Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
M^\ D$C DICM CHINH CUD CHU NGHln KHU VlTC
Tijr snu CHIC'N TRANH LHNH
Bui Hai Dang*
Huynh Tam Sang**
Ldi Toa so?n: Nghien ciiu nay dupe tai trp bdi Dai hoc Qudc gia Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (DHQG-HCM) trong khudn kho dl tai ma sd C2018-18b-02.
Tom tat: Bdi viet tap trung phdn tich nhimg dgc diem cua chu nghia khu v{cc trong bdi cdnh chinh tri the gi&i, ddc biet la & chdu Au, co nhieu chuyen biin sau khi Chiin tranh Lgnh kit thUc v&i cdc dpng luc ve an ninh vd kinh te tgo ra trong qud trinh thiic day hpp tdc vd hpi nhdp. Trong do, nhdn td kinh te dupe xem Id tdc nhdn quy dinh su ra d&l vd phdt triin cua chu nghia khu vuc m&i. Nhimg bu&c chuyen bien ciia chdu Au, nai chii nghia khu vuc v&i nhieu dn tuang ro net nhdt, dupe trinh bdy de minh hpa cho suphdt trien cua chu nghia khu vuc trong giai dogn Uch sic dgc biit ndy.
Tu" khda: Chii nghia khu vuc, chdu Au, hpi nhgp, Chien tranh Lgnh, todn cdu hda
Abstract: The paper focuses on analyzing some main features of regionalism in the
context of changing international politics, especially In Europe after the Cold War, when
security and economic impetus were promoting cooperation and integration. In this process,
economic impetus was considered as the determining factor for forming the new regionalism.
Changes and impressive regionalism in Europe are illustrated for the development of
regionalism in such a very special historic period.
Keywords: Regionalism, Europe, intergration, the Cold War, globalization
Theo sau sy suy gidm vai trd, bao gdm khu vuc da "hdi sinh" va chuyin minh ro r?t
nhiing tranh cai ve ed khia eanh ly thuyet vd vao nhiing nam 1980, tiep dd khdng djnh
thue tiln trong nhiing nam 1970, chii nghia dupe vai trd trong nhiing ndm 1990. Chii
nghia khu vuc ngdy nay dang noi len nhu
" TS, Dai hpc KHXH&NV - Dai hpc Qu6c mdt lye luong raanh me frong tiln trinh toan
gia TP. Ho Chi Minh cdu hda. Neu taan cdu hda dupe hilu la lyc ** Dai h9c KHXH&NV - D?i h c Qu6c ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ th^ i „ ^ ^^ -^ gia TP. Ho Chi Minh . . x. . . . . - . . , , , . . * cua cac raoi quan he xa hpi, thi chu nghia Nhgn bai ngdy: 2/3/2019 ^^ ^^ ^^ ^y ^^^^ ^^. j , ^.^ ^^^^ ^^ Phdn bien xong 20/3/2019 , • ^ Chdp nhgn dang 5/4/2019 c™ to™ <=a" hoa. Theo nghia nay, chu nghia
64 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4(223).2019
khu vuc Id "mdt chuang" eiia toan cau hda
nhung ehii nghia khu vye cung cd the Id mdt
phan img hoae thach thiic ddi vdi toan cdu
hda'. Chil nghia khu vyc trong nhflng nam
1990 khdng dupe coi la mot phong trdo gan
liin vdi chil quyen tuyet ddi len cac vimg
lanh thd nhu trong thdp nien 30 ciia the ky
XX. Thay vao dd, chu nghia khu vye trong
bdi canh hau Chiin tranh Lgnh (1991) dai
dien cho sy tap trung eua siic manh ehinh tri
va kinh tl cgnh tranh nhau het siic gay gat
trong nen kinh te toan cau, vdi nhieu ddng
chay lien vimg (interregional) vd ndi vimg
(intraregional)^.
Nghien eiiu ve sy phat trien ciia chu
nghia khu vyc se la thieu sdt neu khdng ehii
y den nhung chuyen bien quan trpng cua ddi
sdng quan he qudc te. Tinh hinh the gidi sau
Chien tranh Lanh cd nhieu dac diem dang
chii y, vdi nhieu ndi dung ndi bat nhu su
biln doi eua eo cdu dia ehinh tri the gidi, sy
tang tnrdng cua eac nen kinh te gdn vdi sy
phat trien ciia todn cdu hda, su xuat hien cua
nhieu md hinh chu nghia khu vyc khdc nhau
d Bac My va Nam My, d Ddng A vd Nam
A... Thyc te ndy dat ra rapt nhu edu, do la
can phai bo sung nhflng khiem khuylt ve ly
luan eiia lan sdng chu nghTa khu vuc trong
thdp nien 1950 nhu ehua thdy dupe tdm quan
trpng ciia ban sde trong viec xdy dyng khu
' James H. Mittelman, "Rethinking the "New Regionalism" in the Context of Globalization", Global Governance, Vol. 2, 1996, p. 189. ^ James H. Mittelman, "Global Restructuring of Production and Migration", trong Sakamoto (ed.) (1984), Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, pp. 276-298.
vyc va tdc ddng ciia nhflng thach thiic tir ben
ngodi. Trong bdi cdnh thach thiic va ca hdi,
mpt lan sdng mdi ve chu n^Ta khu vuc da
xudt hien dl gidi quydt nhung thach thirc tir
khia canh thyc tien vdi nhirng ddc diem mdi.
1. Nhvng dac diem cua chu nghia khu
vutc mdi
Tir sau Chien tranh Lanh, nhdn td kinh
te ddng vai trd ndi bat va chi phdi sy van
dpng trong quan he giiia cac qudc gia. Xu
hudng tiep can kinh te chinh tri quoc te da
tao ngudn xung lye raanh me, cung cd them
eho nhung quan diem xem trpng vai trd ciia
kinh te trong viec thiic day sy phat trien cua
chil nghTa khu vye. Tren ca sd quan sat thyc
tien cac vimg kinh te ngdy edng nd rd tai
nhieu khu vyc tren the gidi, mpt sd hpc gia
da dinh nghTa chii nghTa khu vyc nhu rngt
qua trinh chu chuyen kinh te dya tren sy van
dpng cua cac ddng kinh te vdi xu hudng tang
trudng nhanh gifl'a mpt nhdm qudc gia nao
dd trong cimg mot khu vyc han Id giiia nuac
nay vdi nude khac d cdc khu vuc khac nhau
tren todn the gidi^.
Ben canh do, su phdt trien cua chu nghia
tu do (liberalism) trong nghien cihi quan h?
qude tl ciing eung cap nhieu luan diem co
tdra quan trpng ve ca khia canh ly luan va
thyc tien cho viec hmh thanh va phdt trien
mdt chil nghia khu vyc mdi. Theo lap luan
ciia ehu nghia ty do, kinh te thj trudng duoc
xem la mot trong nhOng luc day ehu yeu
' Leon Gordenker, "The 'New Nationalism' and Intemational Organizations", International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1969, pp. 31-45.
<Vdi ttae (Dem ehinh... 65
thiic day hop tac va hdi nhdp khu vuc.
Nhung nguoi iing hd chu nghTa ty do kinh te
ciing coi phat trien kinh tl thi trudng (market
ecomomy) nhu la phuang each quan trpng de
thiic day hpp tac, dam bao an ninh va duy tri
hda binh trong quan he qudc te. Kinh te thi
trudng duac xay dyng tren ca sd tu do kinh
tl vd phdn nao dd la ty do chinh trj nhdra: (i)
mang lai lpi ieh kinh te vd thinh vupng; (ii)
ddi hdi thiic day hop tac vol sy md rdng ra
ben ngoai; va (iii) ddi hdi duy tri mdi tnrdng
an ninh de phat trien^. Lpi ich phat trien
khien cac nude cd nhu cau md rpng thi
trudng ra ben ngoai bien gidi qudc gia va
tang cudng hpp tac kinh te trong khu vye; tir
do, kinh tl la yeu to ca ban dinh hinh nen
chil nghia khu vyc. Nhiing ngudi theo quan
dilm nay thudng coi cac thanh vien tham gia
hi?p djnh uu ddi thuang mgi (Preferential
Trade Arrangement - PTA) khu vyc la mdt
nhdm cd tinh khu vyc .
Ben cgnh dd, thdi ky hgu Chiin tranh
Lanh ciing chiing kien sy phat trien manh me
cua toan cau hda kinh te va nhimg bien doi
kinh tl chinh tri het siic sau sac. Tat ca
nhflng nhdn to nay da thiic day qua trinh phat
triin cua chii nghTa khu vyc. Nhflng ngudi
ung hp quan dilm vl sy tac dpng manh me
cua toan cau hda vd nhan td kinh te trong ddi
* Ho^ng Khdc Nam, "Chu nghTa t\i do trong quan h^ qu6c te: NhOng lu?n diem chinh \k sy d6ng gdp", T?p chf Khoa hpc D i hpc Quoc gia Hk Npi, Khoa hpc Xa hOi \k NhSn ySn, Tap 29, So 1,2013, tr. 21. * Hoing KhSc Nam, "Nh§n thiic v^ chii nghia khu v\rc". Tap chf Nghiin ciru Ljch su, So 5, 2009, tr. 48; Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner, "TTie New Wave of Regionalism", International Organization, Vol.53 '""-" " " ^ ™ «o-^-"
sdng quan he qudc te cdn de xuat thugt ngii
ehu nghTa khu vye mdi (new regionalism) de
khang dinh tinh chdt phdt trien rd ret eua ehu
nghia khu vyc so vdi giai doan tnrdc do. Cd
le khdng qua ldi khi cho rang, ehu nghia ty
do mdi da gdp vao ddng chdy ly ludn ve chii
nghTa khu vyc khi nhan mgnh den sy da dgng
vdi xu hudng "hudng ngogi"; nd md ra cho
ede lye lupng thi trudng ben ngodi ddm nhan
mpt vai trd ro net va quan trpng hon. Theo
quan dilm cua nhung ngudi iing hd chu
nghTa tu do mdi, cac nhdm se bao tnim cac
khu vyc rpng ldn, tap hpp eon ciia cdc nhdm
va cdc nen kinh te nhd han trong mot logt
cac cdu hinh the che khac nhau, tir ede hipp
udc "theo ludt dinh" (de jure), nhu Lien
minh Chau Au (EU), den rapt dpi hinh
ngong bay (flying geese) kha vimg chdc vdi
nhieu hoat ddng hi?u qua tgi khu vue chau A
- Thdi Binh Duong*.
Tir sau Chien tranh Lgnh, chu nghTa khu
vyc mdi dgi dien eho ldn sdng hdi nhap khu
vyc vdi sde thai day du han, dupe ddc trung
bdi nhiing thay doi ldn lao ve chat, ve luang
va nhflng thay doi chinh thiic trong hpi nhap
khu vyc. Cach tiep cgn kinh tl (vdi viec de
cao nhan to kinh te nhu la nen tang ca ban
cho hpi nhdp) mang din mpt siic sdng mdi
va hipn dgi cho chii nghia khu vyc khi phdn
anh rdng hpi nhap khu vyc ddng gdp cho cac
lyc lupng kinh te dl thiic day sy van hdnh
ciia toan cdu hda vd gia tdng nang lyc cgnh
tranh todn cdu. Dac bipt, dudi tac ddng cua
* James H. Mittelman, "Rethinking the "New Regionalism" in the Context of Globalization", Tldd, tr. 191.
66 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4(223).2019
toan cau hda, chii nghia khu vyc mdi duac
coi la mdt cdng cu eua quan he kinh te md
vdi xu hudng ty do hda nham dam bdo vi the
eanh tranh cho qudc gia vd khu vyc trong the
gidi toan cdu hda .
Chimg ta cd the ke den nhirng yeu td
kinh te ndi bat dupe tinh den trong chii nghia
khu vyc mdi nhu: (i) sy thara gia ciia cdc
nude phdt tridn (developed) cimg vdi cac
nude dang phat trien (developing), Hiep dinh
Thuang mgi tu do Bac My (NAFTA) la mpt
vi du; (ii) cdc nude nhd thudng cai each dan
phuong, nhu Mexico vdi NAFTA hay mdt
sd nude Scandinavia ddi vdi EU; (iii) tu do
hda thuang mai dien ra vdi tdc dp vira phai;
(iv) cae thda thuan khu vyc thudng hudng
tdi sy hdi nhgp sau; (vi) pham vi ciia cac
thda thudn khu vyc la theo khu vyc dja ly,
tiic la thanh vien Id nhflng qudc gia lang
gieng . Dil dien ra vdi miic dp, hinh thirc va
pham vi cd khdc nhau nhung cd the nhan
thay mdt ddng chay chung, do la kinh te hien
dien va ddng vai trd ngay cang ro ret han
trong cac lien ket thuong mai va dau tu gifl'a
cdc qudc gia.
Sy xudt hien cua chii nghia khu vyc mdi
sau khi Chien tranh Lanh ket thiic md ra mpt
thdi ky hdi nhdp kinh te todn cau dien ra
manh me va sdi ndi. Su phat trien ciia chu
nghTa khu vyc cudi cimg da ddn din mdt cdu
' Pavel Hnat, "Political Economy of the New Regionalism: Global and European Perspective", SSRN, tai dia chi: https://ssm.com/abstract=2238763, truy cap ng^y 16/3/2019. ' Wilfred J. Ethier, "The New Regionalism", The Economic Journal, Vol. 108, No. 449, 1998, pp. 1149-1161.
tnic mdi, trong do ede td chiic khu vyc cdi
rad hon ddi vdi thuong mai so vdi cac to
chiic da hinh thanh trong ky nguyen eiia chii
nghTa khu vyc cu. Vao giu:a nhiing nam 1980
va dau nhiing nam 1990, vdi sy ra ddi hoac
cdi to cua cdc td chiic khu vuc, nhu Hiep hpi
cdc qude gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN), Dien
dan Hop tde Kinh te Chdu A-Thdi Binh
Duong (APEC), Lien minh Chau Au (EU),
Hiep dinh Thuang mai ty do Bdc My
(NAFTA) vd Cpng ddng Phat trien mien
Nam Chdu Phi (SADC), cac boat ddng kinh
te va ehinh tri khu vuc tang len. Hoat dpng
nay da thiic day su quan tam hpc thuat ddi
vdi chil nghTa khu vuc, dan den lap luan rang
nhung gi dang dien ra ciia mdt hinh thiic chu
nghTa khu vyc mdi hoan toan khac biet so
vdi loai chu nghTa khu vyc phd bien ngay
sau Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai. Cdc hpc gia
da xac dinh mpt sd npi dung ciia chu nghTa
khu vyc mdi trong bdi canh trat tu the gidi
chinh tri va kinh te dang ndi len.
Sau Chien tranh Lanh, the gidi khdng
cdn dupe dac tnmg bdi sy canh tranh giua
hai sieu cudng (ludng cyc) ma thay vao dd la
sy tdn tai ciia mdt sd lupng ldn eac cudng
qudc (da cue). Sy thay ddi trong can can
quyen luc toan cdu cd the dd eung cap it nhat
la sy khich le ve mat nhdn thirc, gdp vao su
gia tdng sd luong ede td chiie khu vye va cac
thdnh vien cua cac to ehiic nay. NIU nhu
trong bdi canh Chien tranh Lanh, cac td chiic
khu vyc dupe, hinh thanh va dinh hinh bdi lpi
ich ciia cac sieu cudng thdng tri thi trong bdi
canh mdi, ben eanh cac qudc gia, cdc dy an
^dl dae (Gem ehinh.,. 67
khu vuc ngay cdng dupe dinh hinh bdi lpi
ich ciia cae chu the da dgng ban. Khdng
gidng nhu chii nghTa khu vuc cfl, vdn dupe
dinh hudng nhieu hon ve sy tuong tac gifl'a
cae qudc gia, chii nghia khu vuc mdi lien
quan den mpt logt cdc chu thi qudc gia va
phi qudc gia, lien quan den mpt qua trinh
chuyin d^i trat ty the gidi. Do dd, cd the ndi,
todn cdu hda anh hudng din chii nghia khu
vyc mdi, tir dd tham gia vao vi?c dinh hinh
todn cau hda. Cac iuc lupng toan edu hda da
cd tdc dpng den viec tdi cdu tnic cac khia
cgnh xa hpi, chinh tri vd kinh te eua cac khu
vyc, trong khi cdc qude gia va xa hdi da dieu
chinh cac tac dpng nay bang each tiep tuc,
thay doi hoac dao ngupc tac ddng cua toan
cau hda thdng qua cac qua trinh cua chii
nghia khu vyc^.
2. Nhimg birdc chuyin bien cua chau
Au sau Chiin tranh L^nh
Trong thdp nien cudi cua the ky XX, sau
khi Lien bang Xd viet syp do, hp thdng cac
nude xa hpi chu nghTa tan ra da de lai nhiing
khilm khuylt to ldn trong ea cau quyen lyc
thi gidi. Cdc qudc gia xa hpi chii nghTa rai
vdo tinh trang khiing hoang kinh te - xa hdi
trdm trpng, he qua la khiing hodng niem tin
cang trd nen ngng ne. My va cac qude gia
phuang Tay gianh chien thing trong Chien
tranh Lanh, mot "chien thdng khdng can
chiin tranh" va "khdng can thudc siing". Mpt
trong nhiing sy kien noi bat trong thdp nien
cudi cua the ky XX cd lien quan den miic dp
lien ket vd hdi nhdp sau la sy ra ddi cua Lien
minh chdu Au (EU) vao nam 1993 khi Hiep
udc Maastricht (Maastricht Treaty) hay cdn
gpi la Hiep udc Lien minh chdu Au (Treaty
on European Union) bat dau cd hieu lye.
Hi^p udc nay dupe soan thao vao diing nam
Lien Xd sup dd - ndm 1991, dupe ky vaa
ndm 1992. Cac budc phdt trien ndy giup thiic
day todn cdu hda, hdi nhdp qudc te. Vd trong
bdi cdnh nay, "EU noi len nhu mdt trung tdm
kinh te cd siic cgnh tranh rat cao, cd tdm dnh
hudng tren toan cdu, la hinh mau de nhieu
cpng ddng cdc qudc gia khdc d ede khu vyc
khac nhau trdn thi gidi tham khao, thdp len
niem hy vpng ve sy phat trien cua nhdn loai
tren con dudng tien tdi mpt "the gidi phdng"
tren thyc te - khdng cdn bien gidi dia ly ngdn
trd sy di lgi giira cac qudc gia"'". Chu nghTa
khu vyc chdu Au mang mpt dang dap manh
me han d khia eanh kinh te, hudng den mpt
tinh chdt manh me, day du vd todn dipn han.
Cdc mdi de dpa ddi vdi an ninh trong
thdi ky hdu Chien tranh Lanh chu yeu xuat
phat tir dpng lye trong nude hoac khu vyc,
cdc cudng qudc cdng nghi?p hang ddu tai
chau Au mudn giao phd ganh nang bao ve an
ninh khu vyc lan can cho cae the ehe khu
vyc chiu trdch nhiem thye thi trpng trach
ndy. Van de thir hai cfing khdng kem phdn
^ Stephen Buzdugan (2017), "New regionalism", Encyclopcedia Britanmca, tai dja chi: https ://www .britannica.com/topic/new-regioHalism, truy cap nfAv 17/3/20! 9.
'" L6 The Mau, Nguyen Anh, "The gidi 25 nSm sau Chien tranh Lanh: M0t so n t noi b§t", Tap chi CQng 5fln, 4/1/2017, http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/The-gioi-van-de-su-kien/2017/42862/The-gioi-25-nam-sau-Chien-tranh-lanh-Mot-so-net-noi.aspx, truy cSp ngiy 17/3/2019.
68 NGHIEN COU CHAU &U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N''4(223).2019
quan trpng la cac qudc gia khu vuc ciing
mong muon thiic ddy cac thda thuan hpp tac
an ninh dya tren sy tran an lan nhau, thay vi
rdn de va ben cgnh dd la nhdm thiic day hop
tdc kinh tl vd chinh tri. Theo ddng chdy tu
duy mdi ciia eae cudng qude chau Au, vai
trd ciia cac the che khu vyc cd the giup giara
thilu xung dot sac tdc va cdng ddng bang
each cdt dirt cae lien ket Hch su giua chii
quyen va quyen ty quyet thdng qua viec tao
ra cdc ban sac khu vyc rpng ldn han, dieu
nay se nhdn manh vao chii quyen nhd nude
vdi tdm rdng rad hon. Cdc qudc gia yeu hon
Cling ed mpt khudn khd rpng ldn ban de the
hien minh, trong dd hp cd the dua ra y kien
va hdi nhdp vao khu vyc rapt each binh dang
han"
Tinh hinh the gidi ndi chung vd tinh
hinh chinh tri d chdu Au ndi rieng cflng cd
nhieu bien doi lien tuc, ddi hdi phai cd
nhiing ddnh gia va nhan dinh ddy dii hon.
Nhung thay doi het siic sau sac dien ra tai
chdu Au dupe nhin nhgn mdt edch rpng rai
nhu diem bdo ve mdt ky nguyen hda binh
mdi. Sy ket thiic ciia Chien tranh Lanh Id sy
khdng dinh rang nguy ca chien tranh de ndng
len chau Au trong sudt ban bdn thdp nidn da
dupe thao gd, md ra mdt khung canh hda
binh va thinh vupng ban cho khu vyc. Lien
Xd nit het qudn khdi Ddng Au. Mdt edu tnic
hai cyc vdn da trd thanh ddc tnmg cua chdu
Au tir khi ket thiic Chiin tranh the gidi thii
Hai (1945) dupe thay bdng cdu tnic da cyc'l
Nhung dilu kien nhin chung Id thudn lpi da
tao ddng lyc cho cdc qudc gia ehau Au phat
trien cac hinh thirc hpp tae chat che va hi?u
qua hon.
Trong hodn canh mdi, chdu Au van
dupe xem Id trung tdm kinh te quan trpng
cua the gidi, nai hien dien cua cdc qudc gia
cd nen kinh te phdt trien manh, giii vai trd la
cac toa tau dan ddt nen kinh tl the gidi. Ky
nguyen ddu tien ciia sy chuyen ddi "hgu
Cpng san" da chia tach nhiing qude gia thupc
nhdm Ddng Au cu lam hai nhdm: nhdm quoc
gia "chien thang" va nhdm cac qudc gia
"chien bai". Nhung qudc gia "chien thang"
hpi nhap vao tb chiic khu vye Id EU, trong
khi dd cae qudc gia "chien bai" nam lai d
khu vye Ddng Au vd thyc te nay hinh thanh
hai khdi niem Id "Ddng Au cu" va "Ddng Au
mdi" . Tat ca nhiing gi san sinh d chau Au
nhu cdc tu tudng, he gid tri, vdn hda cua Tay
Au van la niem ty hdo vd van duy tri khuynh
hudng phat trien vdi ddng ehay ve phuang
Ddng. Qud trinh hien dai hda cua Tdy Au
dien bien theo hudng ngdy cang toan dien da
tao thanh mpt ddng lyc giup hodn thien nen
kinh tl khu vyc va giup chdu Au tiep tuc xu
hudng cua chu nghTa khu vyc. Qud trinh
"Tdy Au hda" ciing dien ra vdi tdc dp nhanh
chdng, mang din triin vpng vl mot su phat
triin mgnh me vdi siic bat nhanh chdng.
Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell (eds.) (1995), Regionalism in World Politics: Regional Organization and International Order, Oxford University Press, pp. 309-313.
' John J. Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future; Instability in Europe after the Cold War", International Security, Vol 15, No. 1, 1990, pp. 5-56. ' Bai Hhi Dang, "Bin v^ du6ng bien gi<5i phia D6ng cua EU tir g6c nhm van h6a chinh tri", Tgp chi Nghien cmt Chdu i » . So 12 (147), 2012, tr. 20-21.
^di due dient ehinh... 69
Sau rdt nhieu nd luc thiic ddy qua trinh
hdi nhdp cua chdu Au ciing nhu de eao tdm
quan trpng ciia chii nghTa khu vye trong viec
tao nen tinh gdn ket cho chdu Au, cac qude
gia khu vyc da ddn vupt qua nhflng khac biet
ve kinh te va ehinh tri. EU budc sang mdt
giai dogn phdt trien mdi, hdi nhgp theo chiiu
sdu vi khdng cdn dan thuan la mpt dien dan
t hoaeh dinh chinh sach chung hay mdt td
chiic hpp tac lien chinh phu nhu trude day "
Ddng thdi, tien trinh hdi nhap chau Au thdnh
cdng cflng phu thudc vao sy phdt trien va tdn
tai eua mpt ban sac chung tai khu vyc. Cdc
( yiu td tdn giao, vdn minh va van hda cdu
I thanh mpt nhgn thiic chung cho khu vyc
ciing nhu mdt "gid tri ehung" eho chau Au,
Ban sac chdu Au d ddy chinh la nhirng tinh
cam hudng vao nhau cua ngudi chau Au tao
ra sy gdn ket, cd ket ben trong eho nhdm
ngudi cung ehung myc dieh va van menh
gdn vdi mdt ke hogch, dy an hdi nhgp cu
thi . Sy phu thudc lan nhau ngay cang tang
ve kinh te va xa hdi dang tao ra xung lyc cho
tien trinh hpi nhdp va tac dpng trye tiep den
sy phat trien cua chii nghTa khu vuc.
Chien tranh Lanh ket thiic mang lai
1 nhung thay doi ca ban trong cau tnic va chiic
I nang ciia quan he qudc te, eung nhu mang
L din ddng lyc cdn thiet cho cae thi che va ca
chi hpp tac tdt hon cho mpt trat ty thi gidi
mdi, trong do cac td chiic khu vye ddng vai
trd la nen tang giiip thitc day chu nghia khu
vye . Trong bdi cdnh dd, cac mdi quan he
toan cau, bao gdm d cd khu vye chdu Au
ciing chiu nhilu tdc ddng. Do do, viec dua ra
mpt tdm nhin eho chu nghia khu vuc trong
the ky mdi ddi hdi mpt cai nhin thdng qua
mpt "chiec kinh vgn hoa" (kaleidoscope)
chiia dyng vd sd cac thay doi dien ra lien tuc
va dudng rihu khd ed the gidi ma dupe. Vi
du, neu ban do cua chu nghTa khu vye dupe
ve tir khia cgnh kinh te, qudn sy, van hda
hogc tai nguyen thien nhien hoac tir su ket
hpp ciia timg loai, ket qua se raang lgi ede
san pham kha da dang''
Nhiing thay ddi da dien ra trong bdi
canh qude te phu hop vdi sy phat trien eiia
chu nghTa khu vuc vao cudi the ky XX. Chii
nghTa khu vuc trong thdi ky hdu Chien tranh
Lgnh dien ra cimg vdi sy phat trien chu dgo
la su suy giam ba quyen (hegemony) ciia
My. Vdi sy phuc hdi kinh te eiia Tay Au va
vai trd gia tang cua Nhdt Ban, dnh hudng ciia
My trong cac td chiic lien chinh phu tdm c5
suy giam. Vai trd trung tam ciia My trong he
thdng tien te qude te da giam bdt; vd sy
chiem uu the ciia cac cdng ty da qudc gia ciia
M5' trong ddng vdn ddu tu trye tilp nude
ngoai da gidm. Sy sup do cua hp thdng sieu
cudng da lam gia tang sy tuang tdc giua cae
'* Bill HSi Dang, "EU vk \>hxi sac chau Au", Tgp chi Nghien cuu ChauAu, S6 4 (139), 2012, tr. 16. ' Neisser, H (2006), "Common Heritage: On the Cultural and Political Identity of the Europeans", trong Panos Varvaroussis (ed) (2006), Search for a European Identity, Athens: Papazisis Publishers, pp. 21-28.
' Edward Halizak, "Regionalism in Post-Cold War Intemational Relations", Q. hit'l Aff. 31,1996, p. 31. " Michael James SavanaJr, "The New Regionalism: Mapping Change in the Post Cold War Era", trong Karl P. Magyar (Ed) (2004), United Slates Post-Cold War Defence Interests, A Review of the First Decade, Palgrave Macmillan UK, p. 66.
70 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4(223J.201»
chu the khu \TK: ' Cac K" thmet ve chu
n ^ a .-iu \"yc mdi da ldi cudn cac khu ^TJC
uen the gidi, i^oai chau Au, v ^ mpt tam
nhin gan ket chat che hon. Nhieu to chuc khu
\"uc da phat trien theo kinh nghiem chdu Au
\ii qua dd^ cho thdy EU mac dii cd nhung
han che nhat dinb nhung van dang ddng \"ai
trd quan trpng tren trudng qudc te nhu mdi
ngudi choi todn cau - ro rei la trong mdi
quan he chii ddng vdi cac td chiic khu \"uc
Thay Idi ket
Tnrdc nam 1991, Chien tranh Tanh la
cai d hinh thanh nen cac die che khu \arc. md
tror^ dd cac lpi ich chu yeu phan anh goc
nhin dia i^uung chu nghia. Cudi thap nien
80 \ a bdt diu ^ ao thdp nien 90 ciia thi k<-
XX. Chien tianh Lanh chim d Jt tao dpng!_"
cho mdt trat ty quoc te mdi. \3. ky ngmen
nay duac dac trung bdi chu ndiTa khu \"yc
mdi khi cac quan diem ^ e chii nghTa khu xac
cung CO sy dieu chinh de thich nghi vdi cai
gpi la mot trat ty ;-vh_ \-uc mdi inc\>. world
order) nhu Tdng ihdng George H. \\". Bush
i a ce cap trong bdi canh Chien iranh ^"iing
Vinh vao ngay 2^ I/1991: \\foi de dpa bd\-
gia Id hon cd mot quoc gia nlid: Jo Id mpt v
ruang l&n: mpt irdt tic the giai m&i. nen cac
qudc gia da Jji^g Jircc ket hen? v&i nimu dc
jjt dupe C'Vj.' vpng cku-':s cuj nhdn logi -
hoa binli vd an ninlt tu do. vj phdp
quyen... . Muihiah A l a g a { ^ ciing xan
chii n ^ u a khu \Trc nhu mpt cong cy cho su
hpp tdc, du chmh thuc hay | ^ chinh ifauc,
giiia cac chinh (^u \'a cac td chirc phi chiidi
f i u (NGOs) \ i lgi ich chung nong nhieu Gidi
wic . Tbsy \~i gidi han 6 dia hat an ninh,
nhieu ITnh \-uc ddi hdi su hpp tac \ ^ kiiUi il
cirng dupe cac quoc gia chii trpog nhdm d ^
ling \'di sy van ^ n g cua quan be qudc ^
trong bdi canh moL Tbeo co ma, cac U ^ ke:
kinh le khong chi dong \m trd ± u c ddy ma
cdn la san phdm ndi bat cua chii n ^ m kin
\"uc mdi.
Trong the k\" XXI. mac du cac \"an de aa
ninh tru\en thdng \"a plu trmen ihong xm
ton tai \ a tren thyc te la dien bien kha ph-c
tap nhung chii n ^ a khu \"uc khdng \ i Ss
ma tru nen md nhat Cac each hilu w cbu
n^iia khu \"uc. co the do da dupe mo tiai ^
UI irjoc do nen cung de tiep can hon. Cd y
kien cho rang chii nghia khu \"',rc r .-org
j j o c hieu la lien quan din \iec {^i b ^
chinh sach tbdng qua cic ihl ch^ cnirJi thuc
Mac du khdng i^iai luc nao cac chinh sadi
ciing duoc phdi hop qua cac the che chiah
thiic rjiirr.g ihuong ihi, sv (Adi hpp X3>" ra
siua C3.C nha r.iroc thupc rham \ i dia W Un
* -Angefa U. ^5b.-:_. ••Re^.c-;:__-r in i-e Post-CoW W'lr Wiyr'.z . Med::Errzn:::^. 0:.^:erh: Voi. :2 . No :.:i«ji.pr 122-::-
± e S:2:e oi the Unioc". The A":cr—jr. Presidencx t^e.:. j2r.'-i.-> 1'^. i'*^:, :^i dia ch:
before-joir.:-^£is: cvr-d»e-cc^r.greSi-±e->nre-±e-:r-.ii3n-1, tni>-car r.£ => c ". 2019. * M-~.:3h Aizgspps. -Regi^^ra5tsm 2_-i cooffi.-: r-sna^eme-" a fhrreuorx for 2r i j>? : r . RnKw cf buemoKionai StmBes, VoL 1\. Nc -:. :995. pp. 3 5 *
(Vdi (tde (Hint ehinh... 71
can ' Vdi sy phat tridn mdi nay, ban thdn
khu vyc trd thanh "mot ddu trudng cho nhieu
chu the ngodi chinh phii, vd thdng qua sy gdn
ket ngay cang tang cua khu vyc ciing nhu
thdng qua kha ndng ddng vai trd ngdy cdng
tang cua minh, cudi ciing, khu vuc da trd
thanh mdt chii the quan trpng tiem ndng giiip
dinh hinh trat ty the gidi"^^.
Trong thdi ky hdu Chien tranh Lgnh,
chil nghTa khu vyc da hdi sinh d nhieu cdp
dp: nhu mpt khung phan tich ly thuyet ve
quan he quoc td, nhu mdt sy md ta cdn thiet
de qudn ty cdc vdn de an ninh qudc te va la
trpng tam cua khat vpng hpp tac va hdi nhap
d phuang dipn chinh tri va kinh te sieu qudc
gia. Budc chuyen ddi nay dupe ldy cdm
hiing tir nhung su phat trien nhu su thanh
cdng ciia hpi nhdp chdu Au, todn cdu hda nen
kinh td the gidi, sy chuyen trpng tdm tir
chinh tri todn cau sang chinh tri khu vyc vdi
su ket thuc ciia Chien tranh Lanh vd su thay
ddi theo mpt xu hudng la cac chu the khu
vyc cd trach nhiem hem ddi vdi cac van de
lien quan den an ninh^ . Sy dan xen ciia cae
xu hudng chinh tri va kinh te da thiic day
mdt chii nghTa khu vyc mdi, nhu mot dpng
lyc ve hdnh vi cho eae qudc gia cimg hop
tac, hdi nhdp va phat trien.
' Edward D. Mansfield and Etel Solingen (2010), "Regionalism", Annual Review of Political Science, Tldd, p. 146. " Bjom Hette, "Beyond die 'New Regionalism"', New Political Economy, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2005, p. 556. " David A. Lake and Patrick M. Morgan (eds.) (1997), Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 6-7.
Tai lifu tham khao
1. Angela U. Agboli, "Regionalism in
the Post-Cold War World", Mediterranean
Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2001.
2. Bjom Hette, "Beyond the 'New
Regionalism'", New Political. Economy, Vol.
10, No. 4,2005.
3. Bill Hdi Ddng, "EU vd bdn sde chdu
Au", Tgp chi Nghien cuu Chdu Au, Sd 4
(139), 2012.
4. Bill Hai Dang, "Ban ve dudng bien
gidi phia Ddng eua EU tir gde nhin van hda
ehinh tri", Tgp chi Nghien cuu Chdu Au, Sd
12 (147), 2012.
5. David A. Lake and Patrick M.
Morgan (eds.) (1997), Regional Orders:
Building Security in a New World,
University Park: Pennsylvania State
University Press.
6. Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V.
Milner, "The New Wave of Regionalism",
International Organization, Vol. 53, No. 3,
1999.
7. Edward Halizak, "Regionalism in
Post-Cold War Intemational Relations", Q.
Int'lAff. 31, 1996.
8. Hoang Khac Nam, "Nhgn thiic ve
chu nghTa khu vye", Tgp chi Nghiin cdu
Lich sir, Sd 5,2009.
9. Hoang Khac Nam, "Chii nghia tu do
trong quan he qudc te: Nhirng ludn diem
chinh va sy ddng gdp", Tgp chi Khoa hoc
72 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4(223|.2019
Dai hpc Qude gia Ha Ndi, Khoa hpc Xa hdi
va Nhan van. Tap 29, Sd 1,2013.
10. James H. Mittelman, "Rethinking
the "New Regionalism" in the Context of
Globalization", Global Governance, Vol. 2,
1996.
11. John J. Mearsheimer, "Back to the
Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold
^ar". International Security, Vol. 15, No. 1,
1990.
12. Kari P. Magyar (ed) (2004), United
States Post-Cold War Defence Interests, A
Review of the First Decade, Palgrave
Macmillan UK.
13. Leon Gordenker, "The 'New
Nationalism' and Intemational
Organizations", International Studies
Quarterly, Vol 13, No. 1, 1969.
14. Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrel),
(eds.) (1995), Regionalism in World Politics:
Regional Organization and International
Order, Oxford University Press.
15. Muthiah Alagappa, "Regionalism
and conflict management: a framework for
analysis". Review of International Studies,
Vol. 21, No. 4,1995.
16. Panos Varvaroussis (ed) (2006),
Search for a European Identity, Athens:
Papazisis Publishers.
17. Sakamoto (ed) (1984), Global
Transformation: Challenges to the State
System, Tokyo: United Nations Universi^
Press.
18. Wilfred J. Ethier, "The New
Regionalism", The Economic Journal, Vol.
108, No. 449, 1998.
