of nos tri l s , chin , upperthroa t

,ches t

,under-parts

,ins ide of legs

,under s ide of ta il

,


and band above hoofs and fal se hoofs are whi te . The frontof the forelegs from the l ight

,hoof band to the Shoulders ,the front of the hind legs from the hoof band to the hock

,and

the tip of the ta i l are blackish-brown or dark seal-brown .

N O flesh measurements of th is race are ava i labl e . Theskul l of an adul t male measu res 1 1% inches in l ength . I na ‘ series of six adul t males the longes t horns measu re 2 1%i nches along the curve by 1 3 inches in grea tes t sp read .

These horn measu rements exceed those of thomas i from the’

N zoia River by three or four inches and indicate a grea terhorn length for the N i l e race

,a d ifference which i s further

confirmed by the measu rements given in Rowland Ward ’ s“Records of B ig Game .

”

WH ITE-EAR ED KOBAdenota hob lcucoti:

N ATIVE N AMES :Djeng, kul;Dinka, teal.A nti lope lcucotir Lichtenstein and Peters, 1 853 , N . B. Ak ., Berl ., p . 1 64.

RA N G E — The White N i l e region in the vic in i ty of thej unction of the Soba t and Bahr-el-Ghaza l amuen t s eastwarda long the Sobat to the Abyss in ian border .The whi te-eared kob was fi rs t Ob ta ined by Werne

,a

German travel ler,on the Soba t R iver

,and describ ed in

1 85 3 by the wel l-known German natura l is ts Lichtenste inand Peters . This spec imen was not one of the characteri st ic b lack males, bu t was of the tawny type l ike the re

cen t ly described oaughan i . H euglin met with this spec iesin 1 86 1 in the Soba t and Bahr—el-Ghazal regions , and described i t under i ts native names of haul and wu i l . S i r SamuelBak er al so met with the white-eared kob in his explora t ionsof the N i l e sources .

This handsome antelope was found in herds a long themouth of the Bahr el Zeraf. Their hab i ts were sub s tan

t ially those of the common kob . They were found on the immense dry flats

,sometimes among the sca ttered thorn-trees ,

sometimes ou t on the stretches of short grass ; al though



brown or black coat assumed by some of the old males,

which is a color change not met with in any other kob .

The female is d is t ingu ishable from the other races by thegrea ter amount of whi te about the eye

,which i s continued

forward on the snout as a preocular s tripe , and al so by thel ight color of the leg s tripes which are ha ir-brown ins teadof seal-brown .

A male in the dark phase has the dorsal surface of thehead and the body uniform dark seal-brown . The s ides aresomewhat l ighter, being bone-brown , and sharply defined b elow from the white of the under-parts . The nape of the neck

,

the crown,and the hinder su rface of the thighs are mixed with

tawny ha irs . The upper surface of the tai l i s pure ochraceous-tawny

,only the tip being black . The ears a re wholly

white a s wel l a s a broad area at the base . The orb i talregion i s extens ively white

,the l ight color extend ing forward

as a preocular s trip e toward the muzzle . The chin,throat

,

l ips,and margin of nostri l s a re whi te . There is a small white

spot on the cheeks below the ear . The white of the ches textends far up the throat , l eaving a rather narrow band ofseal-brown across the throat . The res t of the under-parts , includ ing the ins ide of the legs to the hoofs , and the whole of thepasterns are white . The white Stripe on the hind legs coversthe front surface from the hocks

,the hinder part of which

i s brown l ike the body .

At the northern l imit of kob s in the N i l e Val ley theold males u sual ly assume deep seal-brown or black upperparts s imilar to the adul t l ivery of the sable antelope .

Some ind ividual s,however

,do not assume thi s dark coa t

excep t to a sl ight degree,tha t i s

,only upon the s ides of the

throat,the shoulders

,and the legs and flanks and snou t .

Such rufous-colored ind iv iduals were described as a new

race,n igroscapula ta , by Ma t sch ie in 1 899 . More recently ,

i n 1 906, Lydekker appl ied the name aaughan i to s imilarlycolored spec imens from the same region . Both of thes eraces a re based on e i ther immature or adul t rufou s-coloredind ividual s of the white-eared kob with which they agree inhaving the ears white or cream-buff on the ou ter su rface ,and the lower parts of the l egs

,half-way to the knees ,

whitish . Some of these rufous ind ividual s Show, by theworn cond ition of thei r teeth and the obl i tera tion of mos tof the su tures in the ir skul l s , that they are real ly aged

MA P 23 — D I STR IBUTION OF T H E RA CE S OF T H E KOB

1 Adenota hob lcucoti i~ 2 Adenota hob alum : 3 Adenota kob thomari

5 17


animal s , and i t is qu i te eviden t that the black l ivery i s tosome extent an ind ividual character

,al though chiefly an age

affair . Selous,by the comparison of dates furn ished by

sportsmen,has come to the conclus ion that the black coat

i s a seasonal change,but our experience throws consider

able doubt on this op in i on . We found both color phasesequal ly common at the same season

,and in none of the

spec imens were there any marks showing shedd ing or anyprocess by which a seasonal coat could be acqu ired . Specimens identi cal in coloration with both n igroscapula ta andoaughan i from the mouth of the Bahr e l Ghazal were secu redby the Smithson ian African exped it ion under the d irect ionof Colonel Roosevel t . Some of the upper N i l e spec imensa s w ell a s the more remote ones from the Uasin GishuPla teau known as thomas i occas ional ly exhib i t whiti sh earshaving the dark tip s nearly obsole te . I t i s probable thatsomewhere in the upper Bahr el Ghazal

,perhaps in the

vic in i ty of Meshra-er-Rek,the two races meet . The white

eared kob is wi thou t doub t loca l and confined to the extremenorthern l imi t of the range of the kobs in the N i l e Valley .

Wes tward we find l i ttl e or no change in the coloration of thekob s between the N i l e Valley and the Senegal or N igerianregions , which i s a real ly vas t extent of country .

The flesh measurements of an adul t male are : head andbody

,6 1 i nches ; ta il , 1 4 inches ; hind foot, 1 7 inches ; ear, 6

inches ; greates t length of skul l , 1 1 inches . Four adul t maleskull s have been examined from the Bahr el Zerafand LakeN o d is tric t . The average of horn d imens ions in these spec imens i s 1 8 inches in length by 1 4 inches in greates t spread .

Rowland Ward,however

,records a grea t many specimens

from the N i l e of th is race , al l of which have horns exceed ing20 inches

,the maximum measurement being 24% inches .

Onotragur G ray, 1 872, C at . Rum . Brit . Mus . , p . 1 7; type Cobur lechcc .

The genu s Onotragus was founded by Gray i n 1 872 forthe reception of the lechw i and based upon the Characte rof the tufted ta il and sub lyra t e shape of the horns i n thi s


WATERBUCKS AND REEDBUCKS 5 1 9

spec ies . N o mention was made of the nak ed character ofthe pas terns

,or the short , bulging snou t and wide nasa l

bones so d is tinc tive of the lechw i . Gray associa ted withthe lechw i the poku or Zambes i kob , an antelope of thegenus A denota

,while the N i l e lechw i , which closely resembles

the true lechw i in the horn Characters u sed by Gray , wasplaced with the waterbucks . Later na tu ral i s ts have notrecognized Gray’ s genera , but have lumped the lechw is andkob s with the waterbucks in the genus Kobus . Most recentwri ters have adop ted the arrangement of the spec ies asgiven by Scla ter and Thomas in the “Book of Antelopes ,”where the Zambes i lechw i i s p laced a t the end of the l ineand the N i l e lechw i widely separa ted from i t and assoc ia tedwith the waterbucks under the subgenus Cobus .

The back of the pasterns and the border of the hoofs andthe fal se hoofs are hairle ss

,the skin being thickened and

pad-l ike . The hoofs are long and slender . The ta il i s long,

the tufted t ip reaching the hocks . The horns are long,sub

lyra te in shape,and wide-sp read . The snou t i s short and

bulging . The lechw i Shows importan t d ifferences from thekobs and waterbucks in the short

,wide nasal bones , the

prominen t swel l ing of the supraorb i ta l region , and the grea twid th of the bas iocc ip i tal bone separa ting the tympanicbul lae. There a re but two spec ies : the Zamb es i lechw i andthe N i l e lechw i .The d is tribu tion i s pecul iar and d iscontinuous . The

Zambes i lechw i ranges from Lake N gami northward as fa ra s Lake Mweru on the northern border Of Rhodes ia , whil ethe N i l e lechw i i s confined to a very l imi ted trac t on the

K/IVh i t e N i l e more than one thousand mi les north of Lakeweru .

N ILE LEC HW IOnotragu: megaccro:

N ATIVE N AMES : Dinka, abohle; N uer, ti l.

Adenota megaccror Fi tzinger, 1 855 , S itz. Ak . , Wien, XVI I, p . 247 .

RA N G E .

— Mou th of the Bahr el Ghazal a t i ts j unc t ionwith the White N i l e . Apparently confined to the d is tri c tnear the mouth of the Bahr—el-Ghazal s ide and unknown


eas t of the Bahr eI Zeraf. Limits of range not known,bu t

reported a s far north as T aufikia oppos i te the mouth of theSoba t

,and as far sou th on the Bahr el Ghazal as Wau .

Soon after the d iscovery Of this antelope by H euglin i n

1 85 3 , and the acc idental descrip tion of i t by F i tzinger, I t wasdescribed as Cobus mari a by Gray from spec imens rece ivedfrom Consul Petheri ck taken on the White N i l e . Under thi sname i t has s ince been known to natu ral i s ts , owing to Fi tzinger’ s descrip tion be ing cons idered inadequate . F i tzinger

’

s

name,however

,i s a ccompanied by a mention Of i ts la rge

horns and i ts general d is tinctnes s from the kob , and i s moreover founded on a spec imen sti l l p reserved a t Vienna whichwas a few years la ter ful ly figured and described by Hengl in

,

so tha t the name is wel l g founded . F i tzinger mentionsH euglin

’

s in tention of describ ing the spec ies under the nameAdenota megaceros , and refrains on tha t account from describing i t beyond giving the horn charac ters and the his tory andlocal i ty of the spec imen . H euglin not only col lected severalspec imens of the N i l e lechw i , bu t b rought back to Viennawi th him a l ive female spec imen , which , however, l ived atthe Zoological Gardens bu t a short t ime . This i s the onlyspec imen which has ever reached Europe al ive . I nasmuchas the rigid rules governing modern sc ientific nomencla turesometimes give rather absu rd resul ts

,i t i s a rel ief tha t i n

thi s case they do j us tice,and enable u s to subs ti tu te an

appropriate name , given to thi s fine riv erbuck by i ts d iscoverer

,for an inappropria te name subsequently given to i t

by a close t natura l i s t who had nothing to do wi th i ts d iscov ery

This interes ting animal ought to be cal led waterbuckfor in i ts hab i ts i t i s emphatical ly a buck of the water,whereas the true waterbuck merely l ives in the neighborhoodof water

,on dry land . We found this lechw i on the flooded

ground along Lake N o and the mouth of the Bahr el Ghazal .I t was fi rs t d iscovered by H euglin ,

and for the fiftyyears inte rvening between his discovery and the da te of ourvis i t has been shot by various sportsmen and travel lers, and



They feed,however, where the ground is merely mois t, or

with only an inch or two of water,and where ant-hill s dot

the s tretches of tal l grass . They are grazers and crop thedel icate grass of these mois t s tretches . Unl ike the kob theynever mount the ant—hil l s to watch ;thei r trus t i s in skulking under cover ou t of the reach of danger

,and not in de

t ec t ing danger afa r off and then flee ing in the open . Theyare among the most noisy of antelope

,continual ly u tter ing

c roaking grunts ;when a herd i s susp ic ious or sl ightly ala rmedthese grunts make a perfec t chorus . The animals almosta lways kep t to the cover of the tal l grass

,walking and trot

ting with thei r necks outs tretched,and the heads below the

level of the b lade tops . Looking ou t over the marsh froman ant-heap

,we might a t firs t see nothing ;then , two or three

hundred yards off,a dozen heads would pop up

,gaze steadily

a t u s,d isappear

,and then

,after an interval of a coup le of

minutes or so,reappea r severa l hundred yards farther off.

Usual ly they skulked offa t a trot or canter,with neck ou t

s tretched ; but occasional ly they gal loped , now and thenmaking grea t bounds over the top s of the tal l grass . Ato ther times they would s tand in the tal l grass un ti l we werebut a score of yards off

,a l though they were completely

screened from our V iew ;then away they would s tea l, sometimes grunting loudly . The flexibl e pas terns and spreadhoofs l eave b ig marks in the mud . The beasts make a trem endous noise as they smash through the reeds and splashacross the shal low lagoons . Some of the b igges t-bodiedbucks

,with longes t horns

,d id not have the whi te on the

withers and the back of the neck . Perhaps,in addi tion to

being a mark of sex and age,the i r whi te coloration only

develops seasonally.



the dark sea l-brown color of the basa l ha ir showmg throughconsp icuously everyw here , and the whi te area of the withers

,nape

,and head suffused extens ively by the ferruginous .

The hind part of the quarters and hind legs are everywhereexcep t in fron t of the hocks un iform ochraceou s-tawny .

An adul t male intermediate in age between the twomales described is pecul ia r in coloration . I t lacks al l traceof the whitish wither and head areas , being in color qu i teuniform ochraceous-buff l ike the female . The color of thebody is ochraceous

,but becomes l ighter on s ides or buffy .

The hind l imb s are buffy and the forelegs buffy with adusky blotch in front on the thighs above the knee . Thenape of the neck i s l ike the back in color . The s ides Of theneck and the throat are dusky-brown overla id by buffyha irs . The crown of the head and the snou t and the backof the ears are ochraceous . The ins ide of the ears and thesupraocular s tri pes are whi te

,and the S ides of the face

dusky-b rown . The l ips,the border of the nos tril s

,and the

chin are white,the la tter merging into the buffof the throat

which extends as a narrow l ine to the Chest . The underparts are white bu t not sharply contras ted with the buffys ides and the ins ide of the legs . The ta i l i s buffy above andwhite beneath with dark seal-brown tip . The old femalespecimen

,which has the t eeth much worn

,has the dorsal

color ochraceous-tawny bu t lacks the l ight patch on thewithers and the head of the male

,and very l i ttl e of the

dark-brown under fur shows through the tawny . The s idesare l ighter and buffy

,and the l imbs are uniform buffy with

an indefini te drab s treak on the front s ide from the hoofsto the knees and the hocks . The tai l i s buffy with a tuftedblack tip . The under-parts

,the ins ide of the legs

,and the

under s ide of the ta i l a re whi te . The throat and. the chesta re cream-buff i n contras t to the tawny nape . The back ofthe ears

,crown

,and snou t are ochraceous-tawny . The in

s ide of the ears and the base are cream-buff; and the supraocula r s tripe is s imilar in color . The eye has a seal-brownblotch below and the whole s ide of the face to the snoutshows seal-brown under ha i r overla id by buffy . The l ips ,chin

,and borders of the nos tri l s a re whi tish . The general

coloration i s s imilar to tha t of the female lcucoti s , bu t i sl ighter and more buffy .

MA P 24— D I STR IBUTI ON OF T H E SPE C IE S OF LE C H W I S

1 Onotragur mcgaccror 2 Onotragur lcchce


The three spec imens described above shot by ColonelRoosevel t a t Lake N o show great color varia t i on . Theyoungest spec imen

,a fully adul t male with horns twenty

three inches i n l ength and premolars showing sl ight wear,

has the white areas Of the withers and head most d is tinc twi th the remaining dorsal su rface darkes t i n color . I n theoldes t male the body color has become suffused s tronglywith rufous

,the whi te and black areas Showing a strong

tendency to become uniformly rufous . The male of intermedia te age is no doubt an abnormally colored spec imen orfreak , being somewhat l ighter and more un iform than thefemale in color . Adul t males Showing d is tinc t whi te withers and dark bod ies have been examined a t the B ri tishMuseum

,the Congo Museum at B russel s

,and the Field

Museum at Chicago,al l of which showed well-developed

horns and were wi thou t doub t ful ly adul t . A large series ofspec imens

,however

,are needed to determine the ind ividual

and age vari at i on i n color in this species . I t i s qu i t e poss ib lethat this spec i es i s subj ec t to as grea t ind ividual colorchanges as i t s geographical assoc iate , the white eared kob .

An adul t male showed the following flesh measurementshead and body

,63 inches ; tail , 1 8% inches ; hind foot, 20

inches ; ear , 5% inches . The Old female measu red less inlength of ta il and hind foot

,these measurements being 1 6%

and 1 7 inches , respect ively . I n a series of three males thelonges t-horned spec imen measured 29V inches in length

,

20A inches in greates t sspread and had a skull l ength of1 1 1 4 inches . The female skull measu res 1 0% inches . Thelonges t—horned spec imen recorded by Rowland Ward in aseries of 26 measures 3 3% inches .



subfamily is d i st ributed throughout a l l of Ethiop ia and i sthe most wide-sp read group of ante lopes in Africa . In pastgeologic t ime du ikers ranged as far a s Algeria where theya re rep resented by two Ple istocene spec ies .


H orns project ing straigh t back in l ine w ith or sl igh t ly below t he

dorsa l profi le of t he head , less than ha lf t he leng thof t he head , w ith broad base and triangular inShape; hair un ico lored w ithout annu lat ions

Ccphalophu:

H orns project ing backw ard and upw ard s l igh t ly above dorsa l p rofile ofhead , t he leng th more than one-half t he head ,base n arrow , t he horns long and cy l ind rica l in shape;hair annulated , t he coat being verm iculated

Syloi capra

FOR E ST DU IKER SCcphalophu:

Gephalophu: H . Sm ith , 1 827, G riffi th ’

s Anim . Kingd . , V, p . 344; t ype C . .ryloi

cultrix, t he yellow-backed duiker.

The forest du ikers a re characterized by thei r short,

broad horns,which proj ect backward from the skul l s l ightly

below the l ine of the dorsal p rofi l e of the head . The hornsa re much shorter than the head and often so d iminut ivea s to be concealed by the long coronal tuft of ha ir . I nd ist inct ion to the bush du ikers the colorat ion i s uniformor of sol id colors

,the hair not be ing annulated or vermic

u lat ed . The forest du ikers occu r only in heavy forestgrowth . Their cent re of abundance i s in the great Congoforest in much of which they are the only representat ivesof the Bovidw . I n d ist ribut ion they are spread over a l l theforested areas of Africa south of the Sahara Desert

,with the

except ion OfAbyssin ia .

DUIKERS AND SMALL ANTELOPES 5 29

KEY T o T H E SPEC IE S OF Cephalophu:

Body size not d im inut ive; false hoofs w e l l deve lopedBody size large, skul l 9 inches or more in length , co lorat ion of

back and rump sea l-brown or black spadix

Body size med ium , skul l less than 8 inches in leng th ; colorat ion of

back and rum p brigh t rufous natalcnri:

Body S ize d im inut ive; fa lse hoofs m inu te; co lorat ion fuscous or slatymont i cola

RED FORE ST DUIKERSCcphalophur na talcnr i s

The red fore st du ikers form a very d ist inct group ofsmal l bay-colored antelopes wh ich are confined in thei r d ist ribu t ion st rict ly to dense forest growth . I n color theyare b right or deep red with the whole top of the head andnape

,chest

,and legs b lacki sh or dark in color . The ta i l

i s short with a bushy tuft at the t ip showing a mixtu re ofdark and l ight colors . The horns are short and so broadbasal ly that they are qu i te t riangula r in shape . The female i s equal to the mal e in s ize , but posses ses much smal lerhorns . The sexes are ident ica l in colorat ion . The youngor immature a re qu it e b lackish or deep b rown in color onthe forward half of the body, the bay color making it sappearance fi rst upon the . rump and gradual ly sp read ingforward to the head in adult l ife . The red du ikers a red ist ributed in several geographica l forms from SouthAfri ca northward throughout the b readth of Africa as fara s the equator in East Africa

,but extend much farther

north on the West Coast to the southern edge of the Sahara .

They are sol itary in hab it s and move about chiefly at n ightin definite runways or paths in the forest along which theybrowse on the undershrubs .

KEY T O T H E RA CE S OF natalcnris

Body bright red or b ay colorLegs l igh ter t han t he crown pat ch, walnut -brownLegs b lackish l ike t he crown pat ch in co lor

Body t awny or c innamon-rufous johni ton i


KI LIMAN JARO RED DUIKERCcphalophur natalcnrir harocyi

N ATIVE N AME : Swahili, nuno.

Ccphalophu: harvcy i T homas, 1 893 , Ann . 69’ Mag. N at. H is t. XI, p . 48 .

RA N G E .

-From the Juba and Tana R ivers southwardalong the coast to German East Africa and westward toKil imanj aro and Mount Meru .

Jackson col lected the type which was named at hi ssuggest ion for Harvey

,who had shot a spec imen previously

on the R iver Lumi near Taveta . The type spec imen wasobta ined in the Kahe forest on the south slope of Kil imanj aro . Severa l years previou s to the d iscovery of thespec ies by Harvey

,S ir John Kirk sent a spec imen to the

B rit i sh Museum from Mal ind i which had been referred tona talcns ir and then forgotten . Other spec imens have beenshot on the coast of German East Africa near Tanga

,

Saadani,and Dar-es-Salam . The northern record is based

on spec imens secu red on the lower Juba R iver by Capta inBottego in 1 894 .

The Kil imanj aro red du iker may be d ist ingu ished fromthe highland race of B rit i sh East Africa by it s l ightercolored legs

,smal ler body s ize

,and absence of white on the

inner s ide of the l imbs on the ir basal port ion . From thetyp ical race , na talcns i r , of South Afri ca i t d iffers by havingthe whole dorsa l surface of the snout and head black ordeep seal-brown in color . N o flesh measu rements of spec imens are recorded . The Skull l ength of the male spec imenshot by Doc tor L . W . Abbo tt near Taveta and now in theN at ional Museum is 63A inches . The horn d imens ions inth is spec imen are : l ength

, 3% inches ; girth at the base, 2 3Ainches .

H IG H LAN D RED DU IKERCcphalophur natalcnr ir ign ifcr

N ative N AME : ’

N dorobo, mcindct .

Ccphalophu: ign ifcr T homas, 1 903 , Proc . 2001. Soc . , p . 226.

RA N G E — Highland fores t area of B rit i sh East Africafrom Mount Kenia westward over the Kikuyu and MauEsca rpments to Mount E lgon .



on the slopes of which it ranges to an alt itude offeet .The Uganda race of the red du iker was named by

Oldfield Thomas from a Spec imen col lected i n 1 900 by S irHarry Johnston i n Toro during his administ rat ion a s spec ia lcommiss i oner of Uganda . The type unfortunately i s quiteyouthful

,having only the milk teeth i n use and does not

represent the adult colorat ion . Immature spec imens ofi gn ifcr of the same age are qu ite l ike the type of j .ohn 5 ton i

Another spec ies described by Thomas a s rubidus,from a

flat nat ive skin without Skul l Obta ined in the same genera lregion

,i s doubtless an adult of johnston i and is much redder

than the younger spec imen,which is in the blackish pelage

of youth . The Uganda red duiker may be known from thehighland race by it s larger body s ize and l ighter or moretawny colorat ion

,old adult s being qu ite yel lowish or

ochraceous-tawny,s imilar to wcyns i of the upper Congo .

I n the young the head,neck

,shoulders

,and fore back are

qu ite blackish or sea l-brown with only the rump and thelegs bright rufous .The heads of a male and a female from Kampala

,pre

sented by Dist rict Commiss ioner Knowles to ColonelRoosevelt

,are in the N at ional Museum . The d imens ions

of these spec imens a re : l ength of sku l l,male

, 7% inches ;female

, 7 inches ; l ength of horns , male , 3% inches ; female ,1% inches ; d iameter of horns at base , male , I 3A inches ;female

,3A inch .

ABBOT T DU IKERCcphalophur rpadix

Ccphalophur .rpadix T rue, 1 890, Proc . U. S . N at . Mus . , p . 227 .

RA N G E — Forest s of Kil imanj aro and the UsambaraRange .

The type spec imen col lected by Doctor L . W . Abbot tat a high elevat ion on Kil imanj aro has rema ined un i quefor many years . Recently

,the Bri t i sh Museum has re

ceiv ed a head from the Usambara Range , at a point onehundred miles inland from Tanga

,a port on the coast of

German East Africa . This d iscovery would ind icate thatth e spec ies i s not confined to the high fores t s of Kil imanj aro,but i s d istributed throughout the coast forest s a s wel l .

DUI KERS AND SMALL ANTELOPES 5 3 3

The Abbott du iker d iffers widely from any of the EastAfrican spec ies by it s large s ize . I t resembles qu ite closelyin s ize and color the black du iker of the West Coast ofAfrica

,from which it d iffers by the absence of rufou s on

the ches t and the character of the ta il,which i s long-ha ired

throughout . The skul l d iffers from that of the b lackdu iker by i t s narrower mesopterygoid fossa and smal ltympanic bullaz. Sclater and Thomas in the “Book ofAntelopes suggest that the close agreement which Truedetected between this spec ies and the black du iker i s notwel l founded

,and that it i s real ly a close relat ive of the

red du iker,n a ta lcns i s . A comparison of skul l s

,however

,

shows close s imilarity in the shape of the palate betweenthe Abbott and black du iker and les s agreement with thered spec ies . We are qu it e j u st ified in cons idering it theEast Coast representat ive of the black duiker of WestAfrica . I t belongs in a genera l way to the group of giantdu ikers

,of which the yel low-backed du iker C . syloi cultrix

i s typ ical .The color of the type

,which i s an adult male

,i s uniform

Chestnut-brown on the body and legs,the under-parts being

qu ite as dark as the flanks . The hinder part s of the back andthe rump are darkest

,and seal b rown i n color . The ta il i s

dark,l ike the rump

,and has a few white-t ipped ha irs at the

t ip . The dorsa l surface of the head i s Chestnut,l ike the body

,

and the crown has a long tuft of b lackish hai r . The s ides ofhead and the snout are l ight-drab . The ears are chestnut onthe back with l ighter inner surfaces . The type i s in theN at ional Museum and measures a s mounted : head andbody

, 3 8 inches ; ta i l , 3 inches ; hind foot , 1 1 inches ; ear,3% inches . The skul l measu res in greatest l ength 9%inches . Horn d imens ions : l ength

, 4% inches ; diameter atbase

,inches .

BLUE DUIKER SCcphalophu i

' mon ti cola

The d iminut ive b lue du iker in its numerou s geographica l forms i s wide-sp read throughout Africa from the ext reme southern point north through al l the forested regionsto the southern edge of the Sahara on the west and the


N i l e Lakes and Tana River on the ea st . The b lue du ikersmay be d ist ingu ished from al l other members of the genusby thei r smal l S i ze and dark brownish or grayish colorat ion .

I n s ize they are among the smal lest members of the Bov idw,

rival l ing the pygmy and the royal antelopes for d iminut ivebody S i ze . Thei r horns are the shortest found i n the genusC cphalophu5 , being only one-third the l ength of the head .

They extend backward and curve inward at the t ips andare heavily ringed

,the latte r character giving them a

close resemblance to those of the pygmy antelope . Thefal se hoofs are greatly reduced and relat ively much smal lerthan in the red du ikers . The sexes are a l ike in color ands ize

,but the female i s u sual ly without horns in the East

African races . Like the red du ikers,they are confined to

dense forest growth,where they are e ither pa ired or lead a

sol itary l ife . They t ravel about through the forest ondefin ite narrow paths of thei r own const ruct ion and browseupon the leaves and twigs of various shrubs . I n movementthey are ext remely qu ick and avoid their enemies by therap id ity of the ir pace a s wel l a s by their war i ness and shyness . The recognizable races number about twelve

,three

of which occu r i n East Africa .

KEY T o T H E RA CE S OF monti colaLegs fuscous-b rown , l ike t he body

Under-parts dark-co lored , l ike t he sides of t he body; body sizesmal ler wquatori ali i

'

Under-part s l igh t g rayish , con trasting consp icuously w ith t he

dark S ides; body size larger mu5 culoi dc5

Legs vinaceous-cinnamon , dec idedly l igh ter than t he brown bodyhcc/ei

UGAN DA BLUE DUIKERCcphalophu5 monti cola wguatoriali:

N ATIVE NAME : Luganda , cntalaganya .

Ccphalophw wquatori ali i' Mat schie, 1 892, S itz.

-Ber. Ges. N at . Freu . Berl . ,p . 1 1 2 .

RA N G E - Forests of Uganda from Mount Elgon westward to Ruwenzori and from the Victoria N i l e southwardto Karagwe and the Edward N yanza .



écru-drab which gradual ly shades into the whit ish chin andthroat . The ears are fuscous on the back

,but the inner

s ide i s whit ish,l ike the throat .

The flesh measurements of an adu lt mal e are : head andbody

,20 inches ; ta il , 3% inches ; hind

‘ foot,6 3A inches ;

ear,2% inches . Length of Skul l

, 4% inches . Horns,1%

inches in length by inch in basal d iameter .The N and i race occup ies the h ighland forest of the

N and i Escarpment , lying at an average alt itude of somefeet above the range of the Uganda race . The d if

ferences in color and S ize of the two races a re, ,

no doub t,due

to this d ifference in a lt itude and environment . Specimensfrom the summit of the Mau

,at E lgeyo

,are in the B rit i sh

Museum collect ion . Owing to the forest hab itat and thesecret ive natu re of these smal l antelope

,they are almost

never met with by sportsmen . The recorded spec imenshave al l been obta ined from the nat ives who trap themfor thei r flesh and Skins .

COA ST BLUE DUIKERCcphalophu5 monti cola hechi

N ATIVE N AME : Swahili, paa .

Ccphalophur hecki Mat sch ie, 1 897, S itz.-Ber. G es. N at . Freu . Berl ., p . 1 58 .

RA N G E — From the Witu d ist rict and the mouth of theTana R iver south through the fores t a rea of the coast toMozambique .

The blue du iker inhab it ing the coast forest a rea i s st rikingly d ifferent from the Uganda race in color, but s imila rto it i n s ize . The legs are l ight v i naceous-c innamon

,i n

marked contrast to the fuscous-brown body,and the under

parts are pure white,at l east med ial ly . The ta il i s qu ite

bushy and white in color,with a narrow black dorsal st rip e .

The race was described from a specimen in the Berl inMuseum from Mozambique and named for Doctor Heck

,

the able d irector of the Berl in Zoological G arden . Spec imens have been examined at the B rit ish Museum fromthe Shimba H il l s nea r Mombasa and from Zanzibar I sland ,col l ected by S i r John Kirk . This materia l i s qu ite ind ist ingu ishab le from spec imens from the Mozambique coast .

DUIKERS AND SMALL ANTELOPES 5 3 7

Jackson , who appears to be the only sport sman who has metwith thi s ra re l itt l e antelop e

,records it from the forest s

nea r Witu . Rob in Kemp,the mammal col lector for the

B rit i sh Museum,has col lected a spec imen recent ly in the

Shimba H il l s . I t wil l doubt les s be found in al l the largerforest a rea of the coast d ist ri ct upon carefu l invest igat ion .

BUSH DU IKER SS yloi capra

Sylvi capra Og ilby, 1 863 Proc . Zool . Soc . , p . 1 3 8; type Ccphalophu5 grimmi a .

The bush or common du ikers a re u sual ly placed i n thegenus C cphalophu5 togethe r with the t rue forest du ikers .They have

,however

,severa l point s of d ifference from the

latter,and there i s les s l iab i l ity of confus ion if they are

t reated a s a separate genus, Syloi capra . The horns d iffer

from those of the fores t du ikers in d irect ion,s lant ing up

ward at an angl e to the dorsal p rofi l e of the skull . I nshape they d iffer somewha t

,be ing long

,S l ender, and c ir

cular in out l ine at the base , with no approach to the t riangula r flattened horns of the forest du ikers . The female i sd ist ingu ishab le from the forest du ikers by the absence ofhorns . The skul l has a long, mesopterygoid fossa which extends wel l i n front of the lateral ones . The nasa l bonesa re b roadly t riangu lar and p roj ect out on the s ides , overhanging the anteorb ital fossa . The bush du ikers inhab itscatt ered bush country on the edge Ofpla in s and are neverfound in the forest s . They show great adaptab il ity

,being

found throughout a greate r a lt itud inal range than any otherhoofed mammal in Africa . I n equatoria l Africa they arethe only antelope which occu rs a s high as the alp ine meadows near the snow-l ine . At such high alt itudes they arequ it e as abundant a s in the game country p roper or i n themarit ime d ist rict s . The genus occu rs from the Cape northward to the highlands of Abyss in ia and westward acrossthe N i l e and N iger watersheds to S enegal . I t i s

,however,

ab sent from the Congo forest a rea,which i s the cent re of

abundance of the forest du ikers . The genus i s rep resentedby a s ingle spec ies

, grimm ia ,which i s separable into numer

ous geographical races . The spec ies atta ins i t s maximum


s ize and darkest colorat ion in the Cape region . The sexesare a l ike in colorat ion , but the female exceeds the malesomewhat in body s ize . The young d iffer only from theadults in tone of colorat ion

,being darker and uniformly

vermiculated with blackish . The under-part s are drabrather than white

,and the head lacks any ind icat ion of

the b right tawny colorat ion Of the adult,although the

black median st ripe i s wel l marked on the snout andforehead .

The du iker is widely distributed not only lateral ly butvert ical ly . We found it feed ing at night on the AberdareMounta ins when the temperature was below freez ing

,and

we found it feed ing at noon on the hot,dry pla ins of the

Lado,where the l eaves of the acac ia s were shrivel l ed and

the thermometer stood high up in the n inet ies . I t i s asol itary l itt l e an imal

,even two be ing rare ly found together .

I t i s never found far away from thick cover,and when

alarmed bolt s into it without turning to look back . I t runswith head extended

,occas ional ly bound ing high into the

a ir,and in the bush it runs at ful l sp eed in z igzags through

places which a hunter can hard ly t raverse at a l l . All thesebush antelope— bongo, bushbuck, duiker— go at speed , nosest ra ight out

,through and under a tangle Ofbranches which i t

Seems l it eral ly incred ib l e that they can penetrate . Duikersa re b rowsers ; they feed on twigs, l eaves , bean pods, andfru its . We found them eating wild O l ives and also the

berries of a p lant that looked l ike nightshade ; and in theLado they ate grass t ip s and the stems and leaves of a lowgrowing bush p lant .The commonest food of the bush duiker is the fol iage

and yel low berries of the nightshade, S olanum campylacan

thum . On the summit of the Aberdare Range we found the



bush country or the southern edge of the sand desert ofthe Sahara in the White N i l e region .

The type of the N i l e bush duiker was shot by ColonelRoosevelt nea r Rhino Camp , Lado Enclave , during hisquest for the white rhinoceros in that d ist rict

,and was

described in 1 9 1 2 by Hel le r . The earl iest mention ofthe occurrence of the bush duiker in the N i l e Valley isapparently H euglin

’

s reference,in 1 869 , in h is a ccount of

h is explorat ions on the White N i l e,to some skins offered

h im by the nat ives at Meshra—cr-Rek in the Bahr—elGhazal d ist rict . Schweinfu rth included it in his l ist ofN i l e mammals publ ished in 1 873 , and gives the nat ivenames by which it i s known in the d ist rict s through whichhe travel led .

The N i l e bush du ike r may be known by it s small s izefrom any other race . I t s d i st inct ive color characters a rethe more grayish tone of the dorsal parts , the absence orfa intness of the dark stripes on the legs below the knees

,

and the l ighter brownish-drab color of the dark bands abovethe hoofs . Other characters a re it s short ears and thesmall s ize of the skull , which is l ess than s ix inches in length .

The dorsa l body colorat ion is wood-brown vermiculatedwith blackish and darkest on the med ian l ine . Basal ly theha ir i s écru-drab . The s ides of the body are l ighter, b ecoming pure fawn where they meet the white of the underpart s . The neck shows very l itt l e b lack vermiculat ion ,be ing almost whol ly c innamon-brown

,th i s color extending

onto the head,where it deepens to russe t on the crown and

borders the b lack median st ripe which extends from the rhinarium to the base of the horns . The cheeks and s ides ofthe face are l ighter

,be ing fawn color . The rump is more

grayish than the back,the d rab-gray predominat ing . The

ta i l i s marked by a heavy black dorsa l st ripe,the s ides and

lower surfaces are white,and the t ip is ch iefly white . The

bel ly and the ins ide of the legs are white,and the hair at

the ext reme base i s d rab . The chest i s mixed white andfawn with the drab of the basal part showing through . Thelower throat i s fawn

,l ike the s ides . The chin

,upper l ips ,

and throat are whit e . The t ip Of the chin is marked bydark-brown spot on each s ide separated by the white of thethroat . The l imbs are grayish-fawn , l ike the back, with a

DU I KERS AND SMALL ANTELOPES 5 41

b rownish-drab band enc i rc l ing the hoofs and covering thewhole pastern region

,while a st rip e of the same color ex

tend s to the knees on the forelegs . The outs ide of the earsi s dark

,and covered by minute scattered c innamon ha irs

,

the t ip s showing no darker borders . The ins ide of the earsi s clothed by long white ha irs .

The flesh measu rements of an adult mal e from RhinoCamp are : head and body, 3 1% inches ; ta il , 4% inches ;hind foot

,1 0 inches ; ear, 3% inches . The basa l l ength of

the skul l from the condyle s to the t ip of the snout i s 5%inches . Three male spec imens a re in the N at ional Museumcollect ion

,two of them from Rhino Camp and the third

from But iaba,a port on the northeast shore of the Albert

N yanza . The maximum horn measu rement s in these specimens arc : l ength

,st ra ight

, 3% i nches ; sp read at the t ip s,1% inches .

UGAN DA BUSH DUIKERS yloi capra grimmia nyan5 e

S yloi capra aby5 5 in i ca nyan5w N eumann , 1 905 , Sitz.-Ber. Ges. N at . Freu .,

Berl . , p . 89 .

RA N G E — From the southern l imit s of the VictoriaN yanza dra inage northward through Uganda and theE lgon highlands a s fa r a s the lat itude of N imule ; eastward over the Mau E sca rpment of B rit i sh East Africa tothe western edge of the R ift Val ley .

Oscar N eumann described the Uganda bush duiker in1 905 from some flat nat ive skins which he obta ined in 1 893from the Kavirondo of the Kisumu d is t rict of B rit i sh EastAfrica . I t i s one of the smal l-eared races

,resembl ing the

N i l e race in th is respect,but may be d ist ingu ished from

the latter by it s larger body S ize,more ochraceou s colora

t ion,and darker-brown color of the pastern region of the feet .

Spec imens have been examined in the N at iona l Museumfrom the Uas in Gishu Plateau col l ected by the Smithson ianAfrican exped it ion . Powel l-Cotton col lected spec imensnorth of Mount Elgon and a lso in the Kedef Valley eastof N imule

,which represent the northern l imit s of thi s race .

An adult female from the Uasin Gishu Plateau gives thefol lowing flesh measu rements : head and body, 3 8 inches ;


tail, 43A inches ; hind foot , I O% inches ; ear, 3 3A inches ;

basal l ength of skull,6% inches . A male spec imen from

the same local i ty has horns 4% inches in length by 2 inchesin spread at the tip s .

ALPIN E BUSH DU IKERS yloi capra grimm i a altiualli:

S ylvi capra grimmi a alti vallir H el ler, 1 9 1 2, Sm ith . Misc . Coll ., v ol. 60, N o . 8,p . 1 0.

RA N G E — Al p ine meadows of the Aberda re Range andMount Kenia .

The summit of the Aberdare Range has suppl ied u swith an alp ine race of bush du ikers . The soggy moorland meadows lying at an elevat ion of to feeta re inhab ited by a shaggy-coated race of dark colorat ionto which the name altioall i 5 was given by Hel ler in 1 9 1 2 .

The type spec imen was shot by Colonel Roosevelt on thesummit of the range where it is crossed by the N a ivashaN yeri road . The spot was with in a stone ’ s throw of thesafari camp at an el evat ion of approximately feet .At this elevat ion the mounta in range has a b road

,fl at

t ened summit which extends in a north and south d irect ionin a series of rol l ing downs for many miles . The downsa re c lothed everyw here by a thick carpet of alp ine shrubs

,

chiefly various spec ies of A lchem i lla,interspersed with a

few t ussocks of rank grass and widely scattered thicketsof heather bushes . The wet

,Spongy ground is b roken up

into hummocks and the A lchem i lla shrubs grow so denselythat t ravel over the moorland i s very much l ike wadingthrough soft snow-drift s . The du ikers do not l ive in theopen moorland but frequent the heather thickets wherethe ground is fi rmer . At night

,however

,they wander

about over these boggy and shrubby moors upon theshrubs of which they feed . Surround ing thi s moorlandon the slopes of the range i s a dense forest of bambooincluding a scattered growth of t rees . On the lower slopesof the range the t rees form a dense forest to the exclus ionof the bamboo . This fringing forest i s not inhab ited byany of the Syloi capra duikers , which are strict ly pla ins or


DUIKERS AN D SMALL ANTELOPES 543

bush du ikers , but serves as a barrier to the i r migrat iondownward to the pla ins

,which are inhab ited by another

c losely al l ied race,hi ndci . We have the same cond it ions

dupl i cated on Mount Kenia,the same race of high moun

ta in du ikers,altioall i 5

,inhab it ing the moorland down to

the beginn ing of the dense bamboo and forest zone whichabsolutely l imit s the ir lower vert ica l range and keeps themapart from the i r close al l ies of the p lains below .

The dorsa l ‘ colorat ion i s ochraceou s-tawny,heavily

l ined by bla ck,the lat ter p redominat ing and giv i ng a

Prout ’ s b rown general effect,the ha ir basal ly being

b roccol i-b rown . The rump i s somewhat grayer than theback . The s ides of the body and the neck are tawny-ol ive

,

the color merging gradual ly into the white under-parts . Theneck and the s ides a re without black vermiculat ion . The topof the head i s b right c innamon-rufous

,with a broad median

band of b lack from the rhinarium to the corona l tuft ;the tuft ,however

,i s ch iefly cinnamon-rufou s . The s ides of the face

are l ighte r or C innamon . The under-parts are white,the

ha i r basal ly be ing écru-drab . The chest i s mixed with fawncentral ly . The lower throat i s tawny-ol ive

,l ike the s ides .

The throat and the med ian l ine of the chin and the upper l ip sare white

,but the s ides of the chin are sea l-brown

,in marked

contra st . The hind legs are vermicu lated with b lack,l ike the

rump . The pastern region above the hoofs is seal-brown,

which i s cont inued a few inches above as a fa int st reak .

The fore legs are vermicu lated with black,l ike the hind

,

and the sea l-brown of the pasterns i s more extens ive andextends up the front of the l imbs nearly to the shoulders .The ears are clothed by short tawny ha irs on the outs ideand ins ide with long white ha ir .Four spec imens

,two males and two females

,of this

race,from the summit of the Aberdare Range

,have been

examined at the N at ional Museum . The larger male spec imen measu red in the flesh : head and body, 34 inches ; ta i l ,4 inches ; hind foot , 1 0% inches ; ear, 4% inches . Lengthof skul l

,6% inches . The horns of thi s spec imen measu red

4% inches in length by 1% inches in sp read at the t ip s .The two female spec imens are sl ight ly larger than thesed imens ions .


ATH I BUSH DU IKERSyloi capra grimm i a hi ndci

N ATIVE N AME : Masai, cmbutuw in .

Ccphalophu5 aby5 5 in i cu5 hindci Wroughton, 1 9 1 0, Ann . 89’ Mag. N at. H i 5 t.

v ol . V, p . 273 .

RA N G E — From the northern slopes of Mount Keniaand the headwaters of the N orthern Guaso N yiro R iverand Lake Baringo southward throughout the high veldtto Kil imanj aro and central German East Africa .

The Athi bush duiker was named by Wroughton from aspec imen col lected by Doctor H . S . Hinde at Fort Hall

,

where he was stat ioned for some years a s d ist rict commiss ioner. The race i s characterized by it s b right ochraceoustawny colorat ion and smal l amount of black vermicu lat ionin it s coat . I t i s read ily d ist ingu ishable from the alp inerace by the l ighter or sea l-brown color of the pasterns andthe shorter pelage

,but is ind ist ingu ishable from it in s ize .

Specimens of this race were col lected i by the SmithsonianAfrican exped it ion on the Athi Pla ins at N gong

,Bondoni

,

Ulu,and Machakos ; near Fort Hal l , at Chief Wambugu ’ s

vi l lage,on the northwest s lope of Kenia

,northeas t of

N yeri,and on the Lo i t a Pla ins , near the German border .

DE S ERT BU S H DU IKERSylvi capra grimm i a dc5 crti

N ATIVE N AMES : Swahili , ngruvu ; Duruma, 5 ah .

S ylvicapra grimmia c erti H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Sm ith . Misc . Coll . , v ol. 61 , N o. 1 7,p . 4.

RA N G E — Desert coast lands from the Tana R iversouthward to German East Africa ; inland a s fa r a s theeast slopes of Kil imanj aro and Kenia .

The desert bush du iker was recently described fromspecimens col lected by the Ra iney exped it ion at Voi . I ti s markedly l ighter in color than the other equatoria l African races

,be ing buffy, with almost no darker vermiculat ion

showing in the coat,and readi ly d ist ingu ishable from the

tawny or vermiculated color of the other races . The malei s d ist ingu ishable by his more vert ica l ly d irected horns .



The dorsa l color i s ochraceous-buff,speckled very l ightly

by narrow dusky vermiculat ions to the hair . The underpart s a re white , with the breast showing, but a slight tenden cy toward the ochraceous color of h indci . The legs arebuffy

,l ike the body, but lack the darker vermiculat ion and

are from the fet locks to the hoofs sol id fuscous-brown,th is

color being cont inued upward in front a s an indefinite darkerl eg str i pe . The ta i l i s marked by a med ian black dorsa lst ripe

,the s ides and under-surface be ing white

,in sharp

contrast,and the t ip mixed black and white . The head

is ochraceou s,marked by a broad seal-brown or black median

stripe from the muzzle to the horn ba ses . The l ips,chin

,

and foreth roat are white, the chin be ing marked on theS ides by two fa int drab spot s represent ing the blackishpat ches of h i ndci . The eyelashes and anteorb ital st rip e areb lack . The ears on the back are covered by a short scatteredgrowth of ochraceous ha ir

,but the i r general color tone is

b rownish,due to the dark skin showing through

,while the

inner s ide and the base are whit e . The throat and the napea re ochraceou s-buff and sl ight ly darker than the body .

The body S ize and proport ions are qu ite a s in the Athibush du iker . The horns of the type spec imen are 4%i nches in length by 2% inches in sp read at the t ip s . Theya re d irected upward from the dorsal p rofi l e of the skul l a tan angle of 1 30 degrees . Bes ides the Voi spec imens , otherswere secu red at Maj i ya Chumvi and Mariakan i Stat ionson the Uganda Ra ilway . Dc5 crti i s a lowland race occupying the Taru Desert as far east as the edge of the cocoa-palmzone fringing the coast .

SUBFAMILY N c5 otragina

We have in this group antelopes of smal l or d iminutives ize and of somewhat diverse charac ters

,su ch as the pygmy

sunis and royal antelopes,the orib is and the s teinboks .

They agree in having the anteorb i tal gland of large s izeand open ing on the face by a rounded pore

,in having rud i

mentary ta i l s,and in the smal l s ize of the horns , which are

confined to the male sex . The pelage i s of normal texture .

DU IKERS AN D SMALL ANTELOPES 547

The skull exhib i ts a la rge anteorb i ta l fossa which u sual lyequal s or exceeds the orb i t in d iameter

,be ing smalle r than

the orb i t on ly in the ste inbok,Raphi ccru5 . The bones of

the snou t are normal in development and arrangement,the

p remaxil lary bones be ing in contact wi th the nasal s and alachrymal-nasal s inus be ing present . The genera included areN c5 otragu5 , Ourcbi a , N ototragu5 , Raphi ccru5 , and N cotragu5 ,

the las t named confined to the fores ted area of the Congoand the West Coas t of Africa .


An t eorb i ta l fossa large, the d iame ter abou t equa l l ing tha t of the orb it;horns heavily ringed a t leas t a t the base

S ize d im inut ive , abou t equal l ing a hare;genera l co loration red

d ish;horns smal l , proj ec ting straigh t backward in l inew ith the snou t;la t era l hoofs absen t;no knee-b rushes

N c5 otragu5

S ize larger, in heigh t equal l ing a goa t; general co lora tion yel lowi sh ; horns sma l l , proj ec ting upward a t an ob tuseang le w i th the snou t; latera l hoofs presen t; kneeb rushes wel l deve loped; a bare spo t on the side ofthe®head be low the ear Ourcbia

An teorb i tal fossa smal l , the d iame ter on ly one- third tha t of the orb i t;horns smoo th , no t ringed Raphi ccru5

The subfamily N cotragina of S cla ter and Thomas i s aheterogeneous assoc ia tion of genera of smal l antelopes . I thas been used almos t un iversal ly by sys tematic na tu ral i s tsa s a left-over repos i tory for the smalle r spec ies Ofan t elop eswhich a re not obviou sly al l ied to the better-marked d ivis ionsinto which the larger may be arranged . I t has thus cometo be an assoc ia tion based almos t solely upon smal l s ize .

As cons ti tu ted by i t s authors in 1 892 i t included the generaN cotragu5 , N c5 otragu5 , Ourcbi a , Raphi ccru 5 , 0rcotragu5 , andMadoqua . Gray

,some years ea rl ie r , in 1 872 , proposed the

family N c5 otragida for N c5 otragu5 , N anotragu5 (N cotragu5 ) ,


and Pcdi otragu5 (Raph i ccru 5 ) , plac ing N cotragu5 (Madoqua)in wi th the gazel l es i n the family A n ti lopidaf and 0rcotragu 5 ,the kl ip sp ringer

,in another family

, H eli otragi nae, toge therwith Kobu5

,the waterbucks, and T etraccr05 , the four-horned

antelopes .This grouping by Gray i s a more na tural a rrangement

than tha t adop ted by la ter au thors , forMadoqua or the d ikd ik i s obviously, as wi tnessed by i ts skul l cha racters , moreclosely rela ted to the gazel l e s than to any other of thegenera wi th which i t ha s been p laced . Orcotragu5 , however,though qu i te d is tinc t in genera l charac ters from i ts a ssoc i ates i n the N cotragina

'

, i s certa inly not an al ly ofKobu5 orT etraccron

I n 1 907 Kno t tnerus-Meyer removed from this a ssemblage Raph i ceru5 and Gry 5 boc/e (N ototragu5 ) for which heformed the subfamily Raphi ccrotina , which he based upondifferences i n the lachrymal bone , bu t l eft the other generaassembled together a s arranged by Scla ter and Thomas .We do not

,however

,cons ide r the somewha t smal le r s ize of

the anteorb i tal fossa in the s te inboks of suffic ien t systematic importance to j us tify the erec tion of a subfamily for thegroup . As the s te inbok d iffers bu t l i ttl e from the othergenera included in the N cotragina , our ideas of thei r rela tionship s a re bes t exp ressed by l eaving them i n the subfamilyI n order to Show the true rela tionship s of the vari ous

genera under cons idera tion i t i s necessa ry to remove the veryd is tinc t Madoqua and Rhynchotragu5 and place them in anew subfamily near A n ti lop i nw and a lso p lace 0rcotragu5 ina separa te subfamily owing to i ts pecul iar skul l and hai rcharacters . Such an arrangement wil l give u s the fol lowingna tural groups or subfamil ies :N c5 otragi na Snou t normal

,premaxil l ae long

,and in con

tac t wi th the nasal bones which a re wel l developed ; anteorb i ta l fossa wel l developed , usual ly exceed ing the orb i tin s ize . Genera included : N c5 otragu5 , N cotragu5 , Ourcbi a ,

Raphi ccru5 , N ototragu5 .

Orcotragina'

: Snou t somewha t shortened , the nasa ls ve rybroad and extens ive in a rea

,anteorb i ta l fossa large a s in

N c5 otragi nw; pelage pecul ia r, coa rse , and p ithy l ike tha t ofthe American p rong-horn

,A n ti locapra . Only one genus in

c luded,Orcotragu5 , the kl ip sp ringer .



mammee a re fou r . The skul l resembles closely tha t of theWes t African royal antelope, N c5 otragu5 , bu t d iffers by thepresence of a maxil la ry-p remaxil la ry s inus

,by the la rger

anteorb i ta l fossa , and the much broader nasa l bones . Thefemale equal s the male in s ize . A single spec ies i s known

,

m05 chatu5,which breaks up into severa l geographica l races

,

and ranges from Mount Kenia and the Tana R iver sou thward through the coas t dra inage a rea to the Zambes i Riverand Zululand . I t occurs al so on Zanz iba r I sland . N o foss i lspecies a re known .

KEY T o T H E RA CES OF morchatur

T hroa t w ith a broad co l lar of the dark dorsa l co lor separating the

wh i te areas of the upper and low er throa tDorsal coloration dark-fuscousDorsa l co lora tion rufous and grizzled mo5 chatu5

T hroa t w i th the whi te areas a lmo st con tinuous along m idl ineColor dark, rufous; legs, inc lud ing pasterns, rufous; tail rufous

h i rchcnpaucri

Color l igh t, tawny; legs ochraceous, past erns dark; tail b lackishdc5 crt i cola

ZAN ZIBA R PYGMY ANTELOPEN crotragu i

' m05 chatu5 m05 chatu5

N ATIVE N AME : Swahili, paa .

N cm tragu i' morchatu5 v on Duben, 1 847, Oefv ers, Akad . Forhandl. S tockholm,

I I I, p . 22 1 .

RA N G E — Two smal l i s lands,Grave I sland and Bawe

I sland,a t the entrance to Zanzibar harbor . N o t known to

occur on Zanzibar I sland proper .The Zanziba r an telope was described by i ts d iscoverer

,

Baron von D '

uben,a Swed ish na tu ral i s t who obta ined i t in

Zanzibar harbor in 1 846 . S i r John Kirk has , during hislong res idence a t Zanzibar a s the B ri ti sh Consul-Genera l , receiv ed from the natives many specimens from the two smal li slands in the harbor where they were found l iving amid thedense growth of vines and bushes which clothe these smal lcora l i s lands . The Zanzibar or typ ica l form resembles the

DUIKER S AN D SMALL ANTELOPES 5 5 1

Kenia highland race in the wide sepa ra tion on the throa tof the whi te a rea s of the upper and lower throa t by a darkcol la r o r b ridge of the dorsa l color of the nape

,but d iffers

by having the dorsa l colora tion decidedly rufous andgrizzled ra ther than b lackish or fuscou s .

KEN IA PYGMY ANTELOPEN c5 otragu5 m05 cha tu5 ahclcyi

N e5 otragu5 ma5 chatu5 akclcyi H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Sm ith . Misc . Col l . , v ol. 6 1 , N o . 7,p . 1 .

RA N G E — Highland fores t a rea of Mount Ken ia,the

Aberda re Range, and the Kikuyu Esca rpmen t sou th a s fa ra s N a irob i or N gong .

The Kenia race wa s described from spec imens col lec tedby Carl E . Akeley from elephant p i ts in the depths of thefores t on the sou thwes tern S lope of the moun ta in be tweenthe al ti tudes of s ix thousand and seven thousand fee t . Thisra ce haunts only the deep fores t and i s qu i te a s shy andelu s ive a s the bushbuck . They feed by brows ing on leavesand twigs and l ive a sol i ta ry l i fe i n the undergrowth flanki ng the fores t s treams . When flushed from such covertthey bound away a t grea t speed , twis ting abou t among thet rees and never s top p i ng unti l wel l wi th in the secu ri ty ofthick undergrowth . They are not known to u tter any noteof alarm . The race may be d ist ingu ished by the body color

,

which i s much darker than m05 cha tu5,the dorsa l region

be ing ches tnu t—b rown,and the whi te of the throa t being

separa ted medial ly for half i ts l ength by a fulvous band .

The legs are darker,with blacker pas terns

,and S triped in

fron t to the knee . The pelage is longer,the ha i r on the

rump b e ing one and one-fou rth inches long .

The median dorsal a rea of the body is chestnu t-brown ,changing on the lower s ides to vinaceous-tawny . The legsare ochraceous-tawny

,and the pas terns fu scou s

,wi th a black

s tripe in fron t to the knees . The ta il i s fuscou s,and some

what darker than the body,and i s marked below by a nar

row white l ine . The crown of the head is bay . The snou ti s marked by a broad streak of fuscous

,and a smal l whi te

spot above the eye . The cheeks are vinaceous-tawny in


contras t to the whi te chin,l ip s , and throa t . The back of the

ears i s fuscous,and the inner s ide and the base are whi ti sh .

The middle throa t has a broad band , four inches long , of vinaceous-tawny, separating the whi te of the upper and lowerthroat . The under-parts are whi te

,with a s treak of whi te

down the ins ide of each leg to the knee . The sexes are al ikein color and length of ha ir

,the ha i r on the forehead in the

male being no longer or denser than in the female . The newlyborn young resemble the adul ts minu tely in color . I t i s a rareantelope

,and only a l imi ted number of spec imens have been

ava ilable for s tudy. They are chiefly from Mount Kenia ,Kij abe

,and N gong in the immedia te vicin i ty of N a irob i .

DESERT PYGMY ANTELOPEN c5 otragu5 ma5 chatu5 dc5 crti cola

N ATIVE N AME : Duruma, palla .

N erotragu: m05 chatu5 dercrt icola H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Smith . Misc . Col l . , v ol. 6 1 ,N o . 7, p. 2 .

RA N G E — Desert or nyika country flanking the mois tl i ttoral zone of the coas t d is tri c t

,ranging

,no doubt

,from

the Tana R iver southward to the German border .The type spec imens were col lected by the describer a t

the ra i lway s ta t i on of Maj i ya Chumvi i nythe Taru Desert

,

i n which d ist rict they were found inhab i ting dense,impene

t rab le thickets of thorny bushes made up of severa l speciesof acacia s

,a loes

,euphorb ias

,and sansevieria s . At dusk

they were occas ional ly seen on the edge of the thickets orcross ing over paths and wood roads i ntersecting them . Amated pa i r were found assoc ia ted , bu t no further ins tanceof thei r a ssoc ia tion in pa irs was observed .

The color i s much l ighter than that of m05 cha tu5,being

c innamon-rufous , and only sl ightly darker on the med ian dorsa l region . The white of the throa t i s a lmost con tinuous, b ei ng b roken only by a narrow band of fulvous one inch wide .The legs are l ight-colored and fulvous

,bu t the pas terns are

dark-fuscous . The ta i l i s very l ight whi ti sh , only the mediandorsa l l ine b eing dusky brown . The j)

"elage i s short, the ha i r

on the rump being but one inch long . The body s ize equalsthat of m05 cha tu5 .



The dorsa l color of an adu lt male i s bright c innamonrufous

,the med ian a rea be ing only sl ightly darker

,or hazel .

The s ides are c innamon-buff, contras t i ng very l i ttle wi th thewhi te under-parts . The legs are ochraceous-buff, l ighter andbrighter than the s ides

,and the pasterns are fuscous . The

ta i l i s grayish in effec t,the s ides and the under-su rface being

whi te,and the tip and the dorsa l s tripe fuscous . The crown

of the head is c innamon-rufous,bordered below by a whitish

supraocula r s tripe . The midl ine of the snou t and the orb i ta la rea are du sky . The cheeks and the s ides of the head are c innamon-rufous . The upper l ips

,chin

,and throa t are white

,

but the middle of the throat has the white areas separa ted bya narrow band of fu lvous one inch wide . The ears are duskyon back

,l ike the snou t

,and the inner s ide and base are

whi tish . The under-parts are s i lky-white,with a whi te s tripe

extend ing down the inner s ide of each leg to the knee . Thesexes a re al ike in color .Measu rements of an average adul t in the flesh : head and

body,22% inches ; ta il , 3% inches ; hind foot, 6% inches ;

ear,2 3A inches . Greatest length of skul l

, 4% inches . Hornsof an adul t male

,2% inches long by 1% inches spread .

KIL IMA N JA RO PYGMY ANTELOPEN c5 0tragu5 mo5 chatu5 h i rchcnpaucri

N ATIVE N AME :Wachaga , 5 un i (Abbott) .N c5 0tragu5 hi rchcnpaucri Pagens t echer, 1 885 , Jahr.

-Ber. Mus . , H amburg , I I,p . 3 6.

RA N G E — Highland fores t a rea of Moun t Kil imanj aroranging down to three thousand feet .Doctor G . A . Fischer during h is exp lora tions on Kil i

man j aro in 1 883 secu red the type Spec imen of the spec ieswhich Pagens t echer la te r named h i rchcnpaucri . I n 1 888

Doctor Abbott ob ta ined an immature male from the na tiveswhile a t Taveta . These two specimens rep resen t a l l theava ilable materia l from Kil imanj aro . The type i s an adul tmounted male in the Hamburg Museum , where i t has beenexamined . I t i s somewhat da rker than Abbott’ s spec imen ,

bu t shows the same extens ive white areas on the throa t andthe dark pas terns which characterize this race .

DUIKERS AND SMALL AN TELOPES 5 5 5

Ourcbi a Laurillard, 1 841 , Diet . Un iv . d’

H . N ., I, p . 622; type 0. 5 copari a

ofSouth Africa .

There i s nothing dis tinc tive abou t the uniform tawnyyel low color of the orib i , bu t i t may be known a t a glancefrom the reedbuck , which i t resembles in color , by i t s smal lbody S ize

,long

,sl ender legs

,and rud imen tary ta i l . Other

importan t cha rac ters a re the long tufts or brushes a t theknees

,the ba re space on the head immedia tely below the

car,the rounded opening of the anteorb i ta l gland in fron t

of the eye , and the Short, paral l el horns of the male , whicha re ringed a t the base . At the groin a re a pa ir of deepingu inal sacks , marked by a growth of long, pecu l ia r, p i thyhai r . The skul l i s d i s t ingu ishab le by the la rge s ize of thean teorb i tal fossa , which equal s the orb i t in area , and by thelack of the S inu s between the nasa l and the lachrymal bones .The snou t i s more elonga te than i n the s te inbok or pygmyantelope . The females exceed the males s l ightly in S i ze

,

thei r skul l s averag i ng one f- ou rth of an inch grea ter. Thesexes a re a l ike in color wi th the excep tion of the crown ,which i s marked between the ears in the female by a la rgedark-brown blotch and i s much darker than that of the male .

The colora tion of the young does not d iffer from tha t ofthe adul t female in pa ttern

,tone

,or extent of the dark crown

patch . The orib i , though extremely loca l , has a wide d i st ribu t ion . I t ranges from the Cape northward along the Eas tCoas t dra inage to the highlands of Abyss in ia , and thencewes t along the borders of the Sahara to the Wes t Coas t inSenegal

,bu t i s ab sen t from the Congo fores t a rea . Owing

to the local cha rac ter of i ts d i s tribu tion,the orib i b reaks up

in to numerous geographica l races showing sl ight color charac t ers

,and on thi s account i t i s qu i te d ifficul t to dis tingu ish

the races from the spec ies . I t i s qu i te p robable tha t notmore than two or three d is tinc t spec i es a re recognizable .

This p re tty and gracefu l l i t tl e antelop e was firs t metwith by us on the Uasin Gishu Pla teau

,a fa irly h igh , ra ther


cool country ; and we also found another form,c losely re

la ted to the fi rs t,abundan t in the hot p la ins on both s ides of

the upper White N i l e . The two hab i ta ts of these two v a

riet ies of the same spec ies were very unl ike ; the Lado pla in swere phys ical ly and cl imatical ly more l ike the parts of Eas tAfrica from which the orib i i s ab sen t ; perhap s some um

detected pecu l ia ri ty in the flora cond i tioned this b roken d ist ribu t ion

,which otherwise seems unaccountable . However

,

orib i a re everywhere local ly dis tribu ted . They l ive withou twater in some places

,a t leas t a t Maj i ya Chumvi

,for in

s tance,and in the coas t desert s trip . They resort to spots

of bare earth for dunging . These patches of dung everywhere characterize thei r haunts .The orib i i s normal ly a sku lking

,cover-haunting

,high

grass and bush loving antelope,l ike the du iker

,s teinbok

,

and even reedbuck ;and we often found i t in the same patchof cover with both du iker and reedbuck

,and behaving in

exactly the same way . Bu t,unl ike al l three

,i t a l so

,when

the long grass i s burn t,wanders freely over the open p lains

and under these c i rcumstances behaves p rec i se ly l ike agazel le . The reedbuck is too b ig to hide when on pla i nsof this kind

,and ra rely ven tures ou t on them

,away from

cover . The steinbok and even the du iker venture onthem

,bu t when alarmed take advantage of the firs t pa tch

of scanty cover and crouch . But the orib i,when ou t on

such pla ins,never hides

,never seeks cover

,i s a lways alert

and on the watch,and trus ts to i ts sharp senses

,wariness

,

and speed for safety . I n these respects,when on the pla ins ,

they behave exactly l ike Tommies,and

,l ike Tommies , a re

often found in parties of ten or a dozen ind ividuals ; bu t sucha party does not form a true herd

,and when ala rmed tends



H orns heavily ringed for half their leng th cotton i

Coat du l l, c innamon-brown; horns w e l l ringed a quatoria

T ail b lack;con trasting consp icuously w ith the dorsa l co lora tionCoa t ochraceous-tawny, long;horns no t compressed or kee led

henya

Coat c lay co lor or buff, short;horns compressed and furn ished w itha keel on the posterior side haggardi

ABYSS IN IA N OR IBIOurcb i a montana montana

N ATIVE N AME : Abyssinian , facha .

A nti lope montana C retzschmar, 1 826, At l. Ruppell’

s Re ise, Saug . , p . 1 1 ,

pl . I I I .

RA N G E — N i l e wa tershed of the Abyss in ian highlands,as

far eas t as the edge of the N i l e lowlands and south to theheadwaters of the Omo River and the highlands north ofLake Rudolf.The Abyss in ian orib i has been known s ince Ruppell

’

s

early explora tions in Abyss inia . The type spec imen wasOb ta ined by one of hi s col lec tors on the Fazogloa Mountains

,in close p roximity to the B lue N i l e

,wel l down in the

foot-hil l region of the Abyss in ian highlands and a t the extreme western l imi t of i ts range . R i

'

i ppell also met with i ton the p la teau region a t eleva tions Of six thousand fee t ormore . More recently Major Powel l-Cotton col lec ted spec imens near the wes tern edge of the highlands

,west of Addis

Abbaba and Lake Tana . The Abyss in ian race resemblesclosely the Uasin Gishu race in color . Both are highlandforms

,having long

,heavy coa ts of a b righ t

,tawny color .

The Abyss in ian may be d is tingu ished by i ts less heavilyringed and shorter horns . The horns a re ringed for thebasal third

,the rings being qu i te low and less d is tinc t than

in the more sou thern race . The horn length averages fourinches

,which i s one-half inch les s than the Uasin Gishu race .

From the N i l e orib i this race may be recognized by i t sbrighter color and longer ha ir

,bu t resembles i t closely in

horn d imens ions . Gilbert B la ine has recently describeda new race founded on a spec imen col lec ted by W . N .

DUIKERS AND SMALL ANTELOPES 5 5 9

McMillan s ixty miles sou th of Addis Abbaba,nea r Lake

Helene . The charac ter given for the race,absence of the

dark crown patch,i s

,however

,a sex affa ir and has no rac ia l

value . The dark crown patch 18 lacking i n a l l the males ofthe Eas t African races and presen t on ly i n the females andyoung . Occas ional ly there i s a s l ight ind ica tion of i t i nsome males .

N ILE OR IBIOurcbia montana a quatoria

N ATIVE N AMES : Dinka, labdi ; Bongo , hcggolch .

Ourebi a montana a quatori a H eller, 1 9 1 2, Sm ith .Misc . Col l ., v ol. 60,N o. 8, p. 1 2.

RA N G E — N i l e Val l ey, from the Albert N yanza northward through the Bahr-el-Ghazal and Gondokoro regionsto the Soba t R iver .The type of the N i le orib i was Shot by Colonel Roose

vel t in the vic ini ty of Rhino Camp in the Lado Enclave .

Both Hengl in and S chweinfu rth met with this race in theBahr el Ghazal on thei r j ou rneys of explora tion in the ’

6o’

s .

I n the N i l e Val ley the orib i i s no t a loca l beas t, bu t i s generally d is tribu ted and has been reported by the grea t majori ty of travel le rs who have vis i ted the region .

The N i l e race i s in termedia te between the Abyssin ianand the Uas in Gishu orib i . I t d iffers from the la tter by i t smore b rownish colora tion

,the coa t being cinnamon-brown

and somewha t shorter,but resembles i t closely in shape and

s ize of horns . From the typica l race of Abyss in ia i t maybe d is tingu ished by it s heavier-ringed and la rger horns anddulle r colora tion .

The dorsa l color of an adu lt male is c innamon-brown,

v ermicula ted by Vandyke-brown . The neck , rump , ands ides are withou t the darker vermicula tion

,be ing tawny in

c olor . The crown of the head i s b right rufous,bordered on

the s ides by a b road white supraorb i ta l band . The snou tand the s ides of the face are buffy . The rhinarium is bord ered above by a broccol i-b rown patch . The ta i l i s tawnyl ike the rump

,with a few black ha irs a t the tip

,and bordered

below by a few whi te ha irs . The l imbs a re tawny, l ike thes ides

,but the clefts of the hoofs and the pas terns are whi tish .

T he ea rs on the ou ts ide are buffy, with the extreme tip seal


b rown,and l ined on the ins ide by long white hairs . The

under-parts and the ins ide of the l imbs are s ilky white,the

ha ir being white to the roots . The ches t i s suffused withbuffy, and the throat i s ochra ceous-buff. The chin

,upper

l ips,and gular region are whi te .

The flesh measu rements of this race a re :head and body,

3 7 inches ; ta il , 3% inches ; hind foot, 1 1 inches ; ear, 4%inches . Average l ength of Skull : 6% inches in males, 6%inches in females . The usual length of horn i s 4 inches .The longes t horns in a series of seven measure 4% inches .A series of twen ty spec imens have been examined repre

senting the Lado Enclave,N imule

,Gondokoro

,and the

highlands one hundred miles ea s t of i t,and the Bahr el

Ghazal . There i s no apparen t d ifference in specimens fromoppos i te s ides of the N i l e . Cons idering the low al ti tudeand the torrid na tu re of the N i l e Valley, thi s race showscomparatively sl ight color and pelage difference from cot

ton i of the cold highlands of the Uas in Gishu Pla teau .

UA S IN G ISH U OR IBIOurcbi a mon tana cotton i

N ATIVE N AME : Kavirondo (Jaluo) , ogundi .Ourcbi a cotton i T homas, 1 908, Ann . U Mag. N at . H i 5 t ., p . 3 87 .

RA N G E — Western slop e and cres t of the Mau Esca rpment

,from the sou thern shores of the Victoria N yanza

northward beyond Mount E lgon to the headwaters of theT urkw ell River .Throughou t the grassy downs of the Uas in Gishu Plateau

the orib i i s abundantly dis tribu ted . I n this local i ty MajorPowel l-Cotton col lec ted the type of the race which nowbears his name

,but Jackson was the fi rs t sportsman to record

the orib i from the Uas in Gishu,where he met with i t on his

p ioneer trip to Uganda in 1 889 . Holl is ter,the ass istant

curator of mammals at the N at ional Museum ,described in

1 9 1 0,from a skul l col lec ted on the Uasin Gishu by J . J .White

,

a spec ies which he named m i crodon,bas ing the name on the

smal l s ize and the s tra ight outl ine of the cheek-tee th . Thisskull

,however

,rep resen ts the extreme varia tion in s ize and

shape of teeth in cotton i . The la rge series of skull s in the



t ingu ished by the b right ochraceous colora tion , long pelage,and absence of a keel on the posterior border of the horns .I n s ize or p roportions i t is not dis tingu i shable from the otherraces . The average l ength of spec imens in the flesh i s40 inches . The horns are ra ther long, averaging, accord ingto the series col lec ted by the describer

, 5% inches .

COA ST OR IB IOurcbia mon tana haggardi

N ATIVE N AMES : Swahili, taya ; Duruma, darcndari .

Ourcbi a haggardi T homas, 1 895 , Ann . 69’ Mag. N at . H i 5 t . , p . 1 87.

RA N G E — Coast of B ri ti sh Eas t Africa,from the Lamu

I slands and the Tana R iver sou th to the German borderand as far inland as the eas tern edge of the desert nyika .

The coas t orib i was fi rs t me t wi th by Vice-Consul Haggard

,of Lamu . I n 1 887 he sent to the B ri ti sh Museum from

Lamu several skul l s which were eventually described byThomas as a new race . A yea r or two after Haggard ’ sd iscovery three of the p ioneer sportsmen of East Africa

,

Harvey,Hunter

,and Jackson

,met with the orib i in the

Tana R iver d is tri c t . A l though so long known by i ts skul land horns

,the coas t orib i ha s rema ined to this day withou t

a descrip tion of i ts colora tion . This i s due to the absenceof skins in museums . A cons iderable number of other speciesof antelop e a re in a s imilarly unknown s ta te

,tha t is

,they

a re wel l known to sportsmen by their horns and heads,and

a cons iderabl e number are shot annual ly and recorded onthe regis ters of variou s game wardens ; notwiths tand ing,they remain unrepresented in the la rge museums by com

p le t e spec imens of the skins . N otable examples of this sorta re the gian t eland

,N i l e lechw i

,Hunter antelope

,and

many races of the commoner spec ies which a re confined toi sola ted d is tri c ts .

The dorsa l color of the coas t orib i is much l ighter thantha t of any of the inland forms . An adul t male col lec teda t Mariakan i S ta tion by Hel ler i s a uniform clay color onthe dorsa l surface

,the crown and forehead being uniform

in color wi th the back and withou t the contras t shown inthe other races . The ridge of the snou t i s ha ir-brown , and

MA P 27— DI STR IBUTION OF T H E RA C E S OF T H E OR IB I1 Ourcbia montana montana 2 Ourcbi a mon tana a quatoria 3 Ourcbia montana cotton i

4 Ourcbia montana kcnya’ 5 Ourcbia montana haggard i


shows cons iderable contras t wi th the l ight c lay color ofthe s ides . The white areas of the head consis t of a broads trip e above the eye

,the l ip s

,chin

,forethroa t

,and inside of

the ears . The back of the ears a re clay color,with the tip s

broadly margined by umber-brown . There i s a consp icu

ous bare black space below the ear . The ta i l i s sea l brownor blackish

,in marked contra s t to the clay-colored rump

and whi te border of the basal part . The lower s ides of thebody and the l egs are somewhat l ighter than the back

,

being ochraceous-buff,and darkes t on the outs ide . The

breas t and the bel ly are pure whi te and sharp ly definedaga ins t the darker s ides . The inguinal region i s black andha irless with the excep tion of the two rosettes of whi te p i thyha i r marking the Open i ng of the ingu inal sacks .The flesh measu rements of th is spec imen were :h ead and

body, 3 8 inches ;hind foot, 1 IV inches ;ear, 4 inches . Length

of skul l,6% inches . Horns

, 4% inches long . The longes thorns recorded by Ward from the Tana Valley are 5% inches .One of the s triking characters of this race are the heavinessor p rominence of the basal rings and the compressed Shapeof the horn so as to form a keel a long the posterior marg i n .

Specimens have been recorded by sportsmen from the vic ini ty of Lamu

,the lower Tana Valley

,the Sabaki R iver

,and

the s ta tion of Maj i ya Chumvi .

T H E ST E IN BOKRaphi ccru5

The s te inbok is a t once recognizab l e from all other ant elopes by i ts bright sorrel-red color and smal l s ize . I t i s atrim-bu il t l i ttl e buck with wel l-rounded hind quarters andslender l egs . The ta i l i s not eviden t to the eye

,being a mere

rudiment,as in the kl ip springer . A striking pecul iari ty i s

the enormous development of the ears,which exceed i n s ize

those of mos t other genera and are espec ial ly marked amongthe narrow-eared antelopes of the pla ins . Such grea t ea rdevelopment i s no doubt due to i ts hab i t of lying i n coverou t of s ight

,depending chiefly upon i t s scent and hearing

to detec tgthe approach of enemies . Directly i n fron t of theeye i s p laced the small , rounded open ing of the anteorb i ta lgland

,which is qu i te reduced in s ize . The male i s a rmed



on the pla ins a t the foot of the mounta in . I n 1 908 Lonnberg separa ted a s a race spec imens from Lake N a tron

,

owing to the p resence of the dark snou t spot,a fea ture which

Ma t sch ie had neglec ted to mention i n his descrip tion ofncumann i . An examination of the type spec imen in Berl in

,however

,shows the exi s tence of the dark snout patch

,

which i s a characteri s ti c marking of the s te inbok throughou t i ts whole range, from the Cape to the equa tor .

The l i ttle s teinbok is common over most of East Africa .

I t i s a b rush or grass antelope,depend ing for safety upon

cover,bu t i t i s not found in the thick fores ts

,and , ir i s found

even on the treeless p la ins where the grass i s long and therea re patches of bush . I t i s a sol i tary l i ttle crea ture

,usual ly

found a lone,al though occas iona l ly one runs across a buck

and doe or a doe and a we l l-grown fawn . I t both grazes andbrowses

,and

,al though i t i s not found in desert country

,i t

seems fa irly independent of drinking . The conten ts of theS tomach of one shot a t N yeri included twigs

,l eaves

,and

berrie s of the thorny nightshade, S olanum campactylanum .

This was the only s tomach examined . S teinboks are notshy . We saw them feeding a t a l l hours

,l ike the orib i and

the smal l gazel l e,often on bare pla ins . When ala rmed they

dash for cover,and when in cover they l ie very close . We

have mentioned orib i and Tommies in connection with s te inbok

,because the three l i ttle antelopes

,al though often found

i n p rec ise ly simila r ground,have such contrasting hab i ts .

The Tommy never seeks to escape ob se rvation,a lways

avoids cover,always s tands up when i t sp ies danger

,and

trusts to i ts speed and sharp senses for safety . When a larmedi t may run a mile or two

,and then hal ts on the bare p la in .

The orib i,i f on open pla ins of short grass

,behaves p recisely

l ike a gazel l e,bu t if in long grass or bush cover hides l ike a

A KE LEY PYG MY A NTE LO P E,MA LE UA S IN G I S HU ORIBI , A DU LT MA L E

N a i rob i (N gong ) , B E A S ho t b y Theodore Roo seve l t , Uasm G i sh u Pl a t e a u

N I LE BUS HBUC K , IMMATURE MA LE MA S A I LA N D STE INBOK , A DU LT MA LEF rom R h ino Camp ,Upper N i le S ho t by S i r A l fred Pease , Kap i t i P la ins

UGA NDA BUS HBUCK , F ENI A LE MA S A I LA N D K LI P S PRING E R , MA LES ho t by Theodore Rooseve l t , Maanja R iver, Uganda S hot by Theodo re Roose»e lt , LO I t a Pl a ins, B E A

YOUNG H IGH LA ND BUS H BUCK NA IVA S HA K IRK D I K-D I K, A DU LT MA LELo ira Pla ins Lake N a ivasha

BUSH BUCK A N D SMA LL AN TELOPE S


AFR ICAN GAME AN IMALS

sp icuous to permit i t to escape be ing seen . I f in thick gra s si t cannot be seen because of the phys ica l screen of the cover .I f in bush

,or lying where there i s sh ifting l ight and shadow

,

even from thin l i ttl e trees,i t may be d iffi cu l t to make ou t

,

because under such c i rcumstances,the p l ay of shade and

sunl ight,the varying vis tas

,the in terposed tw iggery and

patches of leafage,and the many d ifferen t contours and color

values tend to make i t d iffi cul t for the eye to p ick ou t anymotion les s obj ec t of any color . Moreover

,absolu te immo

b ili ty wil l often' render any obj ec t

,of no matter wha t color

or shape,l ikely to escape hasty notice . Bu t

,after making

al l a l lowances,i t seems certa in tha t on the whole the color

a tion of the l i ttle s te inbok is reveal ing ; and i ts hab i ts a resuch tha t conceal ing coloration would certa inly be a benefi tto i t ;and yet i t i s common , and it pers i s ts in the land muchlonger than most ante lopes after man appears . Evidentlythe other qua l i t ie s which have helped i t in the s truggle forl ife have so far ou tweighed the matter of colora tion that i thas been unaffected by the latter

,or so l i ttle affec ted that

the colora tion has never become conceal ing .

The Masa i s te inbok i s d is tingu ishab le from the typ ica lrace from South Africa with diffi cu l ty . The genera l colora tion i s somewhat darker and the whi te areas abou t theeyes and muzzle a re more extens ive . Spec imens from theZambes i R iver which we have compared are sca rcely d is tingu ishab le by colora tion or s ize from British Eas t Africanspec imens . The presence of a da rk crescen t on the crownbetween the ears in the typ ica l race is sometimes given a sa character

,bu t thi s dark pa tch i s qu i te variable and i s

presen t in half the specimens from Eas t Afri ca examined,

i rrespective of local i ty or sex .

The color of the upper parts i s b right sorrel or vinaceoustawny . The hai r i s everywhere minutely speckled wi th white

,

MA P 28— DI STR IBUT ION OF T H E EA ST A FR ICA N RA C E OF T H E STE IN BOK

1 Raphiccru5 campe5 tri 5 ncumann i

569


owing to the narrow white ha ir tip s . The s ides of t he bodyare somewhat l ighter, but the dorsa l color I S Sharply definedagains t the white brea s t and bel ly . The legs are less p inki sh than the body, usual ly being uniform c innamon-buff,with the ins ide whi te as far down as the knees and hocks .The ta il i s very short

,triangula r i n shape

,and not differen

t ia ted by color or length of ha ir from the rump . The lowersurface i s naked . The hinder surfaces of the thighs are whi tein contras t to the sorrel s ides

,the ha i r on this portion of

the body being lengthened cons iderably and forming a rumppatch . The crown of the head is b right tawny,and i s

marked by a narrow,dark-brown crescen t be tween the ears .

The midl ine of the snou t is marked by a triangula r-shaped,

seal brown patch which extends from the muzzle half-wayto the eyes . The s ides of the head are vinaceous

,and the

eye i s surrounded by a white ring . The l ip s,chin

, aii d upperthroa t are whi te . The cars are grayish , margined narrowlyby dark-brown ; the back covered by Short, buffy hai r, andthe ins ide by l ines of long, white hai r .Specimens in the flesh average 3 3 inches in length of

head and body ; ta il , 2 inches ; hind foot, 1 0 inches ; ea r,4V inches . Length of skull

, 5 inches . The larges t sku l lin a seri es of forty spec imens i s tha t of a female , which has al ength of 35 inches . The horns average abou t 3 inches i nl ength . The record i n the N ational Museum i s a spec imenwith horns 5 inches in length , shot by S ir Alfred Pease a th is farm in the Mua H il l s . Ward ’ s record for B ri tish Eas tAfrica exceeds thi s spec imen by of an inch .

The steinbok is very abundantly d is tribu ted over thehigh veld t region of B ri tish Eas t Africa , bu t does not occuri n the dry desert scrub Of the nyika . The vertica l rangeextends from three thousand to n ine thousand fee t . Specimens have been examined from the Kap i ti and Lo i ta Pla ins ,northern slopes of Moun t Kenia

,Lake N a ivasha , and the

Kedong Valley . The steinbok i s pecul iarly uniform i n colora tion throughou t i ts range and i s not separable in to geograph ical races in B r it ish East Afr ica .



closes t inspec tion . We have in va in s triven to find evenminu te inequal i ties on cl iffs up which we have seen himeas ily make his way . He is

,however

,one of the smalles t

of the antelopes,so tha t he has l i ttl e d ifficul ty in carrying

his weight on the tiny points of his s tubby hoofs . The kl ipspringer has low withers

,with ful l

,rounded hind quarters

,

i s short legged,and has ra ther a heavily bu i l t appearance .

He i s abbrevia ted a t both hi s extrem i ties,being extremely

short-necked,short-snou ted

,and short-ta i l ed ; indeed , the

ta il i s a mere rud imen t,not eviden t to the eye . I n pelage

he is st rikingly pecul ia r among African antelopes . The ha iri s very coa rse and p i thy and C losely resembles tha t of theAmerican pronghorn and to a les s degree the ha ir of thewhiteta i l deer .The horns are short and para l le l in d irection

,aris ing

vertical ly above the orb i ts,and are ringed a t the base .

They are usual ly confined to the male sex,one race a lone

exhib i ting horns In the female sex . There i s no sexual d ifference i n colora tion or s i ze

,nor i s there any apprec iab le

age difference i n colora tion,the young being minu tely s imi

lar to the adul ts i n appearance . The genus to-day comprisesa s ingle spec ies wi th severa l geographica l races . One foss i lspec ies i s known from the Pl iocene of France . Klip sp ringers a re confined to eastern Afri ca from the highlands ofAbyss in ia and the adj acent Red Sea coas t sou th through theR ift Val ley and coas t dra inage to the extreme sou thern tipof Africa .

This l ively and interes ting l i ttl e antelope i s found on therocky hil ls throughou t Eas t Africa . In the ord inary Eas tAfrican form the fema les have horns

,in the desert form

which occurs from the N orthern Guaso N yiro northward thefemales a re hornless . I t i s an extraord inary cl imber andj umper

,bounding among the cl iffs wi th absolu te sure-footed

ness . The tiny hoofs— which , l ike the b ri ttle ha ir, are unl ikethose of any other African antelope— enable i t to perch onthe smalles t p innacl e

,and to cl imb by means of the mos t

trifl ing cracks and irregulari ties in a rock surface ; and i t wil l

DUIKERS AND SMALL ANTELOPES 5 73

bound down a cl iff l ike a rubber bal l . The ga i t i s somewhatl ike the s tiff-l egged bounding of a Rocky Mounta in b lackta i ldeer . I t certa inly serves wonderful ly wel l up and down thep rec ip i tou s s lopes

,grassy or rocky

,in which the kl ip sp ringer

dwel ls . The l i ttle beas t Often grazes on the level ground a tthe foot of the rocks— by daytime if the country i s un inhab i ted

,otherwise a t n ight— bu t on the s l ightes t a larm it

be takes i tself a t fu l l speed toward i t s fas tnesses . The dungi s u sual ly depos i ted a t particu la r spots on the rocky hil ls ideOI cl iffs . I t u tters a shri ll whistle

,usual ly heard when i ts

curios i ty i s exc i ted or when i t i s app rehens ive bu t not ye tmuch frightened . I t both b rowses and grazes

,feed ing and

res ting al ternate ly,and a t various in terval s throughou t the

twenty-four hou rs . S eemingly i t sometimes goes for longperiod s withou t drinking . The northern or desert form certa in ly does not drink, but l ives wi thou t water . The stomachconten ts of spec imens of this ra ce cons i s ted chiefly of leave sand twigs of two sma l l trees

,S trychn05 and Dodonea . I t i s

u sual ly found s ingly or in couples,bu t occas ional ly half a

dozen ind ividual s wil l gather together on a particu la r feeding-ground .

The kl ip sp ringer i s an alert l i ttle crea tu re,always on

the lookou t for foes,and trus ting not to escap ing notice bu t

to see ing i ts foes fi rs t and then escap ing among the rocks .Yet i ts coa t harmonizes so wel l wi th i ts ord inary backgroundthat i t i s often d ifficu l t to make ou t

,even when i t s alarm

whis tle Shows tha t i t i s not consc iously hid ing . Indeed,

thi s i s one of the very few antelopes tha t may at times b ea ided in escap ing notice by i ts countershading . Apparently i ts co loration may fa irly be cal l ed conceal ing, and ye tapparently thi s qual i ty of i ts colora tion i s of l i ttl e or no a id


to i t,because of i ts hab i ts . The case is d i rec tly the reverse

of that of the s te inbok,which does continual ly hide and

skulk and try to escape ob se rvation,and yet has a colora

tion which is on the whole undoub tedly of revea l ing qual i ty .

From these facts i t seems p robable tha t in nei ther case ha sthe color of the coat been developed for any u til i tarianreason .

KEY T O T H E RA CES OF orcotragu i'

Female hornless; body color un iform , legs l igh ter than the body inco lor and marked by a w ide black band above the hoof

aureu:

Female horned ; rump l igh ter and grayer than the back , legs no t

l igh ter than the body in co lor and w ithou t black hoofband5 ch i ll ing5 i

MARSA BIT KLIPSPR IN G EROrcotragur orcotragur aurcu5

0rcotragu5 orcotragur aurcu5 H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Sm ith . Misc . Col l . , v ol . 6 1 , N o . 1 3 ,

P 7

RA N G E — From the dra inage area of the N orthern GuasoN yiro R iver and the northern slopes of Mount Kenia northward to Lake Rudolf, wes t as far a s Mount E lgon , and eas tin the lower desert region as far a s the l imits of the highermounta ins

,but not occu rring in this region sou th of the

Tana R iver .The Marsab i t race was recently described from spec i

mens col lec ted by the Rainey expedi tion on Mount Lololokw i

,a la rge table—topped mounta in lying be tween the

N orthern Guaso N yiro and Mount Marsab i t . The racei s d i s tingu ishable from the Masa i land kl ipsp ringer by theabsence of horns in the female and the uniform color of thedorsa l su rface

,the rump colora tion Showing no contras t in

tone to tha t of the anterior part of the body . I t i s more

closely all ied to the Abyss in ian kl ipspringer,with which

i t i s i n agreement i n the character of the hornles s female



MA SA I LA N D KLIPS PR IN G ER0rcotragu5 orcotragur 5 chi ll ing5 i

N ATIVE N AME : Masai, engine .

0rcotragu5 5 chi ll ing5 i N eumann , 1 902, S itz.-Ber. Ges . N at . Freu ., Berl . , p . 1 72 .

RA N G E .

— From the R ift Vall ey in centra l German Eas tAfrica northward to Lake Baringo and the sou thern slopesof Mount Kenia , ea s t to the sou thern shores of the VictoriaN yanza , and wes t to the lower edge of the highland country,a t leas t a s far a s Kitu i and Makindu . Alti tud ina l rangefrom three thousand to n i ne thousand feet .The Masa iland kl ip sp ringer was named for Herr Sch il

l ings,the p i oneer fl ash l ight photographer of Africa

,who has

g iven us a vivid p ic toria l a ccount in “With Flashl ight andR ifle ” of his exploi ts with the game animal s of the Kil imanj aro dis tric t of German Eas t Afri ca . He secu red thetype specimens on the smal l h il l of N gap tuk , s i tua ted northwes t ofKil imanj aro and very close to the B ri tish Eas t Africaboundary . Jackson was the fi rs t sportsman to report thekl ipspringer from British Eas t Africa . I n 1 894, in B igGame Shooting

,

” he devotes a few l ines to i t and s ta tes tha ti t i s i rregula rly dis tribu ted upon rocky hil l s from the Ta i tad is tric t to the T urkw ell R iver . The kl ip sp ringer, however,has been long known to inhab i t South Africa and Abyss in ia

,

the two extreme points of i ts range .

The Masa i land kl ip sp ringer i s a t once d is tingu ishablefrom al l other races by the presence of horns in the female .

This s triking character was not known to the describer ofthe race

,Herr N eumann

,who based his d ifferences on S l igh t

color d iscrimina tions . His materia l cons is ted of some un

sexed skins wi th horned skul l s which,he assumed

,were al l

males,owing to the presence of the horns . The females a re

a s wel l horned a s the males ; in fact, the longes t-hornedspec imen i n the series of twelve in the N a tiona l Museumis tha t of a female shot by Kermit Roosevel t on thewestern edge of the Lo it a Pla ins . N one Of the femalesshow rud imentary horns or any evidence of trans i tion tothe hornless cond ition of the races inhab i ting the countrynorth or south of them

,nor do the females of such races

show any trace of horns,not even such sl ight evidence a s

MA P QQ— T D I STR IBUTION OF T H E RA CE S OF T H E K L IPSPR IN G ER1 0rcotragu5 orcotragu5 aurcu5 2 Orcotragu5 orcotragu5 5 ch i ll ing5 i


bony knobs on the fron ta l bones of the skul l s . The colord ifferences of this race a re very sl ight indeed

,and i t i s d is

t ingu ishab le with d ifficul ty by colora tion from the race occu rri ng sou th of i t

,accr05

,in sou thern German Eas t Africa

,

sou th to the Zambes i . I t i s difficul t to account for the presence of horns in the females of a race having no pecul ia rhab i ts

,and surrounded on all s ides by races i n which the

females a re not only hornless,bu t Show no tendency to

ward the acqu iring of such s truc tures .Average male spec imens measu re in the flesh 3 3 inches

in length of head and body ; ta il , 3A inches ; hind foot, 1 1inches ; ear, 3V inches . Females a re ful ly equal i n s i ze tothe males . T he longes t-horned spec imen i s a female inwhich the horns a re 4 inches i n l ength . The longes t malehorns a re 3% inches . These horn d imens ions a re exceededvery l i ttl e by Ward ’ s record for Eas t Africa of 4% inches .The skul l l ength of the two sexes i s qu i te equal , the longes tfemale Skul l be ing 5 3A inches

,and the longes t male 5%

inches .The d is tribu tion of the kl ip springer is qu i te local

,owing

to thei r occu rrence only on barren,rocky hil l s or mounta in

s ides . The R ift Valley,with i ts innumerable lava cl iffs and

rough broken su rface,i s a favori te haunt of th is race .

They are dis tribu ted throughou t the valley from centra lG erman Eas t Africa and Kil imanj aro north to Lake Baringo . Upon the slopes of the volcanic cone of Longono t ,immedia tely sou th of Lake N a ivasha

,they are particularly

common and occu r from i ts base to the summit,a t n ine

thousand feet,where they reach thei r highes t a l ti tud ina l

range .



KEY T O T H E G EN ERA

False hoofs and an teorb ita l pore presen t; horns lyrat e or paral le l ind irec t ion

H ead rounded , snou t short ; neck and legs of norm al length ; facestriped and flanks usua l ly w ith a blackish band ;femalehorned in East African spec ies; mammae, tw o

Gazella

H ead elongat e, flat tened ; snout produced ; neck and legs great lyleng thened ; s ides offace un iform in co lor and flanksw ithout dark band ; fema le horn less; mammae, four

Li tkocran i ur

Fa lse hoofs and an teorb ita l pore ab sent ; horns show ing a tendencytow ard a sp ira l tw ist , broadly U—shaped and ringed ;fema le horn less; body size med ium E pyceror

GAZE LLE SGazella

Gazella Lichtenstein , 1 8 1 4, Mag . N a t . Freunde, Berl . , VI , pp . 1 52 and 1 7 1 ;

type C . rubgu turom , fi xed in Book of Antelopes, Sc later and T hom as, 1 879,

v ol . 111, p . 65 .

The colorat ion i s u sual ly vinaceou s or c innamon on thedorsal surface and white on the under-parts . The face i smarked by two or three bands and the ta i l i s of mediumlength . The horns in the males are usual ly well developedand are lyrate or parall e l . The females are u sual ly hornedand fu rn ished with two mammae . The muzzle i s s imple

,the

nasa l bones be ing short and in contact with the maxil laryand premaxil la ry bones . The anteorb ital fossa are moderat eor large .

The genu s ranges from northern and eastern Africasouth in the N i l e Val ley to the Victoria N yanza and in EastAfrica to cent ral German East Africa. Beyond Africa itext end s through western and cent ral As ia .

This,the la rgest and most wide-spread genus of ante

lopes,conta ins some twenty val id spec ies . I t 1s known as

far back 1n geologica l t ime as the Upper Miocene of Eu rope .

S everal spec 1es are known from the Pl iocene of Europe,

T H E GAZELLES AND THEIR ALLIES 5 8 1

As ia,and the Med iterranean coast of Africa . Later

,i n the

Ple1st ocene age , gazel l e s b ecame abundant 1n N orth Africa ,as shown by the severa l spec ies which have been d iscoveredin depos it s of this age in Algeria .

KEY T O SPEC IE S OF Gazella

S ize large, horns long in t he male , more t han two t imes head ; adul tma le w ithout dark flank band usual ly

C innamon co lora t ion of back con t inued as a broad band on t he

rump t o t he tai l and w ide ly separat ing t he wh iterum p pa tch ; horns short and d iverg ing on ly sl igh t lyat t ips; body size smal ler peterr i

Wh it e rump patch und ivided by c innamon of back or at mostdorsal co lor on ly con t inued as a narrow S tripe t o t he

tail ; horns larger and more lyra te in Shape, body sizelarger granti

S ize sma l l , horns in t he male much less than two t imes t he leng th of

t he h ead ; S ides w ith a b road d ark flank bandDark flank ban d bordering t he wh ite of t he be l ly; sides w ith a

conspicuous gro in g land c lo thed by p ithy ye l lowhair; a dark nose spo t thomfom

'

Dark flank band separat ed by bufl y band from t he wh ite be l ly;no lat era l g lands presen t ; nose spot obso lete

rufifronr

GRAN T GA ZELLEGazella granti

Typ ica l gran ti i s found only in centra l German Ea stAfrica

,i n Ugogo, where i t was origina l ly d i scovered by

Speke and Grant,i n 1 848 , during the i r Journey of d iscovery

of the source of the N i l e . This point marks the southernl imit of Grant gazel l e s in Africa . Here i t was found inhabit ing a dry

,a rid , sal ine val ley at some feet e levat ion .

From this point the spec ies ranges northward through theR ift Vall ey a s far a s Lake Zwai

,in southern Abyss in ia

,

where the race la cuum occurs . Westward the spec iessp reads to the southern shores of the Victoria N yanza andenters the N i l e watershed . I n this southwestern corner


it has evolved a form with wide- spread ing horns which hasbeen named roberts i . At the northwestern corner anotherrace appears , brighti , which i s the palest and the l eastbanded of al l . N ear the coast at Ki l imanj aro we find thedarkest race

,serm gem’

,which i s somewhat intermediate

in color with the closely al l ied petersz'

. The latter spec iescarr i es the gran ti type st i l l farther west and north to themouth of the Tana R iver . Peters gazel l e 1 s much smallerand darker than any of the races of gran ti and i s not knownto intergrade . Occupying the cent ral part of the rangeand also the most elevated region we have roosevelti . Lyingbetween thi s el evated region on the southern edge of theAbyss inian desert we meet with the shorter-horned raceknown as ra i n ey i . The horns reach the i r maximum spreadi n the southern race roberts i , but are a l so wide—spread andlarge in the neighboring typ ical gran ti . As we go northward the horns become more paral l e l and shorter unt i l theextreme is reached in narrowness and shortness in brighti ,inhab it ing the country dra in ing into Lake Rudolf from thewest . N ota ta i s apparently a highly colored loca l formoccurring only on the high plateau flanking the Lorog iMounta ins on the southwest and bears no very close relat ionsh ip to the other races . The highland races known asroosevelti and roberts i are grazers , while the desert forms ,such as brighti and m i ney i , a re b rowsers . A structurald ifference in these races has been not iced which can bet raced to d ifferences in food hab it s . I n the b rows ing racesthe snout has become enlarged as ind icated by the greaterl ength of the naria l chamber . I n ra i ney i the length of thenares from the t ip of the nasal bones to the end of the premaxil laries or snout i s much greater than the length of thenasa l bones . I n roosevelti

,which i s typ ical ly a grazer

,the

l ength of the nares i s much less,equal l ing or only sl ightly

exceed ing the nasal s in l ength .

The Grant may be defined as a large s ized gazel l e withimmense horns

,st riped face

,white rump

.

patch,

.and whiteunder-parts . The horns reach the max imum S i ze amonggazel l es

,ranging in the male from 20 to 30 inches i n l ength

along the cu rve . They are very heavy basal ly,where they

are much compressed , or flattened lateral ly . They ascendvert ical ly above the orb its and curve backward

,ranging


T H E GAZELLES AN D THE I R ALLIES 5 83

from b roadly lyrate to paral le l ln shape,and are heavily

ringed for most of the i r l ength . The adult male 1s usual lywithout the dark flank band characteri st i c of the female

,

but both sexes have a dark pygal st ripe bordering the whit erump patch . The genera l dorsa l color ranges from c innamonto fu lvous . The young are striped l ike the female buthave the white of the rump much les s extens ive . The skul li s d ist ingu ishabl e from that of thomson i by it s shal loweranteorb ita l fossa

,larger nasal-lachryma l s inu s

,and the

spatulate shape of the nasal p rocess of the maxil la ry bone .

This,the largest of the genus

,i s not only the most

b eaut ifu l gazel l e but one of the most beaut ifu l of Africanantelopes . I t i s about the s ize of a white-ta i l deer . Thelong

,lyre-shaped horns of the buck

,the p roud

,gracefu l

carriage of the head and neck,the suppl e and da inty

st rength of body and l imb s,the de l i ca cy of coloring

,al l

comb ine to make the an imal a p leasu re to look upon . Themany herd s of these large gazel les which are scattered overthe Ath i and Kap it i P la ins form one of the chief att ract ionsto the t ravel ler who rides across the long st retches of leve lor rol l ing gra ss-land s . In the Sot ik country the horns ofit s bucks are even longer

,with a more d ivergent bend .

On the lower leve ls,near the coast

,they are shorter . The

does everywhere carry sma l l e r horns than the bucks , les sb eaut ifu l ly Shaped .

All gazel les a re b east s of the open p la ins,avoid ing

forest s . They are most at home on the reaches of grassland where there is not a shrub or a tree

,but have no

obj ect ion to thinly scattered thorns and are often foundgraz ing or rest ing among them . They are p rimarily grazers

,but occas iona l ly become b rowsers ; the stomach of one

of the m iney i variety, kil l ed on the N orthern Guaso


N yiro, conta ined acacia pods . They are highly gregariou s ,going in herds of a score or two

,each composed of a master

buck accompanied by does,kids

,and half-grown animals .

Young bucks are often found in smal l part ies of half adozen ind ividuals . Old bucks are somet imes sol ita ry butare more often found with herds of other game

,such a s

hartebeest or zeb ra ; an animal of one of the gregarioustypes not on ly apprec iates company because of the adv antage of having other eyes and ears on the watch aga instfoes

,but probably a lso from sheer love of companionship .

Both the b ig and the smal l gazel l e occas ional ly assoc iatewith one another ; in one such case the leader of the l itt l eband was a female Tommy whose fou r companions

,al l of

them Grant gazelles,two bucks and two does , a l lowed her

to take the in it iat ive and fol lowed wherever she led . Whengrazing or going to water herd s of Grant gaze l l e oftenmingle with herd s of a l l the other p la ins game

,from wilde

b eest s down , into one b ig scattered herd .

The spec ifica l ly,or sub spec ifically , d ifferent b ig gazel l e

found along the N orthern Guaso N yiro,sc ient ifica l ly known

as the m iney i , was in most of it s hab it s ident ica l with thet rue Grant gazel le, although somewhat sma l l e r, with shorterand les s hand some horns . There seemed to u s to b e oned ifference , however, which, i f rea l and not merely a mistaken ob servat ion on ou r part

,was important . On the Ath i

and Kap it i Pla ins we were st ruck by the incessant switching of the ta il s of the Tommies

,whereas by comparison the

Grant gazel l es kept thei r ta il s qu iet,waving them at t imes

,

but not in the incessant , nervous , elect ri c-attachment manner of the Tommies . On the N orthern Guaso N yiro therewere no Tommies

,and here it certa inly seemed to u s that



the antelope of a given band or bands Shy to a degree ; andin the afternoon

,on our return to camp , they would let u s

pass reasonably close,even to windward of them

,without

showing alarm . Their eyesight was very good,and also

thei r sense of sme l l . At n ight they were apparently morealert and uneasy than during the day . Perhaps this i s t rueof al l game

,although

,on the other hand

,i t i s a lso t rue that

game wil l a l low a man to come c loser in the darkness thanin dayl ight . They rarely went where leopard s could getat them ; but l ions occas iona l ly p reyed on them,

a lthoughpreferring the larger hartebeests or zeb ras ; and they wereobj ect s of chase both for cheetahs and hunt ing hounds .They never sought to hide themselves or escape obse rvat ion

,

although the adu lt ma les,which

,unl ike the fema les and

young ma les,have no b lack s ide strip e

,could

,perhaps

,b e

cal l ed concea l ingly colored— certa inly as compared withimpal la or Tommies or hartebeest s or ste inboks . Theirt ru st was in the ir speed

,eyes ight

,scent

,and wariness .

Somet imes,i n t ime of drought

,most of them desert a given

d ist rict,in common with the other game

,l eaving only a few

ind ividua l s behind . In other regions,as on the Ath i and

Kap it i Pla ins,they remain in p ract ical ly the same country

from year’ s end to year’ s end or make a shift of a few milesonly . At any one t ime a herd wil l u sual ly locate it self ina given area of a few square miles and lead a fairly regularand ordered l ife

,so that each day at about the same t ime

the ind ividua l s can be found in or near the same placedoing about the same thing . While staying in a permanentcamp or on a ranch we wou ld frequently grow acquaintedwith some gazel l e herd which

,i f unmolested

,we could

almost a lways find within a mi le or two of the spot to

T H E GAZELLES AN D THEI R ALLIES 5 87

which, as experience had taught us , i t resorted in the morning or afternoon in the course of it s da ily round of ex i stence . In some p laces we found stamp ing-grounds

,or area s

of bare earth severa l rood s in extent,to which

,apparent ly

,

herd s of these gazel l e s must have resorted at inte rval s forlong period s of t ime

,for they were thickly covered with

dung pel lets in variou s stages of dryness .At McMillan ’

s ranch there was a tame doe of the b iggazel l e which' was as friend ly and as much at home as anydomest ic an imal .

KEY T O T H E RA CE S or granti

C innamon ofback extend ing on to t he t ail as a narrow l ine separa ting t he wh ite rump patch o r e lse S topping w ith inone inch of t he base; t ai l ch iefly black , on lybasa l one-th ird wh it e

J erengem

C innamon of back we l l separated by a broad wh it e rump patch two

o r three in ches w ide; black of tail less ex tensive, confined t o term ina l one-ha lf

A dark flank band in adul t ma les notata

Flanks w it hou t dark band in adu l t malesA d ark pyga l S tripe bordering t he wh ite rum p pat ch in adul t

malesH orns t urned ou tw ard and w id e-S pread , t he t ips hooked

backw ard robertr i

H orns even ly spread ing and lyrate in shape, t he t ips ap

p roaching one anotherDorsa l color l igh ter cinnamon , horn s longer and

w ider-S pread granti

Dorsa l co lor darker c innamon, horns sma l ler and

narrow er roorevelti

H orns more nearly paral lel , not curved outwardDorsa l color l igh t er, dark flank band obso lete in

t he adul t female lacuum


Dorsa l co lor darker, dark flank band d ist inct in the

adul t fema le ra ineyi

N o dark pyga l stripe bordering t he wh ite rump patch

T YPICA L GRA N T GA ZELLEGazella granti granti

Gazella granti Brooke, 1 872, Proc . 2001. Soc . , p . 60 1 , pl . LIX (colored) .

RA N G E — German East Africa from Ugogo,in the vic in

ity of Kanyenye and Mpwapwa,northward at least as far

a s I rangi,but not reaching B rit ish East Africa ; l imit s of

range unknown .

The large,stately gazel l e which bears Colonel J . A .

Grant ’ s name was d iscovered by Speke and Grant at Kanyenye, Ugogo d ist rict , i n 1 860

,during their j ourney of

d iscovery of the source of the N i l e . I t was found inhabi t ing a dry sal ine pla in having an elevat ion of three thousand feet approximately. The discoverers recognized thespec ies a s new and took precaut ions to make sketches ofthe spec imens in the field . The Spec imens col lected wereunfortunately lost in trans it

,so that it b ecame necessary

to describ e the spec ies from the notes and sketches of theexplorers . Even at the p resent day spec imens from nearthe type local ity are preserved in only one or two Europeanmuseums . The typ ica l I S rea l ly the least known form ofGrant gazel l e

, ow 1ng to the region which it inhab it s havingseldom been vis ited by sportsmen or natu ra l ist s . The typ ica l race may be d ist ingu ished by the long

,wide-spread

horns,the l ight c innamon body

,and wel l-marked

,dark

nose spot and pygal band in the male .

ROBERTS GRAN T G AZELLEGazella granti robertr i

N ATIVE N AME :Winyamwezi , kir i .Gazella gran ti robertf i T homas, 1 903 , Proc . 2001. Soc . , v ol. I I , p . 1 1 9 , 2 figs.

ofskull and horns .

RA N G E — Southeastern d ra inage area of the VictoriaN yanza from Speke Gulf

,in German East Africa , northward



a length of only I O inches . A large series of spec imens havebeen examined in the N at ional Museum from the Lo i t aPla ins and Amala R iver in B rit i sh East Africa .

ROOSEVELT GRA N T GAZELLEGazella gran ti roorevelti

N ATIVE N AME S :Masai, olwargar; Kikuyu, ndam tari .Gazella gran ti roorevelti H el ler, Sm ith . Misc . Coll . , 1 9 1 3 , v ol. 61 , N o . 7, p . 4.

RA N G E — Typical of the el evated Ath i Pla ins d ist rictranging southeast to Makindu

,north as far a s the southern

slopes of Kenia,and westward to the R ift Val ley

,where it

extends a s far il orth as the south shore of Lake Baringo .

West Ofthe R ift Val ley of B rit ish East Africa,i t i s sepa rated

from roberts i by the Mau Esca rpment , and farther southin the val ley it merges , no doubt , into typical gran ti andeastward into serengete on the northwestern slopes of Kil imanj aro .

This race has been cons idered by sportsmen and naturalist s a s typ ical gran ti ow i ng to the lack of spec imensfrom the origina l local ity In Ugogo for comparison of d ifferences . The type spec 1m en was Shot by Colonel Roosevelt near Kitanga Farm

,Mau Hil l s

,Athi Pla ins

,Apri l 26

,

1 909 , and described recently by Hel ler as a new race .

Others were shot in the same vic in ity near Kap it i Stat ionand near Kil ima Kui

,whil e other spec imens were secu red In

the R ift Val ley near Lakes N a ivasha and Elmen ta it a . TheRoosevel t Grant gazel l e i s nearest the typica l gran ti ofUgogo ,

German East Africa,i n color

,but d iffers by it s

darker colorat ion and by the smal le r and les s wide-spreadhorns . From roberts i i t d iffers by dec idedly less widelyspread horns and somewhat darker color in the males andfurther by the female be ing marked by a d ist inc t dark flankband . From serengete i t d iffers by the W ide r and lessd ivided white rump patch and cons iderably l ighter bodycolorat ion .

The dorsal color of the adult male i s vinaceous-cinnamonal ing toward the head and on the s ides to p inkish buff.Il‘ he top of the rump and hinder border of the thighs i s

marked by a wide area of pure white which 1 s cont inuous

B LA C K-S NOUTED THOM S ON EA S T A FRI CA N IM PA LLA ROOS EVE LT GRA NT GA ZE LLEG A ZE LLE , MA LE MA LE MA LE

F rom Br i t i sh East Afr1ca Br1 t 1sh East Afrlca S ho t by Theodo re Roo seve l tRecord horns, 1 6 I nche s Bondom , R ap 1t i Plam s, B E A .

ROOS EVE LT GRA NT GA ZE LLE ,FEMA LE EA ST A FRI CA N IM PA LLA ,

A DU LT MA LEPho tograph by J L C lark a t Ju1u Fa rm , B E A S hot by Theodore Roo seve l t , LOI ta Plams

Pre sen t ed byW M .McM1llan to N a t IOnal Zoolog 1cal Park

ROB E RTS GRA NT GA ZE LLE , MA LE B LA C K-S NOUTE D THOM SON GAZE LLES hot by R J C umnghame, Lo 1t a Pla ins, B E A . A DU LT FEMA LE

Record sp read and leng t h Ofhorn s LOI ta Pla ins, B E A .

G AZE LLE S A N D IMPA LLA



b lack pygal st ripe i s very narrow and short . The youngare d ist ingu ishable from the young of thomson i of the sameage by the ir larger S ize and more extens ive white rumppatch and white ta il base .

The measurements in the flesh of average adult s are :head and body along curve of back

,male 58 inches , female 5 3

inches ; ta il , male I I inches,female 1 0% inches ; hind foot

from hock to t ip of hoofs,male 1 8% inches

,female 1 6%

inches ; l ength of ear from notch , male 6% inches , female6 inches . Length of horns a long curve of la rgest male inthe N at ional Museum 24% inches

,female 1 3% inches ;

greatest spread on outs ide cu rve in male 1 6 inches,female

9% inches . Specimens have been examined at the N at iona lMuseum from the Athi Pla ins

,Kitanga

,Bondoni

,Potha

,

R ift Val ley,Lake N a ivasha

,Lake Elmen t a i t a , and Mount

Suswa . The vert ical range of the race extends fromto feet throughout the open grassy pla ins country.

RA IN EY G RA N T GAZELLEGazella granti m i neyi

N ATIVE N AME : Rendile, haul .Gazella grant i ra iney i H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Sm ith . Misc . Coll . , v ol. 6 1 , N O. 7 , p . 6 .

RA N G E — From the northern slopes of Kenia,north

ward throughout the desert region to the eastern shore ofLake Rudolf

,eastward at l ea st a s far as the Lorian swamp .

Limits of range not known owing to lack of specimens fromthe intermed iate d ist ricts .The Rainey Grant gazel l e was described from spec

imens Shot by Paul J . Rainey near the j unct ion of theN orthern Guaso N yiro and the I siola Rivers

,some s ixty

miles due north of Mount Kenia . Spec imens from th isd ist rict have long been known to sportsmen under thename of nota ta . The latter

,although coming from the

same genera l d ist ri ct,i s a pecul iar loca l h ighland form of

the Lorog i Mounta ins , while m ineyz' i s a close al ly of brigkti ,

from the Turkana country west of Lake Rudolf. TheRa iney Grant gazel l e resembles brigkti closely, but d iffersby the presence of a d ist inct dark pygal band or borderto the white flank patch

,by darker dorsal color and larger

T H E GAZELLES AN D THEIR ALLIES 5 93

s ize and more wide-sp read horns . I t d iffers from Zacuumby darker colorat ion and the presence in the adult femaleof a dark flank band . From roosevelti i t may be d ist ingu ished by the dec idedly smal ler and more parall e l hornsand by the smal ler and l ighter-colored dark nose spot .The dorsa l color of the adult male i s l ight vinaceous

c innamon , pal ing toward the head and on the s ides , whereit becomes p inkish-buff. The top of the rump and thehinder border of the thighs i s marked by a wide a rea ofpure white

,which is cont inuous with the white basa l por

t ion of the ta i l . The terminal half of the ta i l 1s b lack . Therump a rea is bordered i n front by a b ist re pyga l st ripeone half inch wide . The flanks have a very sl ight ind icat ionof the flank band in the form of a l ighte r band of l ightbuffbordering the b road band of p inkish-buff above . Theouts ide of the legs is p inkish-buff l ike the S id es of the body .

The hoofs in front are bordered by brown ha i r . The underpart s and the ins ide of the legs and the lower throat a res i lky white . The top of the head and the med ian l ine ofthe snout are c innamon-rufou s . The middle of the snouti s marked by a dark sep ia b lotch . There i s a grayish patchabout the horn bases and a blackish one above the eyes .The s ides of the face a re marked by a b road white bandabove the eye extend ing forward to the dark snout spot

,and

bordered below by an il l defined,narrow dusky-c innamon

st reak from the eye to the muzzle . The orb ita l a rea iswhite with a b ist re-b rown supraocula r spot extend ing tothe horn base . The t ip of the snout is pa l e p inkish—buff.The l ip s and chin are wh ite . The foret h roat i s white l ikethe chin

,but the m idt h roa t i s p inkish-c innamon l ike the

nape . The ea rs a re p inkish-c innamon,bordered at the t ip

by b ist re,and the ins ide and the bas e a re white . The adult

female is l ike the male in color,but has a wel l-marked dark

flank band and b roader and darker pyga l st ripes . Thenurs ing young are buffy-drab in color

,a s described under

roosevelzi .

Spec imens col lected by the Ra iney exped it ion have beenexamined from the desert country watered by the N orthernGuaso N yiro from the j unct ion of the N gare N a rok downas far as the Lakiundu j unct ion . N orth of this latte r po intspec imens have been examined from Karo

,Longaya , and


Meri l l e in the country j ust south of Mount Marsab i t . Thisrace inhab it s the low thorn-scrub desert between the alt itudes of two thousand five hundred and one thousand feet .The measurements Of an average adult are : head and

body,along the curve of the back

,male 5 5 inches , female

5 3 inches ; ta i l vertebra male 1 1% inches,female I O%

inches ; hind foot from hock to hoof, male 1 8% inches,

female 1 6% inches ; ear from notch , male 6% inches,fe

male 6 inches . The longest horned male in the N at ionalMuseum has horns 25 inches In length and a spread of I OAinches . The widest-sp read male horns In a series of fifteenmeasu re 1 2 inches . An average pair i s about 22 inchesin length by 1 0 inches in spread . The female horns varygreatly in a series of seven

,i n which the longest pa ir i s

a l so the widest and measu res 1 4/ by I OA inches . Anaverage pa i r i s somewhat shorter and much narrower

,be ing

1 2 by 6 inches .

BR IG H T GRAN T GAZELLEGazella granti brigkti

Gazella granti brighzi T homas, 1 900, Proc . 2001. Soc ., p . 805 .

RA N G E — N orthwest shore of Lake Rudolf west to t hehead of the N i l e watershed .

Doctor Donaldson Smith,who col lected the spec imens

which led to the d iscovery of thi s race,ha s suppl ied p rac

t i cal ly al l of the material upon which our present knowledgeof the race is based . These include the type and a fewothers from the Mago is d ist rict , S ituated near the N i l eRudolf watershed

,one hundred miles west of the north

end of the lake . Some months previou s to DonaldsonSmith ’ s exped it ion Major B right

,for whom the race has

been named,col lected a female gazel l e from the northwest

shore of Lake Rudolf,which was later

,upon the evidence

suppl ied by Smith ’ s spec imens,determined as a member of

the new race by Oldfield Thomas . I n this race the dorsa lcolorat ion i s very l ight

,buffy-fulvous

,the dark flank band

i s want ing,and the pygal st r i pe qu it e obsolete or but

fa int ly indicated by a narrow l ine of dark ha irs . The hornsare smal l and extend almost para l le l

,Showing very l itt le

sp read at the t ip s .



S ER EN G ETI GRA NT G AZELLEGazella granti rerengem

Gazella gran ti rerengetce H e ller, 1 9 1 3 , Smith . Misc . Coll . , v ol. 6 1 , N o . 7, p . 5 .

RA N G E — Serenget i Pla ins east of Kil imanj aro . Limitsof range not known .

The type spec imens were col lected by Doctor W . L .

Abbott,near Taveta

,in 1 888

,during his exped it ion to Kil

imanjaro . N o other spec imens agree ing with these incolor have been examined from East Africa . The Serenget iGrant gazel l e i s most closely al l ied in s ize to the typ ica lgran ti , from which it d iffers by having the white rumppatch d ivided by a narrow streak of the cinnamon of theback extending to the base of the ta il . I n this character itapproaches peters i , which , however, has the rump broadlyd ivided by the color of the back and d iffers by the smal lerand more paral le l horns .The dorsa l color in the adult male i s mikado-brown

pal ing toward the head and on the s ides,where it becomes

p inkish-buff. The top of the rump and the hinder borderof the thighs are marked by a wide area of pure white, whichis cont inuous with the white basal port ion of the ta i l . Theterminal half of the ta i l i s b lack . The white rump patch isnarrow

,being one inch wide at the base of the ta i l a s wel l a s

on the hinder part s of the thighs . The c innamon of the backextends on the ta i l a s a narrow dorsal st ripe to the blackt ip

,only the basal one—th ird Of the ta i l be ing white

,l eaving

the terminal two-thi rd s black . The white pygal band 1s wel lmarked

,but the dark flank band I S ab sent . The out s ide of

the legs i s p inkish-buff,l ike the s ides . The hoofs in front are

bordered by tufts of brown ha ir . The under-parts and the ins ide ofthe legs and the lower throat are s i lky white . The topof the head and the med ian l ine of the snout are c innamonrufous . The middle of the snout is marked by a dark sep iablotch . There is a blackish blotch above the eyes . The s idesof the face are marked by a broad white band above the eyeextending forward to the dark snout spot

,and bordered below

by an il l defined,narrow dusky-c innamon streak from the eye

to the muzzle . The orb ital area i s marked by a b ist re brownsupraocula r spot extend ing to the horn bases . The t ip of the

MA P 530— D I STR IBUTION OF T H E RA C E S OF G RA N T A N D PETER S GAZE LLE S1 Gazella grant i robertri 2 Gazella gran ti roorevelzi 3 Gazella gran ti ra ineyi 4 Gazella grant i brighti

5 Gazella granti lacuum 6 Gazella grant i notata 7 Gazella granti .rfrengetae 8 Gazella peterri


snout i s pa le p inkish-buff. The l ip s and the ch in are white .The forethroat i s white l ike the chin and the m idth roat p inki sh-c innamon l ike the nape . The ear i s p inkish-c innamon

,

bordered at the t ip by b ist re, and t he ins ide and the spot atthe base are white . The femal e resembles the male in thedarkness of the dorsal colorat ion . The dark latera l bandis present a s in roosevelti

,but it i s dec idedly les s d ist inct ly

marked or obsolete anteriorly near the shoulders .N o flesh measu rements of th is race are ava ilab le . The

horns of the two adult males are very much al ike in shapeand s ize . They d iverge gradual ly toward thei r t ips

,but

are not bowed out or lyrate in Shape,and closely resemble

horns of the smaller spec ies peters i . I n length along thecurve they measure 2 1 1 4 and 20% inches , and in greatestspread 9A and 1 2 inches , respect ively . The horns of thetwo females are qu ite s imila r in shape to the males

,but much

smal ler,measuring in l ength 1 4 and 1 2% inches

,and in

sp read 63A and 6 inches, respect ively .

This race approaches the smaller gazel l e of the coastd ist rict

, peters i , real ly closely in horn characters and somewhat in the color characters of the rump . I t i s

,moreover

,

found occupying an intermed iate territory . Peters gazel l e i s sa id to occur near Voi

,some seventy mil es ea st of

Taveta,in the low desert flanking the S erenget i Pla ins

,and

it i s qu it e p robab le that a series of spec imens from thisintermediate territory would exh ib it intermed iate characters .Peters gazel l e occup ies a d ist ribut ional a rea d ist inct fromthat of any of the races of Grant gazel l e, but adj acent tosome of them

,and has every appearance of being one of

these races,though the lack of spec imens prevents u s from

determining the exact status of th is form .

PETER S GAZELLEGazella petemi

N ATIVE N AME : Swahili, .rala .

Gazella peterri G iin ther, 1 884, Ann . £9’ Mag . N at . H i 5 t . , ser. 5 , v ol. XIV, p . 428 .

RA N G E — From the Taru Desert northward to themouth of the Tana Rrv er and thence northeast a long thecoast through the Jub aland Province .



of a pa ir of large ingu inal glands on the flanks,which are

consp icuously marked by tufts of long white glandula rha ir . The ta il of the Thomson gazel l e is a l so qu ite d ifferentin character

,being covered by long ha ir throughout

,as in

the impalla,and not short-ha ired at the base with a tufted

t ip,as in the Grant . The knees a re fu rn ished with brushes .

The females exhib it Short,crooked

,i rregu la r horns varying

from mere stubs to S ix inches in length . N o absolutely hornles s female spec imens are known

,although statements to this

effect a re occas ional ly recorded . I t appears,however

,that

the females a re gradual ly los ing the ir horns,which a re

now subj ect to great i rregu larity and are no longer of valuea s weapons . The sexes agree closely in colorat ion . Themale in age becomes l ighter on the crown and nape

,the

redd ish color being replaced by whit ish . The young aredark

,with l itt l e of the fulvous color of the adults

,be ing

drab in color . They exhib it the black flank band,the dark

nose spot and eye stripe and the absence of white on therump

,and by these characters may be recognized from

gran ti of the same age . The female is somewhat smallerthan the male in body S ize . The skul l shows much variat ion in the s ize of the nasal and premaxi lla ry bones

,but

d iffers from gran ti by its much deeper or la rger anteorb ita lfossa . There i s al so marked variat ion in the shape of thehorns

,ind ividual spec imens Showing much di fference in

the sp read at the t ip s . A German natura l i st,Knot t nerus

Meyer,has recently d ivided the Thomson gazel l e into

many races,some thirteen

,based on d ifferences noted in

the,horns and skul l s of a few ind ividual s . Such d iffer

ences,however

,when appl ied to the large series of spec

imens in the N at ional Museum , have been found to beind ividual and of no rac ia l value . The two races hererecognized were a s many as appeared worthy of d ist inctnames . The Thomson gazell e i s essent ial ly a highland antelope and typ ical of the R ift Valley and the highland regionbound ing it

,throughout which it ranges from the R ift

Valley of cent ral German East Africa north to Kil imanjaroand Mount Kenia and westward to the south and eastShores of the Victoria N yanza . The d ist ribut ion of theMasa i t ribe coinc ides qu ite perfect ly with that of th i s smal lgazel le .

T H E GAZELLES AND THEIR ALLIES 601

KEY T o T H E RA CES OF thomron i

Snout w it hout a darker patch near t he t ip ; t he dark stripe throught he ey e dark redd ish , no t black ish ; dark pygal S tripenarrow ; horns para l lel in d irec t ion w ith t he tips C losetogether thomron i

Snout marked by a large black patch near t he t ip ; t he d iagona lstripe th rough t he ey e blackish ; pyga l S tripe w id eand d ist inct ly black ish ; horns w ider-S pread at t h e t ips

narali:

KI L IMA N JARO T H OMSON GA ZELLEGazella tkomxon i thomrom

'

Gazella thomrom'

G unther, 1 884, A nn . t9’

Mag. N at. H i 5 t . , v ol. XIV, p . 427,

fig . ofhorns .

RA N G E .

— From the Kil imanj aro region southwardthrough the R ift Val ley to I rangi In German East Africa .

The Thomson gazel l e bears the name of a noted explorerof B rit ish East Africa

,Joseph Thomson . Thomson ar

rived a t Mombasa m 1 883 and journeyed inland by way ofKil imanj aro and the Masa i highlands as fa r as Lake Baringo .

During his t ravel s he met frequent ly with this gazel le andbrought back with him to England severa l pa irs of thehorns . N o exact local ity was attached to these specimens

,nor was any ment ion made in his account of the

journey in “Through Masa i land,

” as to where the Specimens were shot or regard ing the occu rrence of gazel le s onhis route . T he horns were figured and described by DoctorGunther a s those of a new gazel le which he ded icated t o

Thomson,but no exact loca l ity was given the spec imens

col lected by him . I n the ab sence of a definite local itythe typ ica l race has been ass igned to the Kil imanj aroregion

,where Thomson spent cons iderable t ime i n exploring

the south,east

,and north slopes Of the great mounta in .

Willoughby,Hunter

,and Abbott

,a few years later

,shot

spec 1mens on the pla ins flanking Kil imanj aro on the southeast . The fi rst complete spec imens of the gazel l e rece ivedat the B rit i sh Museum were sent by Jackson , and upon oneof these was based the colored figure in the “Book ofAntelopes .”


The typ ical form of the Thomson gazel le may be knownby the absence of the dark patch on the nose and by thel ighter color of the dark eye stripe of the face

,which i s

rufous rather than black . The dark pygal st ripe on thehind quarters i s al so narrower and less d ist inct ly marked

,

usual ly being brownish in color . The horns ofythe Kil i

manj aro race are more para l l e l In d irect ion and les s widelyspread at the t ip s than those of na5 al i 5

,but they are no

shorter in length . N o flesh measu rements of spec imensare ava ilable . The length of ful ly adult horns 1s stated byWil loughby to b e 1 4 inches In length The spec imen Inthe N at ional Museum

,col lected by Doctor Abbott at Taveta

,

has horns one inch les s than this d imens ion . Specimens havebeen recorded by Oscar N eumann as far south as MountGuru i in the I rangi d ist rict of German East Africa .

BLA CK-SN OUTED T H OMSON GAZELLEGazella thommn i na5 ali 5

N ATIVE N AMES :Masai, oI-oi lla ; Kikuyu, enclarata li .Gazella thomron i na5 ali5 LOnnberg , 1 908, Mams . SjOst edt Exp . Kilimanjaro,

p . 46.

RA N G E — From the southern and eastern shores of theVictoria N yanza

,i n German East Africa

,northward to B rit

i sh East Africa as far as the southwestern slope of the Lorog iMounta ins and eastward to the eastern edge of the highland region as far as Makindu Stat ion and Mount Kenia .

The Thomson gazell e inhab it ing the h ighlands of B ri ti sh East Africa was named na5 ali 5 by LOnnb erg , owing tothe presence of a black nose spot by which the race maybe d ist ingu ished from the typ ica l form . Upon comparmgspec1mens from Kil imanj aro with the colored figure ofThomson gazel l e in the “Book of Antelopes

,

” the d ifference in snout colorat ion was d iscovered and led to thenaming of the highland race as new . The describer, however

,ass igned his race to northern Uganda and the Lado

Enclave,under the assumption that such local it ies rep re

sented the extreme northern range of the gazel l e . Thenorthern l imits

,however

,fal l many miles short of these

t erritories,but a s the name is based on a colored i l lust ra



of wi ld horses , do crouch flat and endeavor to escape theeyes of the i r foes ; but the adults t rust only to the ir keensenses and their speed for safety . Tommies frequentlyl ie down , but they never seek to escape observat ion whenlying down

,and , on the cont rary, usual ly seem more anx ious

and alert at such t imes than when stand ing . They seemto know that they are at a d isadvantage when not stand ing .

Their speed i s great . M r . Ra iney’

s greyhounds were unabl eto catch them . When pursued by an ord inary dog theymerely p lay along in front of him

,bound ing and cutt ing

p ranks,and t reat ing the whole affa i r a s a frol i c . The

cheetah,however

,can run them down

,as it can every other

animal on the face of the earth . The fawns are preyed onby j ackal s

,other smal l beast s of prey

,and eagles

,the

adult s by hunt ing hounds and cheetahs ; but they do notwander into the d oma in of the le0pard and are too smal lto b e eagerly pu rsued by the l ion

,the arch enemy of al l

the b igger ruminants .Tommies are gregarious and polygamous . They are

found in smal l part ies and al so at t imes in bands of fortyor fifty ind ividual s ; and occas ional ly they are found s inglyor in couples

,an old buck by himself or a doe with a couple

of fawns or a couple of young bucks . The does are p rolific ; we found fawns of every age , and somet imes one,somet imes two

,with the mother . Tommies are grazers .

They feed and rest alternately for a few hours at a t ime .

They may be seen rest ing,feed ing

,or drinking at every hour

of the day . They are eas i ly tamed and make pretty andamusing pets . We often ran across them in the housesof the Boer sett lers on terms of the utmost famil iarity withthe children . N ormal ly, they are the lea st wild of the

T H E GAZELLES AND THEIR ALLIES 605

game . They do a lmost no damage to the sett le r,and they

a re so eas i ly protected that there can b e no excu se for thei rexterminat ion or seriou s d iminut ion . Any man or anywoman interest ed in natu ra l history could eas ily make aninva luable l ife study of these p retty and interest ing l it t l egazel les , becau se the i r tameness , the i r access ib i l ity, andthe natu re of the i r haunt s render i t poss ible to study a l lthe i r a ct ions cont inuously and minutely from day to daythroughout the seasons . Such a study

,i f seriou s and pro

longed,and by a competent and interest ed ob se rver

,wou ld

throw much l ight on many prob lems of an imal p sychology .

Most,although not al l

,of the p la ins game lead sub st an

t ially the same l ives , and as a ru le they are very s impl el ives ; but there a re queer breaks in and except ions to thesel ives

,and on some point s the speci es d iffered widely from

one another,while in others the d ifferences a re ind ividua l

rather than spec ific ; and we need to know both the genera lru les of the i r conduct and

,so far a s poss ible

,the exp lanat ions

for the seeming except ions .

The b la ck-snouted Thomson gaze l l e i s wel l cha racterized by it s name . B es ides th i s d ist ingu ishing cha racter

,

i t may b e recogn ized by it s darker colored or blackishfac ia l st rip es and by the more p ronounced b lack pygalst ripe . The horns are u sual ly d ist ingu ishab l e by the irwider sp read and by the ir S l ight ly greater length . Thed ifferences in these d imens ions average two inches more inspread at the t ip s and one inch more in length compared tothe typ ica l race .

The colorat ion on the dorsa l su rface i s a uniform c innamon from the base of the ta il to the nape . The lower s idesa re marked by a b road black flank band extend ing fromthe shoulde r to the h ind quarters

,bordered below by the

white under-parts and above by a wide strip e of vinaceous-buff d ist inct ly l ighter than the c innamon dorsa l


color . The hind quarters posteriorly are white,the white

area bordered by a p rominent b lack pygal st rip e in frontextend ing from the rump toward the hock . The ta il i sb lack and clothed un iformly with long ha ir . The legs onthe outer surface are vinaceous-buff, and white on the ins idewhere they are connected with the white under-parts . Thedorsa l surface of the snout i s rufous

,excep t the t ip

,which

i s marked by ' a large b lack patch . The S ides of the face aremarked by a broad white st rip e from the horn base andeye region to the muzzle, which is bordered above by thedark dorsa l surface of the snout and below by a b lack bandfrom the anteorb ita l pore to the muzzle . The upper l ip s

,

ch in,and throat a re whit e . The crown

,back of the ears

,

and the s ides of the head a re vinaceou s-b .uff The ins ideand the t ip s of the ears a re white . The female showsonly sl ight d ifferences in color from the ma le

,which are

confined solely to the head,the crown being rufou s or

b rownish and the nape c innamon in conformity with theback . The young do not Show the fulvous coloring ofthei r parents

,but are qu ite dark In color . They are drab

,

l in ed l ightly by black,and have the da rk s ide st rip e mucli

l es s consp 1cuous than the adults . They show the darksnout patch and have the whole crown and ears b rownishor du sky as wel l a s having the pygal band and white areato the hind quarters ind icated .

The average measu rements of adult male spec imens inthe flesh are : 47 inches in l ength of head and body ; ta il ,9A inches ; hind foot , 1 3A inches ; ear, 4A inches . Themale 1S somewhat l ess in S ize , being usual ly 1 inch les s Inlength of hind foot . The average horn length In thi s racei s 1 3 inches, but spec imens 1 5 inches i n l ength are by nomeans rare . The record length given by Ward is 1 6Ainches . The horns are real ly very uniform In length . Theextremes in a ser i es of s ixty heads from B rit i sh East Africain the N at ional Museum are : longest , 1 5A inches ;shortest ,1 1 3 4 inches . The width , however, varies greatly, theext remes in the same series be ing from 3 to 8V inches .The horns of the females vary greatly In s ize and d irect ion .

Usual ly they are quite deformed and contorted and areseldom symmetrical . The extremes in length of a series ofS ixteen are : l ength , 2A

_to 5A inches ; sp read , A to 3A



inches . A large series of Spec imens of this race have beenexamined in the N at ional Museum

,from the Kap it i and

Athi Pla ins,the R ift Valley In the vic in ity of Lake N a ivasha

,

the La ikip ia Pla ins north of Mount Kenia,and the Lo i ta

Pla ins and Southern Guaso N yiro R iver d ist rict .

UGAN DA RED FRON TED GA ZELLEGazella rufifrom albonota

N ATIVE N AME : Dinka , al kamra .

Gazella rufifrom albonota Rothschild, 1 903 , N ov . Zool ., v ol. V, p . 480.

RA N G E — From the northern fron t ier of Uganda,in the

vic in ity of Gondokoro,northward through the ea stern d ra in

age area of the N i l e a s fa r a s the Sobat R iver,and eastward

to the crest of the N i l e watershed .

The Uganda race of the red-fronted gazel l e was described by Walter Rothschild in 1 903 from specimens collect ed near the Soudan stat ion of Mongolla . I n charactersi t d iffers from the northern Soudan race , 5 alm i

,by more

contrasted head markings,the nose and lower half of the

centra l face st rip e being black mixed with rufous instead ofbuff

,and the horns are wider-spread and more recurved

backward with the points tu rned inward more . The genera lcolorat ion resemble s that of Gazella thom5 on 1

'

,but it d iffers

by having the dark flank band bordered below by a buffyband which separates it from the white of the under-parts .The body size and length of horns are s imilar to G . 111 0111 5 011 1 .

Horns of males average 1 2 inches in length along the curvewith a spread at the t ip s of 6 inches .The recorded spec imens pract ical ly al l come from the

V ic in ity of MongO l la . Thomas,however

,records a spec

imen of G . thomsom' col lected by Donaldson Smith at a

point n inety miles east of Mongolla , at the crest of theN i l e-Lake Rudolf watershed , which may well be the Rothschild race of rufifrom . The Thomson gazel le i s not knownto occur in the Rudolf bas in a t al l

,i t s northern l imit s

not extending beyond Lake Baringo and the Lorog i Mounta ins . The Spec imen recorded by Thomas 1s

,moreover, well

within the range of Gazella rufifrons albonota .

T H E GAZELLES AN D THEIR ALLIES 609

T H E G ER EN UKLi thocran i u:

Li thocram'

u: Kohl, 1 886, Ann . Mus . Wien, I, p . 79; type L. walleri .

The gerenuk is a striking pecu l ia rity among East Africanantelopes In almost al l i t s characteris t i cs whether of bodyform or of hab it . I n Somal iland it i s a ssoc iated with anunderstudy

,the d ibatag, but in B rit ish East Africa , into

which count ry it has but recent ly wandered,i t stands

a lone . The grotesque figure of the gerenuk needs no descript ion . I t can be recognized as far a s it i s vis ib le by it sext reme slenderness

,gauntness

,and sp idery aspect . The

body is very narrow and mounted on extremely long,S len

der legs . The great length and slenderness of the neck,

however,i s one of it s ch ief pecul iarit ies . This st ructu re

i s almost equal to the body in length and merges quiteimpercept ibly into the narrow head . The snout i s longand produced at the t ip into a short

,prehens il e l ip or pro

b osc is . The ears a re la rge and somewhat more expandedthan in the typ ica l gazel les . The ta il i s th in-ha ired and ofmed ium length . The knees are fu rn ished with well-markedb rushes . The male i s armed with horns of a pecul ia r lyrate shape which are hooked forward Sharply at the t ip sand ringed throughout most of thei r l ength

,but the female

i s hornless . Four mammae a re present in the female . Thedorsal color i s a uniform c innamon-red without the darks ide st rip e or head st ripes of gazel les . The skull i s pecul ia ramong gazel les in it s great flatness and length

,the posterior

part be ing produced backward into a knobbed crest on theocc iput . The bones of the snout or premaxil la rie s are veryS l ender and bent downward at the ir t ips

,as in the d ikd ik

,

and are of the characteri st i c shape found among spec ie spossess ing a probosc is . The males a re d ist inct ly larger thanthe females

,but are not d ist ingu ishable in colorat ion except

by the absence of a dark crown patch . The young resemblethe adult female 1n colorat ion . A s ingle spec i es i s knownwhich ranges from Somal i land and southern Abyss in ia southto Kil imanj aro and German East Africa . The pecu l ia rst ructu re of the animal and it s adaptab il ity to a desert


hab itat would suggest it s origin in the Somal iland regionand It s ext en s1on later southward into Brit ish and GermanEast Africa .

G EREN UKLi thocran im walleri

N ATIVE N AME S : Somal i, gerenuk; Rendile, tange.

Gazella walleri Brooke, 1 878, Proc . Zoo ] . Soc . , p . 929, pl . LVI .

RA N G E — From Somal iland and southern Abyss inia southward throughout the coast and Lake Rudolf dra inage areato the Kil imanj aro d ist rict and the R ift Valley of GermanEast Africa a s far south as the mouth of the Pangani R iver .The gerenuk was first described by S ir Victor Brooke

from spec1mens received from Walle r,supposedly from the

Kil imanj aro region . S clater and Thomas,however

,in the

“Book of Antelopes,refer the origin of these spec imens to

the coast d ist rict near the mouth of the Juba R iver,on infor

mat ion rece ived from S ir John Kirk,from whom Waller i s

a l leged to have obta ined the spec imens sent to B rooke .

The spec ies i s of ra re or local occu rrence in the Kil imanjaroregion and has been obta ined by very few sport smen inthat d ist rict . N orth of the Tana River, however, andthroughout Somal iland it i s un iversal ly dist ributed and iswel l known to every t ravel ler who has vis ited these regions .I t is doubtles s from this latter region that the spec imensdescribed by B rooke were obta ined . Herr Oscar N eumann,in 1 899 , described the gerenuk of Somal iland as a new race,giving as characters larger body size

,paler color, l ighter

colored knee-brushes,and les s extent to the white area on

the back of the hind quarters . Specimens from the N orthern Guaso N yiro dist rict in the N at ional Museum are ful lyas large a s the d imens ion s of Somal iland spec imens andresemble them closely in color and extent of the white onthe h ind quarters . The color of the knee-b rushes in thesespec imens varies from l ight brown to seal-brown or black .

We doubt very much if the Somal i gerenuk can be d ist ingu ish ed from spec imens from B rit i sh East Africa .

This queer,long- l egged

,long-necked antelope

,cal l ed by

the Swahil i s l itt l e camel,was common in the dry, thorn


T H E GAZELLES AN D THEI R ALLIES 6 1 1

scrub-covered count ry along the N orthern Guaso N yiro . I twas a s wild and wary as the gazel le of the neighborhood wastame . I t was a lways found s ingly or in smal l part ies

,some

t imes near the river,more often in the driest regions ; and

the gerenuk,which l ived away from the neighborhood of

water,certa inly d id not drink at al l . They browsed on the

twigs and withered leaves of the bushes and low thorn-t rees .The stomach contents of two or three spec imens includedleaves of the tooth-b rush bush

, S alvadora pers i ca wait-a-b i tacacia leaves

,A . mell ifera and berries of nightshade

, S ola

num campylacan thum . All thei r att itudes are characteri st icand unl ike those of other antelopes . They frequent ly riseon the i r h ind legs to snatch some bunch of leaves which i sbeyond the reach of the i r long necks

,and when a larmed

they sneak off at a t rot through the bushes with the headand neck stret ched st raight in front of them . They werequ ite ind ifferent to heat , and we saw them feeding at noona s often as in the morn ing or even ing . They were somet imes found in the barren

,open pla ins

,cross ing from one

patch of scrub to another,and if su rp rised in such a place

they wou ld b reak into a ga l lop . More often they werefound in the rather thinly bushed t ract s— the bushes atthe t ime of our vis it be ing we l l-nigh leafless— and then theyp referred to skulk and hide .

The dorsa l color of the body i s uniform cinnamonrufous and covers the back l ike a short blanket , be ingsharp ly defined along the middle of the s ides by a band ofl ighter color

,or buff-p ink . The buff-p ink extends over the

middle and lower s ides,and is defined in its turn sharply

against the white under-parts . Upon the s ides of the neck,however

,there i s no sharp contrast b etween the color of

the nape and that of the throat . The l imbs are uniform


buff-pink l ike the S ides of the body with the except ion ofthe knee-brushes on the forelegs

,which are usual ly blackish

centra l ly and very consp icuous . The color of the body iscont inued on to the ta i l a s a narrow crest of C innamon ha irto the black tufted t ip . The under-surface of the ta i l i squ ite ha irless . The crown is b right rufous from the hornbases to the t ip of the snout

,the red color merging

gradual ly on the s ides to the buff-p ink . Above the eyei s a consp icuous white st ripe from the horn base towell in front of the eye . The region below the eye i s al sowhit i sh

,as wel l a s the l ip s

,chin , and a median stripe extend

ing down the cent re of the throat a short d istance . Theback of the ears is l ike the s ides , buff-p ink, and the ins idei s marked by a few diagonal rows of long white ha irs . Thefemale d iffers in colorat ion from the male by having a darkbrown or blackish patch on the crown and by dark t ip sand backs to the ears . The young have the dark crownpatch of the female and are qu ite l ike thei r female parent incolorat ion .

The d imens ions of an adult male in the flesh were : headand body

, 50 inches ; ta il , I I inches ; hind foot , 1 7 inches ;ear

, 5% inches . The largest male Skull in a series of e ighti s 9% i nches in greatest length . An adult female skul lmeasures 8A inches . Horns measuring 1 4 inches in lengthare not rare in B rit i sh East Africa . The record i s notgreatly in excess of this average

,being only 1 6 inches .

The Somal iland record only exceeds th is by one inch . Aseries of n ineteen spec imens from the N orthern GuasoN yiro are in the N at ional Museum , col lected by the Roosevelt and Rainey exped it ions . These represent local it ie salong the middle course of the river and northward in thedesert nea r Mount Marsab it . Donald son Smith has shotspec imens much farther north at the north end of LakeRudolf and others east of the lake on the headwaters ofthe Juba River . The southern l imit s of the range aremarked by spec imens shot in German East Africa by S ch ill ings on the Pangan i R iver south of Kil imanj aro . Huntermet with the gerenuk near Lake J ipe

,southeast of Kil

imanjaro and also on the Tana River . Jackson recordsi

fias abundant on the coast at Mereren i , north of the SabakiIver .



T H E IMPA LLAE pycerw

E pycerw Sundev all, 1 847, K. Ve t . Akad . H andl . , 1 845 , p . 27 1 ; typeA . melampw .

The impalla i s one of the aberrant members of the subfamily A n ti lop i nw,

of which the gazel le s a re typ ical . I tresembles the gazel les more closely in skull st ructure thanany other group

,and in conformity with them the snout

shows a large naria l chamber and broad,short nasal bones

,

but differs by having a large oval s inus on the s ides of thesnout between the p remaxil la ry and maxil la ry bones . I nthe absence of anteorb ital fossaa i t d iffers dec idedly fromAfrican gazel l es , but in th i s respect resembles such Asiat icmembers a s the chiru

,Pan tholops , of Tibet and the Mon

gol ian gazel les of the genus Procapra . The absence offalse hoofs d ist ingu ishes the impalla from al l other largeantelopes . Other cha racters which serve to separate itfrom the African gazel les a re t he absence of the anteorb ita lgland and pore on the face

,the absence of horns in the

female,the lack of stripes on the face or body

,the bushy

ta i l and the presence of four mammw in the female . Theonly gazel le marking in the coat is the black pygal st ripeon the hind quarters . A color character

,confined to this

antelope a lone,concerns the feet . The hind legs are marked

on the cannon-bones by two oval black patches in which theha ir i s much longer and coarser and overl ies a glandula ra rea of the skin s imilar to the metatarsa l glands of thewhite ta il deer . The pos it ion of the fet locks is marked bytwo smaller black patches . The sexes a re al ike in color

,

but the female i s somewhat smaller than the buck in size .

The newly born young d iffer in no way consp icuously fromthe colorat ion of their parents .The genus conta ins a S ingle spec 1es which is confined to

the Eth iop ian region , where it ranges from the OrangeR iver

,in South Africa

,northward on the East Coast as far

a s B rit ish East Africa and southern Uganda . I n the southern part of it s range it sp reads westward to Angola , but isnot found north of that d ist rict in the Congo forest a rea orthe N igerian region .

T H E GAZELLES AN D THEIR ALLIES 6 1 5

EQ UATOR IA L IMPA LLAE pycerw malampu: 5 uara

N ATIVE N AME S : Kinyamw esi , J uara Swah ili, fwala Kikamba , ndaala i .S trep5 1

'

cero5 5 11 ara Ma t schie, 1 892, S itz.-Ber. G es . N at . Freu . , Berl . , p. 1 3 5 .

RA N G E — Occurring throughout German East Africaand extend ing north in B rit ish East Africa a s far a s theTana R iver dra inage and the northern slopes of MountKenia

,thence westward to the T urkw ell River . I n Uganda

it extends a s far north as Ankole .

The present name of 5 11ara, by which the equatoria l

impal la 1s now known In zoology,was appl ied by Mat sch ie

orig inal ly to an a ssoc iat ion of materia l cons ist ing of the skul land horns of a l esser koodoo, the Skin of a female impal la ,and the pa int ing of an impal la by Doctor R ichard BOhm .

Some years afterward,upon d iscovering h is mistake

,Mat sch ie

appl ied the name 5 1 1ara to the impal la in his monographon the mammals of German East Africa

,publ i shed In 1 894,

thu s el iminat ing the koodoo element of the original descript ion . The impalla was fi rst recorded In 1 863 from East Africaby Speke and Grant

,who m e t with it in German East Africa .

S ince thei r t ime it ha s been reported by pract ical ly everytravel le r in the region . Von H euglin reported the impallafrom the Whit e N i l e, but it i s now known not to occu r inthe N i l e Val ley proper . This error may have been dueto a confu s ion of the impal la with the kob

,which it resem

bles closely in color and s ize,and from which it i s not d is

t ingu ishab le in l ife except on close inspect ion .

The equatoria l impal la i s d ist ingu ishable with somed iffi cu lty from the typ ica l form of South Africa . I t d ifferschiefly by it s l ighter or brighter tawny colorat ion and bylarger horns . From the Angola race

, petemz

’

,i t i s d ist in

gu ishab le by the absence of a b lack face blaze and ocula rst ripes . I ndicat ions of these dark markings

,however, are

often found on spec imens from Brit i sh East Africa , whereonly the old males a re without some fa int t race of them .

The dorsal colorat ion i s b right c innamon-rufou s,and

extends well down on the S ides,where it i s sharply defined

aga inst the ochraceous-buff of the s ides,which covers a strip

about three inches wide extend ing the whole length of the


flanks and is wel l defined against the white of the underpart s and the ins ide of the hind legs . The hind uq art ers

and rump are ochraceous-buff and marked by a blac pygalst ripe extend ing from the base of the ta il one-third of theway to the hocks . The rump and the ta il a re marked by ablack dorsa l st ripe which extends almost to the tufted t ipof the la tter, which Is buff at the base and white terminal ly .

The legs are ochraceous-buff l ike the lower S ides . The h inyd

l egs are marked by two black oval patches on the cannonbones

,the b lack being cont inued down to another pa ir on the

fet locks . The pastern region above the hoof is whit ish . Theback of the hock 1s marked by a black spot . The fore l imbsa re l ike the hind 1n color, but lack the black patches , exceptthe pa ir at the fet locks . The head shows some decidedcontra st in color . The ears are consp icuous by their b roadblack t ip s and white inner s ide

,and the eye region is re

liev ed by a broad white strip e extend ing forward from theeye a short d istance . The l ip s

,chin

,and throat are also

white,the two latt er areas being separated by a bar of

ochraceous on the upper throat . The rest of the head i suniform cinnamon-rufou s , with the except ion of the crown ,which i s b lack between the horns in the male

,while in the

female the whole crown regi on is b lack . A majority ofspecimens Show sl ight ind icat ion of a b lack face blaze andblack d iagonal st ripe through the eye . These black marki ngs are most d ist inct on females and young . The latteroften show in add it ion black leg s t ripes .An adult male shot by Colonel Roosevelt on the Lo it a

Pla ins measu red in the flesh : 59 inches in length of headand body along the cu rve of the back ; ta il , 1 4 inches ; hindfoot

,1 7% inches ; ear, 6A inches . This specimen represents

the average s ize atta ined by the males . The females a resomewhat smaller

,j udging from the flesh d imens ions of a

ful ly adult female from the same d ist rict,which measu red :

l ength of head and body, 54 inches ; ta il , 1 2 inches ; hind

foot , 1 6V i nches ; ear, 6 inches . The skull of this specimen measu red 93A inches in length . Male skull s are cons iderab ly la rger than this one and average 1 0A inchesin length . The longest horned spec imen i n the series oftwenty-seven males In the N ational Museum 1s a spec imenmeasurI ng 29 inches In length on the curve . This spec imen


T H E GAZELLES AND THEIR ALLIES 61 7

was shot near the headwaters of t h e Amala R iver,c lose to

the German border,by Hel le r . The average horn length

in thi s large series i s 24 inches . The record horn length forB rit i sh East Africa,g iven by Ward

,i s 3 1 inches

,whil e

that for the typica l race of South Africa i s 27V inches .The difference In these lengths rep resent s fa i rly wel l theamount of d ifference In s ize of the two races . Spec imensmeasuring 27A inches are not at al l rare in B ri t i sh EastAfrica .

In Milla is’s del ightfu l B reath from the Ve ldt,a book

which il lust rate s wel l why photographs can never approachin value t rue p ictures of wild l ife by a competent natureart ist

,a Specia l study i s made of the sp ringbuck . This

South African gazel l e i s shown in a l l its ext raord inary leaping postu res . There are a lso p ictures of the impal la , butnot in it s characteri st i c att itudes . I t i s a p ity that M i l la i sd id not do for the impal la what he d id so wel l for the sp ringbuck and for that most eccent rI c of fou r-footed beast s

,the

white-ta iled gnu . Among al l the horned anima l s of midd leAfrica the impa l la i s the one which when a larmed takes themost ext raord ina ry leap s and bound s . When a herd i sfrightened in fa irly thick but low bush

,the anima l s go Off

almost l ike b i rd s,Springing in every d i rect ion

,c lear over

the bushes,or many feet into the a ir even when there a re

no bushes . Their carriage i s b eaut ifu l,thei r movement s

a re the perfect ion of grace and agil ity . Their annulatedhorns describe each a sp iral

,and the i r beaut iful ly colored

coat s,contrasted red and white

,have a sat in sheen . Thei r

coloring makes them very consp icuous,as it cont rast s

sharply with al l the i r u sual su rround ings . The buck, whenamorous

,d isp lays the colorat ion by strutt ing among the

does wi th ta i l erect and the ha ir of the rump and s ide s


ra ised ; the head usual ly up and back, but somet imesstretched in front ; and often he grunts .Impalla are gregarious . Each master buck—

or ram,as

the ma les of a l l the lesser antelope are cal l ed in Africahas a harem of twenty or thirty or forty does . Youngbucks and very old bucks may b e found sol ita ry or inpart ies of half a dozen ; a doe with a new-born fawn keep sby itself. Once we crept up to within ten yards of a docand fawn lying down among the bushes . The b ig bucksfight fiercely for the mastery of the does . Kermit kil ledone with the b roken horn of a rival imbedded in it s neck .

Evidently the two supple , vigorous beast s had boundedtogether with such force that the horn was b roken off short ;the p iece was about ten inches long

,of which the t ip to

the extent of three inches or so was imbedded in the muscl eso firmly that it was pulled out only with effort . Thewounded animal seemed in perfect health .

Impal la l ive in cover,somet imes thick

,somet imes thin

,

and never go more than a few miles from wate r . On theAthi we found them grazing on the open pla ins

,a mile or

two away from water,with gazel l es and hartebeests

,early

in the morning and late in the afternoon ; if d isturbed , thegazell es and the hartebeests ran in the open

,whereas the

impal la at once left them and headed for the cover whichbordered the river

,a thick growth of trees and bushes . I n

this cover they passed severa l hours during the heat of theday

,u sual ly lying down

,somet imes feed ing . On the N orth

ern Guaso N yiro and the Sot ik I never happened to see themmore than a couple of hundred yards from cover . Theyare chiefly grazers . They feed and rest alternately, day andnight

,for a few hours a t a st retch . Of course, where much



pursued by man they l ie h id in cover during the dayt ime .

We found one herd coming to Water early in the afternoonand another about sunset . They advanced in the fashionof most game, keep ing in the Open with no attempt to hide,cont inual ly ha lt ing and bound ing away on fa lse a larms .One herd took half an hour in t ravers ing the last threehundred yard s to the d rinking-p lace ; then they drank at ashal low place, evidently fearing crocod ile s nearly as muchas leopards . Impalla

,l ike waterbuck

,reedbuck

,and bush

buck, drink frequently— two or three t imes a day— beingwholly unab l e to stand th irst l ike the spec ies of the p la in sand the desert .Some of them on the Ath i were infected with t icks

,

which clustered at the bases of the horns . The leopardwas their chief enemy . They were very shy on the p la ins ,l ess so in the woods . We d id not find them tenac ious ofl ife

,as most African game is sa id to be ; twice ind ividua l s

succumbed to wound s which would hard ly have p reventeda blackta il or a whiteta il deer from making off.

Impalla are abundant about the slopes of Kil imanj aro,

and are occas ional ly found in the adj acent desert t ract sof Taita and the Taru

,but are ab sent from the moist

coast belt . Westward they are not uncommon along theGerman border as far west a s the Victoria N yanza , buttheir real cent re of abundance i s the R ift Valley . BothCount Teleki and Jackson have found them as far north asthe T urkw ell River, i n which region they reach thei r ext remenorthern l imit . The Ankol e d ist rict in southern Ugandarepresent s the northwestern l imit of the range of theimpalla

,which is not known to occur farther north in the

N i l e Vall ey proper . Bohm,who furn ished Mat sch ie with

the materia l for the descript ion of the e uat orial race ofthe impal la

,obta ined his spec imen near qrabora , d irect ly

south of the Victoria N yanza and east of the northern shores

T H E GAZELLES AN D THEIR ALLIES 621

of Lake Tanganyika . Specimens from the N orthern GuasoN yiro region have recent ly been described by a Swed ishnatu ral i st

,I na r Lonnberg, as a new race , based upon their

apparently l ighter color and longer nasa l bones . The impallafrom this regi on in the N at iona l Museum

,however

,show

no differences in color or other characters by which theymay be d ist ingu ished from specimens from the highlandregion .

CHAPTER XIX

T H E DIKDIKS

SUBFAM ILY Rhynckotragi nw

T H E d ikd iks are antelopes of ve ry sma l l s ize,having the

snout produced into a short p robosc is and the anteorb italgland of large s ize and open ing by a c ircula r orifice on theface . The ta i l i s rud imentary

,and les s than two inches

long . The male alone i s horned . The horns are short,

ringed,and proj ect backward in a l ine with the profi l e of

the snout . The female has four mammaz. The hoofs areslender and the fa lse hoofs are minute . The colorat ion ofthe sexes i s al ike

,but the tuft of long ha ir on the forehead

i s dec idedly coarser and denser in the male . The color pattern of the young at b i rth is ident ica l to that of the adults .The female i s d ist inctly la rger than the male . The skul lhas the anterior naria l opening greatly enlarged to accommodat e the p robosc is, which i s b rought about part ial ly bythe nasal bones be ing much reduced

,thei r length b e ing not

greater than the ir width . The premaxil la: are very s lenderin the typ ical genus

,and reduced so that they do not ext end

more than half-way to the nasal bones . The anteorb ita lfossa: are much enlarged to accommodate the large anteorb ita l glands . Young skul l s in which the fi rst molars a rej ust erupt ing show well-developed upper canine teeth

,but

these are ab sorbed aga in by the t ime the second molars a reerupted . S imilar canine teeth are found in Gazelle: at the

622



We came across two spec ies and severa l races of d ikd iks . I n these t iny an imals the sexes are of almost equa ls ize

,the fema le being

,i f anything

,sl ight ly larger . The

l itt l e c reatu res l ive in th ick cover,and run under the

b ranches l ike a c ivet or a mongoose . The voice i s a b i rdl ikewhist le or chirp . They are always found s ingly or inpa irs

,or in pa irs with one young one

,and are shy

,t imid

,

and alert . They b rowse,graze

,and eat roots ; one was

seen d igging grass tubers at I O A .M . in the b right sunl ightin the desert region of the N orthern Guaso N yiro . They goent irely without water ; at least we found them in thicket swhich apparently they never left and which were milesfrom any water . In the desert they never came to water ;i t i s poss ib l e that some of those in the h ighland s d rink atpool s . We thought we found s igns that this was so .

The t iny d ikd ik has one hab it which it shares with thehuge rhinoceros . I t t ends to depos it it s dung in one place ;at any rate

,we found dung heaps which had evident ly been

resorted to for many weeks by one or two of the l itt le creatu res . On account of it s hab it s and of the dense bush inwhich it dwell s

,it i s rarely seen . The stomach of a spec

imen kil led at the N orthern Guaso N yiro conta ined theleaves of two bushes

,S trychnos and S alvadora , the latter

the tooth-brush bush of the Somal is . Another spec imen collect ed at N a ivasha conta ined the leaves and parts of the hardyel low b errie s of a nightshade

,S olanum campylacan thum .

KEY T o T H E SPE C IE S OF Rhynclzozmgur

Probosc is large and expanded ; premaxil la: short , on ly reach ing halfw ay t o nasals; nasals very short , on ly reach ing as

far as fron t of last upper premolar; bel ly wh itew ithout fulvous margin on sides guentkeri

MA P 3 4— D I STR IBUTI ON OF T H E EA ST A FR I CA N RA C E OF LON GSN OUTED D IKDIK

1 Rkynckotragur guentheri rmi tki

625


Probosc is smal ler and narrow ; premaxil lae long , reach ing nasals; nasalbones longer, reach ing as far forw ard as fron t of

tooth row ; wh ite ofbel ly bordered by fulvous

LA RG E-SN OUTED DIKD IKRhynchotm gur guen tkeri smi thi

N ATIVE N AME : Rendile, ragari .Madoqua guen theri .rmi tlzi T homas, 1 900, Proc . Zool . Soc . , p . 804.

RA N G E — From the R ift Valley of southern Abyss in iasouth through the Lake Rudolf region to Lake Baringoand the N orthern Guaso N yiro R iver of B rit i sh East Africa ;west as far a s the N i l e watershed and east at least as fa r a sthe Lorian swamp .

The type spec imen of th is race was col lected by DoctorDonaldson Smith thirty miles southeast of Lake Stefanie

,

on the Abyss in ian border,during hi s jou rney in 1 898 9

from Lake Rudolf to the N i l e . Lonnberg , in 1 907 , described another race from Lake Baringo which he cal lednasogu tta ta owing to the probosc is showing white flecks .A series of spec imens from Lake Baringo have beenexamined in the B rit ish Museum and found to be ind ist ingu ishab le from sm i th i in s ize or colorat ion .

This race is at once d ist ingu ishable from al l other B riti sh East African d ikd iks by the enormous developmentof the probosc is

,which i s ful ly twice the s ize of that of

other races,and by the absence of a fulvous latera l band

to the under-parts,which are whol ly white . The skul l

d iffers dec idedly by it s smal l na sal bones,which a re much

broader than long,and by the shortness of the p remax il

la ry bones,which reach only half-way to the nasal s . The

naria l chamber i s of enormous extent,greatly exceed ing

i n l ength the interorb ita l b readth of the skull .The dorsal colorat ion i s buffy-gray vermiculated with

blackish,giving a pepper-and-sal t effect . The ta i l l s haired

above and is l ike the back in color,but below it i s naked .

The legs to the knees and hocks are s imila r to the back incolor

,but the lower part of the l imbs are ochraceou s-buff.

The under—parts a re pure white W ithout any ind icat ion ofa fulvous band along the s ides . The lower and middle



d ifiers decidedly by the longer premaxil la ry bones whichreach to the nasal s . The nasa l bones are longer

,and reach

forward as far as the fi rst upper p remolar ; thei r b readth 1sdec idedly less than their length . The length of the naria lchamber is much less and never exceeds the interorb ita lwidth of the skull as in the large-snouted spec ies .

KEY T O T H E RA CE S OF ki rki

Dorsal co lorat ion very l igh t buffy-drab w ithout tawny suffusionmi nor

Dorsa l colorat ion darker, show ing marked tawny suffusionS ides of body buffy, Show ing l it t le con trast w ith t he wh ite

under-partsS ize smal l , length ofh ind foot 6% inchesS ize large, length ofh ind foo t 7% inches

S id es ofbody brigh t tawny-ochraceous, in marked con t rast t o wh iteunder-parts

S ize smal l , sku l l leng th 4% inches;ear smal l, less than 3 inchesin length h indei

S ize large, sku l l length 4% t o 5 inches; ear large, more than3 inches in leng th cavend irh i

T YPICA L KIRK DIKD IKRhynchotragur ki rki ki rki

Neotmgur ki rki i Gun ther, 1 880, Proc . 2001. Soc . , p . 1 7;fig . head and sku l l .

RA N G E — Coast d ist rict of Jubaland south at least a sfar a s the Tana R iver . Occup ies the northeastern l imit sof the range of the spec ies .The typical race of Kirk d ikd ik was described by Doctor

Gunther from spec imens sent to the B rit i sh Museum byS ir John Kirk

,who obta ined them from Brava

,a port on

the coast of I tal ian Somal iland a short d istance nort h of theJuba River . Other spec imens have been col lected in thev i c i nity of Lamu near the mouth of the Tana R iver . ThisI s the smallest race

,the h ind foot having a length from the

T H E D IKD IKS 629

hock to the hoof of only 6A inches . The northern racem i nor of the desert interior regions i s s ca rcely of la rger s ize

,

but ki rki 1s much darker . I n color It resembles the highlandraces ki ndg i and cavendi sli i

,but is somewhat les s rufous

,

b e ing more vinaceous on the s ides .

N ORTH ERN KIRK DIKD IKRhynchotragur ki rki mi nor

Rhynchotmgur ki rki minor Lonnberg, 1 9 1 2, Ann . 59’ Mag. N at . H i 5 t . , v ol.

IX , p . 65 .

RA N G E — Watershed of the N orthern Guaso N yiro R ivernorthward to Mount Marsab it and eastward as far

,at least

,

a s the Lorian swamp , no doubt extend ing with in a fewmiles of the coast

,where it intergrades with the typ ica l

ki rki .

This l igh t colored desert race was described by Lonnberg from

gspec imens wh ich he col l ected near Chanler Fal l s

i n the lower N orthern Guaso N yiro R ive r . I t may be d ist ingu ished from the other races by it s l ighter color andsmalle r S Ize . The body color I s buffy—drab , and the legSand head a re buffy-ochraceous. The color of the lower s idesbordering the white under-part s i s buffy

,and shows very

l itt l e cont rast to the white . The measurements of adu lts Inthe flesh are : length of head and body, ma le , 23V inches

,

female,24% inches ; ta il , 1% inches ; hind foot , male , 7%

inches,female

,8 inches ; ea r, 2% inches . Greatest l eng th of

skul l : male, 4% inches , female, 4% i nches ; length of naria l

chamber,male

,1% inches , female , 1n i nches . The longest

horned male in a series of S ix adults has horns 2% inches ,measured in a st ra ight l ine

,with a spread at the t ip s of

inches .A large series have been examined in the N at iona l

Museum from the N orthern Guaso N yiro R iver and it sj unct ion with the Lakiundu and from watering-places onthe Marsab it Road at Meril le

,Longaya , and Koya . The

race i s confined to the lower desert level s to alt itudes belowtwo thousand five hundred feet and is unknown on thesummits of the deser t mounta ins .


N YIKA KIRK DIKD IKRhynchotragu: ki rki ny i ke

N ATIVE N AMES : Duruma, ki vi; T aita , rha .

Rhynchotragur ki rki ny ike H eller, 1 9 1 3 , Sm ith . Misc . Col l . , v ol. 61 , N o . 7,

P 3

RA N G E .

— From the eastern and northern slopes ofMount Kil imanj aro northward in the desert nyika to theTana R iver ; westward on the slopes of the inland p lateauto an elevat ion of two thousand five hundred feet .The type of this race came from N di near the ra ilway

stat ion of Voi . I n characters i t resembles lei r/ei most closely,

but the S ize i s decidedly greater,equal l ing that of nindai

from which it d iffers by l ighter colorat ion . The colorat ionof the dorsa l region is ochraceou s-tawny

,changing gradually

on the s ides to buff. The whole dorsa l region is v erm iculated by dusky annulat ions to the ha ir . The under-partsa re sharply defined against th i s vermiculated a rea by a wideband of l ight ochraceous-buff succeeded by the pure whiteof the median ventra l a rea . The legs are un iform ochra

ceous-tawny . The ta i l is buffy-gray vermiculated by dusky,

and the posterior border of the thighs is clothed by long whitehai r in sharp contra st to the buffy-gray rump and s ides .The head has the coronal c rest ochraceou s-tawny v erm icu

lated only in the centra l part by dusky,and the snout is

l ighter,being c innamon-buff. The orb ita l a rea i s white with

a blackish d iagonal streak extend ing through the eye to theanteorb ital gland . The s ides of the head are buffy fa in t lyvermiculated with dusky . The back of the cars i s buffy

,

and the inner s ide,the chin

,and the l ip s a re white . The

foreth roat i s pure ochraceous-buff, but the middle throa t i svermiculated heavily with dusky l ike nape .

The body size equal s that of h i ndei . The la rgest hornsin a series of three males a re : length, st ra ight , 3 inches ;spread at t ip s

,2% inches .

Spec imens have been examined from the Voi d ist rict ,Maj i ya Chumvi

,and from Tave ta on the southeastern

slopes of Mount Kil imanj aro .



larger than the coast and desert races,and only sl ightly

smaller than the N a ivasha d ikd ik . N o flesh measurement sare ava ilable . The longest horns in a series of three adult sa re : l ength

,2% inches ; spread , 1% inches . Skul l : greatest

length, 41

93 inches ; length of nasal chamber, 1% inches .

N A IVA SH A KIRK DIKD IKRhynchotm gur ki rki caoendirhi

N ATIVE N AME : Masai, engoman i .

Madoqua cavendirhi T homas, 1 898, Proc . Zool . Soc ., p . 278.

RA N G E — Distributed throughout the R ift Valley of B riti sh East Africa from Lake Baringo southward to the German border ;spreading westward in the southern part of it srange across the Lo it a Pla ins to the Amala R iver and thesoutheastern dra inage area of the Victoria N yanza .

The spec imen col lected by M r . H . S . H . Cavendish,

which has formed the basis for Thomas ’ s descript ion andname of the present race, i s of uncerta in local ity . Thetype was one of a number of spec imens bearing no local ity

,

which were col lected in B rit i sh East Africa by Cavend ishand presented to the B rit i sh Museum . The describer erroneou sly attributed the d ikd ik to Lake Rudolf, which was oneof the d ist rict s vis ited by Cavend ish . The type spec imen

,

however,agrees minutely with the la rge race found south of

Baringo,a d ist rict al so vis ited by the col lector and without

doubt the source of the type . The only race of ki rki whichmay poss ib ly reach the Rudolf bas in i s the smal l

,pale

colored race,m inor

,with which it could not poss ibly be con

founded . I n 1 909 Doctor J . A . Allen,of the American

Museum of N atural H istory of N ew York,described as

Madogua langi spec imens col lected by Herbert Lang nea rLake Elmen t a it a . These spec imens

,however, a re not d is

t ingu ishab le from cavend i sli i , which came without doubtfrom a neighboring local ity .

This race atta ins the maximum of s ize of the lei rlei groupand has al so d ist inctly larger ears than other races . I ncolor it resembles it s nearest geographica l a l ly, h i ndei , butis on an average somewhat less rufous , lacking the rufoussuffus ion of the throat , and in its genera l grayness

’ of color

MA P 535 — DI STR IBUTI ON OF T H E RA C E S OF T H E K IRK D IKDIK1 Rhynchotmgur kirki ki rki 2 Rhynchotragu: ki rki minor 3 R/zynchotragur kirki ny i ka,

’

4 Rhynchotragur kirki kindg i 5 Rhynchotragu; kirki cacand irli i

63 3


at ion approaching ny i /m. The flesh measurements of adultspec imens are : l ength of head and body, male , 25 inches ,female

,26 inches ; ta il , 1% inches ; hind foot , male , 7%

inches,female

,8 inches ; ear, 3% inches . Greatest length

of skull,male

, 4% inches , female, 5 inches ; l ength of narialchamber

,male

,1% inches , femal e, I f, inches . I n a series of

three males the longest horns are 3% inches with a spreadat the t ips of 2% inches . I n B rit i sh East Africa spec imens of this race have been secured at Lakes“ N a ivashaand Elmen t a it a

,the Loita Pla ins, and the headwaters of

the Amala R iver .



to the modern horses, only the remote ancestral forms ofwhich were three-toed l ike the rhinoceros . I n shape ofbody the rhinoceros i s not very unl ike the hippopotamus

,

the body be ing almost equal ly long,but the l egs are in

most of the forms dec idedly longer,so that the animal i s

capable of t ravel l ing at real ly astonish ing speed cons ideringit s immense s ize . The skin i s very thick

,dense in textu re

,

and usual ly quit e hairl ess . The skin of the two Africangenera resemb l e s in general appearance that of the el ephant

,

bu t it i s of a very d ifl eren t qual ity, being much denser andmore armor-l ike . The hair i s confined in the exist ingspec ies chiefly to the t ip s of the ears and the tail

,but the

recently ext inct wool ly rhinoceros,which l ived far north in

Europe and Asia , was clothed by a coat of long hai r to p roteet it from the cold . I n dental characters the variousgenera of rhinoceroses exh ib i t much d ivers ity

,but the cheek

teeth Show a pecul iar pattern of folds which are characterist ic of the family . The great bulk of the genera had welldeveloped incisor teeth in both j aws

,and some of the very

anc ient types had can ine teeth as well,but the l iving African

forms lack al l ind icat ion of e ither inc isor or canine teeth .

The cheek-teeth u sually cons ist of the ful l number foundi n mammals

,that is

,four premolars which have milk p red

ecessors and three molars . The premolars and molars arequ ite al ike in shape and s ize

,except the fi rst p remolar

which is u sual ly smal l and somet imes want ing . The cheekteeth

,as a rule

,are composed on ly of dent ine and enamel

and are broad-crowned , the crowns being thrown into twotransverse folds p roj ect ing inward with deep valleys separat ing them . Certa in forms

,however

,such as the white

rh inoceros of Africa and the wool ly rhinoceros of the borea l

HOOK— LIPPED OR BLACK RHINOCEROS 63 7

regions, have in add it ion to the den t ine and enamel a th icklayer of cement which enters to an important degree intothe compos it ion of the teeth . Such teeth rep resent theh ighest Spec ial izat ion in rh inoceroses

,and have long crowns

in which the folds are un ited so as to enclose the cementlayer as i sland s su rrounded by ename l . Rhinoceroses are

,

without doub t , long-l ived forms, but l itt le data , however,are ava ilable upon which to base an est imate of the lengthof l ife of an ind ividual in it s nat ive state . As they are notknown to b reed in capt ivity

,p ract ical ly nothing i s known

regard ing the length of the period of gestat ion . But oneyoung i s p roduced at a b i rth . I n body s ize the fema le i sbut l itt le inferior to the ma le . The mammae are two innumber .The ext inct forms of rhinoceroses are very numerous

,

many d ifferent genera be ing rep resented throughout N orthAmerica

,Eu ras ia

,and Africa

,but so numerous have been

the l ines of d ivergence that it i s qu ite imposs ib l e to t raceback through the maze of forms any of the modern genera .

The most anc ient genera were contemporaneous in theOl igocene in both Eu ras ia and N orth America

,but in the

latter country they d ied out early in the Pl iocene . InEuras ia the family pers i sted to the p resent t ime , and themodern Asiat ic forms were evolved there during the Pl ioceneand Ple i stocene . Africa

,no doub t

,al so p layed an important

part as a fie ld of rh inoceros evolut ion,but

,owing to the

almost comp lete ab sence of foss i l-bearing depos it s in thatcont inent

,th is i s ch iefly a matter of conj ectu re . The b lack

rhinoceros has been reported by S cott from the Pl iocene ofN atal , and two other foss i l spec ie s a re described by Pome lin the Ple istocene of Algeria . A more S ign ificant d iscovery,


however,i s that made by Oswald

,

* recent ly,of a tooth of

one of the ancient hornless rh inoceroses in Miocene beds atKarungu on the east shore of the Victoria N yanza . Thisd iscovery seems to indicate nearly as great ant iqu ity to therhinoceros in Africa as in e ither Euras ia or America . T he

l iving spec ies are confined to southern As ia,Sumatra

,Java

,

Borneo,and Africa south of the Sahara Desert . Until very

recently S iberia and northern Europe were the hab i tat ofthe woolly rhinoceros

,which was contemporaneous with

early man . The one-horned spec ies of India and Javaseem always to have been l imited to southern Asia and theadj acent isl ands

,in which region alone have foss i l remains

of al l ied one-horned spec ies been found . Two-horned rhinoceroses

,however

,are found qu ite as wide—sp read as

‘t he

geographical l imit s of the family . The African genera ,both of which lack teeth in the front part of the j aws

,are

not met with in a foss i l condit ion beyond the l imit s ofAfrica

,and they no doubt rep resent types pecul iar to the

Ethiop ian region .

KEY T o T H E LI V IN G G EN ERA I N AFR ICA

Skul l short , t he post erior part not produced beyond t he condy les;snoutproduced in to a po in ted lip ; nape ofneck norma l inout l ine; teeth w ithout t he cemen t layer and w ithdeep ridges on t he inner side separated by open v al

leys; t he first premo lar persisting , t he cheek-tee thbeing seven on each S ide; base of first horn roundedin fron t . Di ceros

S kul l great ly leng thened , t he post erior part produced far beyond t he

condyles; snout end ing square in fron t, t he mouthbeing broadly t runcate ; nape of neck m arked by a

prom inen t fleshy hump; teeth w i th a th ick cemen t

1 9 1 3 . journ . E . Afri ca and Uganda N at . H ist . S oc. , v ol. I I I , N O. 6, p . 4.



but such teeth pers ist as mere rud iment s beneath the gumsand never become funct ional . A more permanent featureof th is sort i s the pers i stence of the first p remolar throughout l ife . The genus to-day is rep resented by a s inglespec ies

,bi corn i s

,and is confined to Ethiop ian Africa

,but

in the Ple istocene it occu rred as far north as Algeria in theMediterranean region . Bes ides the Pl eistocene spec ies ofAlgeria another has been described from N orthern Rhodesiaby Chubb

,which i s smal ler but closely al l ied to the l iving

b i corn i s . S cott described some cheek-teeth of a rhinocerosfrom the Pl iocene of N atal , which he referred to a newspecies

,but they are qu ite ind ist ingu ishable in s ize or shape

from those of bi corn i s . I t i s evident from these d iscoveriesthat b i corn i s has long been an inhab itant of "Africa anddoubtl ess i s a form which originated on that cont inent .

The black or common African rhinoceros was fa irlyplentifu l in mos t parts of Eas t Africa which we vis i ted ;therewere s tre tches of terri tory, however, in which we foundnone

,as, for instance, on the Uas in Gishu . Why the spec ies

was absen t from these p laces we cannot say , for e lsewherewe came across them in al l kinds of country . They werefound in the dense

,rather cold fores ts ofMount Kenia ;they

were found in the fores t country nea r Kij abe ; they werecommon in the thick thorn scrub and dry bush j ungle inmany p laces ; and -in the Sotik and along the Guaso N yiroof the north

,as wel l a s here and there el sewhere

,they were

to be seen every day as we journeyed and hunted across thebare

,open pla ins . Plentifu l i s, of course, a re la tive term ;

there were thousand s of zeb ra s, hartebees ts, gazel le s, andother buck for every one or two rhinos ; i t i s doub tfulwhether we saw more than two or three hundred blackrhinos al l told

,and we do not remember see ing more than

half a dozen or so on any one day . Probably they weremos t abundant in the brush and fores t on the lower slopes

HOOK— LI PPED OR BLACK RHINOCEROS 641

of the northern base of Kenia,where

,however

,they were

hard to see . They p refer dry country,al though they need

to drink freely every twenty-four hours .Apparently the cow does not permi t her old calf to s tay

wi th her after the new calf i s born . We never saw a cow

with two calves of d ifferent ages (or, for the matter of tha t,of the same age) ; yet many times we saw a cow fol lowedby a ha lf-grown or more than half-grown beas t tha t mus thave been severa l years old . General ly we found the bul l ssol i tary and the cows e i ther sol i tary or fol lowed by thei rca lves . Occas ional ly we found a bul l and cow

,or a bul l

,

cow ,and ca lf

,together . There i s no regular b reed ing time ;

the ca lf may be produced a t any season . I t fol lows i tsmother with in a very few days

,or even hours

,of i ts b i rth

,

and is j ea lou s ly guarded by the mother . When very youngany one of the b igger beas ts of p rey wi l l pounce on i t

,and

ins tances have been known of a pa rty of l ion s kil l ing evena three parts grown animal . The adul t fears no bea s t ofthe land

,not even the l ion

,a l though i t wil l usua l ly move

ou t of the e lephant ’ s way . Yet the crocod i l e,or perhap s a

party of crocod i l es,may pu l l a rh ino under wa te r and d rown

i t . Mr. F le ischman,of Cincinna ti

,not mere ly wi tnessed

bu t photographed such an inciden t,in the Tana R iver

,

where the rhinoceros was se ized by the hind leg as i t s toodin the water

,cou ld not reach the bank

,and after a pro

longed s truggle was fina l ly pul led benea th the surface . Suchan occurrence mus t be whol ly excep tiona l ; for the rhinoceros shows no hes i ta tion in app roaching deep water, notmerely drinking but ba thing in i t .The animals a re fond of wal lowing in mud ho les , and

also a t t imes in dus ty places . Often the dung wil l b e


dropped anywhere,i f the rhino i s travel l ing much ; bu t

where a rhino,a s i s often the case

,i s spending i ts whole

t ime in one ra ther l imited local i ty, i t returns aga in andaga in to the same place to dung . I t kicks and sca tters thedung about with i ts h ind feet— not i ts horn . In one placewe found a cow rhino which had evidently been l iving formany weeks in the river-bottom of the Athi . There wasp lenty of food in the b rush j ungle which fi l led the spacesb etween the trees

,and which afforded thick cover ; there

was abundant water in pools near by ; and evidently therhino had kep t close to the immedia te neighborhood . Thedunging place was kicked and ploughed up

,and i t looked

a s if the beas t had rol led and wal lowed much,i n add i tion to

kicking a round the dung . This rhino spen t i ts t ime in theimmediate vic in i ty of i ts drinking-place

,and during most of

the day lay up in the dense Shade of the green river-bottomjungle

,apparently feed ing at night and in the early morn ing

and la te even ing . In other local i ties the animal s d iffered inthei r hab i ts . On the N orthern Guaso N yiro we found therhinos drinking once every twenty-four hours

,a t n ight

,and

then travel l ing back a t a good ga i t in a fa i rly d irec t coursefor e ight or ten miles into the wastes of leafles s thorn scrub

,

upon which they fed and in which they passed thei r noonday hours of res t . In the Sotik the rhinos spent thei r who letime in the bare

,open pla ins

,drinking a t one or another of

the widely sca ttered,rap idly drying l i ttle pools . They usu

al ly drank ar dusk ;tha t is, abou t n ightfall , and aga in abou tsunrise . Sometimes during the noon hours they lay ou t inthe open

,withou t a partic le of cover ; sometimes they lay

under an acacia,or wi ld ol ive

,or candelab ra euphorb ia .

They sometimes s tood while res ting,bu t u sual ly lay down ,



or may not have i t s su sp ic ions aroused when they fly away .

I f a party i s seen on the wing, by watching thei r fl ight unti lthey l ight i t may be poss ib l e to d iscover the rhino .

The hook-l ipped rhino i s dul l of wi t and eyes ight . I tssense of smel l i s good , and so i s i ts hearing ; bu t i ts vis ioni s a s toni shingly bad . We doub t if i t sees be tte r than a verynear-s ighted man . Aga in and again we have walked up toone

,on an ab solu tely bare and level pla in

,to wi th in a hun

d red yards withou t i ts paying the l eas t heed . We woredu ll-colored clothes, of cou rse , and made no ab rup t motions ;bu t i t was unnecessa ry to take advantage of cover unti l wewere wel l wi thin a hundred yards . I n thick b rush i t i soften d iffi cu l t to approach , for a l l bush-dwel lers a re harderto app roach than pla ins-dwel lers, a s they cannot b e seenunti l within a d is tance so short tha t both thei r hearing andthei r smel l have in a l l p robab i l i ty given them warn ing .

But in a l l p laces,bush, fores t, and open pla in , i t i s the ea sies t

to app roach of al l the crea tu res tha t dwel l in that part icula r hab i ta t

,b ecau se of the dulness of i ts b ra in-matter and

the poorness of i ts vis ion . I t i s the mos t s tup id of the veryb ig crea tu res . I t seems to have a marvel lous memory forloca l geography

,as i s Shown by the way i t wil l traverse

many miles of country to some remote water-hole in the middle of a vas t and monotonous p la in ;and i t has the patienceto s tand motionless for many minutes l i s ten ing for anythingsusp ic iou s . But these seem to be wel l-nigh i t s only l ines ofmenta l effort . I t s l ife i s passed in feed ing

,travel l ing to and

from water,sl eep ing

,and when awake and a t le i su re e i ther

fidget ing , or much more often s tand ing motionless to res t .There i s occas ional love-making and the exhib i tion of occaS ional fi ts of truculence and petu lance or of muddled cu ri

HOOK— LI PPED OR BLACK RHINOCEROS 645

osi ty . When one rhino comes with in ken of another themeeting a lways betrays bewi lderment and incip ien t defianceon the part of both . Apparently the fi rs t sugges tion tha tanother rh inoceros is in the neighborhood always a rouse ssu sp ic ion and potentia l resentmen t in the bosom of the rhinoceros to which the sugges tion comes . Usual ly the rhinowhich has hea rd

,smel t, o r d imly seen another trots toward

i t qu ickly and then s tands motionles s for some minu tesc lose to i t

,in the effort to de c ide whether to adop t an a tti

tude of ind ifference or hos ti l i ty— ind ifference a lmos t a lwayscarrying the day . They are s i l en t beas ts

,bu t very ra rely

u tte r a kind of squea l or squeak,apparently when court ing .

They u tte r a shril l and long,often a s team-whis tle scream

when dying ;and they make a success ion of puffs or snortswhile cha rging or even when only s ta rtled .

The recogn ized p resence of men rouses in the rhinocerossevera l emotions

,which in the order of the i r in tens i ty we

should put as b ewi lde rment,fea r

,dul l curios i ty

,and trucu

lence . I f the men are merely seen , u sual ly the on ly emotions a roused are bewildermen t and curios i ty ; i f smel t, fea ri s the usual resul t ;bu t in a certa in number of ca ses even thes igh t o r the smel l of men a rouses senseles s rage . Somerh inos a re a lways cross and evi l- tempered ;bu t many otherswhich a re normal ly good-natured now and then have fi ts ofberserke r fury . Anything consp icuous which a rouses the i rinteres t may a lso a rouse thei r hos ti l i ty . White has an evi la ttract ion for them . Our friends the McMi llans

,while

travel l ing through a rhino country,found tha t the two white

horses of thei r cavalcade were so frequently charged tha tthey fina l ly pa in ted them khaki-color . We have never seenthem charge other game

,and gaze lles and hartebees ts feed


in thei r immedia te neighborhood with ind ifference ;yet wehave been informed by trus tworthy eye-witnesses of onerhinoceros charging a herd of zebra

,and another some

buffalo . The rhinoceros gets ou t of the way of the elephant .I t wil l unquestionably on occas ions charge men and domestican imals enti rely unprovoked . Twice we have known of onecha rging an ox wagon ; in one case an ox was kil led ; in theother the rhino got entangled in the yokes and trek tow

,

and the driver,an Africander

,la shed

-

ir lu s ti ly with hisgrea t whip

,unti l i t b roke loose and ran off

,l eaving the ox

span tumbled in wild confus ion . The year before we werea t N yeri one kil l ed a whi te man

,a su rveyor

,near tha t s ta

t ion,charging him without any provocation a t al l . At tha t

time al l the rhinos in tha t immedia te neighborhood seemedto suffer from a fi t of bad temper ; they kep t charging anyone they met

,and kil led severa l na tives . At la s t the d is tric t

commiss ioner undertook a crusade agains t them,and kil led

fifteen,eviden tly includ ing the variou s vic ious ones

,for

from tha t time al l a ttacks on human be ings ceased . Rhinosfrequently attack the long l ines of porters on a safari

,i f

they pass to W indward of i t . Probably thi s i s not,as a rule

,

done from feroc i ty,bu t from angry bewilderment

,the rhino

finding the scent of man in his nostri l s whichever way hegoes

,and final ly th inking he i s surrounded

,and charging the

l ine . Usual ly he merely runs through the l ine,toss ing any

porter who happens to be in h is way ;bu t he may grow irrita t ed and turn and hunt down a porter . One man was thuski l l ed while we were in Africa . Von H ohn el, the companionof Teleki and Chanler on thei r explora tions

,was on one

occa sion thus hunted down and very badly wounded by acow rhino which had charged through the safari and had



S tewart Edward Whi te s ta tes tha t on one occas ion,near

the Tana River,he s truck a local i ty where rhinoceros after

rh inoceros charged qu ite unprovoked,and he had to shoot

half a dozen . We have known a rhino charge through acamp at n ight and cau se wild pan ic ; they not infrequentlycharge hunters or travel l ers after dark .

Personal ly,we cons ider the rhinoceros the leas t danger

ous of al l real ly dangerous game,al though many good hunt

ers hold the contra ry view . The fi rs t one any of us saw,a

bul l,charged savagely when mortal ly wounded a t a d is tance

of a l i ttle over thirty yards,and was kil led j us t th irteen

yards from the hunter . But we were never real ly chargedaga in . Colonel Roosevel t h i t and knocked over one animalwhich we had s talked

,as i t was gal lop ing toward us a t a

d is tance of seventy or e ighty yards,but we think tha t this

rhino was cu rious ra ther than enraged,and would not have

charged home . Kermit was charged by one which he hadmortal ly wounded

,bu t i t tu rned upon rece iving another

and much sl ighter wound . Two or three of our Americanfriend s who have hunted in Eas t Africa have had narrowescapes from rhinos which charged after be ing wounded , orwhen the effort was made to photograph them .

Unques tionably,compared to his mild and p lacid

square-mouthed kinsman,the hook-l ipped rhino i s a

fidge ty , res tless, i rri tab le, and a t t imes dangerous , creature . Yet h is occas ional truculence i s more than offse tby h is s tup id i ty and dul l eyesight, so far as the actual contest wi th the hunter i s concerned . A s far as we know butone white man has ever been kil led while hunting rhinos inEas t Africa (the Engl i sh offi c ia l a l ready mentioned was nothunting the beas t which ki l led h im) . This was a German ,



gerous to assa i l than the buffa lo, because i t often had to b ea ttacked whe re there were no trees .The rhinoceros

,unl ike the e lephant and buffalo

,does not

haunt the neighborhood of the negro vil lages,to make raids

on the fields and gardens . I t i s a beas t of the lonely was tes .Even in the dry desert i t i s a t home if there is an occas iona lpool of water ;and i t i s only at these desert d rinking-pools,when driven thi ther by thirs t

,that the sol i tude-loving beas ts

a re found in any number . A score or ov er'

may congregatea t night round such a pool

,to which each has trodden his

pa th through a dozen miles of barren wilderness ;and therethey may fight for the water . I f two or three rhinocerosesa cow and calf

,or a bul l and a cow

,perhaps wi th a ca lf— come

to such a pool together they do not loi ter in the neighborhood . But we have seen a S ingl e rhino rema in by such apool

,motionless for an hou r

,unti l another appeared

,when

the two beas ts approached each other,as if for company . I t

seemed as if they had each known tha t the other wouldcome there abou t that time

,and had reckoned on the meet

ing . We have seen the same thing wi th other game,where

one ind ividua l waited with eviden t expec tanCy, as if a t arendezvous

,unti l another of the same spec ies appea red .

But of course i t i s poss ible tha t in these cases the wa i tinganimal ’ s keen senses made i t aware tha t the other was somewhere in the neighborhood long before the on looker cou ldd iscern the fa in tes t h in t of i ts p resence .

KEY T O T H E RA C E S OF bi corn irS ize larger, t he skul l exceed ing 2 1 inches in leng th ; concavity ofupper

profi le deep , more t han 2 inches bi corn ir

S ize sma l ler, t he sku l l 20 inches or less in leng th ; concavity ofupperprofi le 2 inches or less in depth romali enr ir

HOOK— LI PPED OR BLACK RHIN OCEROS 65 1

T YPICA L BLA CK RH IN OCEROSDi cero: bi corn ir bi corn i:

N ATIVE N AME S : Swahili, far-u ; Masai, emune; Kikuyu, huri a ; Kikamba,mbuzya .

Rhinoceror bicorn i i~ Linnae us, 1 758, Systema N aturx , 1 0 cd . , p . 56.

RA N G E .

— I n East Africa from German East Africanorthward to the south bank of the Tana R iver

,westward

through northern Uganda as far as the east bank of theN i l e

,and north as far as Mongolla and the north end of

Lake Rudolf,west of the Victoria N yanza the northern

d ist ribut ion i s l imited by the Kagera R iver; absent fromUganda p roper

,the Kavirondo country

,and the moist

,

t rop ica l coast bel t from the S abaki R ive r southward .

The b l ack rhinoceros has an extens ive range in Africafrom the Cape region northward to Upper Egypt and fromthe East Coast westward to N igeria . I t i s lacking throughout the whole Congo bas in and a lso local ly throughoutmuch of the range as here defined . Large rivers have apecu l iar effect in l imit ing it s d ispersal local ly . In the upperN i l e region it i s found only on the east bank and in northernGerman East Africa it i s found no farthe r north than thesouth bank of the Kagera R iver . Moist or damp t rop ica ld ist rict s seem to be d istastefu l to it

,and on thi s account

it i s lacking from the Congo bas in,central and western

Uganda,and the moist st rip of lowland flanking the East

Coast from Mombasa southward . Dense upland foresti s al so avoided by them

,although they may be found at

t imes in the lower part s of such forest s or in thick bushbordering them .

The black rhinoceros i s st i l l found In Upper Egypt Inthe p rov i nces of Kassala and Senaa t and also In the LakeChad reg i on . From the Cape region of South Africa itseems to have been fi rst made known to European c iv

i lizat ion i n 1 650 . At the p resent t ime i t i s qu it e ext inctin the Cape Colony and the region j ust north of i t

,and Is

not found i n a wild state except in remote d ist ri ct s nearthe Zambes i R iver . Formerly,In thi s region , the rh inoce

roses were separated into two races,on the bas i s of horn

shape,the norma l one in which the front horn greatly ex


c ecd ed the rear one be ing cons idered the common speciesa nd those having the two horn s of nearly equa l s ize b e ingt he ke i t loa race . T hese d i st inct ion s

,howeve r, have long

s ince been abandoned ,and to-day a s ing le form is recog

n ized th roughout t he greate r par t ofA frica and anothe rsmal le r o ne in the desert region of East A frica and Soma

Ii la .nd The horns eve rywhe re show g reat d ive rs i ty ofshape and no d ependence for ra ( iaI characte rs can b e

ass igned to them . “us i s owing ,i n a measure

,to the i r

be ing skin st ruc t u I e s solely without any definite connect ionwith the bony st ructu re o l the skul l . l bey thus have greatI I eedom of form and pos it ion and show dec ided variat ionin number a t t imes . I II ree horned spec imens a I e occas ional ly met with

,and a five-horned one has recently been t e

corded . This one i s described by Rowland Ward in h isWe l l—known Record s of B ig ( lame

,who quotes the o rig ina l

d i scoverer to the effect that be s ides t h e two front horn s t hethree rear horns which fol low are good-s ized , the shortestbe ing n ine inche s long , but they are no t a ll in l ine ; somespring lateral ly from the bases of t he others .S peke and G rant m e t with great numbers of black

rhinoceroses in Karagwe , j ust west of the Victoria N yanza1 nd south of t he Uganda boundary in what i s now G e rmante rritory . Besides the black spec ies they fanc ied that thewhi te a l so inhab ited this d i s t rict , and they referred certa inlong—horned spec imens of the black to tha t speci es . In

t he ir a t co un t of the game an imals m e t with they stateaccu rate ly the we l l known d i IIe r ten I e in the shape o l thel ips 1 11 the two rh in t z

°

11 e 1 o sc s,but give a figure of a typica l

po inte —d Iipped rhinoceros h e i 1d as that ofa wh i te spec imen .

l I1e same 1 egion w 1s v i s ited by S tanley some yea rs late r,and h e also gives an account of t he g I ceat numb e I s o I rh i

no ce ro ses met with and t he k i l l ing o I several for food . H e

refe rs t o some of the spec imens as white ,h is statement t e

fe rring me rely to the i r color he be ing appa rently quiteunawa re o f t he exi stence of the spec ie s to which sportsmen

have ap p l ied t he name“wh i te .

” S ince these ea I ly daysseve ra l s portsmen wel l acqua inted w ith the d i st ingu ish ingcharacte rs o f t he two spec ie s have v i s ited Ka ragwe and

have found only t he black s I cc ies in the d i st ric .tl I1e black rhinoce ros of li as t A Iriea i s occas ional ly t e



covering of the ears i s much shorter than that of the tail,

being IV inches in length and confined to the terminalthird on the ext reme edge of the ear-conch . The eyebrowsare armed by a few st iff black hai rs

,but they are qu ite in

consp icuous in such a colossal an imal . This scanty haircovering 1 8 black except occas ional ly at the t ip s where itfades to b rownish . The Skin i s qu it e smooth

,the only

definite fold s being a t ransverse one on the foreleg abovethe knee and another across the nape immed ia tely behindthe ears . This latter fold , however, d isappears when thehead i s lowered in feed ing . Bes ides these large folds

,the

s ides of the body are streaked by narrow,rib-l ike folds

,a

pecul iarity not found on other rh inoceroses . These folds,

however,are qu ite independent of the ribs

,although they

show a s imila r arrangement and d irect ion . The calvesare marked by these pecu l iar rib-l ike folds quite as d ist inct ly as the adult s .The black rhinoceros i s very l ittl e inferior in s ize to

e ither the white or the s ingle-horned Indian spec ies,but i s

somewhat d ifferent in body shape from both . From thewhite it may be d ist ingu ished

,aside from the shorter head

,

by it s S l ightly longer body and the absence of the fleshyhump on the nape . The great I ndian rhinoceros i s atonce d ist ingu ishable from it by it s folded skin

,wh ich has

the appearance of plates of armor,and by it s Shorter legs .

The largest spec imen in bulk of body in the N at ionalMuseum 1 3 an old male from the Lo i t a Plains

,Brit i sh East

Africa,shot by Colonel Roosevel t . This one measu red

,in

the flesh : 1 2yfeet 3 inches in length of head and body,measured along the contour of the back; tail , 30 inches ;hind foot

,from the hock to the t ip of the middle hoof

,1 7%

inches; ear l ength from notch , 9% inches ; stand ing heightat the withers

, 4 feet 9 inches . The greatest length of theskul l of this spec imen is 23% inches, measured from the t ipof the nasal bos s to the end of the occ ip ital crests . Thelargest female is al so a spec imen from the Lo i t a Pla ins shotby Colonel Roosevelt . She i s but l itt l e less in s ize than themale and exceeded him In the height d imens ion ; but thi ssuperiority in height i s doubtl ess due to some error intaking the measu rement rather than to an actual d ifference

,as the skul l and length of the spec imen are both les s

B LA CK RH INOCE ROS,FEMA LE

, S EVE N YEA RS OLD

F rom Mwanza , G e rman E ast AfrI c a

I n t he N ew York Zoo log ica l Park

N I LE WH ITE RH INOCE ROS,FEMA LE A N D YOUNG

R h ino Camp nea r Wade la iF rom a p ho tog raph by Ke rm i t Roose ve l t

L I V IN G SPE C IMEN S OF A FR ICA N RH IN OCEROS ES



the N at ional Museum some thirty specimens of skins andskull s from the Lo i t a

,Kap it i

,and Ath i Plains

,the northern

slopes of Mount Ken ia and Taveta on the southwest flankof Kil imanj aro in B rit i sh East Africa; from Gondokoro,Uganda; and Mashonaland , Southern Rhodes ia . Otherspec imens examined at the B rit i sh Museum have come fromnorthern Abyss inia

,B rit ish East Africa

,and Mashonaland .

SOMA L I BLA CK RH IN OCEROSDi eeror b i corn ir romalienr ir

N ATIVE N AMES : Somali, w iy i l; G alla, wartrer .

Di eeror bicorn i: romali enrir Potocki, 1 900, Sport in Somaliland, p . 82.

RA N G E — From the desert nyika zone of the northernGuaso N yiro R iver and the north bank of the Tana R ivernorthward throughout the Lake Rudolf region to the RiftValley of southern Abyss in ia; east as far as western Somal iland and west as far as the east shore of Lake Rudolf.Count Potocki has unwitt ingly become the authority

for the name of the smal l race of the black rhinoceros inhab it ing western Somal iland and the desert south of it .I n hi s account of his hunt ing experiences in Somal iland

,as

narrated in “Sport in Somal iland,

” he ment ions the rh inoceros of Somal i l and

,giving its sc ient ific name as Rh i noceros

b i corn i s somal i ens i r,and states that it does not d iffer from

the rhinoceros of cent ral Africa,but that spec imens fi rst

obtained by Capta in Swayne some years p reviously inSomal i land are sa id to d iffer

,and he therefore apparentlyappl ie s the name soma l i ens i s under the assumpt i on that

th is i s the name by which it i s al ready known . CountTeleki was the first sportsman to cal l attent ion to this race

,

which he pointed out in Von H ohn el’

s narrat ive of h is d iscov ery of Lake Rudolf. He refers to it as a smal ler racethan that inhab it ing the highland country of East Africa,and records meeting with it fi rs t a short way south of LakeRudolf and thence northward along the east shore ofthe l ake to it s extreme northern end . I n d ist ribut ion itcoinc ides in a general way with that of the ret icu latedgiraffe

,Grevy zebra

,and desert wart—hog . Lydekker has

recently given a Short account of thi s race in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1 9 1 1 .

MA P 53 6— D I STR IBUT I ON OF T H E RA CE S OF T H E BLA CK RH IN OCEROS‘

l Diceror bieorn i; bi corni: 2 Di ceror bi eorn ir romalienri:


The Somal i race of the black rhinoceros d iffers chieflyby being small er than the typ ical form of B rit ish EastAfrica and the region south of It . The skull shows a flatte routl ine

,the occ ip ital crest being much les s elevated than

in the larger race . The depth of this dorsal concavityvaries from 1% inches to 2% inches and averages a halfinch les s than spec imens from the highlands of B rit ish EastAfrica . The body colorat ion 18 al so sl ightly l ighter

,be ing

neutral gray,and the ears have a shorter fringe of hair at

thei r t ip s . Two spec imens are i n the N at ional Museum,

shot by Paul J . Rainey on the low desert pla ins in thevic in ity of the N orthern Guaso N yiro . The skins of thesetwo specimens are neut ral gray and d ist ingu ishable by thei rl ighter color and shorter growth of hair on the ear t ip s fromspecimens from the Lo it a Plains of B rit i sh East

pAfrica .

Both of these spec imens are females . The older and moretyp ical one showed the fol lowing measurements in the flesh :head and body

, 9 feet 8 inches; tail , 26 inches; h ind foot ,1 7 inches; ear, 7% inches . The skul l has a length of 2 1%inches . A very Old skul l from Longaya Spring, with the teethworn down almost to the gums

,has a l ength of 20% inches,

which i s the average length for the race . The horns do notd iffer in shape or relat ive s ize from those of the typ ical race .

The length of the front one in the spec imen of which t he

flesh measurements have been given was 28 inches,while

another one has a horn length of 22 inches,but these are

both except ional ly long-horned spec imens,and were t he

longest seen among some thirty or forty observed in the

field . The Somal iland record g iven by Ward 13 29 inches .Bes ides the spec imens examined at the N at ional Museum ,

from the lower cou rse of the N orthern Guaso N yiro andthe region north of it toward Mount Marsab it , spec imensfrom Somal i land have been examined in the B rit i sh Museumand in Powel l-Cotton ’ s col lect ion at Quex Park .



with a su rface made up of ridges separated by Open valleys .Such a tooth structu re is capable of mast icat ing the softerfood of a b rowsing animal

,but i s le ss able to stand the

wear which a grass d iet would demand . The recently ext inct woolly rhinoceros was in some respect s l ike the white

,

being a long-headed,long-toothed form

,but it had a very

pecu l iar snout,the nasal bones cu rving downward and unit

ing with the premaxil la ry in a sol id,bony mass . This sort

of st ructu re gave it af

long ridge-l ike or compressed base tothe front horn

,which p roj ected forward

,owing to the down

ward cu rvatu re of the nasa l bones upon which i t rested .

Some natural i st s have suggested a close b lood relat ionshipbetween the wool ly and the white

,but they are real ly only

remotely related . The white rh inoceros resembles it s geographical assoc iate

,the b lack

,in having two horns and

lacking both inc isor and can ine teeth . The white rhinoc

eros i s doubtless,l ike the black

,a form which has had its

origin on the cont inent on which it i s st i l l found . Theonly known member of the genus i s the l iving whiterhinoceros

,of which two races are recognized

,one

, s imum,in

South Africa,occupying the territory from the Zambes i

R iver southward,and the other

,cotton i , widely s eparated in

the upper N i l e region .

N ILE WH ITE RH IN OCEROSCeratotheri um .rimum cotton i

N ATIVE N AME S :Aluru, kenga; Sudani, khartyt; Bongo, bar/1 a; Dyoor umwoh .

Rhinoceros J imar cotton i Lydekker, 1 908, Fie ld (London) , v ol. I I I, p . 3 1 9 .

RA N G E .

— West s ide of the N i l e from the Arau R iveroppos ite Wadela i northward through the Lado Enclave ,along the west bank as far as Shambe

,and west across the

Bahr-el-Ghazal drainage to the Dar Fert i t country, but notknown to extend beyond the N i l e watershed .

WHITE OR SQUARE— MOUTHED RH IN OCEROS 661

The N i l e race of the white rh inoceros i s the only onewhich st i l l exi st s in a wi ld state . The southern race at thepresent t ime i s rep resented by some~dozen l iving ind ividual swhich are st rict ly p reserved on an estate in Zu luland . Theseare the su rvivors of the immense numbers which formerlyinhab ited the country between the Zambes i and OrangeR ivers . In the N i l e Val ley they are confined to the d ist rict west of the river and are of local d ist ribut ion only .

The southern l imit i s the Arau R iver,which en ters the N i l e

oppos ite Wadelai . Here they occu r abundantly i n thev i c i nity of Rhino Camp and a few miles to the north ofthis spot . They are not again met with unt i l we proceedsome hundred miles northward to the stat ions of Lado andKiro . The most northern record is one reported by Selouswest of the Shambe . Far westward several hundred mileswe have a further record by General Mahon of one shot inthe Dar Fert i t country near the headwaters of the B ahr-elGhazal dra inage .

The d ist ribut ion of thi s spec ies i s everyw here boundedby rivers

,both in the south of Africa and in the N i l e Val ley .

They are found most abundant ly in the close p roximity ofthe N i l e but do not occu r on the east bank . I n SouthAfrica a s imila r impassab le boundary was formed for thespec ies by the Zambes i R iver . They formerly occurredabundant ly on the south bank

,but were never known to

occur on the north s ide . To the south the Orange R iverformed the southern boundary . The river boundaries i l lust rate forc ib ly the st rong avers ion these great quadrupedshave to cross ing streams . This avers ion must be due tothei r fear of drowning

,for they are qu it e immune from at

tack by aquat ic an imals .During histori c t imes the white rh inoceros has not been

known to inhab it the region lying between the north bankof the Zambes i and the Lado Enclave . This i s a great

"

st retch of count ry of some eleven hundred miles and isapparent ly wel l su it ed to the hab it s of the spec ies undercons iderat ion . At what period the white rh inoceros d isappeared from this intermed iate territory i s not known butit i s doub t less qu ite recent

,for the N i l e race has developed

but sl ight st ructu ra l d ifferences .Explorers have reported the occurrence of white rh i


noceroses in various parts of equatorial and central Africaouts ide of the ranges here des ignated . Such records haveal l been found to be due to mistaken ident ity or confus ionwith the black spec i es . The best known of such instancesare the references of Speke

,Grant

,and Stanley to white

rh inoceroses in Karagwe,German East Africa . The first

N i l e spec imen to reach Europe w as a skul l col lected byMajor A . S t . H . Gibbons , near

I)

Lado Stat ion In 1 900 . Thisspec imen was sent to Mr . Oldfield Thomas of the B rit ishMuseum for examinat ion

,and upon its ident ificat ion cre

dence was given to the records of occu rrence in Karagweby the early explorers . More recent invest igat ion

,however

,

has shown these earl ier report s to be erroneous . The racewas named by Lydekker several years after Major G ibbons

’

s

d iscovery from the evidence furnished by Sku ll s col lectedby Major Powell-Cotton near the stat ion of Lado . Thedifferences detected by Lydekker, greater width of thenasal boss and it s more forward p roj ect ion

,are sexual

characters confined to the male and are of no racia l value .

The N i l e race resembles very closely, in external appearance and size

,the southern race which formerly inhab ited

the territory lying between the south bank of the Zambes iand the north bank of the Orange R ivers . I t d iffers

,how

ever,by the possess ion of a flatter dorsal outl ine to the

skull,owing to the lesser product ion of the occ ip ital crest s

above the dorsal p lane,and by the smaller s ize of the teeth .

The measurements of skull s of the two races Show them tobe of pract ical ly the same bod ily s ize . The largest knownskul l In bulk 1 3 one secured In the Lado Enclave by KermitRoosevel t

,but this one exceeds only sl ightly the largest

p reserved one from South Africa .

I t has been sa id by first -ra te observers that the squaremouthed rhinoceros i s of exact ly the same color as thehook-Iipped rh inoceros . This d id not seem to us to be thecase when we saw the square-mouthed rhinos l iving; theyseemed to be of a percept ibly l ighter gray, which undercerta in cond it ions of Sky-effect and sun-angle seemed veryl igh t indeed , although as dark as the ord inary rhino when



to the square-mouthed spec ies, which i s never found eastof the river

,in the domain of the hook-Iipped spec ies . I t

i s an added s ingularity in the d ist ribut ion of these Africanrhinos that in South Africa they Should have abounded inthe same local it ies

,while in the north thei r ranges are

sharp ly d ivided by the upper N i l e .Our Observat ions of the square-mouthed rhino were made

during the three or four weeks we spent at and near ourcamp in the Lado, about midway between Lake AlbertN yanza and N imule . All told we must have seen aboutfifty ind ividual s . Of course we molested none after ob taining the ful l serie s needed for the col lect ion; the ext remerarity of the spec ies in col l ect ions rendered i t of much importance that the series should be ful l .We found them rather more gregarious than the common

kind . Once we found four,and once five

,together; in the

former case they were lying down,so that it was not a mere

fortu itous gathering to graze . Ordinari ly they were founds ingly

,or a cow and calf— often two or three years old

together ;or a bu l l might be wi th the cow and ca lf. Theya re purely grazers

,grass-feeders

,and l ive only where there

a re grea t pla ins covered with the d ry African pas tu rage ;bu t these p lains a re generally dotted with clumps of bushes

,

and with a sca ttered growth of scantily leaved thorn-trees,

acacia s . The country i s crossed here and there by b road ,smooth

,wel l-trodden tra i ls

,made by the elephants wi th

some help from the rhinos,and often travel led by other

game . We found the rhinos going to wa ter,e i ther a t the

N i l e or some pond , during the night . They would thenfeed slowly back into the dry wastes

,thei r spoor through the

.tal l grass or over the burnt places being read i ly fol lowed by

N I LE WH ITE RH INOCE ROS,MA LE

S hot by Theodore Rooseve l t , R h ino Camp , Lado Enc laveMount ed by J L C lark I n t he Un i t ed S t a tes N a t iona l M u seum

B LA C K RH INOCE ROS N I LE WH ITE RH INOCE ROS,FEMA LE

S hot by J T McC ut cheon S ho t by Kerm i t Roosevelt a t Lado Enc laveTana R iver near Fort H a l l Longest horned sp ec 1men , 3 I I nches

B LA C K RH INOCE ROS , FEMA LE N I LE WH ITE RH INOCE ROS , MA LEKE ITLOA VA RIETY S hot by Theodore Roosevel t at Lado Enc lave

Shot by Theodore Rooseve l t at Loita PlainsT H E BLA CK A N D T H E WH ITE A FR I CA N R H IN OC EROSE S



force u s to shoot in self-defence . T hen we found the sku l lof one of their dead kinsfolk ;one of the party s top ped top ick i t up and give i t to one of the porters . We were talking and laughing ; and al l the time the two rhinos, theirears cocked forward , looked toward us with solemn bewildermen t . So Off we strode , and left them stil l s tanding,fool ish and puzzled , among the sparse and withered trees ,i n the dry landscape .

I f they got our wind the rhinos usua l ly made Off a t once ;but if they merely saw us they would s tare a t us and moveto and fro

,thei r ea rs up and perhaps thei r ta i l s cocked

,

with dull curios i ty . We frequently found cow-herons withthem

,and once a party of b lack-l egged egrets . The herons

perched on their heads and backs with enti re ind ifference,

and the resul t was tha t the rhinos genera l ly looked as if theyhad been splashed with whi tewash . Once

,whil e walking

through rather tal l grass,we saw some whi te obj ec ts moving

rap idly off in s ingle fi l e through the grass tops ;and i t tooka second glance before we real ized tha t they were whi teherons perched on the back of a rhino bull .We have never known of a whi te rh ino a ttacking man

or beas t in wantonness ;bu t one of the few white rhinos onthe Sou th African game reserve

,a bull

,was cha rged

,and

kil l ed,by a stab behind the Shoulder

,by a sol i ta ry bul l ele

phant,a b ig tusker

,which was also on the rese rve .

The white rhino has been termed a slow b reeder . Ofcourse such a huge animal cannot breed l ike a gu inea-pig .

But our experience goes to Show tha t i t i s for i ts s iz e real lya ra ther rap id b reeder

,that the cows b reed before they are

ful ly adu l t,and that they breed aga in before the calf they

a lready have has l eft them . Two of the cows which we

WHITE OR SQUARE— MOUTHED RHIN OCEROS 667

found accompanied by ca lves had not yet shed al l thei rmilk teeth ;and one cow,

accompanied by a good-s ized cal f,

was nearly on the poin t of giving b i rth to another .

The white or square-mouthed rh inoceros is a longheaded

,tal l-bod ied an imal with a flattened or t runcate nose

and a wide,square mouth . The excess ively long head d is

t ingu ish es th is spec ies at once from al l other l iv ing forms .The ears are much longer and the feet l arger than in theb lack rh inoceros . One of the pecu l iar it ie s of th is spec ie si s the prominent

,rounded

,fleshy hump upon the nape of the

neck j ust forward of the withers . This hump is purely amuscular str uctu re and rece ives no support from the dorsalp rocesses of the ce rv ical vertebrae . With the except ion ofthree Short folds the skin is smooth and lacks even suchshal low markings as the r ib furrows which are so characterist ic of the b lack rh inoceros . ~ The best marked of thesefolds

,and the only one wh ich Is permanent

,i s a t ransverse

fold on the forel eg enc ircl ing the l imb j u st above the elbow .

When the head is held l evel with the back a prominentt ransverse fold is formed on the nape j u st beh ind the ears .This fol d d isappears when the head is lowered in feed ingand another longer t ransverse one is formed on the throat .The young at b irth do not d iffer from the adult s in coloror sk in structu re and but sl ightly in proport ions . Thechanges wh ich take place with age are ch iefly the growthof the horns and the lengthen ing of the head .

In s ize th is spec ies exceeds but s l ightly the b ig I nd ians ingle-horned spec ies and but l itt l e the b lack Afr ican spec ies .M easurement s of the l ength and he ight of the I nd ian Spec i esg iven by Lydekker are scarcely infer ior to authent ic d imen sions of the largest South Afr ican spec imens . Measurement s of mounted skel etons of these two spec ies show theI nd ian very l it tl e less in s ize . The black rh inoceros of EastAfr ica stands several inches lower and measu res l es s inl ength of head . The superior ity in s ize of the wh ite rh inoceros over the other l iv ing spec ies has been greatly exaggerat ed . The utmost that can b e sa id Is that there Is as l ight average superior ity .

G reat and Smal l G ame of India, Burma and T ibet .


I n s ize the sexes are very s imilar,the male exceed ing the

female but l itt l e . The only apprec iable secondary sexualcharacters are found in the s ize of the horn bases

,the nasal

bones wh ich support them,and the general mass iveness of

the skul l . The base of the front horn in the male i s alwaysgreater than in the female

,this d imens ion showing no rela

t ionsh ip to the l ength of the st ructure . The width of thenasal boss which supports the front horn i s correspondinglygreater in the male . Male Skul l s are u sual ly actual ly widerthan those of females and are always relat ively so as wel l asbeing longer . So marked are these sexual characters inthe skul l s that they can be sexed with a fair amount ofcertainty .

The spec ies i s normally two-horned,the front horn

greatly exceed ing the rear one in s ize . The front horn i ss ituated on a prominent bony boss at the t ip of the nasalbones and is immediately fol lowed by the rear horn whichi s much compressed lateral ly and placed on the suturebetween the nasal and frontal bones . The front horn issquared in front where it partakes of the shape of the snout

,

and is normally curved backward as in the black rhinoceros .The usual length of this horn is two feet although occas ional spec imens attain a length of five feet . The recordhorn for the South African race i s S ixty-two and one-halfinches . Such enlarged horns are attained only by the females in which they proj ect forward in advance of the snout .The rear horn is u sual ly low

,sharply con ical

,and con

s iderab ly compressed . I t seldom exceeds more than a fewinches in height and i s occas ional ly want ing ,

The rearhorn never approaches the front one in s ize as in the ke itloavariety of the black rhinoceros in which the two horns areequal in s ize . The rear horn i s so small that it i s obviouslyd isappearing

,the species showing a marked tendency to

become s ingle-horned ; but actual s ingle-horned spec imensare rare .

The only parts of the body which Show a growth of hairare the t erm inal margins of the ears and the ap ical onefourth of the tail . The hai r of the ears i s qu ite soft and aninch or so in length . The hair covering of the tai l i s st iffand brist ly

,and confined to a streak along both edges of

the flattened t ip . I n the two male skins the hai r covering



these parts i s glossy b lack and qu ite profuse,but in the

female skins the covering i s much thinner and decidedlybrownish in color . The young at b irth are no more hairythan the adults , possess ing only the ear and tai l fringes ofcoarse hair .The skins of the white rhinoceroses cannot under the

most lenient cons iderat ion be classed as whit e . They are,

however, d ist inct ly l ighter than those of the black species ,and may on this account be allowed to reta in thei r populardes ignat ion of white . The blackness seen in the mountedspec imens is due to p igment put on by the taxidermists

,

and such spec imens do not rep resent the natu ral color ofthe animal . Thei r t rue color i s smoke-gray

,as defined by

R idgway,a color consp icuously l ighter than the dark clove

brown of their geographical al ly,D i ceros bi corn i s . The

four adult skins from the Lado Enclave Show some variat ion

,the color ranging from smoke-gray to b roccol i-brown .

The two male skins are l ighter than the female but thecolor i

. differences are not constant, the two female skinsv ary In more in color from each other than they do fromthe mse ski'ns .Measurements of an adult male in the flesh shot by

Colonel Roosevelt at Rhino Camp,Lado Enclave

,are :

l ength of head and body along contour,1 1 feet 9 inches ;

l ength of ta il to end of vertebrae,2 feet 5 inches; stand ing

height at shoulders, 5 feet 8 inches; l ength of ear, 1 1 inches;

l ength of hind foot (hock to t ip of middle hoof) , 1 foot 7inches . Skull of the largest male : greatest l ength

,2 feet

9 inches; zygomat ic width, 1 foot 3% inches; l ength ofupper tooth row

,1 0 inches; proj ect ion of occ ip ital crests

above dorsal p lane of skull,1% inches . The largest-horned

specimen in the N at ional Museum is a female shot by Kermit Roosevel t . This horn measu res 29% inches in l engthand exhib it s the pecul iar forward p itch which i s not infrequent ly shown by Specimens from South Africa . The p itchforward in this case i s extreme

,the point coming in con

tact with the ground in feed ing,so that the point is worn

flat on it s outer face . N o other Lado horn showing thispecul iarity of curvature has been seen . The longest hornin Major Powel l—Cotton ’ s coll ect ion is 36 inches in length ,and in Shape curves backward in the normal way . This

MA P 3 7— D I STR IBUTION OF T H E RA CE S OF T H E WH ITE RH IN OCEROS1 Ceratotherium rimam r imam 2 Ceratotherium J imum cotton i


i s al so from a female spec imen and is the longest one whichhas been examined . Ward records a horn 40% inches inlength secured in the Bahr el Ghazal by Captain F . G .

Poole .

The specimens examined cons ist of the series col lectedby the Smithsonian African exped it ion under the d irect ionof Colonel Roosevelt at Rhino Camp , Lado Enclave . Theprec ise geographical pos it ion of this spot i s l at itude 2° 5 5 'north

,on the west bank of the N i l e

,some fifteen miles north

of the stat ion of Wadelai . This material cons ist s of fourteen spec imens : the complete skins and skeletons of twoadult males

,two adult females

,one calf

,and one mature

foetu s; the head skins and Skul l s of three adult females;the skull of a male

,and four weathered Skul l s found on

the veldt,two of which are undoubted males and two

females . Bes ides thi s material in the N at ional Museumthe writers have examined specimens from South Africain the B rit i sh

,Paris

,and Hamburg Museums as wel l as

N i l e spec imens in the Congo Museum at Brussel s , and alarge series in the private museum of Major Powell-Cottonat Quex Park, England .



enamel , dent ine, and cement, which form a perfect grind ingsurface . The great l ength of the crown gives the teeth a longperiod ofwear . The horse i s in this way fitted to mast icatetough herbage rap idly and thoroughly and is p laced at veryl itt l e less d isadvantage than the ruminant hoofed mammalswhich have an accessory pouch to the stomach from whichthe food i s returned to the mouth and mast icated at le isure .

The inc isor teeth are wel l developed in both j aws and areal so very long-crowned and subj ect to a great amount ofwear . The p it s or cup s in the crowns of these teeth area pecu l i arity found only in the horse and i t s foss i l al l ies .In age they d isappear

,but they pers i s t for a period of

e ight or ten years,and by thei r relat ive s ize in the variou s

inc isor t eeth the age of a horse i s commonly determined byhorse dealers . In addit ion to the inc isor teeth

,which

provide the horse with a formidab le b i t ing apparatus,the

males are furni shed with wel l-developed canine teeth inboth j aws . The females lack the canines

,which are only

rep resented occas ional ly by vest iges beneath the gums .During the last geological period or Ple i stocene age the

Equ idae were a dominant type, and widely sp read throughN orth and South America , Europe , As ia, and N orth Africa ;but to-day they are total ly absent in a wild state from theN ew World and occur only in a smal l part of the Old,namely

,in southern Asia and in the eastern half of ’ the

African cont inent . The foss i l sp ec ies were quite numerousand several d ist inct generic types were rep resented . At thepresent t ime there exist a s ingle or at most two generi ctypes

,and some seven d ist inct spec ies . Their ext inct ion

in the N ew World i s of such recent occu rrence that it wasdoubt les s due to some insect-born infect ion akin to the

COMMON ZEBRA OR BONTE— QUAGGA 675

t set se-fly d iseases so prevalent among the b ig game ofAfrica to-day and not to any change in the cl imate

,flora

,

or balance of large carn ivorous animal s which preyed uponthem .

KEY T o T H E G EN ERA OF Equ idee

en larged ; skul l w ider, t he snout or rost ral port ion not great lylengt hened ; occ ip ita l port ion of sku l l not producedbackw ard beyond t he condy les; lambdoida l crestsnarrow ; co lorat ion when striped having t he darks tripes much W ider than t he l igh t ones and t he h indquarters crossed by d iagona l or longit ud ina l stripes

E gnar

somewhat en larged and e longat e or do l ichocepha l ic ; skul l narrower, t he rost ra l port ion lengthened and t he occ ipita l or lambdoida l crests very w ide and extend ingwe l l beh ind t he condy les; dark and l igh t stripesnumerous and equa l in W id th over most Oft he body;rump crossed by t ransverse S t ripes t o below t he h ips

Doli choli ippur

H ORSES, ASSES, AND ZEBRA s

Egnar Linnaeus, 1 758, Systema N aturae, p . 73 ; type E . caballur, the domestichorse .

The modern representat ives of the genu s Eqnus showgreat range of colorat ion from the ful ly striped zebrasthrough the part ial ly st rip ed asses to the un icolored horse .

In body shap e or in actual s ize there i s comparat ively l itt l erange if we exclude the giant domest ic b reeds of horseswhich have no standing in natu re . The ears range fromthe great length found In some asses to the short, narrow earof the horse and bonte-quagga . There I s a p rogress ive dev elopment i n the s ize of the tail tuft from the smal l terminaltuft

pof the zeb ra to the complete tufted ta i l of the horse .

The sku l l s,however

,Show surpri s ingly s l ight d ifferences in

shape.

or dent it ion and are scarcely d i st ingu ishab l e . Thehorse i s more d ist inct than the other spec i es and may b ed ist ingu ished by it s larger cheek-teeth i n which the inner


fold or p rotocone of enamel i s enlarged . N otwithstandingthis s imilarity of structu re , the various groups which arerecognized by d ist inct Engl i sh names have been employedas genera by some writers , who divide the genus up intozeb ras (H i ppotigri s ) , asses (A ri nus) , and the horse (Equus) ,on the bas is of external d ifferences . Unfortunately

,when

we come to cons ider the foss i l spec ies such d ifferences cannotbe employed , and we are at a loss to know whether in theseext inct spec ies we are deal ing with zeb ras

,asses

,or horses .

The foss i l sp ec ies fi rst make the i r appearance in the UpperPl iocene and the genus cont inues on down through thePle i stocene to the present t ime . The former range coveredN orth Ameri ca

,Eu rope

,Asia

,and N orth and South Africa

,

being absent only from South America . Recent ly the firstSpecimen of foss i l horse has been recorded from SouthAfrica by B room . I t i s based on some tooth remains fromPleistocene depos it s near Cape Town

,which ind icate a

very large spec ies apparent ly exceed ing the horse in S ize .

The exi st ing representat ives occu r in a smal l part of centraland southern Asia and Africa . I n the latt er cont inent theyextend from the northeastern port ion southward along theeastern half to the Cape region and southwest coast as farnorth as Angola . The number of l iving representat ivesdoes not exceed six or seven val id spec ies

,which are com

prised in the horse, two zeb ras , and three or four spec ies ofasses .

T H E BONTE-QUA G GA OR QUA G GA ZEBRAEqnur quagga

Egnar quagga Gmelin, 1 788, Systema N atura , p . 2 1 3 .

The name quagga has been derived from the cal l of thezebra

,which cons ists of a short bark

,kwa-ha

,repeated sev

eral t imes . The name came original ly from the Hottentotword quaha, through the Cape Dutch , who appl ied it firstto the t rue quagga and later d i st ingu ished the other or moreful ly striped races as bonte-quaggas . The quagga has bymost recent writers been cons idered a d ist inct spec ies from theBurchel l zebra and it s northern races owing to the restri ct ionin the quagga of the st ripes to the forward part of the body .

I t i s,however

,l ess widely separated in colorat ion from the



In Eas t Africa,north to the N orthern Guaso N yiro

,the

most p lentifu l b ig animal next to the hartebees t was thecommon zeb ra -not the very uncommon and narrowlyl imited moun ta in zeb ra of South Africa

,bu t the bon te

quagga, which i s found in a dozen d ifferent forms from theOrange R iver to beyond the equator .The zeb ra i s eminently gregariou s . Of course

,an occa

sional s tal l ion i s found by himself,usua l ly an immature

,a

weak, or an aged an ima l . Bu t ord inarily zeb ra s a re foundin herds of from a dozen to a coup le of hundred ; and , moreover, ha lf the time there are other an ima l s mixed in wi ththese herd s— harteb eest s

,w ildeb eest s

,oryxes

,e land s

,gazel les

,

or os tri che s . Each herd i s u sua l ly under the leadership ofa mas te r s ta l l ion .

Zeb ra s a re vicious fighters . Aga ins t a l ion they makeno fight a t a l l

,and aga ins t man they are on ly dangerous in

the sense that a bul l moose or wap i ti i s dangerou s ; that i s,they wil l b i te vi cious ly if approached when wounded ;and onrare occas ions when cripp led and b rought to a s tand s ti l l

,

bu t not whol ly d isabled,they wil l charge a t the hunter from

a d i s tance of severa l rods . We,personal ly

,have never

known one do more than skin i ts tee th a t u s a s we ap

proached i t when on the ground , or perhaps a s we gal lopedthrough a herd after some more des irab le game ; bu t M r .S tewart Edward White was regu larly charged . I t wou ld beinteres ting to know whether zeb ra s can s tand Off wildhounds— those invetera te enemies of other game . Weonce saw a zeb ra make a race a t a wild hound whichhad trotted nea r by

,and drive i t off

,al though the p ied

hunter d id not seem much frightened ; and Loring saw

a zeb ra s tand ing with two wild hounds near by to which i t


pa id not the sl ightes t a ttention . Bu t i t i s imposs ib le togenera l ize from such ins tances ;often game animal s seem torecognize when b eas ts of p rey are not after them

,and then

betray a curiou s ind iffe rence to the otherwise d readed p resence . We have seen zeb ra s trot a few rod s ou t of the pathof a l ion and then tu rn to gaze a t him as he wa lked by .

The chief fighting i s done by the s ta l l ion s among themse lves .When a t l iberty the bea ten pa rty can genera l ly escape ;bu tif a herd i s cap tu red and left overnigh t in a corra l

,by

morn ing the weaker ma les a re su re to have been frightfu l lysavaged

,and some of them kil led . The j aws are very pow

erful and infl i c t a merc i le s s b i te . In cap tivi ty the an imal smust b e carefu l ly handled

,a s they sometimes grow very

vic iou s .Zeb ra s a re noi sy

,much more so than any antelope .

T hei r barking cry— qua-ha

,or b a-ha— sounds not unl ike

that of a dog when hea rd a t a d i s tance ; watching frombeh ind a bush we have seen the s ta l l ions canter close bywith ears forward and mouths Open a s they u ttered thi scry . They often u tte r i t when leaving a poo l after drinking

,

or when thei r a larm or cu rios i ty i s exc i ted ;and Often for noreason as far a s we cou ld d iscern .

Game d iffer wonderfu l ly in tameness and Shyness, bothind ividua l ly and loca l ly ; and , moreover, ind ividua l s wil lb e shy a t one time

,and

,for no apparen t reason , tame a t

another . On the whole,however

,the common zeb ra i s

among the tames t of African game . I t i s,moreover, much

influenced by curios i ty. Again and aga in herd s have s toodwatching u s from differen t s ides

,even down wind , as we

sat under a tree ea ting lunch or res ting . Zeb ras are qu ickto catch motion

,bu t wil l feed right u p to a man lying


motionless, especial ly if he is under or beside even the smal lest and most scantily leaved bush . Their sense of smel l i skeen

,as wi th al l game .

They are grass-ea ters,and are emphatica l ly animals of

the open pla ins,seeming to be ind ifferent as to whether

these are en tirely bare of trees or a re thinly dotted withoccasiona l thorny acacias . We never saw them in anythingresembl ing thick cover

,not even in such cover a s tha t to

which their companions,the hartebees ts

,sometimes pene

t ra t ed ; bu t in places they seemed to l ike the pla ins overwhich acacias were sca ttered

,and wou ld s tand or res t a t mid

day in their shade . As wi th other game,i t was as tonish

ing to see how they abounded , and how fa t they became, ind ry

,open country

,where water was scarce and the pastu r

age b rown and withered . As long as they could reach wa teronce in twenty-four hours

,and find abundant pas tu rage of

the kind they l iked — no matter how dry— within eight orten miles of the wa ter

,they throve . In such a d i s tri c t they

l ived throughout the year,seeming to migra te much less

freely than the W ildebees t and some other game— in fact,

the only migrations we heard of were those occu rring whenthey had to leave a given dis tric t because the water andherbage fa iled ou tright . On the A thi and Kapi ti Pla ins wewere informed by the settl ers tha t the zeb ra s s tayed al lthe time

,with very sl ight sh ifts of a few miles one way or the

other,as the d ifferent series of pool s d ried or fi l led . In the

Sotik we were informed tha t in times of d rought the zeb raand almost a l l the other game were ob l iged to abandonextens ive regions in which they swarmed after the ra ins .Like so many big animals, zeb ra s are not favored by arank and luxuriou s plan t growth . We never saw them in



Guaso N yiro . But the common zeb ra covers the range ofal l these animal s in Eas t Africa . I t i s abundant in theSotik and on the A th i and Kap iti Pla ins

,al though inferior

in number to the Coke hartebees t,with which i t there

a ssoc iates together with the W i ldebees t and b ig and l i ttl egazel les ;bu t the causes, whatever they are,w hich so sharp lyl imi t the range of the Coke hartebees t and W i ldebees t donot affec t the zeb ra , which i s a l so p lentifu l along the N orthern Guaso N yiro in company with the oryx and the b igG rév y zeb ra . On the other hand

,while the zeb ra ’ s range

overlap s that of the b ig hartebees ts,the latter extend far

to the wes tward of the regions in which the zeb ras arefound ;we found no zeb ras in the b rush-coVered and fa irlywel l wooded and watered d is tri c ts of Uganda in whichhartebees ts were not uncommon

,and we saw none along

the upper White N i le in regions in which hartebees ts werep lentifu l and which were seemingly in thei r essentia l charac t eris t ics l ike the Sotik and the Athi , bu t they are knownto occur local ly in these regions . Moreover

,whi le the

hartebees ts have become d ifferentia ted in to sharp ly defined and tota l ly d i s tinct spec ies

,the common zeb ra ex

tends over a range which includes severa l of these hartebees t spec ies

,withou t i tself undergoing anything l ike the

same d ifferen tia tion ; i n fact, the d ifferent varietie s of thecommon zeb ra grade in to one another

,from the sou thern

form with whi te legs to the more richly colored northernform with ful ly s triped legs .Where water is p lentifu l and the pas turage good a herd

of zebra wil l contentedly ex i s t wi th in an area of a dozenmiles square

,or les s . In the ab sence of hunters such a herd

normal ly lead s an uneventfu l l ife,the p lac id i ty of which i s


d i s turb ed on ly by the ravages of the l ion . Mos t of thezeb ra ’ s ex i s tence is spen t in ea ting, and most of the remainder in s leep ing or in drowsy res t . I f und is turb ed and um

a larmed the herd s,after drinking

,graze off toward the ir

favori te feed ing ground s,or

,i f the gra ss i s poor in the in ter

v en ing country, wa lk or can ter toward them,s trung ou t in

Indian fi le . After ea ting thei r tempora ry fi l l of grass theyres t for three or four hours

,sometimes lying down

,more

often s tand ing . Mos t Often they may b e found res ting righ tin the open pla in ; bu t if a c lump of thorn-trees i s handythey may s tand or l i e in the Sl ight shade of the ir thinlyleaved b ranches . After res t ing the herd ri ses and s lowlygrazes back to the water-hole o r river . They may drinkon ly once a day

,bu t they a re thirs ty an imal s and prefer

to vis i t the wa ter a t leas t twice every twenty-four hours .We have seen them d rink in the morning and afternoonand late evening ; they a lso d rink a t n igh t . N oon is the irfavori te hou r for re s t

,bu t they are by no means regula r,

and they sometimes re s t a t n igh t,a l though we be l ieve tha t

they genera l ly spend the n ight feed ing, and are then morea lert than in the daytime .

N ight i s the l ion ’ s hunting season, and the s ight orsme l l of him or even the susp ic ion of him a t that timethrows the anima l s he hunts into a frenzy of terror.Under the influence of these ever-recurring panics , thezeb ras s tampede in a mad rush . This hab i t makes themobnox iou s to the se ttlers

,for they are powerfu l anima ls

with thick skins,and in such a s tampede they go righ t

through any wire fence ; while they are of no va lue to

the settlers excep t for thei r h ides, as thei r flesh i s no tgood eating from the white man ’ s s tandpoint, a l though


most of the natives devour i t greed i ly . During the moments of panic the zeb ra ’ s terror is l ike the horrib le fea r fel tin a n ightmare

,and under i ts influence the animal wil l rush

anywhere ; bu t as wi th other wild beas ts the feel ing i s asshort-l ived as i t i s in tense . I f one of the i r number has beenkil led the herd may wander abou t for a few minutes whinnying ; bu t after these few minutes they settle down to thei rord inary l ife bus iness

,and feed

,or res t

,or make love

,or

fight as before . N ight i s a time of frequen t panic,bu t

during the day there i s l i ttl e fear of presen t molesta tion,

and noth ing e i ther of remembrance of pas t or antic ipa tionof future moles ta tion . In approaching the drinking-placesthere is u sual ly much watchfulness and susp ic ion

,the ad

vance be ing made by fi ts and s tarts,with hal ts and sudden

backward wheel s ;for, al though the l ion general ly kil l s themon the Open pla in

,he al so often l ies in wa it for them by

some much-frequented pool .We have a l ready d iscussed the al leged protect ive color

a tion ” ofbig game . As regards the game of the Open pla insp rotect ive colora tion plays prac tical ly no part ; and as regards the zeb ra i t p lays ab solu tely no part whatever . Underthe glaring African sun

,and in the African landscape

,any

animal,of any color or shape

,i s sometimes hard to see — a

rhino,buffalo

,giraffe

,or zebra

,or even an elephant ; and

there a re excep tiona l c ircumstances under which any conce iv ab le color or colora tion scheme wil l merge the wearerwi th the su rround ings . But the game animal s of the Eas tAfrican pla in s do not rely on their colora tion for thei r p rot ec t ion ; they are colored in al l kinds of ways , and they arenei ther helped nor hurt by their colora t ion

,whether i t i s con

cealing or reveal ing . The zeb ra has an adverti s ing colora



moon l ight,and on very clea r

,moon les s n ights

,we found tha t

grayish,coun t ershaded animals l ike domestic asses

,and

eland and oryx, were most d iffi cul t to see . Zeb ra s weremuch more clearly vis ib le ; they seemed whitish ; if c lose upthei r s tripes could b e made ou t . M r . Selous has recordedan interes ting ob servation to this effect :he found that eventhe Grevy zeb ra

,which i s less consp icuously colored than

the common kind , showed up at night more p la inly thaneland

,oryx, or koodoo, and that in the moonl ight the

s trip es were very d is tinc t,making the anima l read ily vis ib le .

On the Ath i and Kap i ti Pla ins t icks swarmed,and they

c lustered in masses a round the eyes of the zeb ra s and in thegroin

,and wherever there was bare skin . Yet

,i n sp i te of

the abundance of these loathsome crea tu res,the zeb ras were

fa t and in high cond i tion . Ticks were much les s plentifulboth in the Sotik and a long the N orthern Guaso N yiro .

Wherever they teemed,as they d id on the Kap it i Pla ins

,

i t was hard to unders tand how the game supported thei rp resence . But the zeb ra and ante lope were j us t as fa t therea s el sewhere . Evidently the ticks d id not real ly troublethem

,whereas the b i ting fl ie s bothered them greatly .

All anima l s which l ive in herds tend to develop a herdleader . This herd leader sometimes may, and sometimesmay not

,be the mas ter male . Thus in a herd of wap i ti,

conta ining a heavy master bu l l,we have seen an Old cow

assume complete leadership,watching whil e the herd was

a t res t and lead ing the others whenever the herd was inmotion . We a lso once saw a Tommy doe, which was assoc ia t ing with fou r Grant gazel l es, take complete charge ofthe whole party

,i ts b ig assoc iates fol lowing i t submiss ively

wherever i t led . I t seemed as if in the zeb ra herds the


master s ta l l ion general ly acted as leader,when there was

any leader . He wou ld round up the mares and drive themwhither he wished ;and he would trot a few paces towardany s trange ob j ec t

,l eaving the herd behind and watch ing

in tently, with ears p ricked forward . We have never beenab l e to watch a herd of wi ld game c lose enough to tel lwhether the ind ividua l s a l l fa l l in to an ordered sys tem Of

precedence,as ranch cattle do

,where gradua l ly each s teer

,

bu l l,or cow seems to accep t i ts exac t p lace with reference

to i t s fe llows .

KEY T O T H E RA CES OF quagga

Dark st ri pes black ish or deep sea l-brown; l igh t stripes (ground-color)cream co lor or wh itish W ithout ochraceous suffusion

Body size smal ler, sku l l leng th usua l ly less t han 2 1 inches; l ightst ripes wh it ish granti

Body s ize large, sku l l length usua l ly great er t han 2 1 inches; l ightst ripes cream color bohmi

Dark st ripes, sea l-brown or b ist re; l ight st ripes darker t han c ream

co lor, usua l ly pale ochraceous-buff. Body size smal l,t he skul l lengt h

‘

less t han 20 inches cun i nghamei

H IGH LAN D QUA G GA ZEBRAEquur quagga granti

N ATIVE N AME S :Masai, oZ-oi tigo; Kikamba, n i ha i ; Kikuyu, njagi ; Acholi,lagware; Luganda, entulege.

Egnar burchelli granti DeWin ton, 1 896, Ann . 69’ Mag. H im, XVI I, p. 3 1 9 .

RA N G E — The highlands of B rit i sh East Africa westward through Uganda to the Edward N yanza and northward on the east s ide of the N i l e as faryas the Mongolla

d ist ric t and the headwaters of the Sobat R iver northwestof Lake Rudolf

,east to the eastern edge of the h ighland

plateau down to an a lt itude of three thousand feet In B ritipsh East Africa , and north as far as the south bank of theTana R iver; southern l imit s of range i n German EastAfrica unknown .

AFR ICAN GAME AN IMALS

The highland quagga of B rit i sh East Africa was describedas a d ist inct race in 1 896 by DeWint on

, from spec imens collect ed near the Thika R iver by Doctor J . W . Gregory

,who

has given us an account of h is Journey in“The Great Rift

Valley .

” I n the original descript ion,which 1 8 ve ry brief

,

DeWin ton makes no al lu s ion to his u se of Grant ’ s name forthis race . He has named the race,without doubt , for ColonelGrant of the Speke and Grant expedit ion

,who ment ions

the zeb ra in his notes in the natural h istory account of theexped it ion

,publ i shed in 1 872 , where he cal l s atten t ion to

the color d ifferences between this race and the typicalBurchel l zeb ra of South Africa . Sportsmen

,however

,

seem to be very uncertain as to the d ist inctness of thisrace from those found south of the Zambes i R iver and oftenrefer to the East African race as Chapman ’ s .” They have

,

no doubt,been led to this cou rse by the occas ional p resence

of fa int shadow strip es in spec imens which in thi s respectresemble the Chapman zebra . Although shadow stripesare occas ional ly p resent on the hind quarters i n spec imensfrom Brit i sh East Africa

,the absence of such stripes i s much

more common and must be accepted as one of the charact ers of the highland race known to natu ral ist s as E guusquagga granzi . Other characters for the race in comparison with South African forms are the great width of thedark strip es on the hind quarters

,the whiteness of the l ight

stripes,and the ful ly st riped character of the legs . The

st ripe s a re espec ial ly numerous on the pasterns above thehoofs

,where they unite to form a wide black band covering

nearly the whole pastern region . The quagga zebra,com

monly known as the Burchel l zebra , covers a great expanseof territory in East Africa

,as wel l as a great alt itud inal

range,and is consequently subj ect to great d ivers ity of

cl imat ic cond it ions . N evertheless,they show almost no

color changes which agree with difference in environment .

This i s in marked contrast to thei r color behavior in SouthAfrica as wel l as to the color behavior of the Grant gazel le ,giraffe

,and a host of other spec ies with which they are in

t imat ely assoc iated in East Africa and which exhib it wel lmarked geographical d ifferences in color over the samearea . The zeb ra affords u s a striking example of howindependently spec ies react to envi ronment and how ob



v iously each i s a law unto it self. N ot only does thecolorat ion of the quagga zebras emphas ize this point

,but

it goes much further toward breaking down our generaltheories by respond ing very d iversely

.

In color changes overthe northern and southern part s of i t s range

,or

,i n other

words,the changes we find in effect in one part of the range

cannot be u sed as a clew to what may be expected to occu rover other part s of the range .

A freak or abnormal ly colored spec imen of the highlandquagga zeb ra has been coll ect ed near Lake N akuru

,B rit ish

East Africa,by G . H . Goldfinch and described recent ly as

a new race, goldfineki , by R idgway . This spec imen has a

pecul iar la rge,i rregular white b lotch across the middle of

the back which I s d ivided on the midl ine by the dark dorsalst rip e . Two other s imilar spec imens have been seen at thesame spot which are

,without doubt

,b lood relat ives of the

type . Specimens of this sort have no stand ing in natu reas a race

,but merely rep resent abnormal ind ividual s .

Colonel Delme-Radcl iffe records,in the p roceed ings of the

Zoological Society of London for 1 905 , a zeb ra observed byhim near Rushenyi

,Uganda

,which was much more ex

t ensiv ely white, the st ripes be ing evident on ly on the neckand the hind quarters

,the rest of the body being qu ite

alb in ist i c . This spec imen was assoc iated with a largeherd of normally colored zeb ras . An alb ino zeb ra is al sorecorded by Oscar N eumann from Manyara Lake in theR ift Val ley of German East Africa . Alb in ism has al sobeen observed by Perc ival among Grev y zeb ra in the vicinity of the Lorian swamp .

The highland quagga is d ist ingu ishable from the coastand the northern desert forms by only average charact ersor s l ight d ifferences . From bohm i

,the race occupying the

low coast lands,i t is d ist ingu ishable by the smal ler body

s ize,the somewhat narrower stripes on the hind quarters ,

and by the whiter color of the l ight stripes which seldomShow any buffy suffus ion . The N orthern Guaso N yirodesert race

,eun i nghamei , d iffers from gran ti by smal ler

body s ize much as gran ti does from bb’

km i but has bettermarked color d ifferences

,the dark st ripes be ing qu ite b rown

ish,b ist re or seal-brown

,instead of black . The average

length of male skul l s in gran ti i s 20 inches as against 1 9


inches In enn inghamei and 2 1 inches in bokm i . The greatest width of the obl ique St ripes on the h ind quarters on gran tii s 3 inches , while In enn inghamei thei r width i s only 2Vinches

,but In bO/im i they are greatest of all

,being 3V inches .

The amount of actual color variat ion is sl ight but the colorpattern i s extremely vari able In certa in parts

,espec ially In

the reg Ion of the dorsal st rip e and on the pasterns , that Is ,the part of the leg immediately above the hoof. Usually thedorsal stripe i s bordered for its whole l ength by a whit est ripe so that the lateral st ripes do not unite with it . Butthere i s every intermed iate condit ion from such an un

broken dorsal st ripe to one which unites with p ract ical lyal l of the t ransverse and obl ique strip es on the loins andrump . The pastern region varies , independent of age orsex, from a fully striped condit ion , in which the margin ofthe hoof i s marked by a broad whit i sh border

,to a cond i

t ion in which the lower half of the pastern i s sol id blackand the l ight band immediately above the hoof whollyabsent . There appears to be a fairly wel l-marked sexualcolor d ifference in the nose

,which in the males i s black

only at the t ip about the nostri l s and the l ip s and brighttan posteriorly between the nostri l s and the t ip s of thenarrow forehead stripes . This area in the females i s u sual lyblack l ike the nostri l area

,the whole snout being black .

Shadow stripes occu r on but a very smal l p er cent of thespec imens . I n a series of fourteen males from the Lo it aPlains only two show shadow stripes

,and in these they are

confined to fain t t races on the hind quarters . One femalein a series of e ight from the same local ity shows shadowstripes s imilar In d ist inctness and pos i t ion . The Shadowstripes are ind ividual affairs and are no more p revalent Inthe young than in adult s

,as witnessed in a series of three

newly born young in which ind icat ions of shadow stripesare p resent in only one of the spec imens . The lesser widthof the strip es on the h ind quarters

,which i s one Of the

characters of the highland form,shows less variat ion than

the same d imens ion in the dorsal or the neck stripes . Theobl ique st ripes on the hind quarters vary in d ifferent ind iv iduals in greatest width from 2% to 3% inches , the dorsals trip e from 2% to 5% inches , and the broadest neck st rip efrom 2% to 4 inches . One of the d ist inct ive features of thi s



as in the males . These figures a re based on the measurements of some fifty spec imens of adult s i n the N at ionalMuseum . The skull s of females average an inch less inactual l ength than those of males

,but In the l iving animal s

the two sexes appear qu it e ind ist ingu ishable i n s ize,and

flesh measurements show them to be very nearly equal .The largest-skul led male zeb ra in the series at the N ationalMuseum is one having a length of 2 1A inches

,shot by

Colonel Roosevelt on the Loi t a Plains . This one measured,

in the flesh : head and body, 87 inches , tai l , 1 6 inches,

hind foot,22 inches ; ear, 8 inches . A very large female

from the Kapit i Pla iris nearly equals these d imens ions In theflesh

,the chief d ifferences being In the length of the hind

foot,which i s A of an inch les s than in the male . The ta i l

of this spec imen i s somewhat longer than that of the male,

being 1 8 inches,which i s the usual tai l l ength of the race .

At the N at ional Museum a large series of skins and Skull shave been examined from the Kap it i

,Athi

,and Loira Plains

,

Lakes N aivasha and Baringo, Laikip ia and Uasin GishuPlateaux . Others have been examined in the B rit i shMuseum from the Rift Val ley of B rit i sh East Africa andthe Athi Plains .The highland quagga zeb ra occurs wide-spread through

out B rit i sh and German East Africa,except in the low

coast country and in the northern deserts,where it i s repre

sented by other races . In Uganda,however

,i t i s much

less abundant, owing to the growths of tal l elephant-grasswhich cover much of the plains count ry and make theregion unsu itable for open-plains game such as zebras . I nplaces where open pla ins of short grass are to be found thezebra i s found in small numbers . They occur in such dist ric t s near the Maanja River west of Kampala , and on theGerman border in the highlands of Ankole . N orthwardfrom Mount E lgon they are found over the highlands asfar as the Soudan stat ion of Mongolla where they reachthei r extreme northern l imit in the immediate vic in ity ofthe N i l e

,which stands as a barrier to thei r westward ex

tens ion . On the headwaters of the Sobat R iver they occu rsomewhat farther northeast

,and here they reach thei r ex

t reme northern l imit . I n this region they have been reported by but one Sportsman

,Will iam N . McMillan, who


met with zeb ra In the p lateau region of the Boma countryat the head of the Kaia R iver

,a t ributary of the Sobat .

Some distance east of thi s regi on,in th is ext reme northeast

corner of thei r range,they meet the Abyss in ian form of the

quagga, jolla

’

,in the val ley of the Omo R iver .

KIL IMAN JARO QUAG GA ZEBRAEgan: quagga bohm i

N ATIVE N AME S : Swahili , panda m i li a; Duruma, forrn .

E gnar bO’

hmi Mat schie, 1 892, S itz.-Ber. N a t . Freu . , Berlin, p . 1 3 1 .

RA N G E — Lowlands of the coast d rainage from threethousand feet to sea-l evel

,north in B rit i sh East Africa as

far as the south bank of the Tana R iver, and inland to thel imits of the desert 'nyika zone; l imits of range southwardin German East Africa unknown .

The zebra i s known to the Swahil i a s punda mil ia,or

st rip ed donkey,and this name has been carried through the

l ength and breadth Of East Africa by the Swahil i porters .The name is be ing constant ly impressed on the minds ofsportsmen by the ins isten t porter

,whose stomach is always

demanding zeb ra meat . Punda mil ia has thus become asfamil iar a term for the zeb ra to the Eu ropean travel ler inEast Africa as quagga is to his cous ins in South Africa .

The coast race of the quagga zeb ra was described by Matschie in 1 892 from a skin col lected by Herr Kuhnert on thePangan i R iver south of Kil imanj aro and partly from apaint i ng by R ichard Bohm for whom the spec i es was named .

The original skin 1 3 now in the Berl in Museum,where it

has been examined by Hel le r . I t I s a flat skin lacking thehead and the feet . Faint shadow stripes occu r betweenthe broad st ripes on the hind quarters but they are notwell marked . Undue emphas is has been placed on thepresence of Shadow strip es i n thi s race owing to thei r p resencei n the type

,but they are really a variab le featu re and are

of no racial s ignificance . The type happens to b e so marked,

but spec imens from Kil imanj aro lack the shadow strip esi n at least fifty per cent of the ind ividual s

,and we have no

doubt that the actual occu rrence of shadow stripes wil l b efound , upon the examinat ion of a larger number of skins , tob e a very much less per cent . A mounted spec imen from


Kil imanj aro in the B rit ish Museum is without ind icat ionsof shadow st ripes . There i s in the N at ional Museum a singl eold male spec imen represent ing this race

,col lected by the

Rainey expedit ion at Mtoto Andei S tat ion in the desertnyika zone . This specimen is dec idedly larger than anyof the highland race

,has a larger sku ll

,broader stripes on

the quarters,and more buffy ground-color

,but i s without

any trace of shadow stripes . I t i s evident from this spec imen that the coast race is a larger form having a somewhatmore buffy t inge to the l ight st rip es . Owing to the agedcharacter of this spec imen the mane on the nape i s reducedto a thin l ine of short b lack hair an inch in length . Thenose has the tan blotch between the nostri l s and the t ip sof the forehead strip es wel l marked as in the males ofgranti . The dark stripes a re al so deep black, as in gran t i ,and are qu it e the same in arrangement . The width of theb roadest st rip es on the hind quarters i s somewhat greater

,

being 3A inches . The flesh measurements of thi s spec imenwere : head and body, 9 1 inches; tail, 1 8 inches; hind foot ,22 inches; ear, 7A inches . The greatest length of the skul li s 22 i nches .The coast race i s found in wel l-watered d i st rict s through

out the coast pla in and the desert bush count ry . On thelower slopes or p la ins of Kil imanj aro it i s espec ial ly abundant . In the thorn scrub of the desert nyika they are onlyfound local ly in the vic in ity of a permanent water supply .

Herds have been seen near Mtoto Andei Stat ion and alsonear the coast at Maj i ya Chumvi . They have also been

Eport ed on the lower Tana R iver and the lower S abakiIver.

SAMBURU QUA G GA ZEBRAEgan; quagga eun inghamei

Equur quagga eun inghamei H el ler, 1 9 1 4, Smith . Misc . Coll ., v ol. 6 1 , N o.

22, p . 3 .

RA N G E — Desert dra inage area of the N orthern GuasoN yiro from the eastern base of the Laikip ia E scarpmenteastward to the Lorian swamp

,south as far as the north

bank of the Tana R iver and north at l east as far as theLorog i Mountains; northern and eastern l imits of rangeunknown .



The occurrence of the quagga zeb ra in the N orthernGuaso N y i ro d ist ri ct has been reported by nearly everyt ravel ler who has vis ited the d ist rict, and the assoc i at ion ofthe quagga and the Grevy together In the same herds hasOften been commented upon . I t I s

,however

,not alone In

this region that such associat ion occu rs,for the two types

of zeb ra cont inue together northward over the desert areato thei r northern l imits in Abyss in ia . The quagga zebrainhab it ing the N orthern Guaso N yiro d i st ri ct may be dist ingu ished by l ighter colorat ion and smal ler body s ize fromthe highland quagga of East Africa and Uganda and hasrecently been named for R . J . C un ingham e

,the wel l-known

safari l eader of B rit i sh East Africa .

The race i s d ist ingu ishable from granzi by its darkerground- color as rep resented by the l ight st ripes which arepale ochraceous-buffand the l ighter color of it s dark st ripeswhich are b ist re—brown instead of black . The skul l d iffersfrom that of gran ti by the shortness of the rostral port ionand the narrowness of the d iastema between the cheekteeth and the inc isors . The skul l averages smaller in lengthwith narrower palatal width and wider lambdoidal crestthan in gran ti . From bO

’

lim i,of the Kil imanj aro d ist rict

,i t

d iffers in color the same way as from gran ti , but is furtherd ist ingu ishable by it s much smal ler body s ize .

The ground-color as represented by the l ight strip es i spale ochraceous-buffand shows cons iderable contrast to thewhite bel ly and inner surface of the hind quarters . Thedark strip es are uniform b ist re-brown on t he body butdarker somewhat on the head

,where they become seal

b rown In conformity with the seal brown nose patch . Thelegs below the knees and hocks are marked by l ighter stripesthan the body

,being snuff-brown and fully striped to thehoofs . The tail tuft i s black with the except i on of the

mixtu re of a few white hairs in the upper part . The earsare cream-white

,marked on the back at the t ip by a broad

area of b ist re brown and another brown area near the base .

The mane i s wel l developed , the hair having a length of 6inches

,with an extent from the crown of the head to the

shoulders and is st riped pale buff and seal b rown in conformity with the str i pes of the neck . The body stripesare arranged qu ite as i n gran ti or behm i , but there I s no i n


dicat ion of shadow st ripes anywhere . The widest st ripesare the Obl iqu e ones cross ing the hind quarters

,which have

a width of 2A inches at thei r widest part . The body isc rossed behind the shoulders from the last neck st rip e tothe first Obl ique st rip e by four t ransverse st rip es

,which

completely enci rcl e the body and join.

the longitud inal vent ral st ripe . The neck I s crossed by n i ne t ransverse st ripes

,

the anter i or of which are narrow and a few of the posteriorvery wide . The leg stripes are broken on the Inner s ide onthe upper part of the l egs , but below the knees and thehocks they completely enci rcl e the l egs

,and on the lower

part of the pasterns,immed iately above the hoof

,they

usual ly become fused into a sol id dark band .

There is in add it ion to the type skin at the N at ionalMuseum another skin of the same age taken at the sametime . This latter sp ec imen is qu ite ident ical in color withthe type . Spec imens of gran ti of the same age from theAthi Pla ins d iffer from the type by the ir whit i sh groundcolor and dark st ripes which are seal-brown in color . Thest ripes of the old adults of enn inghamei

,however

,as ob served

in the l ive spec imens in the field,are somewhat darker than

the type but are never deep black as in gran ti . The l ightercolor of the dark st rip es i s no doubt due to the arid cond it ions and intense heat and sunl ight to which the N orthernGuaso N yiro race i s subj ect . Cnn inghamei I s a desert raceoccupy i ng the N orthern Guaso N yiro watershed from i t s

format ion by the Guaso N arok and Guaso N yuki R iverseastward to it s t erminat ion in the Lorian swamp . N orthward the race reaches at l east as far as the northern slopesof the Lorog i Mounta ins . The quagga zebras occu rringalong the east Shore of Lake Rudolf may be jolla , theAbyss in i an race

,which was described by Camerano from

theyR ift Vall ey of cent ral Abyss in ia .

A ful ly adult male from Archer ’ s Post,N orthern Guaso

N yiro R iver, had the fol lowing flesh measu rements : headand body

, 75 inches ; ta i l , 1 8 inches ; h ind foot , 20 inches ;ear

, 6A inches . These flesh measu rement are cons iderab lyles s than adult ma les of the h ighland quagga .

CHAPTER XXI I I

T H E GREVY ZEBRA

Doli ehokippur

Doliehohippu: H el ler, 1 9 1 2, Sm ith . Misc . Coll . , v ol. 60, N o . 8, p . 1 ; typeD. grevy i .

T H E st riped horses,or zeb ras

,have been assoc iated

by some natural ist s in a genus H ippotigri s, a name bywhich they were known to the ancient Romans . Be

yond thei r st riped coats,however

,they have no other

common character separat ing them from other exist ingBan ida . This assemb lage i l lust ra tes wel l the popu lar ideathat al l the striped horses are c losely related . As a matterof fact

,they d iffer more among themselves than they do

from either asses or the domest i c horse . In thi s connect ion it may b e wel l to cal l attent ion to the p robab i l i ty ofmany of the foss i l horses having had st rip ed coats and thei rp robab l e c lose relat ionship with some of the African zeb rasrather than the horse . One

,at l east

,of the l iving striped

horses we b el i eve deserves generic rank . The Grevy zeb rastands out in shape of sku ll and p roport ions of head andbody further from the other zeb ras and asses than does thehorse

,which i s commonly regarded as the most highly

spec ial ized member . Considering the large number offoss i l spec ies

,i t i s of some advantage to d iscriminate as

finely as poss ible between the few exist ing spec ies so as toshow thei r p robab le relat ionship s to such forms by meansof d ist inct generic names . The en largement of the head in

698



on the rump the beginni ng of the grid i ron or t ransversepattern of stripes which in the G rév y are l engthened outand extend below the hips .Dol i eli oh ippus i s confined to the low desert area of

northern B ri t i sh East Africa and southeastern Abyss in ia .

The range i s so l imited and uniform in cl imat ic cond it ionsthat but a s ingle spec ies

, greey i , i s recognizab l e .

GREVY ZEBRADoli ehokippu: greeyi

N ATIVE N AME S : Swahili, kangan i : Samburru, kanga .

Egnar grevy i Oust alet , 1 882, La N ature, X, p . 1 2, figs. 2.

RA N G E — From the N orthern Guaso N yiro d ra inage andthe north bank of the Tana R iver northward to Lake Zwaiin Abyss in ia

,westward to the eastern shore of Lake Rudolf

and the Omo River,and east to the l imits of Abyss in ia , but

not known to occur actual ly with in B rit i sh Somal iland .

The kings of Abyss in ia have from the very earl iestt imes sent as gift s from t ime to t ime l iving spec imens ofthe Grevy zeb ra to rulers of friendly European nat ions .This custom early introduced the zebra to European c ivil izat ion . The zebra shown in the Roman amphitheat re i s supposed to have been this spec ies and to be the one referredto by the anc ients as H ippotigri s . Menel ik, the late rulerof Abyss in ia

,sent several spec imens to various heads of

government in Eu rope and America . One of these sent toPres ident Grevy

,of France

,w as described by Oust alet in

1 882 and named for the chief execut ive . Although theG rév y was without doubt the first spec ies of zebra tobe known to Europe

,i t remained unknown , or rather un

named,unti l described in 1 882 . Linnaeus , who founded

ou r modern system of b inomial nomenclatu re , mentionedin 1 75 8 only the mountain zebra , to which he gave thespec ific name zebra

,a name virtual ly appl i cab le p rimarily

to the present spec ies . The Abyss in ians appear to have aspec ial fondness for the large Grevy zebra

,which i s the

only one they capture,although the smalle r, broad-st rip ed

H IG HLA ND Q UA GGA ZE B RA ,MA LE A N D FEMA LE

F rom G erman East A fricaI n t he N ew Yo rk Zoolog I c al Pa rk

GREVY ZE BRA FROM A BYS S IN IA,MA LE

Presen t ed t o Th eodore Rooseve l t by Empe ro r Mene lIk ofAbyssin iaI n t he N at Ional Zoolog Ica l Park , Wash ing ton , D C

L I V IN G SPEC IMEN S OF H IG H LA N D Q UA G GA A N D GREVY ZEBRA S



the tuft is much narrower than the white part of the tuftand in a photograph is often qu it e invis ib l e . N otw i th

stand ing the long-known character of the Grevy zeb ra inAbyss in ia , i t has been known from the southern part of itsrange in B rit i sh East Africa only recently . Count Teleki

,

during his j ou rney of d iscovery of Lake Rudolf in 1 888,was

the fi rst sportsman to report it s occu rrence in B rit i sh terri tory . He met with it near the south end of Lake Rudolfand along its eastern shore . Will iam Astor Chanler was

,

perhaps,the next sportsman to meet with it

,in 1 892, during

h is explorat ion of the N orthern Guaso N yiro R iver and theLorian swamp . I n 1 898 A . H . N eumann

,in h is “E l ephant

Hunt ing in East Equatorial Afri ca ,” gave the first carefu laccount of the hab it s and d ist ribut ion of the spec ies inBrI t ish East AfrI ca .

The b ig zebra , which our porters ca l led kangan i , wasonly met wi th by us on the banks of the N orthern GuasoN yiro . The country was very dry

,i t being evident tha t no

ra in had fallen for many months, and under the b laz ingequatoria l sun the grass had withered a lmost to S traw

,and

the dry acacias and wai t-a-b i t thorns were a lmos t leafless .The strange candelab ra euphorb ias, and trees covered by amass of green

,fle shy thorns instead of l eaves

,seemed to

harmonize wel l with the landscape . The only water was inthe N orthern Guaso N yiro or an occas ional rare s treamflowing into i t . Back from the river were hil l s and bu ttes

,

bordering the dry pla ins,which were sometimes bare and

sometimes covered with s tre tches of l eafles s thorn scrub .

I t was bad gallop ing, for the ground was rotten in p laces ,and in other places covered with volcani c s tones ; bu t thegame ran as i f unhampered by e ither the stones or therot ten ground .

On the bare,grassy p la ins

,and more rarely where there

T H E GREVY ZEBRA 703

was thin thorn scrub,the kangan i were met with in smal l

parties and troops of half a dozen to th irty or forty ind iv iduals . Once we came on a pla in where the t roop s hadgathered into a loose herd of several hundred ind ividual s .The b ig zeb ras mix free ly not only with the oryx herds bu ta lso with the herd s of the smal ler zeb ra . I t i s curiou s tha tthey should assoc ia te con tinual ly and on such good termswith the sma l ler zeb ra

,and yet never b reed with them .

Apparently they trea t thei r sma l l er cous ins p rec isely asthey do the various spec ies of antelop e . Sometimes themixed herds of kangan is, bonte-quagga s, and oryxes a red ivided a lmost equa l ly among the three spec ies ;more oftenone or two ind ividua ls of one spec ies are found with a herdof another ;and Often , of course , the herd i s composed exclusiv ely of one spec ies . The kangan i herd s u sual ly conta inone master s ta l l ion . The sta l l ions fight vic iously wi th oneanother . In severa l ins tances we ki l led s tal l ions whosetes ti cles had not come down, and were concea led within thebe lly wal l .The ga i ts of the b ig zeb ra are a s lashing trot and a

ga l lop,wherea s the sma l l zeb ra canters . I t has a pecu l ia r

screaming whinny,u tterly un l ike the barking cry of the

common zeb ra . I t s very long ears , thrown forward in curiou s in teres t

,enab le i t to b e recognized a t a d i s tance . I ts

s tripes,b eing narrow and uniform

,fade into a genera l gray

at a d is tance a t which the s trip es of the ord inary zeb ra,

especia l ly those on the rump,are s ti l l pla in ly vis ib l e ; afar

off the zeb ra s look l ike wild asses . We found the b ig zeb ramuch more wary than the common zeb ra

,bu t in the i r hab i ts

of grazing,drinking

,and resting the two species were not

d i s tingu i shable ; indeed i n these respects they behaved much


l ike the oryx,with which they were a ssoc ia ted

,al though i t

i s sa id tha t the oryx can go without drinking while thezebra cannot

,and so is found in much drier regions . The

grea t enemy of the b ig zeb ra, as of the common zeb ra and

the oryx,was the l ion ; and we al so found one instance in

which a leopard had kil led a half-grown kangan i and actual ly dragged part of the carcass into the b ranches of a thorntree .

As ide from the wel l-marked d ifference in color pattern,the

Grevy zebra has d ist inct ive d ifferences in body proport ionsand shape . The head is dec idedly enlarged and lengthened

,

the hoofs are broad , and the ears a re greatly expanded andlengthened

,exceed ing in width the long ears of the African

ass . The broad ears are apparently an adaptat ion whichconforms with the b rushy nature of thei r hab itat

,where

acute hearing i s of vital importance,and the b road hoofs

are al so to be att ributed to environmental effect,that i s

,

to the sandy and porous nature of much of the desert areain which they dwell . The tai l tuft i s rather small and confined to the ext reme t ip of the tail . The body colorat ion isqu ite d ist inct ive . I t consist s of numerous

,narrow trans

verse st ripes,alternate whit i sh and blackish in color and

of equal width,except on the neck

,where the dark stripes

are broader . An important d ist inct ion in the Grevy i sthe absence of d iagonal or longitudinal st ripes on the rumpand hips

,where the stripes a re t ransverse . In the moun

ta in zebra of South Africa there i s a suggest ion of this pattern in the narrow grid i ron of the rump . I n general , thecolor pattern resembles more closely that of the latter spec iesthan the quagga or bonte-quagga type . The stripes of thehead are arranged quite as in the other two spec ies . Thesexes are qu ite ind ist ingu ishable in colorat ion

,and the newly

born young are essent ial ly the same in pattern , though somewhat l ighter in color . The ground-color, or rather the colorof the l ight st ripes

,i s pale ochraceous-buff, except on the

under-parts and ins ide of the l egs,where it i s more whit i sh

or cream color . The dark stripes vary in intens ity from



strip es un ite with it . The neck I s marked by n ine or tent ransverse st ripes varying much In width

,theywidest be ing

the med ian ones,which atta in a w idth Of2A or 3 inches . The

crown of the head 1 3 marked by numerous very fine longit ud inal st ripes which terminate on the snout midway b etween the t i p and the eyes . The s ides of the head and thecheeks are marked by wider t ransverse st ripes which meetbelow on the throat . The legs are marked by numerousnarrow transverse st ripes which completely enci rcl e thel imb with the except ion of the upper part

,near the body

,

where they are broken on the inner s ide . A series of twelveadult skins from the N orthern Guaso N yiro d ist rict showvery l itt l e variat ion in color . The strip es , however, varyconsiderab ly in d ifferent ind ividual s or on d ifferent s ides ofthe same ind ividual . The transverse st rip es of the back andneck Often fork irregu larly on the s ides of the body, and thel eg-bands are even more i rregular in thi s regard . Alb in ism ,

though rare,i s not unknown among Grevy zeb ras

,but no

instances of part ia l alb in ism have been reported . One ofthe B rit i sh East African game rangers

,A . Blayney Perc ival

,

col lected a un iformly white spec imen near the Lorianswamp from a herd of normal ly colored ind ividual s . Thisspec imen was p resented by Perc ival to the B rit i sh Museumand I s now on exhib it ion In one of the gal leries . Althoughit i s ent i rely white

,the dark strip es can be traced in it s coat

as faint darker shadows .An adult male spec imen from the N orthern Guaso N yiro,

shot by Colonel Roosevelt,measured in the flesh : head and

body,8 feet 3 inches; tai l , 22 inches; hind foot , 24 inches;

length of ear, 9 inches . These d imens ions rep resent an

average adult of e ither sex,the females being qu ite equa l

to the males in s ize . The largest skul l s in a series of fourteen spec imens in the N at ional Museum measure in greatestlength : male, 25 inches , female , 24V inches . Specimenshave been recorded by A . H . N eumann i n B rit i sh EastAfrica as far south as the junct ion of the Tana and Mac

kenzie R ivers,east of Mount Ken ia

,thence northward to

the northeast slope of the Lorog i Mountains and northwardalong the east shore of Lake Rudolf to the mouth of theOmo River . N o authent ic records of Grevy zeb ra i n theTurkana country west or southwest of Lake Rudolf have

MA P 3 9— D I STR IBUTI ON OF T H E G REVY ZEBRA

1 Doli ehoh ippur grevy i

707


been found,and it appears that Lake Rudolf marks the

eastern l imit s of it s range . On the N orthern Guaso N yiroit i s found along both banks throughout the low desert landst raversed by the river from its format ion by the j unct ionOfthe Guaso N yuki and Guaso N arok down to i t s t erminusin the Lorian swamp . N orth of the river it is found throughout the desert in the vicinity of sp rings or water-holes .Eastward toward the sea the l imits of it s range are notknown except in the north where it extends as far east asthe boundary of B rit i sh Somal iland . As it has not beenreport ed from the coast north of the Tana River, i t doubtl es s does not extend much farthe r east than the Lorianswamp .



les s sol id hoof which shows evidence of three or four of thetoes in the nai l-l ike d ivis ion on i t s margin . Placed almostimmediately above the hoof we find the ankle

,which occu

p ies a pos it ion somewhat s imilar to that in man and the apes .This arrangement gives the foot great flexib i l i ty and enablesthe elephant to perform many movements of which thehoofed mammals are qu ite incapab l e . The head is immensely enl arged so as to support the tusks or canine teeth ,the enormous s ize of which i s a further pecul iarity of elephant s . I n order to increase the S ize of the skull so as togive greater surface for muscular attachment

,the occ ip ita l

and " parietal bones have been increased greatly in extentand thickness by the development Of s inuses having al ight honeycomb st ructu re . The bra in case has in thisway atta ined a thickness of some fifteen or twenty inches

,

and it i s this great mass of bony t issue su rround ing theb rain which makes the elephant so d iffi cul t an an imal tokil l

,owing to the difli culty of locat ing the brain . The bony

expans ion of the skul l i s ch iefly upward,over the occ ip ital

port ion,in the form of a great dome

,which i s cut Off ab ruptly

at the back so as to bu ild a great wal l for the attachmentof the muscles which move the head . A further strikingpecul iarity of the sku l l i s the expans ion of the premaxil la rybones into great sheaths for the support of the immensetusks . The elephants al so show marked spec ial izat ion inthe structure of thei r molar or cheek-teeth . These in thet rue elephants are made up of a series of folds of enamel anddent ine

,which are bound together by a cement l ayer form

ing a tooth with a very long crown,a foot or more in l ength

and of great height,so that it can withstand an immense

amount of wear . Only one or part of two teeth are in use



The ancient African evidence rest s chiefly upon the Fayumbeds , but elephant remains of M iocene age, rep resent ing anaberrant type

,Dinotli erium

,have also been found near

Lakes Victoria N yanza and Rudolf,in equatoria l Africa .

A mastodon of Ple istocene age i s also recorded from SouthAfrica . There exist s to-day only a smal l remnant of thefamily

,represent ing but two genera

,E lephas, confined to

southern Asia,and Loxodon ta, confined to Ethiop ian Africa .

AFRI CA N ELEPH A N T

Loxoa’

onta

Loxoa’onta F . C uvier, 1 827, Zoo l . Journ . , v ol. I I I, p . 1 40; type Elepharafri canar Blumenbach .

Although Cuvier establ ished the genus Loxoa’on ta for theAfrican elephants more than eighty years ago

,the African

has been assoc iated by natural i st s general ly with the Ind ian el ephant in the genus E lephas . Cuvier cal l ed attent ionto the much wider or lozenge Shape and the lesser numberof the enamel plates In the molar teeth In the African elephant In comparI son with the Indian , and upon such d ist inct ion the genus was founded . Owing

,however

,to there

being but two l iving forms,no attempt has been made to

recognize the generic d ist inct ion between the two except bysome paleontologists

,who have many species to cons ider

and find such a generic d ivis ion of importance in the class ificat ion . B es ides the d ifferences in the molar teeth thereare many other d ist inct ions in structure which are of generic value . The skul l in the African elephant i s evenlyrounded on the crown

,being perfect ly dome-shaped and

without the median depress ion which in the Ind ian separa testhe crown into two rounded knobs or bosses . An importantexternal d ist inct ion between the two elephants i s the enormous s ize of the ear in the African el ephant

,i n which it cov

ers the ent i re neck and withers and reaches as low as thebreast

,the height often equall ing half the standing height

Of the an imal . The African also has a more S lop ing dorsalprofi l e

,the body slop ing downward from the crown of the

ELEPHANTS 7 1 3

head rather than from the withers,owing to the higher car

riage of the head . Other d ifferences are the presence of an ipp le on the lower edge of the t ip of the trunk as wel l asthe one on the upper

,the larger tu sks

,and the l esser number

of hoof-l ike nai l s on the margin of the hoof in the African .

The genus Loxodon ta i s a much l es s special ized group thanE lephas , as shown by the les se r number of enamel platesin the molar teeth and the rounded out l ine of the dorsalsurface of the skull . The enormou s s ize of the ears

,the

add it ional n ipple on the t ip of the trunk,and the lesser

number of hoof—l ike d iv i s ions in the feet of Loxodon ta are,

however,spec ial izat ions not found in the l iving representa

t ive of the genus E lephas . I n skul l shape the African is,

however,dec idedly l ike the genu s M as todon

,being evenly

rounded over the p ari etal or occ ip ital part,and also convex

in profi l e on the forehead above the nasal open ing,instead

of concave as in E lephas . I n tooth structure it i s somewhatintermed iate between Mastodon or S tegodon and E lephas , thenumber of p lates b eing intermed iate in number and the teethnarrower and Often Showing

,when unworn

,a want of cement

on the crown,so that the enamel p lates p roj ect when unworn

as ridges s imilar somewhat to the cond it ion found inMas todon .

The teeth,however

,are long- crowned

,as in E lephas , and very

different in this character from the short-crowned teeth ofMastodon . The Indian elephant

,although having as many

as twenty-fou r plates to it s last molar tooth, i s not the mosthighly spec ial ized form in this regard , but such d ist inct ionbelongs to the recently ext inct hairy elephant, or mammoth ,Elephas prim igen i a s , of the boreal regions . The plates inthe mammoth number as many as twenty-seven in the lastmolar and were narrower

,much more crowded , and longer

than in the Indian . The molar teeth of al l e lephants haveprogress ively more and more ridges as we advance fromthe fi rst to the l ast tooth in the order of thei r Success ion .

Usual ly only the formula of the last three, or permanentset

,i s cons idered . I n the African elephant the ridge formula

in the permanent molars i s : fi rst , 6 or 7 ; second , 8 or 9 ;and last

,1 0 or 1 2 .

,

I n the Indian thi s formula runs u sual ly :fi rst

,1 2 ; second, 1 6; and third , 24 . The two l iving ele

phan t s are both les s spec i al ized than some of the ext inctforms belonging to the same genera . I n a broader way,


the pers i st ence of ancient types occu rred among the generain past geologic ages . Thus one of the prim i t ive genera

,

Mastodon,l ingered unt i l the last or Pleistocene age In the

northern hemisphere,in much of which territory it l ived

with and supplanted the more highly spec ial ized genusElephas . The Afri can elephant

,which is to-day the giant

among the land mammals,was exceeded in height by some

of the foss i l species,notably by Elephas impera tor, from the

Pl iocene of N orth America,which attained a height of 1 3

feet or over at the withers . Another form of gigant ic s izewas the Ple istocene spec ies

,E lephas meridi onal i s

,of southern

Europe,which attained a height of cons iderably more than

1 2 feet and was,l ike impera tor, one of the al l ies of the I ndian

elephant . A gigant ic foss i l sp ec ies,an ti quus , of the Pl iocene

of southern Europe,rel ated to the African elephant and

l ikewise a member of the genus Loxodonta,was scarcely l es s

in height than impera tor . The African elephant,which at

ta ins a height of 1 1 feet or sl ightly more at the withers,

although exceeded in height by these foss i l sp ec ies,can

scarcely be sa id to be a smaller animal in bulk . N o foss i lelephant 1 3 known which had a larger skul l . The giganticspec i es

,though tall er

,were relat ively small-skulled forms .

The tusks of many of the ext inct spec i es were very long andexceeded the average African tusks greatly in thi s d imension .

The great length in the ext inct spec ies was often due tothei r having become of no funct ional u se

,so that

,in the

absence ofwear,thei r points grew to immense length

,cu rving

e ither upward or inward in a large c i rcl e and overlapp ingone another

,as in the case of some mammoths . Record

tusks of the African el ephant approach very closely in thickness or d iame t er to the l argest of those of the gigant ic foss i lspecies . The disuse to which the tusks were subj ected in themammoths would account for the smaller s ize of the skull ,there being l es s need for the development of bony crests formuscular attachment for wield ing the tusks than in thel iving African spec i es in which the tusks are subj ect tomuch use and wear . At the t ime these giant spec i es wereflourishing there were al so pygmy spec ies

,some five feet In

height,l iving actual ly with thei r l arger kin on some of the

islands in the Mediterranean,notably Malta and Crete .

Such small spec i es were related to the African elephant and


7 1 6 AFRICAN GAME AN IMALS

we have appl ied the older name,afri cana

,to the form in

hab it ing the Congo bas in,which may be taken as repre

sent ing part,at least

,of the area which B lumenbach cal led

Middle Africa . S ince the e ighteenth century no new namesfor African elephants have been p roposed unti l the year1 900, when Mat sch ie publ i shed a paper describ ing threenew spec ies

,one from East Africa

,another from Abyss inia

,

and a third from the Cameroons . Mat sch ie recogn izedfour spec ies : capens i s of South Africa, lenoehen li aneri ofEast Africa

,oxyoti s of Abyss in ia, and eyeloti s of West Africa,

typ ical ly the Cameroons . His spec ies were founded upond ifferences in ear shape chiefly and

,as far a s our present

knowledge i s concerned,hold good as rac ial d ist inct ions

,

with the exception of the d ist inct ions drawn between theEast African and the Cape elephant

,which are apparently

rac ial ly ident ical . The Cape or Eas t African race i s charact erized by the large s ize of the ear, which has a height inadult bul l s of from 4 to 5A feet, or qu it e half that of thestand ing height of the an imal . The ear i s rectangular inshape

,b e-ing folded in at the top so that the upper outl ine

runs paral lel with the neck,and the point or lappet being

formed by the lower margin and the h inder meet ing atrigh t angles below the throat

,or rather in front of the chest ,

gives the ear it s rectangular shape . This i s the largestrace

,the record el ephants in height of body and d imens ions

of tusks being South or East African spec imens . I n thehighland region of Abyssinia, part icu larly the northernslopes of I t s plateau reg Ion In the area drained by the B lueN i l e and the Atbara R iver

,we find a second race of ele

ph ant s, cal l ed by Mat sch ie oxyoti s . I t may be d ist ingu ishedfrom the East African race

,or capens i s , by the absence of

the fold on the upper margin of the ears,the ears fold ing

over the nape of the neck but not bent back upon themselves . The ear is al so more pointed or pear-shaped

,being

narrower,with a longer lappet . I n some spec imens the

hinder and part of the upper margin of the ear is foldedforward for a width of two or three inches

,as in the I nd ian

elephant . The spec ies described from the Cameroons byMat sch ie as eyeloti s i s the most d ist inct in ear shape of al lthe races . The ear in th is race i s elongate and evenlyrounded on its enti re h inder border and is without any fold

A BYS S IN IA N E LE PHA NTSI n t he N ew York Zoolog 1cal Park

Showmg absence offo l d s on upper marg I n ofears

CAME ROON E LE PHA NT, MA LEType ofElephas pumi li o

I n t he N ew York Zoo log ica l ParkS how ing sma l l c ircu lar ears t yp ica l ofcyclot i s

T H E ABYSS IN IA N A N D WE ST A FR ICA N RA CE S OF T H E E LEPH AN T



The depth or S ize of the fossa occupying the upper surfaceof the premaxil l ary bones l ikewise depends upon the s ize ofthe tusks al so . I n a great measu re the s ize of the skull i sinfluenced by the tusks

,the l arger-tu sked elephants having

decidedly the large r skull s . Bes ides the individual variat ions in skull s due to tusk d ifferences

,there is a marked age

variat ion . The dome of the skul l as represented by thecel lular mass of bony t issue which su rrounds the braingrows throughout a long period and seems to keep pace ini t s development with the growth of the tusks . On thisaccount only skull s of absolutely the same age may be compared as regards thei r shape or the rel at ive proport ion ofpart s .

We found elephant in the cool forests and bamboo bel tsof Mount Kenia and among i ts foot-hil l s ;i n the open p la in sand scanty thorn woods near the ’

N zo ia R iver ; in the treej ungle and tal l elephant grass of Uganda ; and in the hot,dry country along both banks of the upper Whi te N i l e .

With the poss ible excep tion of the l ion,the elephant i s

the wises t and most in teres ting of al l the kinds of b ig game .

Most wild animals lead very s imple l ives ;and , whil e most ofthem at times perform queer and unexpected fea ts or showtra i ts tha t upset the observer ’ s previou s general iza tions

,

there is ord inari ly not much varie ty or original i ty in wha tthey do . But the l ion is forced by the exigencies of a l ifeof prey to develop ab il i ties as marked as they are s in is ter ;and the elephant

,ins tead of growing in s tup id i ty as well a s

weight,has become the most in tel l igen t of gram in iv ores,

with an emotional and intel lec tual natu re suflflc ien t ly complex to make him a subj ec t of endless interes t to the observer .The elephant ’ s phys ica l and mental equ ipment fits i t for

l ife under u tterly d iverse cond i tions . Most game animalsl ive in narrowly circumscribed hab i ta ts ; for ins tance, the

ELEPHANTS 7 1 9

bushbuck in the fores ts , the hartebees ts on the pla ins , theoryx in dry, almos t desert country . But the el ephan t wanders everywhere , be ing equal ly a t home in the haunts ofbushbuck, oryx , and hartebees t . I t goes h igh among thecold bamboo bel ts of the mounta ins ;i t loves the hot, dense ,swampy lowland fores ts ; i t l ives in the barren desert wherei t has to travel a score of miles for a d rink of b i tte r water .Sometimes herd s make long migra tions

,swarming for sev

eral months in a local i ty,whil e du ring the res t of the year

not an elephan t wil l be found within a hundred mi les of i t .E l sewhere they may l ive in the same neighborhood al l theyear round . On the sou th S lop e of Mount Kenia we foundthe elephants l iving in the daytime in the thick fores t

,but

a t nigh t often wandering down into the p la in to ravage theshambas

,the cu l tiva ted field s near the na tive vil lages . I n

the Lado we found herds of e lephants l iving day and nightin the same p laces

,in the dry

,open pla ins of ta l l i sh grass

sp rinkled wi th acac ia s and a few palms . The Old bull su sual ly keep by themselves

,a lone or in smal l parties ; herds

exclus ively composed of cows and calves are common ;bu toften both sexes mingle in a herd

,and some of the la rges t

tu skers are always accompanied by herds of cows,which

seem to take a p ride in them and watch over and p rotec t

The wide ind ividual and loca l varia tion in hab i ts shouldmake the ob server very cau tiou s abou t making Sweep inggenera l iza tions ;and , moreover, there is often an undoub tedd ifference of persona l equation in the observer . I n Sanderson ’ s cap i tal book “The Wild Beas ts of I ndia he s ta testhat elephant cows do not l eave the herd to ca lve and thatboth bul ls and cows hab i tually l ie down . In the parts of


Africa the Roosevel t safari vis i ted the elephants p ractical lynever l ie down a t al l ;tha t is, the cases where they do are sowholly excep tional tha t they can be d is regarded . We heardof such ins tances from the ’

N dorobo or Wakamba hunters,

or from Old white elephant hunters,bu t always as some

thing curious and unusual . In careful ly following variousherds and ind ividual s

,ca reful ly examining the tra il s they

had made during the p reced ing twenty-four or even fortyeight hours

,we never came across an instance where any

elephant had la in down . They s lep t and rested s tand ing .

But in the desert,north of the N orthern Guaso N yiro

,

Heller found them lying down . Whether the cows evercalve withou t leaving the herd we cannot say ; In the onlycase brought to our a ttention of the s i te of a calf’ s b i rthbeing found

,the cow had reti red to an isola ted place

,

where sh e had evidently spent the firs t two or three daysafter the calf was born before rejoin ing the herd .

By the time the calf i s a week old,the mother has jo ined

the herd,usual ly composed of other nu rs ing or expectan t

mothers and of half-grown animals of both sexes . The cowtakes the u tmos t care of the calf; if i t i s d rinking a t a poolshe will chase away any other member of the herd which shethinks may interfere wi th i t . The cows guard the ca lvesaga ins t the attacks of wild beasts . In extremely ra re casesthree-parts grown elephant cows or half-grown bul ls havebeen a ttacked by parties of hungry l ions ;bu t, as a rule, ananimal i s safe after i t i s three or four years old . Youngcalves

,however

,are eagerly sought after by l ions and even

by leopards and hyenas . The cows are always on the a lertaga ins t such foes

,and drive them away in a twinkl ing if

they are d iscovered,uni ting in the rush agains t them

,j us t


ELEPHANTS 721

a s they frequently uni te in a rush aga ins t the human hunter.

Tarl ton once wi tnessed such a cha rge by a party of el ephantcows aga ins t a l ion . They chased i t severa l score yards .I t j us t managed to escape in to a be l t of thick fores t

,which

the cows in thei r rage then proceeded to wreck for an a reaof many yard s .El ephants a re a t home in a l l kinds of ground . They

cl imb as tonish ingly wel l,clambering up and down pla ces

where i t s eems extraord inary so huge a crea tu re can go a t a ll .They al so frequen t swamps and marshes and swim b roadrivers

,bu t they sometimes get mired down . The cap ta in

of the launch tha t took us from Butiaba told us tha t he oncefound three elephants s ti l l a l ive

,bu t fa s t in the deep mud

some d is tance from the bank of the N i l e . They werei

young

i sh bea s ts,nearly ful l grown . E l ephants travel very grea t

d i s tances when thoroughly a la rmed or when on migra tion ;no other game comes anywhere near them in thi s respec t .They prefer shade a t noon

,bu t do not find i t essen tia l .

Again and aga in we saw herds S tand ing throughou t the hothours

,in bush no higher than thei r backs

,in tal l grass tha t

d id not reach as high as the i r backs,or in short grass among

almos t l eafless acac ia s ; and this not only among the fa irlycool foot-hil l s of Kenia and by the ’

N zo ia R iver,bu t by the

banks of the White N i l e . By the N i l e the elephant herds,l ike the rhinos

,and l ike the buffalo nea r N a i rob i, were

often accompanied by flocks of whi te cow herons . I t wasoften poss ib le to tel l where the grea t bea s ts were by watching the flocks of white herons c i rcl ing over the reeds orperched in the tree top s near by . On burnt ground or inshort grass the herons would al l march alongs ide the i rhos ts

,ca tching the gra sshoppers which were d is turbed by the


tramp ing of the huge fee t . As soon as the elephants enteredreeds or ta l l grass

,the herons a l l flew up and l i t on the i r

heads and backs . With their trunks the elephants couldreadily have gotten rid of the b i rds

,bu t from th e oldest to

the younges t— perhaps a p ink calf— they evidently accep tedthe s i tua tion as a matter of course .

E l ephants,l ike most game

,spend the major part of the i r

time eating ; bu t unl ike mos t game thei r food is of grea tvariety . They graze and b rowse ind ifferently . They arefond of making inroads on the fields of the natives

,devouring

immense quanti ties of beans and corn and melons,and

destroying far more than they devour . They are fond of

various fru i ts,some of them so smal l that i t mus t be both

laborious and del icate work to p ick them in suffi c ien t numbers to s tay the giant beas ts ’ appeti te . We have watchedone feed ing on grass ; i t behaved in the usual le isu rely e lephant manner

,p lucking a rol l of grass wi th i ts trunk

,per

haps waving i t abou t,and then tucking i t away into i t s

mouth . In the s tomach of another we found bark,leaves

,

abutilon tip s,and the flowers and twig ends of a b ig shrub

or bush Dombeya na i robi ens i s . They wreck the smal l treeson which they feed

,butting or ra ther p res s ing them down

with thei r foreheads,or getting on thei r knees and up root

ing them with the i r tu sks . They are fond Offeed ing on theacac ias

,al though i t i s hard to see how they avoid wound ing

both the i r trunks and thei r tongues and j aws with thethorns . We have watched one b reak off an acac ia b ranch ,thrus t i t in to i ts mouth

,and withdraw i t with the l eave s

s tripped off. Many of the b ranches i t wil l chew to ge t thesap , and then sp i t ou t ;these chewed branches or canes , together with the wrecked trees

,mark pla inly the road a herd



length of time . N or are they long s ilent,for as ide from sub

dued squeaks or growls,and occas ional shri l l cal l s

,there a re

queer interna l rumbl ings . Thei r eyes are very bad . L ikethe rhino, they can see only as a very near-s ighted man sees .At a d is tance of e ighty yards or so, when in dul l-coloredhunting clothes, one can walk s lowly toward them or shiftpos it ion without fear of d i scovery . Even near by

,i f a man

i s absolutely motionless,he s tands a good chance to escap e

ob servation, a l though not hidden . But the hearing i s good,

and the sense of smel l exquis i te . They make many d ifferent noises

,and to none of these ord inary noises do the other

elephants pay any heed . But there are certa in notes,to our

ea rs ind is tingu ishable from the others,which s ignify alarm

or susp ic ion,and i t i s extraord ina ry to see the ins tantane

ous way in which,on the u tterance of such a sound , a whol e

herd wil l fi rs t s tand motionles s and then move away .

From immemoria l ages elephants have been hunted forthei r ivory . Whether the grea t Egyptian monarchs huntedthe African e lephant is uncerta in

,a l though on the ir As ia ti c

forays they certa inly kil l ed the As ia tic el ephants which thenexis ted in Syria and along the valley of the Euphrates . Butthe b ig tusks of the African elephants were al ready at tha ttime Ob ta ined by barter from the negro tribes south of thedeserts which border the lower N i l e . For thousand s ofyears the range of the grea t beas t has s lowly shrunk ; but theslaughter d id not become appal l ing unti l the n ineteenth century . In that centu ry

,however

,the whi te e lephant hunt

ers,and la ter the na tives to whom the whi te traders fu r

n ished fire-arms,worked huge havoc among the herds, the

work of des truction be ing,beyond al l comparison , greater

than ever before . I n South Africa,and over immense tracts

ELEPHANTS 725

e lsewhere,the e lephants were ab solutely or p rac tica l ly ex

termina ted . Fortunately there i s now effi c ien t p rotec tionafforded them in many places by the laws of the Europeangovernments

,esp ec ia l ly by the B r it ish Government . In

Uganda and B ri t ish Eas t Africa,and a long certa in parts of

the N i le , the kil l ing of cows and young s tock has a lmos tceased

,and the herd s a re qu i te or nea rly hold ing thei r own .

N a tu ra l ly, where the b eas ts a re much hunted they b ecome exceed ingly shy . They then d rink on ly a t n ight

,and

if poss ib le never twice a t the same p lace,and they travel

extraord ina ry di s tances b etween times . The sl ightes t ta in tin the a i r wi l l s tampede them

,and they then go many miles

wi thou t s topp ing . Sometimes thei r way wil l b e for manymiles across the burn ing p la ins

,sometimes through dense

j ungle,sometimes through soft

,wet soil

,in which the i r fee t

punch huge holes . Under such cond itions e lephant hunting becomes a work of wearing fa tigue

,en ta i l ing severer and

longer-con tinued labor than any other form of the chase .

Bu t where the herds a re not much moles ted they often Showas ton ish ing tamenes s and ind ifference to man . N ea r oneof ou r camps in the Lado we one morn ing encountered aherd of thi rty or forty cows

,ca lves

,and young beas ts

,half

and three-quarters grown . They were in a b road , shal lowvalley

,evidently a swamp in the wet season . The valley

was covered wi th ta l l,rank gras s

,bu rned Off in p laces, and

dotted here and there with ant heaps and bushes andacac ia s . A b ig flock of cow herons accompan ied the herd .

The beas ts were feed ing on the grass when we fi rs t saw them,

and we app roached them close enough to see tha t therewere no b ig bul l s . After finish ing feed ing they moved off

up the val ley,the herons rid ing on the ir backs , bu t d ismount


ing to s ta lk through the burned places so a s to ca tch grasshoppers . The herd s ta tioned i tself for the day among thethorn-trees on one of the smal l ri ses of ground

,the herons

adverti s ing the p lace by perching in a snowy mass on theacac ia s . In mid-afternoon the e lephants again s trol ledforth to feed . They went to water, and were feed ing whenn ight fel l . They spen t mos t of the fol lowing day in theneighborhood . During al l th is time they were within acouple of miles of camp

,and as we watched them c lose by

we could d is tinc tly hear an occas ional camp noise,and the

report of the shot-guns of the orn i thologis ts of the expedition . Yet the elephants were total ly unconcerned .

In regions where the natives a re timid and unarmed theelephants sometimes become not merely famil ia r bu t dangerous . They are a lways fond of ravaging fields and gardens

,and when they find that they can do thi s with impu

n i ty they are ap t to become truculent toward mankind .

In Uganda we more than once came across deserted vil lages,

al ready far on the way aga in to becoming parts of thej ungle

,which we found had been abandoned by the inhab i t

ants because of the ravages of e lephants . At one campthe chief of a neighboring vil lage cal l ed on us to ask usto kil l a rogue bu l l

,the leader of a smal l herd of elephants

which were in i ts immedia te vicini ty . He sa id that the e lephan t s were very bold , were not afra id of men, and tha t thebul l had grown so vic ious that he attacked every man hecame across . Colonel Rooseve l t and Kermit went after therogue . They found the herd so c lose to the camp tha t theycould hear the porters talking and the sound of the axes,and were cha rged by the bul l a s soon as he made them out,a t a d is tance of some fifty or s ixty yards . They kil l ed him .



that does charge,espec ial ly a bul l , when i t has actual ly

begun i t s charge, i s more dangerous than a l ion and muchmore dangerous than an elephan t ;that a s ingle el ephant i sles s dangerous to a ttack than a s ingle buffalo

,and that the

charge of an elephant i s more eas i ly s topped or evaded thanthat of a buffalo ;but that elephants a re very much more ap tthemselves to a ttack than are buffalo

,and tha t

,therefore

,

there is more danger in the firs t approach to an elephan therd than i s the case with buffalo . I f a b ig tusker i s i n aherd of cows i t may b e imposs ib l e to kil l h im

,because the

cows charge with such savageness a s soon as they detect theapproach of the hunter— and

,of course

,a herd i s much

more ap t than a s ingle beas t to detec t h im . At the sound ofa shot the cows of a vicious herd , sc reaming and trumpeting,crash through the j ungle in al l d irec tions

,and may quar

ter to and fro down-wind , trying to catch the scent of thei renemy . I f a man is caught he is frequently killed ;bu t oftenhe escapes

,for the very hugeness of an elephant ’ s bulk makes

i t unfi t to cope with so small an antagonis t . An elephant i smore eas ily tu rned than a buffalo

,when in ful l charge

,a l

though an occasional el ephant,u sual ly a vicious bul l

,wil l

charge right through the shots,taking the punishment of the

heavy bulle ts wi thou t fl inching , and getting home . Ofcourse

,a bal l that would cripple a charging l ion may have

no effec t on the huge bu lk of an elephant or the s inewymass of a buffalo .

An elephant tha t means mischief may charge in s i lence,

the trunk hanging S traight down and the grea t ears cockeda t right angles to the head ;i t may extend the trunk, screaming or coming on s il ently ;or i t may scream loudly, and makethe actua l charge wi th the trunk curled

,and this not only

ELEPHANTS 729

when i t i s pa ss ing through j ungle,bu t even in the open . I t

i s sa id tha t elephants only scream when the trunk is extended

,bu t if this i s so

,then in some cases the e lephants

must curl the trunk the very moment the scream is fini shed , for the impress ion conveyed i s tha t the screaming andthe advent of the furiou s an ima l with i ts trunk curled ares imul taneous . On one occas ion

,when an e lephant charged

u s and was stopped by a right and left from C un inghame

when bu t a few fee t d is tant,i t threw i ts trunk high in the

a ir on or immedia tely after rece iving the bul l e ts . CarlAkeley informs us that one e lephant tha t charged him cameon screaming and thrashing the ta l l grass, tea ring up andtoss ing and p lucking and b rand ish ing b ranches and bunchesof gra ss

,SO tha t i t looked l ike a hay-tedder . I f an elephan t

ca tches a man i t u sua l ly fa l l s on i ts knees and endeavors tos tab him wi th i ts tu sks ;but sometimes i t knocks him down ,puts one foot on h im

,and plucks offhis head or legs or a rms

with i ts trunk ; and sometimes i t sna tches h im aloft wi thi ts trunk and b ea ts him aga in st the ground , or perhap saga in st a tree . A wounded cow elephant, on be ing ap

proached by u s, struggled to ari se and u ttered , not a scream,

bu t a kind of roaring growl .We spoke above of the fac t that e lephants a re sometimes

found in the desert . This was a su rprise to us . We hadal ready found them high on the cold mounta in slopes, incool

,park-l ike up lands

,in wet

,rank, s teaming trop ic j ungles,

in th ick fores t,and in hot

,Open

,grassy pla ins . Our old

hunting compan ion,M r . R . J . C un inghame

,wrote u s of h is

experiences wi th them in the desert north of the N orthernGuaso N yiro shortly after we left Africa : From the ChanlerFal ls we went north 40 or 50 miles . The country i s covered


with thick,low thorn scrub

,a l l the trees the same height

and the ground fla t and withou t land marks . I t was ab solu t ely waterles s excep t a few water holes scraped in drysand river beds

,and these days apart, wea ther scorching hot,

and ground covered with sharp quartz and gran ite,loose

s tones . Found our firs t water a t noon on the second day ;got the men in withou t loads

,and the donkeys not unti l the

next day . The water,which was a lmos t undrinkable ow

ing to strong a lkal ine sa l ts,was in old R endile wel ls

,8

and 1 0 fee t below the surface of the ground . What was myastoni shment a t 4 P . M .

,on the day we s truck water to

see a herd of elephants,cows

,and totos (young and ha lf

grown animals) pass wi thin 50 yards of our camp , go anddrink from our wel ls

,and march off aga in . Even tua l ly I

found another water hole and lots more elephant . Thewater made the men s ick . I found the next water 40 milesnorth of these well s and i t was ab solu tely stinking and un

touched even by giraffe . I t had not ra ined up here for2A years and the hea t was rea l ly very trying .

“A word abou t your grand 450 "a Holland double-barrel ,l ike M r . Rooseve l t ’ s own] for i t saved my l ife tw i ce on thi sexpedition when ou t elephant hunting . On the firs t occas ion I had quite unexpec tedly found three elephants s tandingunder some palm trees on the bank of a dry river b ed . Itook my companion up to look over the an imals . We wereon the oppos i te bank of the dry river and we went up toabou t 30 yards to look them over . They proved to betwo cows with ca lves and a three parts grown animal

,sex

undetermined . My companion wished to take a kodak a sthey made such a typ ica l African scene . He fussed abou twith the kodak and I saw that the elephants had grown sus



phant,a b ig bul l

,and not far from where Akeley was nearly

kil led by another bull] . We got a s ingle bul l e lephant s tanding about 1 5 yard s off. I motioned my man to shoot

,bu t

he was dec idedly j umpy over the business and made somenoise . Round swung our friend and s tarted to charge righ ton us . My companion le t d rive with one barre l and managed to h i t one of the outsp read ears" He had wai ted so

long tha t i t d idn ’ t give me a fa ir chance,bu t one shot of the

‘Roosevel t gun ’ b rought h im down dead as a nai l barelyten yard s from me . On this occas ion there was ab solu telyno chance of escape a s we cou ld not move a s tep in any d i rcetion in the mass of tangled vegeta tion .

The colorat ion of the Cape elephant i s dec idedly of agray cast

,usually some Shade of smoke-gray or l ight ol ive

gray,and is uniform in t int over the whole body except in

the region of the axil lae,groins , and l ip s, where a p inkish

tone usual ly manifest s itself. The calves are a l ighter andpurer gray than the adults . The colorat ion of the elephant

,however

,i s not dependent upon the color of the

actual skin,as in other pachyderms

,but upon a roughened

layer of dead ep idermis which coats the skin . This deadep idermal layer i s heaviest upon the crown of the head andover the back

,where it i s vis ib le as a caked or flaking mass

of dried grayish t issue . The tanned skins of el ephant s orthe mounted spec imens

,as a rule

,do not show the layer of

dead ep idermis,which is u sual ly lost in the tann ing process

to which the skin s are subj ected,and such skins are on this

account brighter or clearer in color and qu ite ol ivaceousgray in t int . Alb ino spec imens

,such as the so-cal led white

elephant s occas ionally found in India,are not known in

Africa .

The body of the East African elephant is clothed everywhere by hair

,but the ind ividual hairs are so widely scat

t ered and so short that they are only evident upon closescrut iny of the skin . Over the greater part of the dorsalsurface the ind ividual hairs stand half an inch or an inch

A FRICA N E LE P HA NT HE RDAcac I a Fo re s t . Meru . M t Ke n i a

From a pho t ograph , copy n gh t 1 9 1 0,by R c rm I t Rooseve l t



evident that the external,nail-l ike hoofs are no indicat ion

of any real d ifferences in bone structure .

There i s a large sexual d ifference in s ize in the EastAfrican elephant

,the males being in bulk ful ly a third

greater than the females . I n weight such d ifferenceamounts to approximately two tons , the adult female attaining an approx imate weight of four tons and a large males ix tons . The female averages in height at the withers1A feet less than the male and is correspondingly less Ins ize of skull

,ears

,and other d imens ions general ly . The

sexual d ifferences in s ize of tusks,however

,do not fol low

this p roport ion,but they are much less in the female

,being

only a fourth the weight and s ize of those of the male .

Much uncertainty apparently exist s among sportsmenconcerning the poss ib l e height to which the African elephantmay atta in . The recorded heights of large male specimensmeasured in the flesh by e lephant hunters range from 1 0

to 1 2 feet . The differences between these ext remes,how

ever,do not rep resent the actual variat ion in spec imens

,

but rather d iscrepancies due to d ifferences in methods oftaking measurements . Some of the d ifficulty of measurement i s due to the immense bulk of a bull elephant

,which

prevents the body from being moved into a pos i t ion favorable for taking the height unles s the an imal has fallen on alevel su rface In such a way that the legs can be straightened .

The tal lest record which appears authentic to u s i s that OfMajor Powel l Cotton ’ s of 1 1 feet 6A inches for a bul lelephant which he shot near the stat i on of Wadelai

,on the

upper N i l e . Major Powell Cotton has m ade many carefulmeasurements of elephant s i n the flesh

,and his measure

ments may be taken as fai rly rel iabl e . Mr . E . S . Grogan,

whil e engaged on his “Cape to Cairo ” j ourney,shot a s imi

larly l arge bull elephant near the same local i ty, which hehas recorded as 1 1 feet 6 inches h igh at the withers . Thetal le st bu l l shot by Carl E . Akeley

,who has recently devoted

a number of years in East Africa to the securing of a giantspec imen

,was one measuring 1 1 feet 4 inches at the withers

from the Budonga fore st . He has measu red others havinga he ight of1 1 feet 2 inches from Uganda and one from Ken ia ,the latter bearing immense tusks weigh ing 250 pounds andnow mounted in the F ield Museum of Chicago . We know

ELEPHANTS 73 5

of no one who has been more pa instaking In measur ing el ephan t s In the flesh than Akeley . He 18 of the op in ion

gt hat

h is tal le st bul l , which was shot primarily for the l arge s ize ofi t s tu sks

,does not rep resent the largest bod ily s ize atta inabl e

by the Afr ican el ephant,and that larger—S ized though smal ler

tu sked bul l s have been seen by h im in Uganda . I t would beof real serv ice in th is connect ion if a few of the largest-bod iedspec imens out of as large a herd of bu l l s a s cou ld be foundtogether were col lected and the ir skeleton s depos ited insome mu seum where they wou ld be ava ilable for comparison .

There are many other record s by sport smen of 1 1 feet ormore for elephants shot in East Afr ica . S elou s

,the veteran

elephant hunter of the Zambes i,however

,has never met with

any having a he ight of 1 1 feet,but state s that the range in

height In that part of Africa is from 1 0 feet to 1 0 feet 6 in ches .Another el ephant hunter

,A . H . N eumann

,who has had a

wide experience and was al so a careful observer,gives 1 1

feet 3 inches as the he ight of the tal l es t spec imen he hask il l ed

,but state s that the largest bul l s he has Shot in the

Lake Rudolf region were l es s than th is,and ranged from

1 0 feet 6 inches to 1 0 feet 9 inches in height . Our ownmeasurements of the height of Eas t African bul l s fal l with inthese l imits . The tal l est elephant in the N at ional Museumcollect ion i s a rogue bul l shot by Colone l Roosevelt inUganda

,having a height of 1 0 feet 9 inches at the withers .

The bulkiest or largest bul l,however

,was the fi rs t one

which he shot,on the southwest S lope of Mount Kenia

,

which had a height of 1 0 feet 6 inches,and tu sks weighing

65 pounds ap iece . Another l arge bull , which he shot later,near Meru

,had a height of I O feet 4 inches . The actual

rel at ive bulk of elephant s may best be determined by acomparison of the s ize of thei r skul l s . Using this sort ofevidence

,we are j ust ified in conclud ing that the bul l from

the southwest s lope of Kenia equal led the famous Jumbo ”in bu lk

,the skul l being dec idedly greater in greates t breadth

( some 2 inches) , which i s a better compari son of relat ives ize than the height at the withers . “Jumbo ” i s u sual lystated to have stood 1 1 feet

,but Ward only cred its h im

with 1 0 feet 7 inches , which i s perhap s n earer h i s actualhe ight and agrees with the he ight of h is skeleton

,1 0 feet

4 inches, as mounted at the American Mu seum of N ew


York . Jumbo, however, was a member of another race,oxyoti s; h is ears , be ing without the inward fold on the uppermargin

,met one another and overlapped on the nape .

The largest elephant sku l l examined by u s i n a ser ies ofsome fifty in the museums of America and Europe is aspec imen at the American Museum of N atu ral H istory ofN ew York, col l ected by Akeley in the Budonga forest ofUganda . This skul l i s that of a bul l j ust arrived at adults1ze

,but not an old animal

,and measu res in basal l ength

from the condyles to the t ip of the premaxil l ary bones 40inches

,and in greatest b readth 36 inches, in which latter

d imens ion it exceeds the next largest by 2 inches . Thetusks of thi s Skul l weighed 1 0 1 and 1 02 pounds

,and are

far from record S ize . I n order to ascertain the maximums ize to which an elephant ’ s Skul l may atta in i t i s des i rab leto have the d imens ions of the skull s from which recordtusks have been obta ined . I n thi s connect ion the girth ofthe tu sk is the important cons iderat ion , for both the weightand length affect the s ize of the sku l l l es s

,as they vary

without regard to the s ize of the skull . There are at p resentno skull s preserved in any museum to our knowledge fromwhich record tu sks have come . This i s real ly unfortunate

,

for it i s very doubtful if any elephants bearing real ly recordtusks are st i l l al ive

,owing to the slaughter to which large

tusked bull s have been subj ect in every part of Africa .

The tusk record for both weight and c ircumference is thatof an East African tusk now in the possess i on of S ir E . G .

Loder,having a weight of 23 5 pounds and a c i rcumference

of 26 in .ches This 18 real ly a very unusual tu sk,be ing three

t imes the weight of an average or normal one . Maj orPowel l-Cotton , however, has a tu sk from the upper N i l ealmost equal l ing th is one in c ircumference

,be ing but 1 inch

les s in th is d imens ion . The largest tu sk in the B rit ishMuseum

,which has a girth but l itt l e l e ss

,i s 24A inches in

c ircumference,and has a we ight of 226A pounds , stand ing

second to the record in th is latter respect . The longesttu sk i s one of 1 1 feet 5 inches in length , al so from EastAfrica and h ow in the N at ional Coll ect ion of Heads andHorns of N ew York . The average tu sk we ight in old bul l sto-day is not more than 40 pounds, but under normal cond it ion s b efore the large bull s were shot for the ir ivory the


ELEPHANTS 73 7

average was approximately 80 pounds per tu sk . In th isconnect ion it i s interest ing to compare the d imens ions offoss i l tu sks of the recent ly ext inct ha iry mammoth

,E lephas

prim i gen i a s , a spec ies c losely related to the I nd ian elephantand of cons iderably smal ler body proport ions than theAfrican elephant . The tu sks of th is spec ie s were considerab ly greater than the African record s in every d imen

s ion . The record mammoth tusk has a l ength of 1 2 feetI OA inches . The record one, accord ing to Ward , in weighti s est imated to have been 3 30 pounds , i t having an actualc ircumference of 3 5 inches , but thi s gigant ic tu sk may not bereferabl e to the ha iry mammoth but rather to the gianttu sked S iwal ik el ephant , S tegodon ganesa . The record Ind ianel ephant tu sk is surpris ingly smal l compared with it s c loserelat ive , the mammoth . The record s for the I nd ian are :l ength

,8 feet 9 inches; we ight , 1 02 pounds; girth , 1 8A

inches,or about half that of the mammoth . The average

bul l I nd ian elephant , however, has tu sks l it t l e larger thanthose of the cow African elephant . The large bul l from thesouthwest l pe of Mount Ken ia p rev iou sly ment ionedmeasu red in the flesh : in l ength of head and body from thet ip of the t runk to the base of the ta il

,22 feet ; in length of

ta il, 4 feet 7 inches; in length of t runk measured from the

mouth,6 feet 1 1 inches; in he ight of ear measu red over the

fold on the upper margin, 5 feet; in length of ear from

the ear open ing horizontal ly backward to the h inder border,

3 feet 4 inches . The rogue bul l shot in Uganda , which was ,accord ing to measu rement

,a t a l l e r an imal

,measured con sid

erab ly less in l ength of body, the length from the t ip of thet runk to the base of the ta il be ing 1 9 feet 1 0 inches . Theother d imens ions were : l ength of the ta il

, 4 feet 8 inches;height of the ear measu red over the fold on the upper margin ,5 feet 8 inches;l ength of the ear from the ear open ing to theh inder border

, 3 feet 4 inches . The flesh measu rement s ofa ful ly adult cow shot by Colonel Roosevel t at Meru , onthe northwest S lope of Mount Ken ia

,were : l ength of head

and body from t ip of t runk to base of ta il , 1 8 feet 3 inches;length of ta il

, 3 feet 8 inches; height at withers, 8 feet9 inches;he ight of ear, includ ing the fold on upper margin ,4 feet 9 inches; l ength from ear open ing to h inder border3 feet 2 inches . Another cow,

a spec imen shot by Paul J .


Rainey near Mount Marsab it , a hundred miles north ofMeru , measured qu ite the same as th is cow in every d imen

s ion . The skul l of th is spec imen is al so qu ite ident ical inshape and s ize . They were both aged an imal s

,having al l

the plates of the ir last molars in u se . The d imens ions ofth is skul l are : greate st length from the condyles to the t ipof the premaxil lary bones

, 3 1A inches;greatest width acrosszygomat ic arches

,26A inches; greatest width across back

of occ ip ital expans ion,24A inches . The tu sks of th is cow

are very large and exceed in length any others known to u s .The right is 5 feet 7 inches in l ength , the left 5 feet 1 0 inches,and both Show a d iameter of 1 0 inches . The heavier oneweighs 28 pounds . The heaviest cow tusk of which we havea record is one recorded by Selou s

,from the Zambes i region

,

weigh ing 3 9 pounds . Cow tusks average 1 5 pounds inweight and vary in s ize much les s than those of the bull

,

the normal l imit s ranging from 1 0 to 20 pounds per tusk .

N o s ize or proport ional d ifferences of a rac ial character b etween th is cow from the Marsab it desert country and theone from the Ken ia forest s have been detected

,notw ith

stand ing the great phys ical d ifferences of the hab itat s of thetwo Spec imens . The measurements of large bul l s

,given by

N eumann,of the Lake Rudolf count ry, which is a part of

the Marsab it desert region,are qu ite the same as those of

l arge bul l s from the Ken ia forest . At the present t ime ,however

,there is no migrat ion between th is region and

Mount Ken ia,and we doubt very much whether in the past

the h ighland forest elephants and the desert ones ever leftthe ir respect ive environment s for long periods . The African elephant seems capable Of adapt ing h imself to greatd ifferences in cl imate or environment without undergoingany not iceable change in external appearance

,and on th is

account shows no characters of a geograph ical or rac ial sortexcept in a very broad or general way .

The elephant,unt i l comparat ively recently

,ranged over

every part of B rit ish East Africa and Uganda,from the sea

coast to the alp ine meadows of the high mounta ins , as highas an alt itude of feet . They migrated freely everywhere over plains

,through forest

,in scattered bush coun

try,and even through low

,arid deserts

,where there i s only

a scanty supply of brackish water,confined to widely iso



lated sp rings . N o other s ingle species or race Ofmammalin East Africa shows such versat il ity or superiority overthe environmental factors which control animal d ist ribut ion . To-day these condit ions are much altered

,owing to

the persecut ion of' the elephants by ivory hunters and the

exterminat ion of them over much of the territory . A S lateas thi rty years ago the elephant s roamed unmolested inEast Africa

,except

,perhaps

,in the country immediately

adj acent to the coast,where they were subj ect to occa

sional onsl aughts by Arab and European trading caravans . Count T eleki ’ s expedit ion

,in 1 887 and 1 888

,met with

ext raord inary numbers of elephants under cond it ions whichto—day are qu ite unknown . About the southern end ofLake Rudolf Teleki found elephants on open pla ins manymiles from cover, and had no d iffi culty whatever in approaching them and shoot ing any which possessed large tusks .Some years later

,i n the desert region at the foot of Mount

Marsab it,Lord Delamere found elephants living under

s imilar cond it ions in open country . During his hunt ingoperat ions there he took photographs of many elephantsstanding or rest ing in the open country

,and found l ittl e

d iflflcu lty in going up to within a few yards of them by exerc is ing care to keep down-wind . At the present t ime elephan t s, although they St i l l exist in l imited numbers nearthese local it ies

,are never found in such open country dur

ing dayl ight . The wel l-known migratory routes formerlyused by elephants in East Africa in going from one feed ingground to another are no longer in u se

,the elephants being

at the p resent t ime so reduced in numbers that they areconfined to certain patches of forest or bush , from whichthey fear to roam . The elephants remain ing in B rit ishEast Africa are to-day confined to the forest area on theslopes of Mount Kenia ;to the Aberdare forest ; the westernslope of the Mau Escarpment

,in the Kis i country, east of

the Victoria N yanza and south of the Uganda Railway;the forested region of Mount Elgon

,from which they wander

occas ional ly east as far as the Uasin Gishu Plateau and thewest shore of Lake Baringo . From the Elgon region northward and westward they extend rather general ly over thewhole of Uganda and the N i l e bas in , but they are permanen t ly found in this area only in certa in forest t ract s;

EA S T A FRI CA N E LE P HA NT,MA LE

S ho t by Theodo re Rooseve l t at Meru , M t Kem a

S howmg Inward fo l d ofear on uppe r ma rg I n

EA S T A FRICA N E LE PHA NT,FEMA LE (WITH RE CORD TUS KS )

S ho t by Pau l J Ra I ney nea r Mt Marsab I t , B E . A .

S howmg I nward fo ld ofear on u ppe r marginEA ST A FR ICA N ELEPH A N T S



spec imens represent material in the N at ional Museum atWash ington and the American Museum of N ew York .

Other spec imens were examined at the B rit ish and Berl inMuseums and in various other European inst itut ions .

CHAPTER XXV

EQUIPMENT , ARMS , AND PRESERVAT ION OF

SPEC IMEN S

WE do not th ink i t necessary to go in to deta i ls of theequipment of a safari for a trip in Eas t or M idd le Africa

,

because so much mus t depend upon the l ength of the trip,

the local i ty traversed,and the pu rposes and ind ividual hab

i ts and tas tes of the party . A short hunting or col lectingtrip a long the l in e of the Uganda Ra i lway can be managed very inexpens ively by any fa irly competen t tyro withou t a gu ide . A long trip

,however

,can on ly b e undertaken

e i ther by a man who is thoroughly up to his work or whohas some good and competen t man with him to supp lyhis own shortcomings . Our own recommendation i s tha tthe ou tfi tting should b e done on the spot

,a l though pro

vis ions and equ ipment can readi ly b e ob ta ined in London also . M ess rs . N ewland , Tarl ton 8: N a irob i ,a ttended to ou r ou tfi t

,and were we to repea t the trip we

would go to them aga in . Accord ing to American s tanda rds

,however

,espec ia l ly of the old-time Wes t

,the average

Eas t African sportsmen ’ s ou tfi t i s ra ther needlessly elabora te ; nevertheles s, we ques tion whether a newcomer wil lknow what i t i s safe to di sca rd . Mr . S tewart EdwardWhite in the append ix to his book gives some good recom

m enda t ions from the s tandpoin t of a hardy man who doe snot expec t luxuries . M r . White i s wrong in some of hi s

743


comments,however ;as , for example , in his unsparing con

demna t ion of shorts,which leave the knees bare . Per

sonally , we do not u se these . Kermit Roosevel t alwaysused them

,and in our j udgment they are the best leg gear

for those with tough enough skins to s tand them . I t mustbe remembered that Eas t African hunting i s based on thera ther luxurious s tandards of I nd ia . Unquestionab ly

,the

country i s not such as to permit men to rough i t a s in theRocky Mounta ins and the north woods

,and a safari for

s cientific purposes necessarily carries much equipment ;bu ti t i s wel l to keep in mind that there is a tendency towardoverelaboration of outfi t in Eas t Africa as in India .

As for weapons, we, persona l ly, b el ieve in a heavydouble-barrelled cord i te

,such as the Engl i sh .450

—ca l ib reand .400

—cal ib re modern rifles,for buffalo

,rh inoceros

,and

elephant . The ordinary weapon to be used for nine-tenthsof the game should be a first-cla ss smal l—bore repea ter ofnot more than . 300 cal ib re . These two types of rifles a rea l l tha t are necessary

,and

,a t a p inch

,the latter wil l serve

all purposes . But the heavy gun should be used by thosewho intend regularly to hunt the d ifferent kinds of heavy

,

dangerous game ;and if l ion and leopard are to be hunted ,i t would b e wel l to have an intermed ia te repea ting rifle ofabout . 3 50 to .405 cal ib re . This wil l not carry such longd is tances as the smal l cal ib re

,bu t i t i s better for s topp ing

purposes,and is ye t very handy . We emphatica l ly bel ieve

in a repeater for use agains t the b ig ca ts .

From a zoologica l or museum standpoint the whole success of a shooting exped i tion hinges upon the successfu lpreservation Of the trophies secu red by the hunters . I t i s



muscl es of the Shoulder,being wi thout any di rect bone con

nec t ion with the trunk skeleton,and partly to the fact tha t

an an imal lying on i ts s ide has the weight of the body reliev ed from the forelegs which a re then capab l e of beings tre tched ou t to varying length s to accommodate the measurer

’

s ideas of correc t pos i tion . The measurement whentaken should be the dis tance be tween uprights from theworn su rface of the hoof or sole of the foot in carn ivorou smammals

,to the top of the withers wi th the foreleg held

s tra ightened bu t not s tretched . I f the spec imens are intended for mounting

,innumerable measu rements of value

may be taken of the c i rcumference and thickness of thebody and l imb s a t various points . The Skeleton i s

,how

ever,of more value to the taxidermis t than any number

of careful measurements and should be preserved if faci l i tiesa re ava ilable . I f i t i s not poss ibl e to p reserve the wholeskele ton

,the l imb bones and pelvi s should be col lected

,for

they alone are of great ass i s tance to the taxidermis t in model ing the manikin . The sportsman should a t leas t

,in a l l

cases,preserve the complete Skull

,for i t serves a double pur

pose . After i t has served as a model for the manikin of thetaxidermis t

,i t i s of permanent va lue to the zoologis t for

s tudy,and is often ab solu tely necessa ry for the determina

tion of the spec ies . Photographs should also be taken ofthe spec imen in the flesh as an a id to the taxidermist .At the p resent time skul l s of severa l of the la rge African

mammals a re much needed for the determina tion of theracia l characters of the described sub spec ies . This i s part icularly true of elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, andgiraffe . Of al l skul l s that of the el ephant i s the ra res t incol lec tions and the mos t valuable . What i s pa rticularly

EQUIPMENT,ARMS

,AND SPECIMEN S 747

des irab le are the sku l l s of spec imens with real ly large tu skswhich wou ld Show the changes of bone s tructu re which accompany gigantic tusk developmen t . The larges t skul l s a tp resen t p rese rved in museums possess tu sks of cons iderab lyless than two hund red pound s per pa ir

,which are les s than

ha lf the weight of record tusks . I t i s wel l to bea r in mindtha t ou r large mamma ls a re d i sappearing more rap id ly thanthe sma l ler ones

,and in the d is tri c ts where they are now

rare spec ia l efforts Shou ld b e made to ob ta in and p reservespec imens before the i r ex tinct ion . In order to determinethe charac ters of the geograph ica l races of a spec ies i t i snecessary to have spec imens for s tudy from every d i s tri c tinhab i ted by the spec ies . Game reserves can only protec tor p reserve spec ies in certa in l imited area s

,and we cannot

therefore poss ibly prese rve by such means a l l the geographica l races of widely d i s tributed spec ies . To carry ou t suchcomp le te p reservation wou ld requ ire the p rotection of a l lthe spec ies of game an ima l s throughou t the i r enti re ranges,which i s obviously imposs ible . I t should b e our espec ia lpurpose to ob ta in spec imens of the spec ies which are d isappearing mos t rap idly

,in those d i s tri c ts where they are

a l ready rares t .The sa l t method of p reservation here described i s essen

t ially tha t of Carl E . Ake ley,and was the one emp loy ed by

the Smithson ian African exped it ion under the d i rect ion ofColone l Roosevelt . Owing to the grea t quanti tie s of sa l t requ ired both in d ry-sa l ting the skins in the field

,and la ter in

packing them in barre l s for sh ipment,i t i s a very expens ive

process . To the cos t of the sa l t mus t b e added the muchgrea ter cos t of transporta tion of the skins in the fielddue to the added weight of sa l t . I t has grea t adv an


tages over other methods wherever qual i ty is of primeimportance, and in most regions where drying cannotbe resorted to . Sal t leaves the skin in al l i ts originalp l iab i l i ty and s trength

,and i s quickly removed by water .

I t performs the work of preserv a t Ion with the minimum ofdanger e i ther to the qual i ty of the skin or to the colora tion .

The method which has been found mos t successful in equatorial Africa in the p reservation of the Skins of la rge mammals concerns i tself wi th the use of sal t exclus ively . All skinsconta in a la rge per cen t of water

,which combines wi th the

other elements in the tissues after death to ass I st decay .

I n order to preserve the skin i t i s necessary speed ily to extrac t the mois ture which the skin conta ins . Sal t when ap

pl ied in a pu lverized condit ion to the dermal s ide of skinsac ts a t once upon the mois tu re in the skin

,with which i t

un i tes . I ts extreme solub il i ty when in the p resence ofmois ture a l lows i t to penetra te into the skin through thepores and unite wi th the mois ture in every part of the tissues .Sal t has no other p reservative effec t

,however

,than drying ;

tha t is,i t i s not an insec tic ide or a poison to bac teria or

other organ isms which des troy skins . I t must a lso b e bornein mind tha t i t i s far from stable in i ts p reservative qual i ties .As long as sa l t i s in the skin mois ture other than sal t b rinemust be kep t away

,for there i s cons tan t danger of the sa l t

b e ing extracted by outs ide mois tu re,which may thus find

entrance in to the skin and cause i ts decay j us t a s wouldhave taken p lace original ly had not the sa l t been p resentto extract the mois ture and p reserve the skin . The suc

cessful use of sal t in p reservation depends firs t upon applying i t to every part of the skin

,and second in making i ts

action universal throughou t . In the case of la rge skins



tha t the sal t has entered in to every part of the Skin tissue,

when i t may be left for weeks e i ther rol led up more or lessmois t or dried in the shade . Care should be taken withdried

,sa l ted skins not to subj ec t them to the atmospheric

mois ture of ra iny weather or of mois t d is tric ts near the coas tor otherwise

,as the mois ture in the atmosphere is then

often able to extrac t the sa l t and cause the skin to decay .

The best p lan to fol low is to pack the sal ted skins in barrel sand cover them with b rine or

,if they have been thoroughly

dried,pack them in tin cases and sea l them up so that they

may remain protec ted from any external mois tu re . Barrel sfor this purpose should be free from Oil

,grea se

,or infection

of any sort which may be communica ted to the skins .Packing in thi s way also prevents the action of skin-ea tingbeetles or the growth of bacteria or fungi which maydes troy the skins if left exposed .

Sa l t not being ava ilable,the skins may be s imply dried

provided the cl imati c cond i tions wil l permi t . The skinsshould be carefu l ly sp read ou t horizontal ly

,ha ir s ide down

,

i n the shade of trees or of a tent s tre tched ei ther on poles ora series of l ines

,so as to a l low free access of the a ir to both

surfaces . In very dry regions perfec t skins may be ob ta inedby s imp ly pegging the skins ou t on the ground in the shade ,hai r s ide to the earth . The drying must take p lace ra therrap idly

,that i s

,within a day or two

,otherwise decay wil l

se t in . Drying skins in the sun usua l ly causes them todecay and S l i p on the ep iderma l or ha ir s ide and then dryafterward . Such a dried skin has the appearance of a perfec t ly dried spec imen , bu t i ts condi tion i s a t once eviden tupon softening in water by the separa tion or sloughing of thehair a s wel l a s the ep idermal layer . In the prepara tion of

EQUI PMENT,ARMS

,AN D S PECIMEN S 75 1

dried skin s powdered arsenic i s of valuab l e a s s i s tance a s aninsec tic ide . . I t may b e appl ied to the derma l s ide of theskin while i t i s s ti l l green , or the skin after being thoroughlyd ried may b e d ipped in to a solu tion of i t and red ried . Thislas t p rocess renders the whole ha ir surface

,as wel l as the

derma l layer,insec t p roof.

The u se of a lum in any form is to b e avoided excep t a s alas t resort in decaying skins . The as tringen t ac tion whichi t exerts upon the skin has a ki l l ing or hardening effec t onthe tissues which remains in them permanently . Such ac

tion affects serious ly thei r e las tic i ty, and makes i t d iflficultfor the taxidermis t to res tore them to their na tura l Shape .

A lum is of use occas iona l ly in decaying skins , for i ts ast ringent ac tion i s powerful enough to set the ha ir which decayhas a l ready caused to sl ip .

As the game trophies of sportsmen cons is t a lmos t invariably ofonly the head skin and horns

,the skinning of the

head i s of firs t importance . Care shou ld b e taken to makeal l cu ts from the under s ide Ofthe skin so as to avoid cu ttingthe ha ir bordering the inc is ions

,particu larly abou t the base

of the horns where the ha i r i s unusual ly long . The neckshould b e cu t off a t the shou lders

,so tha t i t may have

enough length to give i t a graceful appea rance whenmounted . Make the cu t a s far back as the withers and thebase of the forelegs . From a poin t a few inches behind thehorns make a longi tud inal cu t

,fol lowing the midl ine of

the nape to the wi thers ; then connec t the neck cu t withboth horn bases by a Short cu t to the back of the horn basesand continue the cu t completely around each horn . Beginskinning a t the base of the neck by pul l ing the skin forward

,

be ing carefu l to leave al l the fa t and skin muscle a ttached


to the body,as i t i s much les s d iffi cu l t to ge t a c lean skin a t

once than to flesh i t afte r i t has been removed . When theears are reached cu t the carti lage wel l down near the bone

,

where i t i s bu t a mere tube , then continue on forward to theeyes

,where you wil l need to use some caution so a s not to

cu t the l id s . This may be p revented by cutting the skinclose to the eyebal l

,us i ng one of you r fingers as a gu ide

thrus t in to the eye from the ou ts ide . Continue on downto the mouth

,cu tting the l ip s off near the base of the gums

,

and being carefu l to cu t the nose cartilage wel l back neari ts base so as to avoid cu t ting into the externa l nostri l s .After the skin has been cu t free of the head

,begin by spl i t

ting the l ip s and the eyel id s as wel l a s the nose cartilage .

The spl i tt ing of such fine membranes i s made necessa ry,

owing to the fa ilu re of sal t to penetra te membranes and toac t only from the ins ide of t i s sues . The ears may now beskinned by turning or pull ing the skin toward thei r tip s

,a t

the same time forcing the cartilage down ; continu e thep rocess to the very tip of the ear so as to insu re p reservation . I t i s not necessary usual ly to skin the carti lage onthe ins ide a s well

,unless fa t i s p resen t

,in which case the

sal t cannot reach the ins ide until the carti lage i s completelyremoved .

In the skinn ing of the heads of horn les s female antelope,

the cu t from the base of the skul l a long the med ian l ine ofthe nape wil l not be found neces sary in spec ies having narrow heads . N ever make the cu t a long the median l ine ofthe throa t where i t may Show when the head is mountedand where the ha ir is usual ly so short tha t i t wil l a t al leven ts be easy to detec t . The heads of large carnivorescan be skinned ou t from the shoulder cu t by revers ing the



whole margin and thrown away,as i t i s of no va lue in the

the mounting and is very refractory when dried . The headskins of these four animals— the hippopotamus

,rhinoceros

,

giraffe,and elephant— requ ire to be pa red down at least to

half the i r origina l thicknes s in order to al low the sa l t topene tra te through the dermal layer to the ep idermis . Thenecks of such la rge an imals as buffalo

,eland

,and oryx al so

requ ire a cons iderab l e amount of paring to insure preserva tion .

The skins of antelope and the hoofed mamma ls genera llycan b e mos t conveniently prese rved as fla t skins . In re

moving the skin for th is pu rpose a longi tud ina l cu t i s madefrom the base of the ta il forward to the poin t of the b reas t

,

to which four cu ts a re joined,one down the ins ide of each

leg,beginning a t the hoof. The cuts for skinning the head

are made as usual on the nape . A further cu t is made thewhole length of the ta il

,following the med ian l ine of the

under s ide . I n skinn ing the body the leg bones a re severedas fa r down in each hoof a s i t i s poss ible to reach with thekn ife after firs t severing the bone a t the fe tlocks . I n rhinoceros and hippopotamus the ventral cu t must be continued tothe chin

,as i t i s not poss ib le in such thick-skinned an imal s

to peel the skin off over the head . In giraffe,however, i t

wil l be found necessa ry only to continue the neck cu t a longthe dorsal mane to the wi thers .I f the skins are des i red for mounting i t is better to make

as few cu ts as wil l answer the purpose of preserva tion . I nsuch collec ting

,case Skins may be advantageously made .

I n antelope and carn ivores the cu ts down the legs may bed ispensed wi th

,the leg bones in the case of antelopes being

removed by firs t skinning down to the hock or knee from the

EQUI PMENT,ARMS , AND S PECIMEN S 75 5

ventra l cu t and severing the leg and then,by making a short

cu t on the back at the fetlocks,the leg bones may b e severed

a t tha t poin t and the skin of the leg s tripped back to theknee or hock

,as the case may be

,and the bone removed

from below . This method can only b e employed where sal ti s to b e u sed or where

,as in ca rnivores

,the skin can b e com

p le t ely reversed and dried wrong s ide ou t . The method cannot be u sed on su ch thick-skinned mammals as rh inoceros

,

hippopotamus,giraffe

,and elephant

,in which the skin i s

too thick to be manipu la ted . Buffa lo and e land a re thel imi t of i ts poss ib i l i t ies .The preserva tion of the entire Skin of the elephant pre

sen ts a spec ia l case ; for, owing to i ts la rge s ize , i t cannot behandled in one p iece a s i s poss ible in rhinoceros and giraffe .

Cow e lephants and smal l bul l s may b e conven iently man ipula t ed by cu tting the skins in to three sec tions . The headi s fi rs t cu t offc lose behind the skul l where the cu t i s hiddenby the immense ea rs

,and further cu ts a re made on the ears

and trunk a s al ready describ ed . The body skin is then cu tin to halves by a cu t extend ing along the med ian l ine of thewhole l ength of the back from the neck to the ta i l and cont inued on the ven tra l surface , fol lowing the median l ine ofthe bel ly to the throa t . A cu t a long the inner s ide of eachleg i s then made from the hoof to the med ian ventra l cu t .

An addit ional cu t on the under s ide of the ta i l i s made fromthe base to the tip . In very large bul l e lephants i t i s foundnecessa ry to aga in d ivide each half by a transverse cu t extending midway between the two legs from the dorsal cu tto the ventral . This resu l ts in sect ion ing the elephant ’ sskin into five p ieces .In the preserva tion of Skul ls for sc ientific pu rposes grea t


care should be used in guard ing them aga inst b reakage,

espec ial ly such parts a s the teeth and the del i cate bonyprocesses which are extremely importan t structures in thei rc lass ifica tion . A strong tendency is manifes t among sportsmen to remove as much meat as pos s ib le from the skul l inthe field so as to minimize the odoriferous effects whichemanate from such dried spec imens . The cu tting of muscl e

,

however,from skull s by the rough methods u sual ly employed

by native ass i s tants often resul ts in cu tting off the del ica tep rocesses or in scarring the bones by knife cu ts . A s much ofthe meat as can be dried thoroughly on the sku l l serves a s ap rotection to the bones

,and is in no way a menace to i ts

p rese rva tion . An idea l way of getting rid of the smel l andthe insec t la rva which feed upon dried mea t and bones i s tosoak the bones several hours in a solu tion of a rsen ic waterafter they have become thoroughly dry

,and then redry them

for a few hours in the sun . The arsen ic not only kil l s theinsects which are on them at the time

,bu t i t prevents further

insec t a ttack . The skul l s of the smal ler spec ies shou ld beca reful ly carried in boxes in the field to prevent thei r be ingknocked about and b roken .


B IBLIOGRAPHY OF EAST EQUATOR IAL AFR ICA

AKELEY, CAR L E . 1 9 1 2 . E lephan t H un ting in Equa toria l Africa .

T he Ameri can Museum journal, v ol. XI I , no . 2, pp . 43- 62 .

An accoun t ofe lephan t hun ting in the Budonga fores t ofUgandaand on the s lopes ofMoun t Ken ia in Bri tish East Africa .

ALLEN , J . A . 1 909 . Mamma ls from Bri tish Eas t Africa, C o l lec tedby the T jader Exped ition in 1 906 . Bulletin Ameri can Museum ofN a tural H i story, v ol . XXVI , pp . 1 47

— 1 75 .

A descrip tive l is t offifty-six species and subspec ies ofmammalsfrom the h igh lands ofBri tish Eas t Africa .

ARCH ER, G . F . 1 9 1 3 . Recent Exp lorat ion and Survey in t he N ort h

of Brit ish East Africa . Geographi cal journal of London, N ov . ,

1 9 1 3 , pp . 42 1—

430, 1 map .

A genera l descrip t ion of t he t opography of t he Marsab it and

Lake Rudo lfdesert reg ion .

ARKELL-H ARDW ICK, A . 1 903 . An Ivory T rader in N orth Ken ia; the

Record of an Exped i tion through Kikuyu to G al la-land in Eas tEquatoria l Africa . London , 8v o .

A description of the au thor’s hun ting experiences in the Ken iad istric t and the coun try t raversed by the N orthern G uaso N yiroRiver.

AUSTIN , H ERBERT H EN RY. 1 902 . Among the Swamps and G ian t s of

Equa toria l Africa; an Accoun t Of Surveys and Adven tures in the

Sou thern Sudan and British East Africa . London , 8v o .

Desc ript ion of trave l in t he Soudan , t he upper Sobat R iver, andfrom the N ile t o Lake Rudo lfand sou thw ard t o Mombasa .

BAKER , SAMUEL W . 1 866. T he A l bert N yanza, G rea t Basin of the

N ile, and Exp lora tions of the N ile Sources . London , 8v o .

Con tains an accoun t of the d iscovery of the A l bert N yanza .

1 874. Ismail ia . London , 2 vo ls . , 8v o .

Devoted ch iefly to African slave-trade suppression .

1 890. Wild Beast s and T he ir Ways . London, 8v o .

Con t ains some chap ters on African game animals .

75 9

760 BI BLIOGRAPHY

BERG ER , A . 1 9 1 0. I n AfrikasWi ldkammern . Berl in , 8v o .

An accoun t of the w ri ter’s hun t I ng experiences in Bri tish EastAfrica and the Upper N ile, w i th an append ix by Paul Ma t sch ie of

t he mamma ls co l lec ted .

BLAN D-SUTTON , J . 1 9 1 1 . Man and Beas t in Eastern Ethiopia; fromObserva tions made in British Eas t Africa, Uganda, and the Sudan .

London , 8v o .

G enera l Observat ions on the fauna and flora .

BRON SON , EDGAR B. 1 9 1 0 . I n C losed T erri tory . Chicago, 8v o .

o o o 1 . o

A descrIp t I on ofhun t I ng experI ences oft he wa t er In BrI t I sh East

Africa .

BUXTON , EDWARD N ORTH . 1 902 . T WO African T rips . London , 8v o .

A desc ription of the game fields OfBritish Eas t Africa and the

Whi te N ile .

C H AN LER , WILLIAM ASTOR . 1 896. T hrough Jung le and DesertT rave ls in Eas t Africa . N ew York , 8v o .

A description of a trip up the T ana River to Ken ia and northeast down t he N orthern Guaso N yiro R iver t o t he Loriansw amp .

CH APMAN , ABEL . 1 908 . On Safari, Big G ame H un ting in Bri tishEast Africa;w ith S tud ies in Bird Life . London , 8v o .

An accoun t of the w ri ter’s hun ting experiences w i th the game

an ima ls and b irds ofBri tish East Africa .

C H URCH ILL, WIN STON SPEN CER . 1 908 . My African Journey . London,

8v o .

A descrip tion ofthe w ri ter’s shooting experiences In Brit ish EastAfrica and the Upper N ile .

COLL IE , G EORG E L. 1 9 1 2 . T he Plateau of British East Africa and

I t s Inhab itant s . Bulletin Ameri can Geograph i cal S oc iety, v ol. 44,

PP 3 2 1—

3 34

Descrip tive of the geo logy and peop le ofBri tish East Africa .

DECKEN , C . C . VON DER . 1 869— 1 879 . Reisen in Os t-Afrika in den

Jahren 1 859 h is 1 865 . Le ips ic , 4 vo ls .

A desc ript ion of t he w riter’s exp lorat ions of t he upper a lt it udesofKil imanj aro .


762 B I BLIOGRAPHY

EMIN . 1 888 . Emin Pasha in C en tra l Africa; being a Col lec tion of

h is Le t ters and Journals . Ed i ted by G eorg S chw e infurth . Lon

don , 8v o .

A col lec tion OfEm in ’

s (Edward Schn itzer) le t ters re lating t o the

peop les, adm in istration , and na tura l h istory of the N ile Province .

EN G LER , ADOLF . 1 895 . Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas und der N ach

bargeb iet e . Berl in , 4to . 3 vo ls .

A monog raph ic work on the known spec ies of p lan ts occurringin G erman East Africa and the adjacen t reg ions .

F I LI PPI , F I LI PPO DE . 1 909 . Ruw enzori; an Accoun t of the Exped ition ofthe Duke ofthe Abruzzi . London , 8v o .

A description of the Duke of the Abruzzi ’s exp lora tion ofRu

wenzori w i th spec ia l reference to the geology, flora, and fauna .

F ISCH ER , G . A . 1 878— 1 879 . Das Mapokomo-Land und Se ine Be

Wohner. M i ttei lung der Geographi schen Gesellschaft i n H amburg.

A descrip t ion oft he low er T ana River and i t s inhab itan ts .

1 885 . Das Massai- land . H amburg , 8v o .

A descrip tion ofthe Up land coun try ofG erman and Bri tish EastAfrica .

F ITZG ERA LD, W . W . A . 1 898 . T ravels in t he Coast Lands Of BritishEas t Africa and the Islands ofZanzibar and Pemba, T heir Agricultura l Resources and G enera l C harac teristics . London , 8v o .

G IBBON S, A . ST . H I LA I R . 1 904. Africa from South t o N orth, T hroughMaro t seland . London , 8v o . 2 vols .

A descrip tion of the w ri ter’s journey from the C ape region norththrough the lake region and t he N ile Val ley to Egyp t . Con tainsan accoun t of the d iscovery of the wh ite rh inoceros in the LadoEnc lave .

GRAN T, J . A . 1 864. A Wa lk Across Africa or Domestic Scenes frommy N ile Journa l . London , 8v o .

A desc rip tion of the peop le and natura l history of the coun trytraversed by S peke and G ran t .1 872 . Summary of the Observations on the G eog raphy, C l imate,and N atura l H istory ofthe Lake Reg ion ofEqua toria l Africa , madeby the Speke and G ran t Exped ition, 1 860— 1 863 . journal Geo

graph i cal S oci ety, London .

B IBLIOGRAPHY 763

GREGORY, JOH N W. 1 896. T he G rea t Rift Va l ley; being the N arra

tive Of a Journey to Moun t Ken ia and Lake Baringo . London ,

8vo .

Devo ted ch iefly to geo logy and the exp lora t ion of the summ i tofKen ia .

H ELLER , EDMUN D . 1 9 1 0. A N ew Sable An telope from Bri tish EastAfrica . Smi thson i an Miscellaneous Collect ions , v ol. 54, part 6 .

T he descrip tion Ofa n ew spec ies ofsable an telope ob t a ined nearMombasa by Kerm i t Rooseve l t as Ozanna rooseoelti .

1 9 1 2 . N ew Genera and Races of African Ungulat es . Smi th

son ian Miscellaneous Collections, v ol. 60, no . 8 .

T he descrip tion of four new genera : Dol i chohippus, Beatragus ,

Oreodorcas, and Ammelaphus , and six new races of an te lopes fromBri tish East Africa and Uganda .

1 9 1 3 . N ew Races ofAn t e lopes from Brit ish East Africa . Smi th

son ian M iscellaneous Collections , VOL/6 1 , no . 7 , July 3 1 .

N ew Ant e lopes and C arn ivores from Brit ish East Africa . Smi th

son ian M i scellaneous Collections, v ol. 6 1 , no . 1 3 , Sept . 1 6.

T he Wh it e Rh inoceros . Smi thson ian M iscellaneous Collections,v ol. 6 1 , no . 1 , October. A monograph on t he N ile race based on

the spec imens shot by Co lone l and Kerm it Roosevelt in t he LadoEnc lave .

N ew Races ofUngulat es and Primat es from Equat oria l Africa .

Smi thson ian Miscellaneous Collections , v ol . 6 1 , no . 1 7, Oc t .

N ew Races ofC arn ivores and Baboons from Equat oria l Africaand Abyssin ia . Smi thson ian M i scellaneous Collections, v ol. 6 1 ,

no . 1 9, N ovember 8 .

1 9 1 4: Four N ew Subspec ies of Large Mammals from Equatoria lAfrica . Smi thson ian M iscellaneous Collect ions, v ol . 6 1 , no . 22,

January 26 .

H EUGLI N , MARTIN T H EODORE VON . 1 869 . Reise in das G eb ie t desWeissen N i les und Seiner Westl ichen Zufl ii sse . Leipsic , 8v o .

Descrip tion of the flora and fauna of the Bahr—el-Ghaza l reg ion .

H ILDEBRA N DT, J . M . 1 879 . Von Mombassa nach Ki tui . Zei tschrift

der Gesellschaftfu r Erdleunde zu Berl i n .

Descrip tion of a natura l-h is tory exp lorat ion from Mombasa to

Kitui .

764 BI BLIOGRAPHY

H OH N EL, LUDW IG VON . 1 892 . Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and

S tefan ie . A narrat ive of C oun t S amue l T e lek i ’s Exp loring and

H un t ing Exped it ion in Eastern Equatoria l Africa in 1 887 and 1 888 .

Vienna, 8v o . 2 vo ls .

An accoun t of C oun t T eleki ’s trave ls from Mombasa to LakeRudolfby w ay ofKi l imanjaro and Ken ia, inc lud ing a descrip tionof the ascen t of these two snow-capped vo lcanoes .

H OLLI STER , N . 1 9 1 0. Mammals C ol lec ted by John Jay Whi te inBritish Eas t Africa . Sm i thson ian M iscellaneous Collections, v ol.

56, no . 2 .

A descriptive l ist ofeigh teen spec ies ofb ig-game mammals fromBri tish East Africa, w ith descrip tions of two new species : Oryxannectens and Oureb i a mi crodon .

H OPWOOD, FRAN C I S J . S . (LORD H IN DLIP) . 1 905 . East AfricaPro tec tora te . London , 8v o .

A general accoun t of Bri tish East Africa; historica l and com

merc ial.

H OUSE , EDWARD J . 1 909. A H un ter’s C amp Fires. N ew York,8v o .

Con tains severa l chap ters on b ig-game shoo ting in the h igh landsOfBrit ish East Africa .

JA CKSON , F . J . 1 894. Badmi nton Library, Big G ame Shoo ting,v ol. I . London , 8v o .

Con tain s severa l chapters on the hab i ts of the b ig game ofEastAfrica and Uganda . T h is is the mos t comprehensive accoun t ofthe d istribu tion of the game an imals of the reg ion ex tan t .1 897 . Field—N otes on t he An te lopes of t he Mau Distric t, Brit ishEast Africa . Proceed i ngs of the Zoologi cal S oci ety of London ,

pp 45<f 456

A l ist of twenty-three spec ies w ith notes on their d ist ribut ion .

JESS EN , B. H . 1 906. W . N . McMillan ’

s Exped i tions and Big Game

H un ting in the Sudan , Abyssin ia, and Bri tish East Africa . Lon

don , 8v o .

A description of exp loration in the unknown parts of sou thernAbyssin ia and the Soudan .


766 BI BLIOGRAPHY

LLOYD, ALBERT B. 1 906 . Uganda to Khartoum ; Life and Adven tureon the Upper N ile . N ew York, 8v o .

G enera l descrip tive mat ter on Uganda and the Soudan .

LON N BERG , E IN AR . 1 908 . Mammals Col lec t ed by the Swed ishZoo logical Exped ition to Kil imanjaro during 1 905

~ I 906. H eraus

gegeben von der Kon igl . S chwedischen Akademi e der Wi ssenschaften ,

Upsala .

A description ofa col lec tion ofmammals from Kil im anjaro .

1 9 1 2 . Mamm als Co l lec ted by the Sw ed ish Zoo logica l Exped itionto British Eas t Africa . Kungli ch S eensha Vetenshapsahadem i ens

H andl ingar, b and 48, no . 5 .

A descrip tion of the specimens Ob tained in the watershed of the

N orthern G uaso N yiro River.

LUGARD, CA PTA IN F . D. 1 893 . T he Rise of Our East African Emp ire; Early Efforts in N yasaland and Uganda . London , 8v o .

2 vols .

A description ofBri tish East Africa and Uganda .

LYDEKKER , R ICH ARD . 1 893 . H orns and H oofs, or Chap t ers on

H oofed An im als . London , 8y o .

Descrip tion s ofthe species comprised in the famil ies ofthe S u i da’

,

Cervi da’

, Boeida , and Rhi noceroti dae.

1 904. On the Subspec ies of Gi rafia camelopardalis . Proceedi ngs

of the Zoologi cal S oci ety, v ol. I , pp . 202— 297 .

T he w riter sp l its t he g iraffe in to t en geograph ica l forms, basedch iefly upon sligh t d ifferences in co lora tion .

1 907. T he Ears as a Race C harac ter in the African E lephan t .Proceedi ngs of the Zoologi cal S oci ety , pp . 3 80

—

403 .

T welve subspecies or geograph ica l races of . can e lephan ts are

recognized in th is paper, based main ly upon d ifferences of outl ineassigned t o ears .

1 908 . T he G ame An ima ls ofAfrica . London, 8v o .

Briefdescriptions and no tes on all the game mammals describedfrom Africa .

MA CDON A LD, JA S . R . L. 1 897 . So ld iering and Surveying in Bri tishEast Africa in 1 89 1

— 1 894. London , 8v o .

MA CQUE EN , PETER . 1 9 1 0 . I n Wildest Africa; the Record of a H un ting and Exp loring T rip T hrough Uganda , Vic toria N yanza, t he

B I BLIOGRAPHY 767

Kil imanj aro Region and Bri tish East Africa;w i th an Accoun t ofthe Ascen t ofthe Snow Fie lds ofMoun t Kibo, e t c . London , 8v o .

An accoun t Of the adven tures of the w ri ter in Eas t Africa and

Uganda .

MA DE IRA , PERCY C . 1 909 . H un ting in East Africa . Ph iladelphia, 8v o .

An accoun t of the writer’s hun ting experiences in Bri tish Eas tAfrica .

MAT S CH I E , PA UL . 1 895 . Saugethiere Deut sch-Ost -Afrikas und der

N achbargeb ie te . Berl in , 8v o .

Descriptions ofall the spec ies ofmammals known in 1 895 t o in

hab i t G erman Eas t Africa and the reg ion immed ia te ly bordering i t .

1 900 . Ueber G eograph ische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefan ten .

S i tzungs-Beri chten der Gesellschaft naturforschender F reunde, Berlin ,

no . 8, pp . 1 89— 1 97.

T he w riter sp l its the African e lephan t In to four geograph icalraces to wh ich he gives subspec ific names .

1 906. Ein ige noch n ich t Beschriebene Art en des AfrikanischenBiiffels . S i tzungs

-Beri chten der Gesellschaft naturforschender F reunde,Berl in , no . 7, pp . 1 6 1 — 1 79 .

T he au thor recognizes fifteen geograph ica l races Of Africanbuffa loes to wh ich he assigns d istinc tive horn charac ters .

MCC UTCH EON , JOH N T . 1 9 1 0. I n Africa; H un ting Adven tures in the

Big G ame Coun try . Ch icago , 8v o .

A humorous port raya l ofa hun t ing t rip in Brit ish East Africa .

MELLAN D, F . H . , and C H OLMELEY, E . H . 1 9 1 2 . T hrough the H eart

ofAfrica;Being an Acco un t ofa Journey from N orthern Rhodesiato Egyp t . London, 8v o .

Chiefly an I’

nograph ical accoun t; some chap ters d evo ted to

e lephan t hun ting near the A l bert N yanza and in Masind i .MEYER , H AN S . 1 89 1 . Across Eas t African G lac iers . London, 4to .

A monograph ic accoun t of the topograph ica l fea tures ofMoun tKil imanjaro w ith some reference to the fauna and flora .

MUFF , H . BRA NTWOOD . 1 908 . Report Re lating to the G eo logy of the

East African Pro tec tora te . Colon ial Reports , M i scellaneous , no . 45 .

A genera l accoun t of the geo logica l struc ture of Bri tish EastAfrica .

768 BI BLIOGRAPHY

N EUMA N N , ARTH UR H . 1 898 . Elephan t H un ting in East Equatoria lAfrica . London , 8v o .

An accoun t ofa trip from Mombasa to Moun t Ken ia and northw ard to Lake Rudo lfw ith spec ia l reference t o the b ig game . An

exce l len t accoun t of the gam e an im als .

1 899 . G rea t and Smal l G ame ofAfrica . London , 4to .

Descriptions and il lustra tions of all the larger game an imals;British Eas t African spec ies d escribed by A . H . N eumann .

N EUMA N N , OSCAR . 1 900 . Die v on m ir in den Jahren 1 892- 1 895 in

Ost und C en tra l Afrika , spec iell in den Massai-Landern und den

Landern am Vic toria N yanza gesamme l ten und beobach tetenS ii uge thiere . Zoologischen jahrbii chern , v ol. 1 3 , no . 6, pp . 529

562 .

A comp le te l is t of the mamma ls col lec ted and observed by the

w riter w i th no tes on their hab i ts and d istribu tion .

N EW, C H AR LE S . 1 873 . Life, Wanderings, and Labors in East Africa;w ith an Accoun t of the First Successfu l Ascen t of the Equa toria lSnow Moun tain Kil ima N ja t o and Remarks upon East AfricanS lavery .

N I EDI ECK, PA UL . 1 909 . Wi th Rifle in Five Con tinen ts . London,8v o .

Con tains a description ofthe au thor’s shoo ting experiences in the

Eastern Soudan .

OSBORN , H EN RY FA IRF IELD . 1 9 1 0 . T he Age ofMammals in Europe,Asia, and N orth Am erica . N ew York , 8v o .

C on tains references to the T ertiary mammals of N orth Africaand the theories regard ing their deriva tion .

OSWA LD, F . 1 9 1 3 . T he Miocene Beds oft heVic toria N yanza . jour

nal ofthe E ast Afri ca and Uganda N atural H i story S ociety, v ol . I I I,

no . 6, pp . 2— 8 .

T he w riter records fossil remains ofDi notherium, A ceratheri um

(a horn less rh inoceros) , and other extinct types ofmamma ls .

PATTER SON , J . H . 1 908 . T he Man-Eaters of T savo; and o ther EastAfrican Adven tures . London , 8v o .

A de tailed accoun t of the exp loi ts of the man-eating lions infesting the low coun try during the construc tion ofthe Uganda railway .


770 B I BLIOGRAPHY

ROOSEVELT, T H EODORE . 1 9 1 0 . African G ame T rails; an Accoun t ofthe African Wanderings of an American H un ter-N atura list . N ew

York , 8v o .

A descrip tion ofa hun ting trip through the game fields ofBritishEast Africa, Uganda, and the upper N ile .

SCH ILL IN G S, C . G . 1 905 . Wi th F lash l igh t and Rifle . N ew York ,8v o .

An accoun t of the w ri ter’s experiences in pho tograph ing the

game an imals a t n igh t, w i th numerous i l lustra tions of flash l igh tpho tographs .

1 907 . I n Wildest Africa; a T ransla tion ofDer Zauber des Elelescho. London , 8v o .

An accoun t of the w ri ter’s photograph ic experiences among the

game animals ofthe N yika andMasailand ofthe Kil imanjaro regionofG erman East Africa .

SCHWE IN FURTH , G EORG . 1 873 . T he H eart of Africa : T hree Years’T rave l and Adven tures in the Unexp lored Reg ions of C en tra lAfrica, from 1 868— 1 87 1 . London , 8v o . 2 vo ls .

Descrip tion of the Bahr—el-Ghazal reg ion w i th some references

to the flora and fauna .

S CLATER , P. L. 1 864. On the Mammals Col lec ted and Observed byCaptain J . H . S peke During the East African Exped i tion . Pro~

ceedings Zoologi cal S ociety ofLondon , p . 98 .

A descrip tion of the th irty-n ine spec ies ob tained by Speke and

G ran t, most ofwh ich were an telopes or o ther b ig game .

1 894— 1 900 . (SCLATER , P. L. , and T H OMA S, OLDF IE LD .) Book of

An telopes . London , 4to . 4 vo ls .

Ful l accoun t w ith descriptions and synonymy of the knownS pec ies, accompan ied by a co lored p late ofeach spec ies .

SCULL, GUY H . , 1 9 1 1 . Lassoing Wild Animals in Africa . N ew

York, 8v o .

Describes the lassoing exp loits of a party of American cow

boys in British East Africa under the d irec tion of Co lone l C . J .

Jones .

SH ELDON , MARY FREN CH . 1 892 . Sul tan to Sul tan ; Adven turesAmong the Masai and O ther T ribes ofEast Africa . Boston , 8v o .

B I BLIOGRAPHY 77 1

SMITH , A . DON A LDSON . 1 897 . T hrough Unknown African Coun

tries; t he First Exped i t ion from Somal iland to Lake Lamu . N ew

York, 8v o .

T he descrip tion ofa trip ofadven ture from Soma l iland wes twardto Lake Rudo lfand then eas tward down the T ana R iver to Lamu .

1 900 . An Exped it ion betw een Lake Rudo lf and t he N ile .

Geographi cal journal, pp . 600— 625 .

An account of t he t ribes and game met w it h in t he coun try b etween t he north end ofLake Rudo lfand Fort Berke ley on t he N ile .

SPEKE , JOH N H A N N IN GTON . 1 863 . Journey of the Discovery of the

N ile . London , 8v o .

T he first accoun t ofthe journey ofd iscovery ofS peke and G ran tto the source of the N ile . Devo ted main ly t o a desc rip tion of the

negro tribes inhab i ting Uganda and the inc iden ts of trave l .STAN LEY, H . M. 1 878 . T hrough the Dark C on tinen t; or the Sources

ofthe N ile;A round the G rea t Lakes ofEqua torial Africa and Down

the Livings tone River to the A t lan tic Ocean . N ew York, 8v o .

2 vols .

A description ofan exped i tion through G erman East Africa, thec ircumnaviga tion of the Vic toria N yanza and T anganyika and the

journey down the C ongo River.

1 890. I n Darkes t Africa or the Ques t, Rescue, and Re trea t of

Em in . London , 8v o . 2 vo ls .

Con tains a descrip tion ofUganda, the exp lora tion of the A lbertN yanza and the lower slopes of the Ruwenzori Range

STIGA N D, C . H . 1 909 . T he G ame ofBri tish East Africa . London,4to .

An accoun t of the hab it s and haun ts of the game an ima ls of

Bri tish East Africa and Uganda .

1 9 1 0 . T o Abyssin ia T hrough an Unknown Land ; an Accoun t

of a Journey T hrough Unexp lored Reg ions of British Eas t Africaby Lake Rudo lf t o the Kingdom ofMenelek . London , 8v o .

T he description of the trip concerns i tse lfch iefly w i th the peop leand the na tura l fea tures of the coun try traversed .

1 9 1 3 . T he Land of Zinj ; being an accoun t ofBri tish East Africa,i t s Ancien t H istory and Presen t Inhab i tan t s . London , 8v o .

An e thno log ica l and his torica l trea tise .

772 BI BLIOGRAPHY

1 9 1 3 . H un t ing t he E lephan t in Africa; and ot her Recol l ect ionsofT h irteen Years ’ Wanderings . N ew York , 8v o .

A m isce l laneous col lec t ion ofinciden ts and descriptions perta in ingt o east equatoria l Africa .

ST UH LMA N N , FRA N Z. 1 894. Mi t Emin Pascha ins H erZ v on Afrika .

"

Berl in , 4to .

C on tains a descrip tion of explorations in Uganda and of the

A lp ine reg ion ofthe Ruwenzori Range .

SUTH ER LA N D, JAMES . 1 9 1 2 . Advent ures of an E lephan t H unt er.

London, 8v o .

A detailed accoun t ofe lephan t hun t ing in west ern and southernG erman East Africa and in N yasaland .

SYKES, C . A . 1 903 . Service and Sport on the T rop ica l N ile; some

Records ofthe Duties and Diversions ofan Offi cer Among N ativesand Big G ame During the Reoccupation of the N ilo tic Province .

London , 8v o .

Chiefly a record of the author’

s shoot ing experiences in the

Soudan .

T H OMA S, OLDF IELD . 1 890. On a Co l lec tion ofMammals Ob tainedby Doc tor Em in Pasha in C en tra l and Eas tern Africa . Proceed

i ngs of the Zoologi cal S oci ety ofLondon , pp . 443—

450 .

A l ist of n ine teen spec ies ofmamma ls, ch iefly roden ts and in

sec t iv ores .

1 892 . On T wo N ew C en tral African An telopes Ob tained by Mr.

F . J . Jackson . A nnals and Magazine of N atural H istory, series6, v ol. X I , p . 3 85 .

Description of the wh ite-bearded W ildebeest, Connocha tes albo

jubatus, and Jackson’

s hartebeest, Bubalis jachson i .1 902 . On the East African Represen ta tive of the Bongo and I t s

G eneric Position . A nnals and Magazine of N atural H is tory,

series 7, v ol . X . , p . 309 .

T he descrip tion oft he bongo as a new genus and the Eas t Africanform as a n ew race, Boocercus eurycerus i saaci , based upon specimens

sen t to the Bri tish Museum by Mr. F . W . Isaac .

1 904. On H ylochcerus , t he Forest Pig of C en tra l Africa . Pro

ceedi ngs ofthe Zoologi cal S ociety ofLondon, v ol. 2, p . 1 93 .


774 BI BLIOGRAPHY

WH IT E , STEWA RT EDWA RD . 1 9 1 2 . T he Land of Foo tprin ts . N ew

York, 8v o .

An accoun t of the w ri ter’s shoo ting experiences in Bri tish Eas tAfrica .

1 9 1 3 . African C amp Fires . N ew York, 1 2mo .

A descript ion ofhun ting inc iden ts in British East Africa .

WILLOUG H BY, J C . 1 889 . East Africa and I t s Big G ame; t he N ar

ra t iv e of a S porting T rip from Zanzibar t o the Borders of the

Masai . London , 8v o .

A descript ion of t he shoot ing exped it ions of t he author, S irRobert G . H arvey, and H . C . V . H un ter. T his is t he earl iest accoun t devoted so le ly t o t he game an imals ofEast Africa .

WILSON , H . A . 1 9 1 3 . A British Borderland ; Service and Sport inEquatoria . London , 8Vo .

WOLLA STON , A . F . R . 1 908 . From Ruw enzori to the Congo :a N aturalist

’

s Journey Across Africa . London , 8v o .

A narra tive description of the journey made by the Bri tishMuseum exped ition to the Ruwenzori Range .

APPEN D IX


778 APPEN DIX

MammalsBirdsBird s ’ eggs and n estsRep tiles and ba trach iansFishPlan tsInsec tsShel lsMisce l laneous invertebrates

T o ta l

As a resu l t of th is exped i tion the b io log ical co l lec tions now in the

N at ional Museum from East Africa are probably t he most com p lete of

any in t he world .

Considerable in terest is being taken by the publ ic in re lation to the

d isposition of the co l lec tions made by the Sm ithson ian African exped ition under the leadership ofC o lone l Rooseve l t . T he col lec tion s, whenrece ived , w ere d is tribu ted to t he variou s d epartmen ts of the N a tiona lMuseum to wh ich they pertained — the b irds w ere sen t to t he b ird departm en t , t he mammals to the mamma l departm en t, the p lan ts t o

the bo tan ica l d epartmen t, and so on .

A number ofg roups ofthe large mammals have been prepared , and a

number ofind ividual specim ens moun ted for exh ib ition purposes . T he

grea ter portion of t he S pec im ens have been p laced in the study series,and the dup l ica tes w il l be d istribu ted by exchange or o therw ise . T he

g roups of large mammals now moun ted are on exh ib i tion in the new

museum mammal hal l .


782 IN DEX

Antelope , Zanzib ar pygmy; descript ion , 5 50, 5 5 1 ; h istory, 5 50; range,5 50

An telopes , sab le and roan, 3 26 .

Anti lopince; d escription , 5 79 ; key to

genera , 580 .

Append ix , list of contributors to

Sm i thson ian A fr i c a n exped i t ionfund

, 777 .

Archer, G . F .,b ib liog .

, 759 .

Arkell-H ardwick , A .,b ib liog .

, 759 .

Arms , 744 .

A rundinari a alpina , 3 2, 49 .

A th i bush duiker, 544 .

wh i te-b earded Wi ldeb eest , 3 69 .

aureus , Oreotragus oreotragus , 5 74 .

Aust in , H erb ert H enry, b ib l iog .

, 759 .

australi s , Ammelaphus imberbis , 445 .

A vi cenn i a ofii ci nali s, 3 8 .

Baker, S ir Samuel , 4 , 75 , 83 , 3 3 2, 3 5 1 ,

4 1 8 , 496, 5 1 4;b ib liog ., 7 59

bakeri , Egoceros equ inus , 3 3 2 , 5 .

Bangs, Outram ,1 08 .

Bauhi n i a reti culata , 3 9 .

bea , S trepsi ceros streps i ceros , 449 .

Beatragus hunteri , 3 59 , 8;map , 3 73 .

bei sa , Oryx , 3 3 8 .

Berger, Dr. A ., 75 , 25 5 ; b ib liog .

,

760 .

bergeri , H yazna kya na , 25 5 .

Bergson , 5 5 .

Betton , C . S .,267 .

Bib liography of equatorial East Af

rica, 759 to 774

bi corn i s , D i ceros bi corn i s , 65 1 .

Bi rds; effect of b rillian t ly colored

plumage, 94, 9 5 ; how approachedb y foes, 93 ;value of colorat ion , 96,

1 43 , 1 44;needless slaugh ter of, 1 5 7.

Blackb urn ,Dr. E .

,278 .

Black rh inoceros, 7 , 63 9 .

Black -snouted T homson gazelle, 602.

Blaine , G i lb ert , 3 59 , 488 , 5 58 , 588 .

Bland-Sut ton , J ., b ib liog .

, 760 .

Blanket t,2 .

Blue du iker, 53 3 .

Blumenb ach , 7 1 5 , 7 1 6 .

Blyth , Edward , 4 1 8 , 445 .

Boardman, C ol . Sargean t , 460 .

Bohm,Dr. Ri chard

, 3 5 2, 6 1 5 , 620,693 .

bohmi,Equus quagga , 693 .

Bongo, E ast Afri can ;ch aracters, 454,

45 5 ; coloration, 45 5 ; hab i ts , 4 54,

4 5 5 ; h istory, 4 5 2; measurements,

4 56, 458; range, 45 2, 1 05 ; map

457

Bongo ,West Afri can,1 1 map , 45 7 .

Bon te-quagga or quagga zeb ra , 676 .

Boocercus , 4 5 2 .

eurycerus eurycerus , map , 457 .

eurycerus i saaci , 4 5 2; m ap , 457 .

bar, T ragelaphus Scriptus , 43 7 .

Boswelli a , 4 1 .

Bo ttego, C aptain , 53 0 .

Boutroux, 5 5 , 67 .

Bauidee, d iagram Show ing affi ni t ies of,

3 23 ;key to, 3 24, 3 25 .

Bovi nce, 404, 405 .

Brachyla na, 47 .

brighti Gazella granti , 594.

Brigh t G ran t gazelle, 594.

Brigh t , Major, 594.

Brindled Wi ldeb eest, 3 60 .

Bri t ish East Africa C ompany, 1 1 .

Bronson ,Edgar B .

,b ib liog .

, 760 .

Brooke, S ir Vic tor, 6 1 0 .

Broom,20 .

Brugui ere gymnorrh iza , 3 8 .

Bubalinaz; descript ion , 3 48; k ey to,

3 49

Bubali s , 3 74 .

cokei, 3 90 .

cokei cokei, 3 9 1 ;map , 3 95 .

cokei kongon i , 3 9 2;map , 3 95 .

cokei nakuraz, 3 94 ;map , 3 95 .

cokei neumann i , 3 96; map , 3 95 .

lelwel, 3 97 .

lelwel i nsi gn i s , 400 , 1 1 ; map ,

40 1 .

lelwel jackson i , 402 , 1 1 ; map ,

40 1

lelwel ken ia , 403 ;map , 40 1 .

lelwel lelwel , 3 98 ;map , 40 1 .

lelwel n i edi ecki , map , 40 1 .

lelu'el roosevell i , 3 99;map , 40 1 .

Buffalo , 1 1 8 .

IN DEX

Buffalo, E ast African ;characters , 4 1 5 ,

4 1 6 ;horn shape, 4 1 5 ;variation , 4 1 5 ,

4 1 6; coloration, 4 1 6; h istory, 4 1 5 ;

range , 4 1 5 , 4 1 7, 4 1 8;map , 4 1 9

Buffalo Jones,204, 209 , 3 20 , 3 63 , 3 83 .

Buffalo, N i le;characters, 4 1 8 ;h istory,4 1 8 ;measuremen ts

, 420;range, 4 1 8 ,

4 20;map . 4 1 9 .

Buffaloes,African ; characters, 40 5 ,

406;hab i ts, 407 to 4 1 4;h erons , 409 ,

4 1 0; h i story, 406; key to races of

cafl er, 4 1 4 ;nomenclature , 405 .

bufo, Phacochcerus afri canus , 286 .

Burchell , 265 .

Burton, 3 .

Bushb uck ;colorat ion , 426, 4 27;hab i ts,

427, 428 , 429; key to , 43 0 ; range ,

h igh land ;colorat ion ,43 2 h is

tory , measuremen ts,

43 3 ;range , 43 0; map , 43 9

Masa i ; coloration , 43 3 ; h istory,43 3 , 1 4;map , 43 9

N ile; charact ers , 43 7;colorat ion ,

43 7, 43 8 ; h istory, 43 7; m ea

suremen ts, 43 8; range, 43 7, 5 ;

map , 43 9

Swah i li ; colorat ion, 434 , 43 5 ;

measuremen ts,43 5 ;range , 43 4;

map , 43 9

Uganda;colorat ion , 43 6;h istory ,43 6; m easuremen ts

, 43 6, 43 7;

range, 43 5 , 43 6, 1 3 ;map , 43 9 .

Bush duikers, 53 7 .

Bush p ig ;h istory , 27 1 , 272, 273 ;races,273 ;key to , 273 .

Abyssinian ; h istory, 275 ;range,275 ;measuremen t s

,276 .

E ast African ; colorat ion ,274;

hab i ts,

274; measuremen ts,

274;range, 273 .

Butler, A . L .

, 460 , 496 .

Buxton,Edward N orth

,1 50;b i b liog .

,

760 .

C ab rera,264, 3 5 2 .

calloti s , Oryx bei sa , 3 46 .

C amera , value of, 1 59 .

C amerano, 697 .

783

Can i daz, 264, 265 .

C ape elephan t , 7 1 5 .

Cari ssa , 43 .

C ass i a d i dymobotrya , 44 .

C ats, Spot ted ,range, 1 1 3 .

C avend ish,H . S . H .

, 63 2 .

cavendi shi,Rhynchotragus ki rki , 63 2.

Cephalophince, 5 27 .

Cephalophus , 5 28 .

monti cola , 53 3 .

monti cola cequatori ali s, 534 .

mon ti cola hecki , 53 6 .

monti cola musculoi des, 53 5 .

natalens i s, 5 29 .

natalensi s harveyi , 530 .

natalens i s i gn ifer, 53 0 .

natalensi s johnston i , 53 1 .

spadi x, 53 2 .

Ceratotherium,659 .

s imum cotton i, 660;map , 67 1 .

simum simum,map , 67 1 .

chanleri , Oreodorcas fulvorufula , 479,1 2 .

Chanler rock reedbuck, 479 .

C hanler, Wi lliam Astor,1 2

, 480, 646,

702;b ib liog .

, 760 .

Chapman , Ab el, 3 64;b ib liog ., 760 .

C hat ;b lack , 1 08 ;wh i te, 1 09 .

Ch eetah ; general descript ion ,242 t o

245 ;k ey to race,246; 1 1 3 .

h igh land ;characters , 246;colora

t ion ,246, 247; m easuremen ts,

247;range, 246, 248 .

Rainey African ; colorat ion; 248,249 ;measuremen ts

,249;range,

248 , 249 .

Soudan ;h istory, 249 ; range 249 .

Cholmeley ,E . H .

,and Melland , F . H .

,

b ib liog .

, 767 .

Chrysophyllum, 48 .

chui , Feli s pardus , 23 9 .

Church i ll, Winston Spencer, b ib liog . ,

760 .

Coast b lue du iker, 53 6 .

harteb eest , 3 9 1 .

orib i , 562 .

Coke, C olonel , 3 9 1 .

C oke harteb eest , 3 90 .

cokei , Bubali s , 3 90 .

784

cokei , Bubal is cokei , 3 9 1 .

C ollie, G eorge L .,b ib liog .

, 760 .

C ollins,“Bimb ash i ,

”460 .

C olob us, b lack and wh i te , 7, 1 28 , 1 29 .

Colora t ion ;effect ofclimate , 1 26, 1 28,

1 3 8 ; except ions , 1 27; effect on

an imals of the same Species , 59 ;

effect on environmen t, 72 ;effect of

sunligh t , 82 , 84; effect of twil igh t

and n igh t , 9 2;d ifference as .to pur

pose, 58; experiments in , 64, 1 3 7;

importance of study, 9 7; importance ofhab i ts over coloration , 1 1 4,

1 1 5 , 1 24, 1 45 , 1 46;surround ings in

relat ion to colorat ion, 98; hab i ts ,

importance of, 1 3 7; prevalence of

monochrome over striped forms,

1 25 ;recogni tion marks,horns, et c .

,

58; sexual purposes, 59 ; stripes ,effec t of, 7 1 ;th eories as to purpose ,62; value of

,in cat fam i ly, 1 1 7;

value of,at drinking-places, 73 , 74,

75 ; why valueless, 64 , 83 , 1 00 ;un

importance of,in American game,

1 1 8 .

Combretum, 3 9 , 43 .

Commiphora , 40 , 4 1 .

C ommon waterbuck , 7, 502 .

Conophryngi a , 48 .

Coolidge , 1 82 .

C ope , 56 , 1 28 .

C orydon ,Major

,258, 259 .

cotton i , G i rafia camelopardalis , 1 4 .

Ourebi a montana , 1 4 , 560.

Redunca redunca , 486 .

Cougar; range , 1 1 6; colorat ion , 1 1 6;

invisib i li ty, 1 1 6 , 1 1 7 .

Coun tershad ing ;d isappearance of, 86;effect on other an imals

, 93 , 94, 1 3 9;

examples of, 87, 88, 89 , 90, 9 1 ;valueof

, 87, 96 .

Crocuta , 256 .

crocuta fis i , 263 .

crocuta germi nans , 26 1 .

crocuta thomasi , 264 .

Croton elli ottianus, 43 , 47 .

C un inghame, R . J.,

209 , 3 09 , 3 7 1 ,

3 72 , 588 , 696 , 729 ;let ter from , 729 ,

73 0 , 73 1 , 73 2

IN DEX

cun inghamei , Equus quagga, 694.

Cuson i a spicata , 47 .

C uvier, 7 1 2 .

dcemon is , Potamochcerus koi ropotamus,273 .

dama , T ragelaphus scriptus . 1 3 , 43 5 .

Damali scus , 20 , 3 49 .

Damaliscus,equatorial; descript ion

,

3 50 ;k ey to , 3 50 .

Damali scus korri gum, 3 50 .

korri gum j i mela , 3 5 1 ;map , 3 57 .

korrigum ti ang, 3 50;map , 3 57 .

Damaliscus,t iang ; characters, 3 5 1 ;

range , 3 5 1 .

topi ; colorat ion , 3 5 2 , 3 54, 3 5 5 ,

3 56;hab i ts , 3 54 , 3 5 5 ;h istory,3 53 ; measurements

, 3 56, 3 58;range , 3 5 1 , 3 5 2, 3 53 , 3 58 .

Darw in ism,how accepted , 5 5 .

Decken ,C . C . v on d er, 6, 3 9 1 ; b ib

li og ., 760 .

Decoys; duck s, 65 ; fish , 65 ; ostrich ,66

,67 .

Deer; axis, 1 20, 1 2 1 ; b lack tail , 1 1 9 ;

fallow,

1 1 9 , 1 20 ,1 2 1 ; red

,1 2 1 ;

Wh i tetai l , 1 1 9 , 1 2 1,1 45 .

defassa ,Kobus , 49 1 .

Defassa , Laikipia; descrip t ion , 500;range, 500 .

waterbuck , 49 1 .

Delamere , Lord , 1 3 , 1 4, 76, 1 80 , 1 87,

209 , 23 2 , 260,279 , 287, 43 0 , 43 2,

delamerei , Phacochcerus , 1 4, 287 .

T ragelaphus scriptus, 1 4 , 430 .

Delme-R adcli ffe, C .

, 4 1 5 , 689; b ib

liog .

, 76 1 .

Dem idoff,Prince, 460 .

Desert b ushb uck , 1 4 .

b ush duik er, 544 .

pygmy an telope, 5 5 2 .

Desert striped hyena , 263 .

wart-hog , 287 .

deserti , S ylvi capra grimmi a, 544 .

deserti cola,N esotragus moschatus , 5 5 2.

Dewar, 56, 6 1 , 62 .

DeWin ton , 3 04, 688 .

Di ceros, 63 9 .


786 IN DEX

E ast African wart -hog , 284 .

E astern spot ted hyena ,26 1 .

Egoceri nce ; key to genera , 3 25 ; de

scription of, 3 25 .

Egoceros ; nomenclature, 3 26; k ey to

speci es, 3 27; characters, 3 26, 3 27;coloration

, 3 26;range , 3 26 .

equ i nus , 3 27 .

equi nus bakeri , 3 3 2;map , 3 3 7 .

equ inus langheldi , 3 29 ;map , 3 3 7 .

n i ger roosevelti , 1 5 , 3 3 3 ;map , 3 3 7 .

E land ;descript ion , 4 58 ;k ey to, 459 .

E ast African ; characters, 473 ,

476; colorat ion , 473 , 474;

hab i ts, 468 , 469 , 470 , 47 1 , 472 ;

h istory, 467; measuremen ts,

467, 466;range, 466, 467;map ,

475

g iant ;characters, 466;

colorat ion, 462 , 463 , 464 , 466;

hab i ts , 46 1 , 462; h istory , 460 ;measuremen t s , 466, 467;range,

4 59 , 460 ;5 ;map , 465

E lephan t,African ;d ifference b etween

African

C ape or East Afri can ; range ,

640 , 7 1 5 , 73 8 , 74 1 ; h istory,7 1 5 , 7 1 6;hab i ts, 7 1 8 , 7 1 9 , 720 ,

72 1 , 722 , 723 , 724, 725 , 726 ,

727; hun t ing , experiences in,

726 , 727; danger of, 727, 728;

colorat ion , 73 2;measuremen ts,

73 4, 73 5 , 73 6 , 73 7;map , 73 9 .

E lephanti dae, 709 .

E lephan ts, characters; trunk , 709;

skull, 7 1 0; teeth , 7 1 0 , 7 1 1 ; fossi l

remains, 7 1 1 .

E lephas , presen t range of genus, 7 1 2 .

imperator, size of, 7 1 4 .

merid i onali s , size of, 7 1 4 .

primigen ias , size oftusks, 73 7 .

Eliot, C harles N . E .

,b ib liog .

, 76 1 .

E lliot t , G . F . S cot t , b ib liog .

, 76 1 .

ellipsiprymnus , Kobus, 502 .

Em in Pasha,6 , 3 5 1 , 4 1 8 ;b ib l iog .

, 762 .

Encephalartos h i ldebrandti , 40 .

E ngler, Adolf, b ib liog .

, 762 .

Equa torial damaliscus, 3 50 .

impalla,6 1 4 .

Equatorial kob , 509 .

Equi dw; description , 673 , 674, 675 ;k ey to genera of

,675 .

equ i nus , E goceros , 3 27 .

Equ ipment ,camping and collect ing ,743Equus, 675 .

Equus quagga , 676 .

quagga bahmi , 693 ;m p , 79 5

quagga cun i nghamei , 694 ;map ,

79 5

quagga gran ti , 687;map , 79 5 .

Erythrina tomentosa , 3 9 .

E ugeni a cordata, 44 .

E uphorbi a candelabrum, 40, 4 1 .

nyi ka , 40, 4 1 .

Euphorb ias, 3 5 , 3 6 , 4 1 .

Fauna;derivat ion ,1 9 , 20 ,

2 1,22

,23 ,

24;presen t d istrib ution ,25 , 26

,27,

28, 3 0 ;defin ition ,

1 26 .

Faunal areas;d escription and bound

aries,2 5 ;map ,

24;Ab yssin ian desert

,map , 24 ;Bahr el G hazal, map ,

24; E ast African ,map , 24; E ast

N i le,map , 24; Uganda, map ,

24;

West N ile , map ,24 .

F elix 160,1 62 .

160 chu i , 23 9 .

160 massai ca , 2 22;map , 2 27 .

160 nyanzw,226;map , 2 27 .

160 roosevelti,map , 227.

pardus , 229 .

pardus forti s , 24 1 .

pardus ruwenzoru,23 8 .

pardus suaheli ca,23 6 .

F i cus mallocarpa , 48 .

stuhlmann i, 44 .

Filippi , F i lippo de, b ib liog ., 762 .

F inn, 56, 6 1 , 62 .

fisi , Crocuta crocuta,263 .

Fi sch er, Dr. G . A ., 7 , 8 , 506 , 5 54 , 599;

b ib liog .

, 762 .

Fi tzgerald , W. W. A .

,b ib liog .

, 762 .

F i tzinger, 5 , 249 , 52 3 .

F ive-horned g iraffe, 1 0 .

F leischman,64 1 .

F lora; derivat ion ,1 9 , 20

,2 1

,22

,23 ,

24;presen t d istribut ion , 25 , 26, 2 7,

28,29 , 3 0 .

IN DEX

Forests; locat ion , 44, 45 , 46; char

acter, 45 ;soi l , 4 5 .

Forest duiker, 9 .

hog ;charac ters, 277;h istory, 1 05 ,

hog , East African ; colorat ion,

279 ;hab i ts , 280;h istory, 278 ,

279 ;measuremen ts, 279 , 280;

range , 278 , 280 .

leopard ,23 8 .

forti s , F eli s pardus , 24 1 .

Fraas,20 .

Franco,Leo

, 460 .

F ri ck, C h ilds , 3 1 3 .

F ringe-eared oryx , 9 .

Game laws, necessi ty of, 1 58 .

Game preserves; value of,1 49 ; d is

criminat ion necessary,1 50 , 1 5 1 .

Gazella , 580 .

granti , 5 , 58 1 .

granti brighti , 594;map , 59 7 .

granti granti , 588 ;map , 59 7 .

granti notata , 59 5 ;map , 59 7.

granti raineyi , 592;map , 597 .

gran ti robertsz’

, 588; map , 597 .

granti roosevelti , 590;map , 597 .

granti serengetce , 596;map , 597 .

Petersi , 598 ;map , 597

rufifrons albonota,608 .

thomson i, 599 .

thomsom’

nasali s,602; map , 607 .

thomsom’

thomsom’

, 60 1 ; map ,

607 .

G azelle,Abyssin ian Gran t ; h istory,

595 ;range , 59 5 .

b lack -snou ted T homson ; color

at ion ,605 ;h istory, 602;hab i ts ,

603 , 604 , 605 ;measuremen t s ,

606;range , 602 .

Brigh t G ran t ; h i story, 594;

range , 594 .

colorat ion, 580; key to species ,

58 1 ;range , 580 .

G ran t ; general descript ion ,

species,and races

, 58 1 , 582;hab i t s , 583 ;k ey to species, 587,588;range , 5 , 58 1 .

G ran t notata , 1 3 .

787

fiv e-horned , 1 0 .

Masai ;hab i ts, 3 1 8 , 3 20; h istory,3 1 7;measuremen ts, 3 20 ;range ,

Gazelle, Kiliman jaro T homson ; h is

tory,60 1 ; characters, 602; range ,

60 1 .

Peters; characters, 599 ; h istory,599 ;range, 7, 598

R ainey Gran t; colorat ion , 593 ;measuremen t s

, 594;range, 59 2 .

Rob ert s Gran t ; charac t ers, 5 88;h istory

, 588; measuremen ts,

588;range, 588 .

Roosevelt G ran t ;colorat ion , 590,59 1 , 59 2;measuremen ts

, 593 ;range, 590 .

S erenge t i G ran t ;characters , 598;colorat ion

, 596, 598; h istory,596;range , soo

T homson ; b lack b and,

1 04;

ac t ion in h id ing , 8 , 1 07, 1 08 .

T homson ; charac ters, 599 , 600;

k ey to races of, 60 1 ;range, 600 .

T ypical G ran t ; h istory, 588;

range, 588 .

Uganda red -fron ted ; colorat ion,

608;h istory, 608; range , 608 .

Gedge , 44 1 .

G eolog ic format ion,1 7, 1 8

,1 9 .

G erenuk ;colorat ion ,6 1 1 , 6 1 2;hab i ts,

6 1 0 , 6 1 1 ; h istory, 6 1 0; measure

men ts,6 1 2; range , 8, 8 1 , 6 1 0 , 6 1 2;

map , 6 1 3 .

germinans , Crocuta crocuta,26 1 .

G ian t eland, 5 , 459 .

G ib b ons , A . S t . H i lair,1 4, 662, 663 ;

b ib liog .

, 762 .

G idley, 423 , 424 .

gigas , T aurotragus derbi anus, 459 .

C i raj a , 3 02 .

camelopardali s reti culata, 3 04;

map , 3 1 9 .

camelopardali s rothschi ldi , 1 0,

3 1 4;map , 3 1 9

camelopardali s tippelski rchi , 3 1 6;map , 3 1 9 .

G iraffe; affecting color c oncealmen t ,

83 , 84; colorat ion m inor features,84

788

3 1 6; spec imens , d ifference in ,

3 1 7 ; colorat ion of, 3 1 7, 3 1 8 ;

map , 3 1 9 .

G iraffe, reticulated ; an imals , assoc ia

t ion , 3 1 1 , 3 1 3 ; colorat ion , 3 05 ,

3 1 2; hab i ts, 3 06 , 3 07 , 3 08 , 3 09 ;

hunting experiences, 3 09 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 ;

h istory, 3 04, 3 05 ; measuremen ts,3 1 3 ; 1 3 ; map , 3 1 9

Uganda ; characters, 3 1 4, 3 1 5 ;

colorat ion, 3 1 5 , 3 1 6; h istory,

3 1 5 ;measuremen ts, 3 1 6;range,3 1 4 , 3 1 6;map , 3 1 9 .

Gi rafi dce, general d escript ion , 30 1 , 3 02.

Goldfinch , G . H ., 689 .

Gordon , 7 .

Gorgon, 3 60 .

albojubatus , 3 6 1 .

albojubatus al bojubatus, 3 69;map ,3 73

albojubatus meam si , 3 70; map ,

3 73

G rant , C olonel J . A ., 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 267 ,

3 3 0, 3 69 , 3 9 1 , 4 1 5 , 43 6 , 44 1 , 467 ,

496 , 5 1 0 , 565 , 58 1 , 588, 65 2 , 6 1 5 ,

662 , 688 ;b ib liog . , 762 .

gazelle , 58 1 .

granti , Equus quagga , 687 .

Gazella, 5 , 5 8 1 .

Gazella granti , 588 .

G ray , G . E, 5 , 3 3 3 , 5 1 9 , 5 20

G reater koodoo ,8, 448 .

G regory, John W.,1 3 , 84 , 688; b i b

liog .

, 763 .

G revy, President , 700 .

zeb ra, 700 ;map , 707 .

grevyi , Doli ckohippus, 700 .

Grew i a, 40 .

popul ifoli a , 4 1 .

G rey, G eorge, 1 93 , 1 94; death of bylion

,1 94 to 203 , 453 .

G rogan ,E . S .

, 73 4 .

G roundsels , 5 1 .

Guaso N yiro,N orthern , 1 2 .

Gun ther, Dr., 8 , 3 9 1 , 6 28 .

H aeckel, 5 5 .

H agen i a antkelm inti ca , 49 .

H aggard , Vice-C onsul, 562 .

IN DEX

haggardi , Ourebi a montana, 562 .

H arn ier, Baron Wi lhelm , 49 5 .

harn i eri , Kobus defassa , 49 5 .

H aronga , 4 5 .

H arteb eest , coast ; colora t ion, 3 9 1 ;

h istory, 3 9 1 ; range , 3 9 1 , 3 9 2;

measuremen ts, 3 92;map , 3 9 5 .

C oke; characters, 3 90; key to

races, 3 9 1 ;range, 3 90 .

descript ion , 3 74; hab i ts, 3 77 to

3 82, 3 84 to 3 89; key to

Spec ies , 3 90; range, so, 3 75 ,

H euglin lelwel; characters, 3 98;h istory , 3 98 ; measurements

,

3 99 ;range , 3 98;map , 40 1 .

Jackson lelwel; colorat ion , 402;

h istory, 402; measurements,

402;range, 402;d iscovery , 1 1 ;map , 40 1 .

Ken ia lelwel ; characters, 403 ;

measurements, 403 ;range, 403 ;

map , 40 1 .

Kongon i ; coloration, 3 9 2, 3 93 ;

h istory, 3 92; measuremen ts ,3 93 ;range, 3 9 2;map , 3 9 5

lelwel; descript ion , 3 97; k ey to,

5 , I s, 3 98

N akuru; h istory , 3 94; measure

men ts , 3 96; range, 3 94, 3 96;

map , 3 9 5

N eumann ; h istory, 3 9 7; mea

suremen ts, 3 97;range, 1 0, 3 96;

map , 3 9 5

Roosevelt lelwel;coloration , 3 99 ;

h istory , 3 99 ; measurements,3 99 , 400 ;range, 3 99 ;map , 40 1

Uganda lelwel; characters, 400 ;h istory, 400 ; measuremen ts

,

range , 400 ;map , 40 1 .

H arvey , S ir Rob ert , 8 , 3 5 2, 53 0, 562 .

harveyz’

,C ephalophus natalensi s

, 530 .

kassama, Potamoclzazrus koi ropotamus,275 .

H aynes , C aptain , 460 .

H ead lam , C aptain H . R ., 460 .

H eatley, 408 , 409 , 4 1 2 .

H eck , Dr ., 53 6 .

hecki , Cephalophus monticola, 53 6.


790 IN DEX

560 , 562 , 565 , 5 76, 602, 6 1 2 , 620'

b ib liog ., 764 .

Jackson lelwel harteb eest , 1 1 , 402 .

jackson i , Bubali s lelwel , 1 1 , 402 .

Jaguar, 1 1 5 .

Jessen ,B . H .

,b ib liog .

, 764 .

jimelo ,Damali scus korrigum, 3 5 1 .

Johnston ,H arry H .

, 9 , 1 0,1 50 ,

264,

3 1 5 , 53 2;b ib liog .

, 765 .

Johnston,T . Broadworth , b ib liog .

,

765 .

johnston i , Cepholophus natalensi s , 53 1 .

Jones, Bufialo, 204 , 209 , 3 20, 3 63 ,

3 83 .

Jumbo,

”b ody size , 73 5 .

J un iperus procera , 47 , 48 .

Junker, Dr. Wi lhelm, 3 3 2; b ib l iog .

,

76 5

Kaup, 495 .

Kearton ,84 , 1 1 2 .

Kemp,Rob in

, 53 6 .

Ken ia , 9 .

lelwel harteb eest , 403 .

orib i,1 5 , 56 1 .

pygmy an telope , 5 5 1 .

kon im,Bubali s lelwel

, 403 .

konyao, Ourebi o montana , 1 5 , 56 1 .

ki boko, H i ppop otamus amph i b i a s ,298 .

Kigeli o etki opi co, 43 .

Kilimanjaro , 6 , 9 .

pygmy antelope , 5 54.

quagga zeb ra, 693 .

red duiker, 53 0 .

T homson gazelle, 601 .

ki rchenpoueri , N esotragus moschatus,

5 54~

Kirk , S ir John , 3 3 3 , 3 3 4, 3 5 1 , 3 5 2,

d ikd ik , 627 .

ki rki , Rhynchotragus , 627 .

Rhynckotragus k irki , 628 .

Kirkpatrick ,Major H . J.

, 3 59 .

Klein , Alfred J.,279 .

Klipspringer; characters, 57 1 , 572;

hab i ts, 5 72 , 5 73 , 5 74; key to races

of, 574 , 1 07 .

Klipspringer, Marsab i t ; characters,

5 74;colorat ion , 5 74;measurements,

5 75 ;range , 5 74 , 5 75 ;map , 5 77Masai land ; measuremen ts , 5 78;

range , 5 76, 5 78;map , 5 77Knot tnerus-M eyer, 600 .

Knowles , d istrict comm i ssioner, 4 1 7 ,

43 7 , 53 2~

kob, Adenota , 509 .

Kob ;d escription , 508;range, 508 .

equatorial; description , 509;k eyto races , 509 ;range, 509 .

Lado; charac ters, 5 1 3 ; colora

t ion , 5 1 3 , 5 1 4;measurements,

5 1 4 ; range , 5 1 2;map , 5 1 7Uganda; colorat ion , 5 1 1 , 5 1 2;

hab its , 5 1 0 ;h istory, 5 1 0;mea

suremen ts , 5 1 2; range, 5 1 0;m ap , 5 1 7 °

wh i te-eared ;charac ters , 5 1 4;colorat ion , 5 1 5 , 5 1 6 , 5 1 8 ; hab i ts,5 1 4, 5 1 5 ; h istory, 5 1 4; mea

suremen ts, 5 1 6; range, 5 1 4;

60; map , 5 1 7 .

Kobince, 478;key to genera, 478 .

Kobus , 490 .

defassa , 49 1 .

defassa harn i eri , 49 5 ;map , 50 1 .

defassa motsclzi ei , 497;map , 50 1 .

defassa nzoi ce, 498 ;map , 50 1 .

defassa roi neyi , 498;map , 50 1 .

defassa tjaderi , 500 ;map , 50 1 .

defassa ugondoz, 496;map , 50 1 .

ellips iprymnus , 502;map , 507 .

ellipsiprymnus kuru , 506; map ,

507 .

ellipsiprymnus thi kw, 502; map ,

59 7

mari a , 5 .

Kolb,Dr. ,

649 .

kongon i , Bubal i s cokei , 3 92 .

Kongon i harteb eest , 3 9 2 .

Koodoo,E ast African greater;colora

t ion , 449 , 4 50; hab i ts, 449;h istory,449 ;measurements , 450 , 45 2;range,

449 , 450;map , 45 1

E ast African lesser; colorat ion ,

446; hab i t s , 445 , 446;h istory,445 ;measurements

,448;range,

445 ; map , 447~

IN DEX

Koodoo, greater;descript ion , 448, 449;8 .

lesser;descript ion , 444, 445 ;8 .

lesser,Somali land

,8 1 .

korri gum,Damali scus

, 3 50 .

Krapf,Ludw ig , 2

, 3 ;b ib liog .

, 765 .

Kuhnert , 693 .

kuru ,Kobus ellipsiprymnus , 506 .

Lado kob, 5 1 2 .

Lak e Rudolf, 9 , 1 2 .

S tefan ie, 9 .

Lang , H erb ert , 63 2 .

Langheld , C aptain , 3 3 0 .

longkeldi , Egoceros equ i nus , 3 29 .

Lardner, E . G . Dion ,b i b liog .

, 765 .

Large—snouted d ikdik , 627 .

Latreille , 2 56 .

Lechw i ;charac ters, 5 1 9 ;h istory, 5 1 9 ;range, 5 1 9 .

N ile, 5 20; colorat ion, 5 23 , 5 24 ,

5 26;hab i ts , 5 2 1 , 5 22;measure

ments, 5 26; h istory, 5 20 , 5 2 1 ;

range , 5 1 9 , 5 20;map , 5 25 .

wh i te-w i thered (see N ile) , 5 , 60,5 1 9 .

lelwel, Bubali s lelwel , 5 , 1 5 , 3 98 .

Lelwel harteb eest , 3 97 .

loo,F eli s ; key to races of, 222; color

at ion,1 7 1 , 1 72 , 1 73 ; general in tro

duct ion,1 6 1

,1 62;danger from ,

1 83

to 1 86; hab i ts , 1 64 to 1 7 1 , 1 73 to

1 83 ; hun t ing , methods of,1 87 to

1 93 , 205 ; lassoing , 2 1 0; spearing ,2 1 0; w i th dogs, 2 1 1 to 2 1 7; w i th

traps , 2 1 5 to 220,222;races , d iffer

ences in regard to,1 62

,1 63 , 1 64 ;

colorat ion of, 1 63 ; range , 1 63 , 1 64;

skull,

1 64; marksmanship , importance of

,209; rifl es, 204 .

Leopard,East African; characters ,

23 7; colorat ion,23 7; h istory, 23 6 ,

23 7;measuremen ts, 23 8 ;range, 23 6 ,

23 7 .

(Feli s pordus) ; colorat ion ,23 0 ,

23 1 comparison b etweenforms ,

229 , 23 0 ; k ey to races, 23 6 ;

hab i ts,23 2, 23 3 , 23 5 ; man~

eat ing , 23 5 ; range, 229 .

79 1

Leopard, forest ; colorat ion , 240; his

tory, 23 9 ;range, 23 8 .

hab its of concealment,1 1 4 .

h ighland ; characters, 24 1 ;color

at ion ,24 1 measuremen ts,skull ,

24 1 , 242;range, 24 1 .

N ile;characters , 23 9 , 240;color

at ion,240;measurements

,240 ;

range, 23 9 .

Lesser koodoo,8, 444; Somali land

,8 1 .

leucoti s , A denoto kob, 5 1 4 .

Lich tenstein , 5 1 4 .

Life zones;descript ion and defin i t ion,

28;map ,24; C ongo, map , 24; d es

ert nyika , map ,24 ; h ighland forest ,

map , 24; h igh land veld t , map , 24;

tropical coast , map , 24 .

Limnotrogus , 440 .

selousi , map , 443 .

Spekei , 5 , 440;map , 443

spekei grams , map , 443 .

Linnmus, 29 1 , 297, 700 .

Lion ,Abyssin ian ,

map ,227 .

colorat ion of young as index toancestral forms

,1 1 1

, 1 1 2 ;valueof colorat ion , 1 03 ; value of

colorat ion in mane,1 1 1 .

East African ; charactrs , 223 ;

colorat ion ,223 , 224; m easure

men ts, 225 ; range, 1 3 , 222;

map ,227 .

Uganda;colorat ion ,226, 228;h is

tory,226;measuremen ts ,skulls,

2 28 ; range, 226;map , 227 .

Li tchfield , E . H ub ert , b i b liog ., 765 .

Li thocran i us, descript ion ,609 , 6 1 0 .

wollori , 6 1 0;map ,6 1 3 .

Lloyd,A lb ert B .

,b ib liog .

, 766 .

Lobeli a gregori ona, 5 1 .

teleki i , 5 1 .

Loder, S ir E . G .

, 73 6 .

Loi ta wh i te-b earded Wi ldeb eest , 3 69 .

Lololoku i , Moun t , 22 1 .

Lonchi ti s pubescens , 47 .

Long-snouted d ikd ik , 623 .

Lonnb erg , Einar, 223 , 2 56, 26 1 , 287,

288 , 500 , 503 , 53 1 , 602, 62 1 , 626,

629 ;b ib liog ., 766 .

Lorian swamp, 1 2, 477, 702, 706 .

792 IN DEX

Loring , J . A .,1 88 .

Loveless , 204 , 209 , 3 20 , 3 83 .

Loxodonta , 7 1 2 .

ofri cono ofri cano, map , 73 9 .

afri cana cyclot is , shape of ears,

7 1 6 .

ofri cono oxyol is , shape of ears,

7 1 6;map , 73 9

ojri cona pumi l i o, h istory of typespecimen

, 7 1 7 .

Lugard , C aptain F . D .

,b ib liog .

, 766 .

lup inus , Lycaon pi ctns , 267 .

Lycaon ,265 .

pi ctns lupi nus , 267 .

Lydekker, R ichard; 76, 3 1 4 , 3 1 5 , 3 1 7,

3 5 2, 3 72 , 3 98 , 4 1 8 , 467 , 477 , 5 1 6,

6 56 , 662 , 667 , 69 1 ; b ib liog .

, 766 .

Mocorongo ki limonjori ca , 47 .

McA tee , W. L ., 5 7, 62 .

McC u tcheon ,John T .

, b ib liog ., 767 .

MacDonald , Jas . R . L .,b ib liog .

, 766 .

McMillan , Wm . N ., 3 3 2, 3 46, 4 1 2,

McM illan,Mrs .

,209 .

MacQueen ,Peter, b i b liog . , 766, 767 .

Madeira , Percy C .

,b ib liog .

, 767 .

Major,Doctor Forsyth

,273 , 274, 275 .

Mammoth , size of tusk s, 73 7 .

Mangab ey , 7 .

mari a , Kobus, 5 .

Marsab i t klipspringer, 5 74 .

Masa i b ushbuck , 43 3 .

g iraffe , 3 1 6 .

Masai land steinb ok , 565 .

mosso i ca , F eli s 160, 2 2 2 .

massai cus , T ragelaphus scriptus, 43 3 .

Mastodon , geolog ic range , 7 1 4 .

Matsch ie , Doctor Paul,224 , 254 , 25 5 ,

26 1 , 3 1 7 , 3 3 0 , 3 5 2 , -4 1 5 , 497, 498,

503 , 5 1 6 , 53 4 , 565 , 6 1 5 , 620, 693 ,

70 1 , 7 1 6, 7 1 7;b ib liog .

, 767 .

matschiei , Kobus defassa , 497 .

Means,204, 209 , 3 20 , 3 83 .

Mearns , Doctor E . A .

, 3 7 1 , 4 1 8 .

meornsi , Gorgon olbojubotus , 3 70 .

Measurements of specimens in the

fl esh, 745 .

Megaceros , Onotrogus , 5 , 5 1 9 .

Melan ism, 59 .

Melland , F . H .,and C holmeley , E .

H .

,b ib liog .

, 767 .

Menelik,K ing , 700 , 70 1 .

Merriam , Doctor C . H art , 1 40 , 423 .

Meyer, H ans, b ib liog ., 767 .

Meyer, v on ,223 .

M i lla is , 6 1 7 .

M inertzhagen , Lieutenant , 1 4 , 276

minertzhagen i , H yloclzozrus , 1 5 , 278 .

minor, Rhynclzolrogns ki rki , 629 .

montana , Ourebi a montana , 5 58 .

monti cola , C epkolophus, 53 3 .

Morris , R everend W.,274 .

moschatus,N esotragus moschatus ,

5 50

Moun t Lololoku i , 22 1 .

Movemen t effec t on vision, 99 .

Mrs . G ray 5 waterbuck , 5 .

Muff,H . Bran twood , 1 7; b ib liog . ,

767 .

Murie , Doctor, 49 5 .

Musa ensete, 4 5 .

musculoides , Cephalophns monticola,

N aivasha Kirk d ikd ik , 63 2 .

noknroz, Bubali s cokei , 3 94 .

N and i b lue du iker, 53 5 .

nasal is , Gazella thomson i , 602.

natalensi s , Cepholophus , 5 29 .

N atural selection ; b elief in , 56, 5 7;

lim i t of, ‘

1 3 8 , 1 3 9 ;un importance of,

1 47 .

N elson ,E . W.

,6 1 .

N esotrogi nce, 546, 547;key to genera ,

547

N esotragus , 549 .

N esotrogns moschatus okeley i , 5 5 1 ;

map , 5 53

moschatus deserticolo, 5 5 2; map ,

5 53

moschatus ki rchenpaueri , 5 54;

map , 5 53

moschatus moschatus , 5 50 .

N eumann ,Arthur H .

,1 2

,1 3 , 3 05 ,

3 1 3 , 3 3 9 , 3 96 , 403 , 497, 59 5 , 70 2 ,

706, 73 5 ;b ib liog .

, 768 .


794 IN DEX

Oustalet, 700 .

Oxytenanthero abyssin ica , 3 2.

Pallas, 483 .

Papyrus, 44 .

pardus , F eli s , 229 .

Patterson , C olonel J . H ., 76, 1 77, 1 78,

467;b i b liog .

, 768 , 769 .

potterson ionus , T aurotragus oryx, 467 .

Pease,S ir A lfred

,1 93 , 1 94, 209 , 23 3 ;

let ters from ,1 94, 63 1 .

Percival, A . Blayney,1 82

, 3 3 3 , 689,

706 .

Peters, C arl , b ib liog .

, 769 .

Peters, Doc tor Wi lhelm, 5 1 4, 599 ,

Peters gazelle, 7 , 598 .

potersi , Gazella , 598 .

Petherick, 4 1 8 .

Phocochoerus , 28 1 .

afri canus celi ani,284 .

ofri conus bufo, 286 .

delamerei,1 4, 287 .

Pigot t , 1 74 .

Pigs (S n idce) , 270 ;key to genera, 27 1 .

Pla ins;soi l, 43 ;character, 43Pocock

, 43 0 , 70 1 .

Podocarpus groci l i or, 43 , 47 .

mi lanji ana , 47 , 48 , 49 .

Portal, G erald , b i b liog .

, 769 .

Potamochoerus,27 1 .

koi ropotomus dwmoni s,2 73 .

koi ropotomns hassomo, 275 .

Potock i,C ount

,656 .

Poulton ,Professor

, 5 7, 58 , 62 , 63 , 64,1 26;theory as to m inut e ob servance,64 , 65 ;why valueless , 67 , 68 .

Powell-C ot ton ,1 0

,1 4, 297, 3 1 5 , 3 1 6,

400 , 420 , 485 , 498, 503 , 54 1 , 5 58 ,

560 , 658 , 662 , 670 , 672 . 73 4, 73 6;b ib liog .

, 769 .

Preservation of sk ins , 744 .

Preservation of skulls , 746 , 75 5 .

Prongb uck , 6 1 , 64 , 1 1 8,1 3 8 .

Puma, 1 1 5 .

Pycraft , 99 , 1 20,1 22

,1 23 , 1 26 .

Pygmy an telope , 549 ;map , 5 53 .

quagga ,Equus , 676;m p , 79 5

Quagga zeb ra or bonte-quagga , 676.

rodclifl ei , S yncerns adj er, 4 1 5 .

Rainey,Paul J.

, 76 , 1 80, 1 87, 209 ,

23 5 , 267, 3 3 0 , 403 , 4 1 7 , 500, 592,658 , 73 8 ;b ib liog .

, 769 .

Rainey African cheetah,248 .

defassa waterb uck, 498 .

G ran t gazelle , 59 2 .

rainey i , A ci nonyx jubatus, 248 .

Gazella gronti , 592 .

Kobus defassa , 498 .

R ainsford , W. S ., 505 ;b ib liog .

, 769 .

Raphi a , 44 .

Raph i cerus , 564 .

campestris neumonn i , 1 3 , 565 ;map , 569 .

R ebmann,John

,2;b ib liog .

, 769 .

R ed Forest duiker, 9 , 1 1 , 5 28 .

Rednnco, 482 .

redunca bohor, map , 489 .

redunca cotton i, 486; map , 489 .

redunca tohi , 487;map , 489 .

redunca ngondw, 488 ; map , 489 .

redunca ward i , 485 ;map , 489 .

R eedbuck , 482;map , 489;characters ,483 ; coloration

, 483 ; hab i ts , 484 ,

485 ;h istory, 483 ;k ey to races , 1 06 .

Ankole, 488 ; range, 488 ; map ,

489 .

h igh land ;coloration ,486;h istory ,485 ;measuremen ts, 486;range ,

485 ;map , 489 .

N i le;characters , 486, 487; colorat ion

, 487; h istory, 486;mea

suremen ts, 487; range, 486;

map , 489 .

rock ; d escription ,1 2, 479 ; map ,

48 1 .

Swahi li ; charac t ers, 487; colora

t ion , 487;hab its , 48 7;h istory,487;measuremen ts, 488 ;range,

487;map , 489

R eighard , 9 5 .

reti culato, C i raj a camelopordoli s , 1 3 ,

3 04 .

R eticulated g iraffe , 3 04 .

Rh inoceros , b lack ;range, 640;hab i ts ,

64 1 to 646 , 650 ;hun t ing , 647 , 648 ,

649 ; key to races, 650 ; 7; map ,

6 5 7 .

IN DEX

Rhinoceros;characters, 63 5 , 63 6, 63 7;extinc t forms

,63 7 , 63 8;key to liv

ing genera in Africa , 63 8 , 63 9 .

d escript ion , 7 , 1 4, 659 , 660 .

N i le wh ite ; range , 660 , 66 1 , 663 ,

664; h istory, 662;hab i ts , 664,665 , 666;characters , 667, 668 ;

coloration ,670; tab le of fl esh

measuremen ts,669 ; m easure

men ts, 670 ;map , 67 1 .

Somali b lack ;range , 656;h istory,656; charac ters , 658 ; color

at ion , 658 ;measuremen ts, 658;m p , 65 7 .

typical b lack ;range , 65 1 ;charact ers

,65 2, 653 , 654; h istory,

65 2;nomenclature,653 ; color

at ion,653 ;measuremen ts, 654 ,

65 5 .

Rhi noceroti dce, 63 5 .

Rhizophora mncronata, 3 8 .

Rhoads,Samuel N .

, b ib liog .

, 769 .

Rhynchotrog inw, 622 , 623 .

Rhynchotrogus , 623 .

guen tkeri sm i tki , 626; map ,625 .

k irki , 627 .

ki rki covendi ski , 63 2 ; map ,63 3 .

ki rki h i ndei,63 1 ;map , 63 3 .

ki rki minor,629 ;map , 63 3 .

ki rki nyi kce, 63 0;map , 63 3 .

R idgway, R .,689 .

Roan an telope, 3 26 .

Roan ,E ast African ; colorat ion , 3 3 0 ,

3 3 1 ; h istory , 3 3 0; measuremen ts,

3 3 1 , 3 3 2 ;map , 3 3 7 »

N i le; colorat ion , 3 3 2; h istory,

3 3 2;measuremen ts, 3 3 3 ;range ,

sab le , and oryx ; in troduc t ion,

Rob erts , F . Russel, 588 .

G ran t gazelle , 588 .

roberi s i , Gazella granti , 588 .

Rock reedbuck , C hanler; colorat ion ,

480 , 482 ;hab i ts , 480;h istory, 480;measuremen ts

,48 1 range,479 ;map ,

48 1 .

Roosevelt G rant gazelle, 590 .

Roosevelt , Kerm i t,1 87, 1 93 , 258 , 3 1 5 ,

795

3 1 6, 3 1 8 , 3 29 , 3 3 3 , 3 3 4 , 3 96 , 4 1 7 ,

44 1 , 442, 449 , 4 5 2, 453 , 4 56 , 460 ,

464 , 505 , 5 76 , 648 , 65 5 , 662, 665 ,

Roosevelt lelwel harteb eest , 3 99 .

sab le, 3 3 3 .

Roosevelt , T h eodore , b ib liog . , 770 .

roose'

vclti,Bubali s lelwel , 3 99 .

Egoceros n iger, 1 5 , 3 3 3 .

Gazella granti, 590 .

S yloi copro grimmi a , 53 9 .

Rothsch ild,Walter, 3 1 5 , 3 94 ,

Rubus , 48 .

Rudolf d efassa waterb uck , 497 .

Rudolf, Lake , 9 , 1 2 .

Ruppell , Edward , 275 , 284, 49 1 , 5 58 .

Ruwenzori , 1 0, 1 5 .

rnwenzorzi,F el is pardus , 23 8 .

Sab le, Roosevelt , 3 3 3 ; map , 3 3 7; col

orat ion , 3 3 4, 3 3 5 , 3 3 6; h istory, 3 3 3 ;measuremen ts, 3 3 6;range , 3 3 3 .

Sab le and roan an t elopes, 3 26 .

S ab le an telopes, 1 5 , 3 27 .

Salt method of sk in preservat ion,747

S olvadoro persi co, 6 1 1 .

S ambur, 1 1 2,1 2 1 .

S amb uru quagga zeb ra , 694.

S anderson , 7 1 9 .

S ansevieria , 40 .

S ayer, 43 0 .

S ch i llings , C . G .

,1 50, 76 , 254, 3 1 2,

5 76;b ib liog .

, 770 .

scki ll i ngsi , Oreotragus oreotragus , 5 76 .

H yaena hyceno , 254 .

Schweinfurth , Doctor G eorg , 6 , 1 06,

250 ,267, 3 3 2 , 3 5 x, 3 98 , 4 1 8 , 43 7 ,

460 , 540, 5 59 , 496; b ib liog 770 .

S c ien t ific exped i t ions; value of,1 5 1 ;

pet i t ions against African ,Roosevelt ,

1 5 2 , 1 53 ; at tacks on ,1 5 2 .

S clater,L

,1 1

,24, 8 1 , 3 59 , 3 69 , 44 1 ,

453 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 9 , 53 3 , 6 1 0, 460; b ib

liog ., 770 .

S cot t , 20 .

S cot t-E liot , 400 .

scri ptus , T ragelaphus, 426 .

796 IN DEX

S cull , Guy H .

,b ib liog .

, 770 .

S elous, F . C ., 79 , 84 , 9 2 , 1 62 , 209 , 4 1 2,

460 , 477 , 5 2 1 , 663 , 73 5 , 73 8 .

S eneci o ken i ensi s , 5 1 .

serengetw,Gazella granti , 596 .

S erengeti G ran t gazelle , 596 .

Seton ,E . T hompson , 6 1 , 99 .

Sh eldon , C harles , 78; value of fieldob servat ions , 78 .

Sheldon ,Mary F rench

,b ib liog .

, 770 .

S itatunga , 5 , 440 .

Uganda ; colorat ion , 442, 444;

h ab i ts, 44 1 , 442;h istory , 440;measuremen ts, 444;range , 440;map , 443

Skinner, Doctor H enry, 1 3 5 .

Sk inn ing elephan ts,

cu ts necessary,75 5

Skinn ing h eads oflarge game,method ,

7 5 1

Skunk , spotted , 1 40 , 1 4 1 , 1 42 .

Smi th , A . Donaldson ,1 2

,8 1

,1 80

,

3 05 , 3 1 4, 3 96 , 483 , 487 , 497, 594 ,

608,6 1 2

,626;b ib liog .

, 77 1 .

smi thi , Rkynchotragns guentheri , 626 .

soemmeri ngi i , A ci nonyx jnbatns , 249 .

S olanum compylocon thum, 5 28 , 6 1 1 .

Somali b lack rh inoceros , 6 56 .

somali ens i s , Di ceros bi corn i s , 656 .

Soudan ch eetah ,249 .

spad i x, Cephalopkus , 9 , 53 2 .

Sp arrman, 483 .

S potkodea , 4 5 .

Specimens; m easuremen ts , 745 , 746;

preservation of,methods, 747;

moun t ing of heads , 75 1 , 75 2, 753 ;

numb er secured b y Smi th son ianAfrican expedi tion , 778; preparat ion of sk ins , 7 54 , 75 5 ; skulls,

preservation of, 756 .

Speke , John H ann ington , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,

267 , 3 3 0 , 3 69 , 3 9 1 , 4 1 5 , 43 6 , 44 1 ,

467, 496, 5 1 0 , 56 5 , 58 1 , 588 , 6 1 5 ,

65 2 , 662 ;b ib liog ., 77 1 .

spekei , Limnotragus , 5 , 440 .

Spotted hyena ,256 .

S tanley, H . M ., 4 , 6 , 65 2 , 662; b ib

liog . , 77 1 .

S tefan ie , Lake, 9 .

S tegodon goneso, size of tusks, 73 7 .

S teinb ok , 1 3 , 564 , 565 ; range, 1 07 ,

1 08 , 1 1 0 ,1 45 , 565 .

Masailand ; colorat ion , 568 , 5 70 ;

h istory, 565 ; hab i ts, 566 , 567 ,

568;measuremen ts, 5 70;range ,

S tevenson-H am i lton ,Major J .

, 429 .

S t igand , C H .,84, zoo, 3 77 , 3 78 ,

5 2 1 ;b ib liog ., 77 1 , 772 .

S tobe ki limandohori ca , 50 .

S tone , Wi tmer, 96 , 1 1 7 .

S trepsi ceros , 448 .

streps i ceros boo, 449;map , 4 5 1 .

S triped hyena ,253 .

S tuh lmann,Doc tor F ranz, 53 4; b ib

liog . , 772 .

snaheli co, F eli s pordns , 23 6 .

snoro, E pyceros melampus , 6 1 5 .

Su th erland ,James , b ib liog .

, 772 .

Swah il i b ushbuck , 434 .

reedbuck, 487 .

waterb uck , 506 .

Swamp , Lorian ,1 2

, 477 , 702, 706 .

Swayne , C ap tain , 656 .

Syk es, C . A .,b ib liog .

, 772 .

S ylvi capra , 53 7 .

grimmi a abyssi n i ca, map , 545 .

grimmi a olti valli s , 542;map , 545 .

grimmia deserti , 544;map , 545 .

grimmi a h i ndei , 544;map , 545 .

grimmi a nyansco, 54 1 ;map , 54 5 .

grimmi a roosevelti , 53 9 ;map , 545 .

S yncerus , 405 .

cofier q inocti oli s , 4 1 8; map ,

4 1 9 .

cafier rodcl ifiei , 4 1 5 ; map , 4 1 9 .

T apirs,American ,

1 2 2,1 23 ;Malayan ,

T arconanthns camphoratns , 43 .

T arlton ,205 , 209 , 1 88 ; letter from ,

T aurotragus, 4 58 .

derbi anus derbi anus , map , 465 .

derbi anus gigas , 43 9 ;map , 465 .

oryxpatterson i anus ,467 map ,475 .

T elek i , C oun t , 9 , 1 2, 449 , 620 , 646,


798

Wart-hog , Somali,1 4 .

Waterbuck , 77, 490; key to species,

common ;descript ion , 502;key to

races of, 502 ;7;map , 507 .

defassa; characters, 49 1 , 49 2;

key to races , 494;hab i ts , 49 1 ,

49 2, 493 ; h istory, 49 1 ; range,49 1 ;map , 50 1 .

h igh land ; charac ters , 503 ; color

at ion , 503 ;hab i ts , 503 to 505 ;h istory, 503 ; measurements ,505 ; range , 502 3 map , 507

Mrs . G ray ’s , 5 .

N ile defassa ; characters , 49 5 ;

coloration, 49 5 ; h istory, 49 5 ;

measuremen ts, 496;range , 49 5 ;map , 50 1 .

’N zoia d efassa; description , 498;

range , 498;map , 50 1 .

R ainey defassa; colorat ion, 498 ,

500;measuremen ts, 500 ;range,

4 98 , 499 , 500;map , so r

R udolf defassa; d escription , 497 ,

498 ;range , 49 7 ;map , so r

Swah ili ;coloration , 506; h istory,506;range, 506;map , 507 .

Uganda d efassa; coloration , 496 ,

497; h istory, 496; measure

men ts, 497; range, 496;map ,

50 1 .

Weapons (rifl es) , 744 .

Wehea ofrioona , 48 .

Werne, 5 1 4 .

Whi te-b earded Wildeb eest , 5 , 1 1 , 3 6 1 ;m ap , 3 73

Wh i te—eared kob,60

, 5 1 4 .

Wh ite,Edward S tewart , 209 , 648,

678 , 743 , 744;b ib liog . , 774

Wh ite,John Jay , 3 3 9 , 560 .

Wh i te rh inoceros, 7 , 1 4, 659; map ,

67 1 .

Whi te-wi thered lechwi , 5 , 60, 5 1 9 .

IN DEX

Wi ldeb eest , A th i wh i te-b earded ;coloration , 3 70 ;h istory, 3 69 ;k ey to , 3 69 ;measuremen ts, 3 70 ;range, 3 69 , 3 70 ;

Yellow-b acked duiker,West African, 9 .

map , 3 73

b rind led, 3 60 , 3 6 1 .

charac terist ics,268 to 3 62;hab i ts ,

1 0 1 , 268 to 3 62 .

Loi ta wh i te-b earded ; coloration ,

3 7 1 , 3 72 ; m easuremen ts , 3 72 ,3 73 ;range , 3 7 1 ;map , 3 73

wh i te-b earded ; coloration, 3 6 1 ;

range , 5 , 1 1 , 3 6 1 .

Wi lloughby , John C ., 8 , 254 , 267, 3 3 3 ,

3 46, 3 69 , 445 , 506, 565 , 602; b ib

l iog . , 774 .

Wi lson ,H . A .

,b ib liog . , 774 .

Wolf,1 3 0 .

Wollaston,A . F . R .

, 497; b ib liog .,

774 .

Wood,Major, 3 0 5 .

Wrough ton ,R . C .

, 544 .

Zanzib ar pygmy an telope , 5 50 .

Zeb ra , G revy; range , 700 , 70 1 , 708;

h istory, 700; coloration, 70 1 , 702 ,

704, 705 , 706;charac ters, 704;map ,

707 .

h ighland quagga ; range , 687,

692, 693 ; h i story , 688; color

a t ion,688;measurements, 69 1 ;

map ,69 5 .

Ki liman jaro quagga; range, 693 ,

694; h istory , 693 ; colorat ion

694;measurem en ts , 694;map ,

69 5 .

quagga; colorat ion ,677; range ,

577 , 68 2; hab i ts , 678; key to

races,687; map , 69 5 .

S amb uru quagga; range, 694;

coloration , 696 , 69 7;measure

men ts, 697;map , 695 .

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