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NALANDA OPEN UNIVERSITY

Course : M.A Psychology, Part-I

Paper : Paper-I

Prepared by : Dr. (Prof.) Prabha Shukla

Retd. Professor of Psychology, Patna University and

Chief Co-ordinator, School of Social Sciences,

Nalanda Open University

Topic : izR;{khdj.k (Perception)

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izR;{khdj.k (Perception) 1-1 ifjp; (Introduction)

euksfoKku O;ogkj ,oa ekufld izfØ;kvksa dk vè;;u djrk gSA izR;{khdj.k Hkh ,d egÙoiw.kZ] tfVy] ekufld izfØ;k gSA vf/dka'k O;ogkj Hkh izR;{khdj.k ij fuHkZj gSaA izR;{khdj.k dh izfØ;k laosnuk ls izkjEHk gksdj] vo/ku ls xqtjrs gq, izR;{khdj.k ds y{; rd igqaprh gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:Ik O;ogkj gksrk gSA izR;{khdj.k dh O;k[;k djrs gq, ekxZu] fdax o jkWfcUlu (1981) us dgk ¶O;fDr;ksa }kjk rkRdkfyd fd;k x;k vuHko gh izR;{khdj.k gSA¸ “Perception is what is immediately experienced by persons”

#p (1967) us cgqr gh ljy :Ik esa dgk ¶izR;{khdj.k ,d lfØ; izfØ;k gSA¸ Perception is an active process.”

Tkcfd ,VfdUlu] ,VfdUlu o fgyxkMZ (1983) ds vuqlkj ¶izR;{khdj.k ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ge okrkoj.k esa mifLFkr mÙkstuk iSVuZ dks laxfBr ,oa mudh O;k[;k djrs gSA¸ “Perception is the process by which we organize and interpret ……. patterns

of stimuli in the environment.”

iwokZÙkQ ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kj ij izR;{khdj.k dks foLr`r o ljy :Ik esa bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

¶izR;{khdj.k ,d lfØ;] p;ukRed ekufld izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk O;fDr viuh laosnukvksa esa iwoZ vuqHko ds vk/kj ij vFkZ tksM+rs gSaA¸ “Perception is an active, selective

mantal process through which person add meaning to their sensations on the basis of

their experience.”

O;fDr dks dks okrkoj.k esa mifLFkr fdlh mÙkstuk dk rkRdkfyd ,oa vFkZiw.kZ Kku izR;{khdj.k tSlh ,d tfVy ,oa p;ukRed ekufld izfØ;k ds }kjk gksrk gSA bl ikB es age vkxs ;g crk,xsa fd izR;{khdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk D;k gS rFkk mlds laca/ esa xsLVkYV euksoSKkfudksa us vius D;k fopkj fn, gSaaA O;fDr dks xgjkbZ ,oa nwjh dk izR;{khdj.k dSls gksrk gSA xsLVkYV fl¼kUr ds fojks/ esa tks funs'k voLFkk fl¼kUr fn;k x;k gS mldh ppkZ Hkh ge bl ikB esa djsaxsA fdlh oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k gesa HkkSfd okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu gksus ds ckn Hkh mlh :Ik esa dSls gksrk gS bldh O;k[;k Hkh vkidks bl ikB esa feysxkA

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1-2 izeq[k fo'ks"krk,sa (Salient Features)

1- mÙkstuk dh vfuok;Zrk (Stimulus is Essential) µ mÙkstuk dh vuqifLFkfr esa lkekU;r; laosnu ugha gksrh] rc izR;{khdj.k dSls gksxk\ vr% ;g Li"V gS fd mÙkstuk dh mifLFkfr ls laosnu gksxh rHkh izR;{khdj.k lEHko gSA

2- izR;{khdj.k ,d lfØ; ekufld izfØ;k gS (Perception is an Active Mental

Process) µ mÙkstuk ;k mÙkstukvksa dh laosnuk gksrh gh O;fDr ds efLr"d lfØ; gksdj mldh O;k[;k vius iwoZ vuqHkoksa ds lUnHkZ esa djrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] fdlh oLrq ds ns[kdj dsoy igpkurs gh ugha gSa oju~ iwoZ esa gq, vuqHko ds v/kj ij mlds xq.kksa dk Hkh izR;{khdj.k lkFk esa gks tkrk gSA tSls vke dks ns[kdj mldh feBkl ;k [kV~Vsiu dk izR;{khdj.k Hkh gksrk gSA blhfy;s izR;{khdj.k ,d lfØ; ekufld izfØ;k gSA

3- izR;{khdj.k esa mÙkstukvksa dks laxfBr fd;k tkrk gS (Stimuli is Organized

in Perception) µ izR;{khdj.k }kjk mÙkstukvksa dks laxfBr Hkh fd;k tkrk gS] ek=k O;k[;k gh ugha dh tkrhA tSls fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds psgjs dks ns[kus ij gesa laosnuk vyx&vyx :Ik ls mlds xky] gksaB] vk¡[ksa] HkkSag] ukd vkfn dh gksrh gS ijUrq izR;{khdj.k iwjs psgjs ds :Ik esa ,d bdkbZ (Unit) ds :Ik esa gh gksrk gSA laxBu dh fo"kerk ij vkxs foLrkj ls ppkZ dh tk;sxh] D;ksafd bl izR;{khdj.k dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA

4- izR;{khdj.k ,d p;ukRed izfØ;k gS (Perception is a Selective Process) µ okrkoj.k esa gekjs pkjksa vksj vusd mÙkstuk;sa mifLFkr jgrh gSa] ijUrq lHkh dk izR;{khdj.k ugha gksrk gS] dqN gh mÙkstukvksa dk izR;{khdj.k gksrk gS izR;{khdj.k ds igys vo/ku esa gh mÙkstukvksa dk p;u gks tkrk gSA ;g p;u cgqr ls dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS] dqN dkjd mÙkstuk ls lEcfU/r gksrs gSa] dqN oS;fDrd (Subjective) gksrs gSaA bl rjg ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd izR;{khdj.k ,d ,slh lfØ;] p;ukRed ekufld izfØ;k gS ftlesa mÙkstuk dh laosnuk esa vius iwoZ vuqHkoksa ds lUnHkZ esa vFkZ tksM+dj O;k[;k djrs gSaaA izR;{khdj.k dh izfØ;k dks iw.kZr% le>kus esa euksfoKku ds xsLVkYV fopkj/kjk dk eq[; ;ksxnku gSA bl fopkj/kjk dks onkZbej (Werthaimer), dksgyj (Kohler) ,oa dksÝiQk (Koffka) us gh izLrqr fd;kA

xsLVkYV fopkjdksa us foLrkj ls izR;{kkRed laxBu ds fu;eksa (Principles of Perceptual

Organization), vkd`fr&i"BHkwfe ds izR;{khdj.k (Perception of Figure and Ground)] lekd`frdrk ds fl¼kUr (Principles of Isomorplism) rFkk {ks=k cy (Field Forces) dh ppkZ

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dh gSA izR;{khdj.k dh izfØ;k dks le>us ds fy;s bUgsa foLrkj ls tkuuk vko';d gSA vr% vc budh ppkZ djsaxsA izR;{kkRed laxBu ds fu;e (Principles of Perceptual Organization)

izR;{khdj.k esa laxBu dh fo'ks"krk ik;h tkrh gSA xsLVkYVokfn;ksa us bl ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k rFkk laxBu gksus ds ewy] LokHkkfod fu;eksa dks crk;k ftUgsa O;fDr lh[krk ugha gS] tUetkr gksrs gSa blh dkj.k bUgsa laxBu ds ewy fu;e (Primitive Law of Organization) Hkh dgrs gSaA ;s fuEukafdr gSa&

1- lekurk dk fu;e (Law of Similarity) µ ftu mÙkstukvksa esa lekurk gksrh gS] O;fDr mUgsa ,d lkFk laxfBr djds ,d lewg esa izR;{khdr djrs gSa tSlkfd fp=k esa Li"V gksrk gSA dkys oxks± o liQsn oxks± dks vyx&vyx ykbu ds :Ik esa laxfBr djrs gSaA blh izdkj f=kdks.kksa o o`rksa dks mudh lekurk ds dkj.k vyx&vyx ykbu esa :Ik esa laxfBr djds izR;{khdj.k djrs gSaA ;gh lekurk dk fu;e dgykrk gSA

2- fudVrk dk fu;e (Law of Proximity or Nearness) µ ftu oLrqvksa esa LFkkuxr ;k le;kxr fudVrk ;k lehirk gksrh gS] muesa ,d laxBu cu tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa ,d lewg ds :Ik esa izR;{khdr djrs gSaA fp=k esa nks ykbuksa ds rhu ;qXe izR;{khd`r djrs gSa u fd N% ykbusaA blh izdkj fcUnqvksa ds rhu f=kdks.kksa o rhu oxks± dk 9 o 12 fcUnqvksa dk izR;{khdj.k djrs gSaA ;g izR;{khdj.k bu mÙkstuk dh lehirk o fudVrk ds dkj.k gksrk gS ;gh fudVrk dk fu;e dgykrk gSA

fp=k 1

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3- lkeatL;rk dk fu;e (Law of Symmetry) µ O;fDr dh ;gh izo`fr gksrh gS f dog mÙkstukvksa dks muds Li"Vre o lqMkSy ;k lefer :Ik esa izR;{khd`r djrk gS tSls fp=k 2 ls Li"V gksrk gSA ;g mÙke vkdfr dk fu;e (Law of Good Figure) Hkh dgykrk gSA

fp=k 2

4- lao`fÙk dk fu;e (Law of Closure) µ O;fDr dh ;g izo`fÙk gksrh gS fd og mÙkstuk dks iw.kZ :Ik esa gh ns[krk gSA mÙkstuk ds v/wjsiu dk izR;{khdj.k ugha djrk gSA fp=k esa O;fDr f=kdks.k o o`Ùk ds :Ik esa gh izR;{khdj.k djrs gSaA ek=k rhu o pkj ykbu ds :Ik esa ughaA ;g fu;e Hkh ,d rjg ls lkeatL;rk ds fu;e dk Hkkx gh gSA

5- fujUrjrk dk fu;e (Law of Continuity) µ ftu mÙkstukvksa esa ,d fn'kk esa tkus ;k vkus dh fujUrjrk ns[kh tkrh gS rks O;fDr mUgsa ,d lewg esa laxfBr djs izR;{khdr djrk gSA fp=k es age Vksi o xq.kuiQy ds fpUg dk izR;{khdj.k djrs gSa u fd pkj vyx&vyx Vksi ds VqdM+ksa dk] ;g fujUrjrk ds fu;e ds dkj.k gksrk gSA

fp=k 3

mi;qZDr fu;e izR;{kkRed laxBu ds izeq[k ewy fu;e gSaA blds vykok Hkh dbZ ckj O;fDr viuh ekufld ofÙk] vFkZ] izsj.kk vkfn ds vk/kj ij mÙkstukvksa esa laxBu dj

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izR;{khdj.k dj ysrs gSaA izk;% ewy fu;e tUetkr gksrs gSa] mUgsa lh[kus ugha iM+rsA xsLVkYVoknh euksoSKkfud blh Lo:Ik dks ekurs gSaA vkd`fr i`"BHkwfe dk izR;{khdj.k (Perception of Figure Ground)

xsLVkYV euksoSKkfudksa dks ;g ekU;rk gS fd izR;{khdj.k lEiw.kZ :Ik ls gksrk gS vFkkZr~ fdlh Hkh oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k dsoy vdsys mldk ugha gksrk gS] mlds lkFk okrkoj.k dk Hkh gksrk gSA blh dkj.k O;fDr eq[; mÙkstuk dks vkdfr o ckdh oLrqvksa ;k okrkoj.k dks i`"BHkwfe ds :Ik esa izR;{khdj.k djrk gSA vkd`fr o i`"BHkwfe dk izR;{khdj.k fuEu vk/kj ij gksrk gS&

1- vkd`fr Li"V o fuf'pr vkdkj (Form) dh gksrh gS] tcfd i`"BHkwfe izk;% de Li"V rFkk vkdkjghu gksrh gSA

2- vkd`fr ges'kk vkxs (Front) esa gksrh gS] i`"BHkwfe mlds ihNs gksrh gSA 3- vkd`fr i`"BHkwfe ls vf/d izHkkoiw.kZ gS vr% Lej.kh; Hkh gksrh gS] tcfd i`"BHkwfe

tYnh foLe`r gks tkrh gSA

bu fo'ks"krkvksa dk è;ku esa j[kdj xsLVkYVokfn;ksa us dqN fp=kksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftuesa vkdfr&i`"BHkwfe esa Hksn dju dfBu gks] ,sls fp=kksa dks ^iyVkoh fp=k* nks ekuo ds psgjs] bl izdkj dHkh iQwynku vkdfr gS rks dHkh ekuo ds nks psgjs vkdfr ds :Ik esa izR;{khd`r gksrs gSaA fp=k 6-4 Hkh ,d iyVkoh fp=k gSA ;gka ,d gh fp=k esa vyx&vyx <ax ls laxBu djds vyx&vyx izR;{khdj.k gksrk gSA bl izdkj vkd`fr i`"BHkwfe dk izR;{khdj.k Hkh izR;{kkRed laxBu ds vk/kj ij gksrk gSA

fp=k 4 iyVkoh vkdfr

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izR;{khdj.k dh izfØ;k gesa bl tfVy fujUrj ifjorZu'khy okrkoj.k esa lkeatL;rk djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA izR;{kkRed fLFkjrk (Consultancy), nwjh ,oa xgjkbZA 1-3 xsLVkYV fl¼kUr (Gestalt theory)

izR;{khdj.k ,d tfVy (Complex) vkSj laKkukRed (Congitive) ekufld izfØ;k (Mental process) gS ftlds }kjk gesa Ik;kZoj.k esa mifLFkr mÙkstuk dk rkRdkfyd ,oa vFkZiw.kZ Kku izkIr gksrk gSA

“Perception is a complex and cognitive mental process through which we have

an immediate and mearingful knowledge of a physical stimulus’

euksfoKku ekuo O;ogkjksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dk vè;;u djrk gSA bl vè;;u esa izR;{khdj.k dh cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA laosnu (sensation) ,d izkjfEHkd izfØ;k gS tks fdlh mÙkstd dk vFkZghu (Mearingless) Kku nsrh gSA ijUrq laosnuk esa tc vFkZ tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS mls izR;{khdj.k dgrs gSaA

m"V (Wundt) fVpuj (Titechener) us laosnuk dks igyh voLFkk (First stage) vkSj izR;{khdj.k dks f}rh; (Second stage) voLFkk dgk gSA

izR;{khdj.k ds laca/ esa izkjEHk ls le; le; ij fHkUu&fHkUu nf"Vdks.k (Approach)

vkSj fl¼kUr izfrikfnr fd, x, buesa ls dqN dh O;k[;k uhp dh tk jgh gSµ xsLVkYV n`f"Vdks.k ;k fl¼kUr (Gestalt Approach or Theory)

xsLVkYV nf"Vdks.k ;k fl¼kUr teZu euksoSKkfud eSDl ojnkbej ds (Max Wertheime)

ds 'kks/ vè;;u ls c<+kA eSDl ojnkbej euksfoKku ds ,d izeq[k Ldwy vFkkZr~ xsLVkYV Ldwy (Gestalt school) ds eq[; (primary) izfriknd FksA

dVZ dkSÝiQk (Kurt Koffka) vkSj owYiQ xSax dksgyj (Wolfgang Kohler) igys wertheimer ds subject (iz;ksT;) cus ckn esa os wertheimer ds lkFk tqM+ dj dke djus yxsA bu rhuksa euksoSKkfudksa ds lewg (Group of psychologis) dks xsLVkYVoknh (Gestaltist)

dgk tkrk gSA

Gestalt theory Wundt ds izR;{khddj.k ds fo'ys"k.kkRed n`f"Vdks.k (Analytical

approach) ds fo:¼ (against) izfrikfnr gqvkA xsLVkYV okfn;ksa (Gestaltist) us dqN fu;eksa

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(Principles) dks js[kkafdr (outline) fd, gS tks gekjs okrkoj.k ls vkus ckyh laosnukvksa (Sensoy input) dks lEiw.kZ iz.kkyh (Whole patterns) esa laxfBr (organize) djus ds jhds (way) dks izHkkfor djsaA xsLVkYV fl¼kUr dh O;k[;k fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa ds (Parts) esa ck¡Vdj dh tk ldrh gSA

(1) lEiw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k (Wholistic approach) µ xsLVkYV fl¼kUr ds vuqlkj O;fDr fdlh Hkh oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k lEiw.kZ :Ik ls (as a whole) djrk gS u fd vyx vyx (In

its parts) 1- lEiw.kZ izR;{khdj.k (whole perception) vius fofHkUu fgLlksa ds vyx vyx izR;{khdj.k ls fHkUu (different) vkSj T;knk (more) gksrk gSA bl lEiw.kZ dk xq.k mlds fgLlksa ds xq.kksa ls fHkUu gksrk gSA

(2) vkdfr&i`"BHkwfe izR;{khdj.k (Figure-ground perception) µ izR;{khdj.k ds bl fu;e ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh izR;{khdj.k dh izo`fr gksrh gS fd og vius vki dks ,d vkdfr (figure) ns tks fdlh i`"BHkwfe (Back ground) ij Li"V gksrh gS ds :Ik esa laxfBr dj ysrh gSA

izR;{khdj.k dk tks Hkkx vR;Ur Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gS og vkd`fr dgykrk gS vkSj tks Hkkx rqyukUred :Ik ls de Li"V gksrk gS og i`"BHkwfe dgykrk gSA

bu xq.kksa ds vfrfjDr ,d vkSj xq.k gS fd vkd`fr dk izR;{khdj.k ges'kk i`"BHkwfe ds vkxs (Front) fd;k tkrk gS vkSj tks :Ik js[kk (outer) vkdfr (figure) vkSj i`"BHkwfe (Ground)

dks vyx djrk gS og vkd`fr dh lEifr (belonging of figure) gksrh gSA vFkkZr og vkd`fr ls feyh gksrh gSA ;s nkosa (elaims) iyVkoh vkd`fr (Reversible figure) ds fp=k (illustration)

}kjk lkfcr gks ldrs gSaA iyVkoh vkdfr esa vkd`fr vkSj i`"BHkwfe ihNs vkSj vkxs (back and

forth) gksrs utj vk,axs ;fn dksbZ viuh n`f"V bu ij fLFkj (fixate) djsa uhps nh xbZ psgjk okyk vkdfr (Faces goblet figure) dk fp=k iyVkoh vkd`fr (Reversibile figure) dks fn[kkrk gSµ

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(3) izR;{khKkukRed laxBu ;k lewg (Perceptual Organization or grouping) µ xsLVkYV euksoSKkfudksa us Li"V% (Enunciated) dqN fu;e ;k fl¼kUr cryk,a gSa tks izR;{khKkukRed laxBu dks funsZ'k ;k 'kklu (govern) djrk gS Gestalitists ds vuqlkj geesa mÙkstuk dks vFkZiw.kZ lEiw.kZ (Meaningful Wholes) esa laxfBr (organise) ,oa lewg (group)

djus dh izofr gksrh gSA

Werthelmer ds vuqlkj ;s laxBu ds fu;e (LAws of organisation) tUe tkr (Innate) gksrs gSa vkSj izkdfrd (Natural) gksrs gSaA vr% bl fu;e dks vkfne laxBu ds fu;e (Laws of primitive organisation) Hkh dgk x;k gSA

bu fu;eksa ds vk/kj ij xsLVkYV euksoSKkfudksa us izR;{khdj.k esa lh[kus dh Hkwfedk (Role of learning in perception) dks de egRoiw.kZ fn[kykus (de-emphasize) dh dksf'k'k dh gSA

bl izdkj Laws of perceptual organization ds dqN egÙOkiw.kZ fu;e fuEufyf[kr gS%&

(i) lekurk dk fu;e (Principle of similarity) µ izR;{khdj.k ds bu fu;e ds vuqlkj µ O;fDr dh ;g izo`fr (Tendency) gksrh gS fd leku mÙkstukvksa (Similar stimulus)

dk iz;{khdj.k g ,d lewg dh rjg (as a group) laxfBr (organise) djds djrk gSA ;g lekurk jax] vkdkj fLFkfr ;k xfr fdlh Hkh izdkj dh gks ldrh gSA uhps fn, x, fp=k (Illustration) ls ;g fu;e Li"V gks tkrk gSA

$ $ $ $ $ $

0 0 0 0 0 0

$ $ $ $ $ $

0 0 0 0 0 0

mij lery (horizontal) dkWye (Column) dk izR;{khdj.k gksrk gS u fd (Vertical)

dkWye dkA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd lery dkWye (horizontal column) ds rRo (elements) leku gSA

(ii) lfUudVrk dk fu;e (Principal of proximity or Nearness) µ bl fu;e ds vuqlkj os mÙkstuk,a tks nwljh mÙkstukvksa ls le; ;k txg (Space) esa fudV gksrh gS mudk izR;{khdj.k O;fDr laxfBr :Ik ls djrk gSA mnkgj.k Lo:Ik uhps fn,s x, fp=k dks ns[ksa&

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;gka ge rhu [kM+s (Vertical) tksM+s (pair) dk izR;{khdj.k djrs gSa u fd N% vyx&vyx js[kkvksa (Lines) dk D;ksafd bu js[kkvksa esa nks nks ds chp T;knk fudVrk gSA

(iii) mÙke lkR;rk dk fu;e (Principle of good continuation) µ bl fu;e dks fn'kk dk fu;e (Principle of direction) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl fu;e ds vuqlkj ftu mÙkstukvksa esa fujarjrk (Continuity) ;k fn'kk (direction) gksrh gS os laxfBr izfrr gksrh gS vFkkZr~ mudk izR;{khdj.k laxfBr :Ik esa gksrk gSA uhps fn, x, fp=k dks ns[ksa&

bl fp=k esa lHkh foUnqvksa dks ,d dqaMfyr (Spiral) vkdfr ds :Ik esa izR;{khdj.k fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g ,d fn'kk esa izokfgr gksrs fn[kyk;k x;k gSA

(iv) cUnh dk fu;e (Law of Closure) µ bl fu;e ds vuqlkj tc fdlh izR;{k.kkRed oLrq (Berceptual object) dk dksbZ Hkkx NwVk gksrk gS] rc O;fDr dh ;g izo`fr gksrh gS fd mls og iw.kZ dj nsa vkSj mldk izR;{khdj.k lEiw.kZ :Ik ls djrs gSaA uhps fn, x, fp=k dks ns[ksa%&

bu fp=kksa es ge ,d f=kHkqt (Triangle) vkSj nks prqZHkwt (Square) dk izR;{khdj.k djrs gSa gkykafd buesa dksbZ fjfDr;k¡ (gap) gSaA

(v) vFkZ xHkZrk dk fu;e (Law of pragnanz) µ bl fu;e ds vuqlkj izR;sd mÙkstuk dk izR;{khdj.k lkFkZ vkSj ifjiw.kZ (Meaningful and complete) gksrk gSA lHkh O;fDr;ksa esa ,d tUe&tkr izo`fr fufgr jgrh gS fd og mÙkstukvksa esa vf/dkf/d vFkZ dk vuqHko djsA dqN fo}kuksa us bls ^vFkZ <wa<us dk iz;kl (Effort after meaning) Hkh dg dj iqdkjk gSA

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(vi) lkekU; xfr dk fu;e (Principle of Common fate) µ bl fu;e ds vuqlkj tc fdlh mÙkstuk esa xfr ;k ifjorZu ik;k tkrk gS rc mls ,d laxfBr :Ik esa izR;{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA

(vii) lefefr dk fu;e (Principle of symmetry) µ bl fu;e ds vuqlkj os mÙkstuk,a tks T;knk lefer (Symmetrical) gksrh gS os vf/d Li"V vkSj laxfBr :Ik esa izR;{khdj.k dh tkrh gS] vlefer (Asymmetrical) mÙkstuk dh rqyuk esaA

(4) ikbZ&?kVuk (Phi-phenomenon) vkSj lekd`frdrk (Isomorphism) µ lu 1912 esa cfyZu (Berlin) esa ojnkbej (Werthiemer) us xfr ds izR;{khdj.k (Perception of

movement) ij dbZ Øe (Beries) ls iz;ksx fd, vkSj ;g ik;k fd tc nks jks'kh dks ,d nwljs ds ikl j[kk x;k (nkfgus vkSj ck,a) vkSj nksuks ds fn[kkus (expose) dk le;&varjky (Time interval) ,d lsdsUnz (Second) dk 1@5th fgLlk Fkk rc os iz;ksT;ksa (Subjects) us js[kkvksa esa pyrs gq, crk;kA xfr (movement) ds bl Hkze (Iliusion) dks iQkbZ&?kVuk (Phi-

phenomenon) dk uke fn;k x;kA

pqfd xfr dk izR;{kKkukRed {ks=k (Perceptual field) tks okLro esa gqvk mlds leku (Identical) ugha Fkk blh O;k[;k djus ds fy, lekd`frdrk dk fl¼kUr (Principal of

isomorphism) cuk;k x;k ;kfu formualte fd;k x;kA

ledfdrk ds fl¼kUr (Principle of isomorphism) ds vuqlkj izR;{kKkukRed {ks=k (Perceptual field) vkSj efLrLd {ks=k (Brain field) esa lh/k lEcU/ (Direct relation) gksrk gSA bl fl¼kUr dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, cqMoFkZ (Woodworth) 1948 us ns'k (Country)

vkSj mlds uDls (map) ds laca/ (Relationship) ds lkFk bu {ks=kksa dh rqyuk dh gSA ftl izdkj ns'k vkSj mldk uDlk ,d gh pht ugha gS (D;ksafd okLrfod {ks=k cgqr cM+k gS) dk lh/k laca/ gS mlh izdkj izR;{kkukRed {ks=k (Perceptual field) vkSj efL"dh; {ks=k (Brain

field) dk lh/k laca/ gksrk gSA

(5) {ks=k cy (Field force) µ xsLVkyfVLV (Gestaltists) ds vuqlkj µ ¶efLr"d esa nks izdkj ds cy dke (forces operate) djrs gSA laltd cy (Cohesive force) vkSj vojks/d cy (Restraining force)

Cohesive force ls rkRi;Z leku mÙkstuk (similar stimulus) dks vkdf"kZr (Attract)

dj ,d nwljs esa fey tkus dh izofr (Tendency) ls gSA

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Restraining force ls rkRi;Z gS tks mÙkstuk dks vyx&vyx j[krh gS vkSj (cohesive

force) dks jksdrh (Pevent) gSA

;s nksuks cys (Forces) ,d le; ij dk;Zjr (active) jgrh gSa vkSj (Cohesive force)

vkdfr (figure) cukus ds fy, vkSj Restraining force i"BHkwfe (Background) cukus ds fy, ftEesnkj (Responsible) gSA bl rjg mij fn, x, fu;e xsLVkYV fl¼kar ds egRoiw.kZ (Concepts) gSaA Evaluation of Gestalt approach– Gestalt mikxe ;k fl¼kar us izR;{khdj.k ds {ks=k esa dqN cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ (Important aspects) :Ik dh [kkst (discovery) dh gS tks le; dh ijh{kk (Test of time) ij [kM+k (withstood) jgk tSls&

(1) bldk laiw.kZ mikxe (Wholistic approach) (2) laxfBr :Ik esa izR;{khdj.k (Perception as a organized process) (3) Os good (1956) ds vuqlkj ;g fl¼kar laosnh vkd`fr izR;{khdj.k (Sensory

form perception) dh O;k[;k djus esa l{ke jghA (4) mÙkstuk {ks=k (Stimulus field) vkd`fr i`"BHkwfe (Figure back-ground) vkfn

izR;;ksa (Concept) esa oLrqfu"Brk (Objectivity) vkfn dk xq.k ik;k tkrk gSA bu lHkh xq.kksa ds ckotwn xsLVkYV fl¼kar ds dqN igyqvksa ij vkykspuk,a dh xbZ gSa tks

fuEufyf[kr gS& (1) ;g fl¼kar] fl¼kar (Theory) ij dkiQh vkfJr Fkk vkSj mlds support esa Ik;kZIr

vè;;u ;kuh xokg evidence ugha FksA (2) Gestalt psychologists us vius ewy eqn~nk (Main term) laxBu (organization)

dks ifjHkkf"kr (Empirical definition) ugha fd;kA (3) Lkekdfrdrk ds fu;e (Principle of isomorphism) dk dksbZ lh/k izek.k

(Direct proof) Hkh ugha fn;kA (4) Gestaltists (xsLVkYVokfn;ksa us vUrZfujh{k.k fof/ (Introspectin method) ij

vR;f/d Hkjkslk fd;kA (5) bUgksaus past experience (xr&vuqHkwfr) ,oa f'k{k.k (learning) ds egRo dks

vLohdkjk gSA (6) bl fl¼kar dh iz/kurk nf"V&izR;{khdj.k (Visual perception) ij gh cy fn;k

x;k gSA

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(7) bl fl¼kar esa dgha&dgha ij nSfgd izfØ;k (Physiological process) dh Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gS ysfdu bldk Li"Vhdj.k liQyrkiwoZd ugha gqvk gSA

(8) bl fl¼kar us :fpdj izR;{k.kkRed ?kVuk (Interesting perceptual

phenomenon dk o.kZu rks fd;k gS ijUrq bldh I;kZIr O;k[;k (Adequete

explaination) djus esa vleFkZ jgk gSA mi;qZDr bu lHkh vkykspukvksa ds ckotwn izR;{khdj.k esa xsLVkYV ds fl¼kar (Gestalt

theory) ds ;ksxnku (Contribution) dks utjvankt (Ignore) ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj vkt Hkh izR;{khdj.k dh ppkZ esa Gestalt theory dk uke lcls igys vkrk gSA 1-4 funs'k&voLFkk fl¼kar (Directive state)

funs'k&voLFkk fl¼kar izR;{khdj.k ds xsLVkYV fl¼kar ds fojks/ esa izfrikfnr gqvk czquj Bruner; (1951), vkyiksZV Allport; (1955) ('ksiQj rFkk ejiQh) Schafer & Murphy;

1943) (czquj rFkk iksLVesu) (Bruner and post man; (1947) vkfn dk uke bl fl¼kar ds izfrikndksa esa izeq[k gSA bu euksoSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj xsLVkYV euksoSKkfudksa us izR;{khdj.k dh O;k[;k Bhd <ax ls ugha dh gSA tgka ,d rjiQ xsLVkYVokfn;ksa (Gestaltists) us izR;{khdj.k esa laiw.kZ mikxe (Wholistic approach) ij vR;f/d cy fn;k gSA ogha nwljh vksj mUgksaus izR;{khdj.k esa O;fDrxr dkjdksa (personal factors) dh ppkZ rd ugha dh gSA xsLVkYV euksoSKkfud (Gestalt psychologist) us izR;{khdj.k esa euq";ksa ds tUetkr izo`fr (Innate tendency) dh Hkwfedk dks eq[; cryk;k gSA ijUrq ogha iwoZ&vuqHko (Past

experience) vkSj lh[kus (learning) ds egRo dks udkj (Ignore) fn;k gSA vU; dkjdksa tSls vko';drk (Need) vfHkizsjd (Motive) ewY; (Value) vkfn dh Hkh mis{kk dh xbZ gSA

Bruner & Postman; (1947) ds vuqlkj funs'k&voLFkk fl¼kar (Directive State

theory) dk izfriknu izR;{khdj.k esa O;ogkj ijd dkjd (behavioural factors) gS ;k vfHkizsj.kkRed dkjdksa (Motivational factors) dk egRo (Importance) n'kkZuk gSA bu dkjdksa dks izR;{khdj.k dk dsUnzh; fu/kZjd (Central determinants) Hkh dgk tkrk gS vkSj bl fl¼kar dks fØ;kRed fl¼kar (Functional theory) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

funs'k voLFkk fl¼karokfn;ksa (Directive state theorists)– us izR;{khdj.k esa O;fDrxr dkjdksa ds egRo dks n'kkZus ds fy, fuEu N% (Six) izkdYiukvksa dh O;k[;k dh gS&

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(1) O;fDr dh 'kkjhfjd vko';drk,a izR;{khdj.k dks fu/kZfjr djrh gS (Bodily

needs of a person determines his perception)– tc Hkh dksbZ O;fDr fdlh oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k djrk gS rc ml le; mldh 'kkjhfjd vko';drkvksa (Bodily needs) dk izHkko ml ij fujarj (Conlinuously) cuk jgrk gS vkSj og viuh 'kkjhfjd vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj gh mÙkstuk dk izR;{khdj.k djrk gSA

Vkal xqM (Os good (1954) us viuh iqLrd esa fy[kk gS fd os [kkus ds fy, tkrs Fks rc jkLrs esa mUgsa '400 D' ds uke dk ,d vkWfiQl feyrk Fkk ftls og igys 'Food' i<+k djrs FksA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd mudh 'kkjhfjd vko';drk ;kuh Hkw[k ds dkj.k muds izR;{khdj.k esa ;g =kqfV (Error) gksrh FkhA bl izdkj ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd izR;{khdj.k O;fDr dh 'kkjhfjd vko';drkvksa }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA

(2) izR;{khdj.k dh izfØ;k izR;{k.k fd, tkus okys oLrqvksa ls lacaf/r iqjLdkj ,oa naM }kjk izHkkfor gksrh gS (The process of perception is determined by the reward and punishment associated with perceiving objects)— ;fn fdlh oLrq ds izR;{khdj.k esa iqjLdkj ,oa naM dk lkgp;Z (Associate)

gks tks ;g izR;{khdj.k dh izfØ;k dk izHkkfor djrh gSA Schafer and Murphy

(1943) us lcls igys blds iz;ksx fn[kyk;kA

(3) tks oLrq,a O;fDr ds (Value Characteristics) ewY; xq.kksa ls lacaf/r gksrh gSa O;fDr mudk izR;{khdj.k tYnh djrk gSA (Those objects which are associated with the value characteristics of persons, they readily tend to perceive those objects)

eku&xq.k ls vfHkizk; O;fDr ds izcy vfHk:fp (dominant interest)

ls gSA euksoSKkfudksa us iz;ksxksa }kjk ;g lkfcr dj fn;k gS fd vxj fdlh mÙkstuk dk O;fDr esa eku xq.k T;knk gS r cog O;fDr bldk vU; mÙkstukvksa dh rqyuk esa T;knk tYnh izR;{k.k djsxkA bu iz;ksxksa esa Postman, Bruner rFkk Mc Ginnines (1948) Howes rFkk Solomon (1951) vkfn ds iz;ksx izeq[k gSA

(4) O;fDr fdlh oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k c<+k&p<+kdj djrk gS ;fn mldk eku ;k ewY; (Value) mlds fy, vf/d gksrk gSA (A person tends to perceive and object in an accentuated from it the value of the object for the person

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is high) : tc fdlh oLrq eku O;fDr ds fy, vf/d gksrk gS rc O;fDr mldk c<+k&p<+kdj izR;{khdj.k djrk gSA ;g rF; Bruner rFkk Goodman

(1947) us vius dbZ iz;ksxkRed vè;;uksa }kjk lkfcr fd;k FkkA

(5) fdlh Hkh mÙkstuk ;k oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k O;fDr vius 'khy xq.kksa ds vuqdwy djrk gSA (Any object or stimulus is perceived by persons consistent

with their personality trails)– fdlh Hkh oLrq ;k mÙkstuk ds izR;{khdj.k esa O;fDr ds 'khy xq.k (Traits) dk cgqr izHkko iM+rk gSA gj O;fDr esa vyx&vyx 'khy xq.k gksrk gSA

Allport (1955) rFkk Cattel and Wenning (1952) vius vè;;uksa ds vk/kj ij bldh iqf"V Hkh dh gSA

(6) O;fDr mu 'kkfCnd mÙkstukvksa dk izR;{khdj.k rVLFk mÙkstukvksa dh rqyuk esa FkksM+h nsj ls djrk gS ftldk Lo:Ik lkaosfxd (Emotional) rFkk /edkus okys (Threatening) gksrk gS vkSj bruk gh ugha bu 'kCnksa dks lgh&lgh igpkuus ds igys buesa lkaosfxd izfrfØ;k mRiUu gks tkrh gSA

"Persons tend to perceive Verbal stimuli which are emotional and threatening in nature, in longer time as compared to neutral words and not only this, such stimuli found to produce emotional reactions before they are correctly recognized."

bl iwoZdYiuk dh dbZ euksoSKkfudksa us vius iz;ksxksa }kjk iqf"V dh gSA Mc guoies (1949) rFkk Mc clearly & Lazarus (1950) vkfn ds iz;ksx eq[; gSaA

Howes & Solotnon (1980) us vè;;uksa esa ;g Hkh ik;k x;k gS fd O;fDr bu 'kCnksa dk izR;{khdj.k nsj ls ugha djrk bUgsa cksyrk nsj ls gSA

bls perceptual defence dh ?kVuk (Phenomena) dgk tkrk gSA mi;qZDr lHkh vè;;uksa ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;|fi funs'k&voLFkk

fl¼kar (Directive state theory) ds lHkh izdYiukvksa dh vkykspuk vyx&vyx otg ls gqbZ gS ijUrq buds leFkZu esa dqN iz;ksxkRed lcwr (Experimental evidence) Hkh izkIr gq, gSaA euksoSKkfudksa ds chp bl fl¼kar dh mi;ksfxrk vkSj egÙkk vkt dh gS vkSj blls izR;{khdj.k esa O;fDrxr dkjdksa ds egRo dks dkiQh leFkZu feyk gS ftls xsLVkYV okfn;ksa us fcYdqy NksM+ fn;k FkkA

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1-5 xgjkbZ rFkk nwljh dk izR;{khdj.k (Perception of Depth & Distance)

ekxZu rFkk muds lg;ksxh (Morgan et al 1986) us xgjkbZ ds izR;{khdj.k (Depth

perception) dk rkRi;Z fujh{kd ls oLrqvksa dh nwjh dks ekuk gSA ;g izR;{khdj.k dh rhljh ohek (Third dimension) gSA izR;{khdj.k dh fofHkUu fo'ks"krkvksa (Characteristics) esa fnd~ izR;{khdj.k (Space-perception) dh Hkh fo'ks"krk ekStwn gSA tc fdlh Hkh oLrq (Object)

dk izfrfoEc (Image) n`f"ViVy (Retina) ij iM+rk gS rks mlesa dsoy yEckbZ (Length) vkSj pkSM+kbZ (Width) gksrh gSA ;kuh buesa dsoy nks gh chek (Dimension) gksrh gSA ijUrq gesa fdlh oLrq ds yEckbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ dk gh Kku ugha gksrk cfYd gesa mldh xgjkbZ (Depth),

nwjh (Distance) eksVkbZ] l?kurk (Solidity) vkfn dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA ;g rhljh chek dk izR;{khdj.k (perception of third dimension) ;k fnd~ izR;{khdj.k (Space perception)

dgykrk gSA Chaplin (1975) us& ^okrkoj.k esa mifLFkr oLrqvksa rFkk oLrq laca/ksa dh chekvksa] nwfj;ksa vkfn ds laca/ esa bafnz;ksa ds vk/kj ij izkIr Kku dks Space perception dgk gSa blds }kjk ge fdlh Hkh oLrq ;k O;fDr dh nwjh] fn'kk] l?kurk vkfn dk irk pyrk gSA Space

perception o"kks± rd euksoSKkfudksa esa igsyh (Puzzle) cuk jgk fd tc nf"ViVy (Retina)

nks foeh; (Two dimensional) gS rks f=kfoeh; (Tri-dimensional perception) izR;{khdj.k dSls gksrk gS\ dbZ 'kks/ (Research) vkSj iz;ksx (Experiment) djus ds ckn euksoSKkfudksa (Psychologists) vkSj 'kjhj oSKkfud (Physiologist) bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaps fd f=kfceh; izR;{khdj.k (Tridimensional perception) dqN [kkl ladsrksa (Cues) ds vk/kj ij gksrk gSA ftudk vè;;u fuEufyf[kr nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV dj fd;k x;k gS&

(1) ,dus=kh ladsr (Monocular Cues) (2) f}us=kh; ladsr (Binocular Cues) (1) ,dus=kh ladsr (Monocular Cues)— ,dus=kh; ladsr dk rkRi;Z mu ladsrksa ls

gS ftUgsa dsoy ,d gh vka[k }kjk xzg.k (Receive) fd;k tk ldsA vFkkZr~ ;fn dksbZ O;fDr fdlh nq?kZVuk esa viuh ,d vka[k [kks nsrk gS rc Hkh blds ckotwn og viuh gqbZ ,d vka[k ls bu ladsrksa dks xzg.k dj ldrk gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk budh nwjh (Distance), xgjkbZ (Depth), l?kurk (Solidity) vkfn dk Kku izkIr dj ldrk gSA ;g ladsr tUetkr ladsr (Innate Cause) u gksdj lh[k ladsr (Learnt Cues) gksrs gSaA bUgsa O;fDr vius vuqHko (Experience) ls lh[krk gSA

17

,dus=kh ladsr (Monocular Cues) dks fp=kh; ladsr (Pictorial Cues) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dqN eq[; ,dus=kh; ladsrksa dk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gS& (a) n`f"V iVyh; izfrfoEc dk vkdkj (Size of retinal Images)— tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k djrk gS rks ;fn og oLrq O;fDr ds djhc gksrh gS mlds n`f"V iVy (Retina) ij cuus okys izfrfoEc (Image) dk vkdkj (Size)

cM+k gksrk gS vr% oLrq dk vkdkj Hkh cM+k fn[krk gSA tSls vkdk'k esa mM+rk gqvk i{kh NksVk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS D;ksafd mlds n`f"V iVyh; izfrfoEc (Retinal Image)

dk vkdkj NksVk gksrk gSA tSls&tSls og gekjs utnhd vkrs tkrk gS mldk n`f"ViVyh; izfrfoEc (Retinal Image) cM+k gksrs tkrk gS vkSj og gesa cM+k fn[kkbZ nsus yxrk gSA

bl ladsr ;kuh Monocular Cues dh dqN fo'ks"krk,a (Merits) fuEufyf[kr gS&

(i) ,d {ks=kh; ladsr (Monocular Cues) }kjk nwjh dk Kku gksuk ;k izR;{khdj.k gksuk vklku gksrk gSA

(ii) bl ladsr u fliQZ iwjh nwjh (Absolute distance) dk Kku (Knowledge) gksrk gS cfYd lacaf/r nwjh (Relative distance) dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA

mijksDr xq.kksa ds ckotwn bldh dqN lhek,a Hkh gSa tks fuEufyf[kr gS&

(iii) vifjfpr oLrqvksa (Unfamiliar objects) dk Kku bl ladsr ;kuh (monocular cues) ds }kjk laHko ugha gS D;ksafd O;fDr dks mlds okLrfod vkdkj (Real Size) dk Kku ugha gksrkA

(iv) bl ladsr esa ;kuh Monocular Cues esa izR;{khdj.k ds vkdkj fLFkjrk (Size Constancy) dh fo'ks"krk ds dkj.k Hkh nwjh dk lgh lgh Kku ugha gks ikrkA bl laca/k esa viuk egRoiw.kZ vè;;u gksYos rFkk cksfjax (Holway and Boring (1941), xhfyaldh (Gilinsky), fxclu rFkk vU; (Gibson and others), (1950) us fn;k gSA

(b) gLr{ksi ;k vkPNknu (Interposition or Overlap)— T;knkrj oLrq,a vikjn'khZ; (Opaque) gksrh gS vr% tc os ,d lh/s (line) esa gksrh gS rks vkxs

18

dh oLrq ihNs ds dqN fgLls dks fNik ysrh gS ftls gLr{ksi (Interposition) ;k vkPNknu (Overlap) dk ladsr dgk tkrk gSA

Tkc dksbZ oLrq ihNs dh oLrq dk dqN Hkkx fNik ysrh gS rks og vkis{kkd`r utnhd fn[kkbZ nsrh gS D;ksafd bldk iwjk Hkkx O;fDr dks Li"V gksrk gSA

oqMoFkZ rFkk LdksYloxZ (Woodworth & Scholsberg) us dgk gS fd dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkis{k nwjh (Relative distance) tkuus ds fy, gLr{ksi (Inter

position) gh ,dek=k HkjkslseUn (dependable) ladsr (Cue) gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn dksbZ O;fDr fdlh mQaph bekjr ij [kM+k gksdj ns[k

jgk gks rks mls ckdh bekjrksa (buildings) dh lkis{k nwjh (Relative distance) dk rqjar irk py tk,xk vkSj tks bekjr mls iwjh Li"V fn[kkbZ ns jgh gksxh og vis{kkdr utnhd ekywe iM+sxhA

bl ladsr dh Hkh dqN viuh lhek,a (Limitations) gSa tSls ;fn dksbZ oLrq dkiQh nwj gks rks ,d lh/ (Line) esa gksus ds ckotwn mldh lkis{k nwjh (Relative

distance) dk irk ugha py ik,xkA bl ladsr ds fy, ;g vfuok;Z 'krZ gS fd oLrq,a ,d lh/ esa gks vkSj

vikjn'khZ (Opaque) gksa vU;Fkk ;g ladsr dkjxj ugha gksxkA (C) js[kh; ifjn`'; (Linear perspective)— js[kh; ifjn`'; ls vfHkizk; mu lekukUrj js[kkvksa (Parallel lines) ls gS tks {khfrt (Horizon) dh vksj c<+rh tk jgh gS rks ,d nwljs esa feyrh utj vkrh gSA blls gesa nwjh vkSj xgjkbZ (Distance

and depth) nksuksa dk izR;{khdj.k gksrk gSA vkSj bl ladsr dks js[kh; ifjn`'; (Linear perspective) dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.kLo:Ik ;fn ge jsy dh iVfj;ka (Railway track) ds chp esa [kM+s gksdj ns[ksa rks nksuksa iVfj;ksa dks utnhd vkrs ik,axs tSls&tSls os vkxs c<+saxh vkSj {khfrt (Horizon) ij ;s ,d nwljs ls fcYdqy lVh gqbZ utj vk,axhA (d) ok;oh; ifjn`'; (Aerial perspective)— tc dksbZ oLrq O;fDr ds fudV gksrh gS rks og fcYdqy Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ijUrq tSls&tSls nwjh c<+rh tkrh gS okrkoj.k esa ekStwn /wy d.k o ueh ds dkj.k vLi"V fn[kkbZ nsus yxrh gSA bls gh ok;oh; ifjn`'; (Aerial perpective) dgrs gSaA

19

ftu oLrqvksa dk izR;{khdj.k vLi"V /qa/yk gks muesa ok;oh; ifjn`'; (Aerial

perspective) dk ladsr ik;k tkrk gS vkSj og O;fDr dks oLrqvksa dh nwjh izR;{khdj.k (Distance perception) djokrh gSA (e) Nk;k (Shadowing)— xgjkbZ rFkk nwljh (Depth and distance) tkuus ds fy, Nk;k ,d izeq[k ,dus=kh; ladsr (Monocular Cues) gS ftlds rgr ;g iwoZdYiuk (hypothesis) gksrh gS fd jks'kuh oLrq ds mij ls vk jgh gksrh gSA vr% tc ,d oLrq dh Nk;k nwljh oLrq ij iM+rh gS rks O;fDr nwljh oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k igyh oLrq ds vis{kkd`r T;knk nwj djrk gSA fo'oluh; nwjh izR;{khdj.k ds fy jks'kuh dh fn'kk (Direction of light) dk ekywe gksuk vR;ar vko';d gSA Fieant (1938) dk vè;;u bl laca/ esa egRoiw.kZ gSA (1) xfr yEcu (Motion Parallax)— tc ge fdlh oLrq dh xfr (Motion ;k

Movement) dk izR;{khdj.k djrs gSa rks blls Hkh gesa nwjh ,oa xgjkbZ (Depth

and distance) dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA vkSj bls gh xfr yEcu (Motion

parallax) dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k Lo:Ik pyrh gqb xkM+h dkj ;k Vªsu ls ckgj ns[kus ij ikl dh xqtjrh phtsa tSls O;fDr] [kaHkk] o`{k vkfn myVh fn'kk (opposite

direction) esa Hkkxrs gq, utj vkrs gSa mlds foijhr nwj dh phtsa tSls [ksr] edku] isM+&ikS?ks] igkM+ vkfn lkFk&lkFk pyrs gq, ;kuh ftl fn'kk es age [kqn tk jgs gksa esa utj vkrs gSaA

oqMoFkZ ,oa 'kSYlcxZ (Woodworth and Sechlosberg (1963) ds vuqlkj&

^nwj dh oLrq,a gekjs lkFk pyrh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gS vkSj utnhd dh oLrq,a foijhr fn'kk esaA*

(The father object moves with you and the nearer object moves backward) bl izdkj ;gka ;g Li"V gqvk fd bu ,dus=kh; ladsrksa (Monocular

Cuse) ls nwjh ,oa xgjkbZ (Depth and Distance) ds izR;{khdj.k esa vklkuh gksrh gSA

(2) f}us=kh; ladsr (Binocular Cues)- f}us=kh; ladsr (Binocular Cues) dk rkRi;Z mu ladsrksa ls gS ftuds mi;ksx ds fy, nksuksa vka[ksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA ;s vka[k dh lajpuk ls lacaf/r gksrs gSa blfy, bUgsa 'kkjhfjd ladsr (Physiological

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Cues) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh O;fDr us nq?kZuko'k vius fdlh ,d vka[k dks [kks fn;k gS rks og mu ladsrksa }kjk nwjh rFkk xgjkbZ (Depth and distance) dk izR;{khdj.k ugha dj ldrkA vr% ,d us=kh; ladsr (Monocular Cues) ds vleku (unlike) f}us=kh; ladsr (Binocular Cues) lh[ks gq, (learnt) u gksdj tUetkr (lnnate) gksrs gSasA

;gk¡ izeq[k rhu izdkj ds f}us=kh; ladsrksa dk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gSA

(a) lek;kstu (Accommodation ) ;g ,d 'kkjhfjd ladsr gS ijUrq dqN euksoSKkfudksa us bls ,d us=kh; ladsr (Binocular Cues) Hkh dgk gSA

tc dksbZ cLrq utnhd gksrh gS rks vk¡[kksa dh ysUl dh oØrk (Curvature of Lens) c<+ tkrh gS tcfd ogha dksbZ oLrq nwj gksrh gS rks ysUl dh oØrk de gks tkrh gSA

;g izfØ;k blfy, gksrh gS rkfd ns[ks tk jgs oLrq dk vf{kiVy (Retina) ij izfrfoEc (Image) Bhd rjg ls iM+sA flfy;jh ekalisf'k;ksa (Cilliay Muscles) }kjk ysUl dh oØrk esa iQSyko (expansion) rFkk fldqM+ko (Contraction) dks fu;af=kr (Control) djrh gS vkSj ;g iwjh izfØ;k lek;kstu (Accommodation) dgykrh gSA

vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd lek;kstu dh ;g izfØ;k nksuksa ladsrksa tSls ,d us=kh; ladsr vkSj f}us=kh; ladsrksa (Monocular and binocular Cues) dk Js.kh esa dSls vkrh gS\ ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd bl ladsr dk mi;ksx ek=k ,d vk¡[k ls Hkh gks ldrk gS bl rjg mls ,d us=kh; laadsr ekuk x;k gSA nwljh vkj tc ;g lek;kstu (Accommodation) nksuksa vk¡[k ls gksrk gS rks nwjh dk izR{khdj.k T;knk ifj'kq¼ (Accurate) gksrk gS vkSj bl rjg bls f}us=kh; ladsr Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA

euksoSKkfudksa esa lek;kstu ds ladsr dh fo'oluh;rk (Reliability) dks ysdj dkiQh erHksn gSA bls de fo'oluh; (Reliable) dgk x;k gS D;ksafd ;g ,d fuf'pr lhek rd gh dkjxj gSA

(b) vfHkfcUnqrk vkSj volkfjrk (Convergence and divergence) & tc O;fDr fdlh oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k djrk gS rks ml oLrq dh nwjh ds vuqlkj us=k xksyd (Eye-

ball) dh tks xfr (Movement) gksrh gS mls vfHkfcUnqrk (Convergence) dgrs gSaA ijUrq tc O;fDr nwjh dh oLrqvksa dks ns[krk gS rks mlds us=k&xksyd (Eye-ball) ckgj dh vksj eqM+ tkrs gSa ftls vfHklkfjrk (Divergence) dgrs gSaA

vr% vfHkfcUnqrk (Convergence) ls oLrq dh fudVrk rFkk vfHklkfjrk (Divergence) ls oLrq dh nwjh dk izR;{khdj;k gksrk gSA ;g nwjh rFkk xgjkbZ (Depth and

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distance) ds izR;{khdj.k esa egRoiw.kZ ladsr gS rFkk bUgsa lek;kstu (Accommodation) ls vf?kd fo'oluh; ladsr ekuk x;k gSA

(c) vf{kiVyh; fofHkUurk (Retinal disparity) fdlh Hkh oLrq dks ns[kus ij O;fDr dh vk¡[kksa ds vf{kiVy (Retina) ij ml oLrq dh nks vyx&vyx izfrek (Image) curh gSA O;fDr ckbZ vk¡[k }kjk T;knk ckbZ rjiQ dh vksj rFkk nk,a vk¡[k }kjk T;knk nk,a rjiQ dh lwpuk dk izR;{khdj.k djrk gSA bls vf{kiVyh; fofHkUurk (Retinal disparity) dgrs gSaaA

bl fofHkUurk ds vk/kj ij nwjh ,oa xgjkbZ (Depth and distance) dk izR;{khdj.k gksrk gSA tSls&tSls oLrq nwj gksrh tkrh gS ;g fofHkUurk (Disparity) ?kVrh tkrh gS vkSj ,d le; ;g vkrk gS tc ;g f{kfrt (Horizon) ij tkdj ;g 'kwU; (Zero) gks tkrh gSA ogha tc oLrq utnhd gksrh gS rc ;g fofHkUurk c<+rh pyh tkrh gSA

vusdksa 'kks/ksa }kjk bl rF; dks leFkZ feyk gSA blesa Brewster (1856), Howard

(1949), Woddburne (1934) vkfn ds vè;;u geRoiw.kZ gSA vr% Li"V gksrk gS fd bu fofHkUu ,d us=kh; ,oa f}us=kh; ladsrksa }kjk gesa nwjh ,oa

xgjkbZ dk izR;{khdj.k gksrk gS ftuesa ,d us=kh; ladsrksa dk vk/kj vuqHko gS vkSj f}us=kh; ladsr dk tUetkr gksrs gSaA

1-6 izR;{kKkukRed fLFkjrk (Perceptual constancey)

izR;{khdj.k gesa tfVy ,oa ifjorZu'khy okrkoj.k esa lek;kstu (Adjustment) esa enn djrk gSA bldh fo'ks"krkvksa esa izR;{kZKkukRed fLFkjrk dk Hkh xq.k gSA ^^izR;{kKkukRed fLFkjrk (Perceptual Constancy) dk rkRi;Z mu ?kVukvksa (Phenomenon) ls gS ftlesa HkkSfrd oLrqvksa (Physical objects) dk izR;{khdj.k gesa fouk cnys gq, (unvarying) vkSj ,d:I (Consistent) gksxkA mlds HkkSfrd okrkoj.k (Physical envoronment) ;k :Ik (appearance) esa ifjoRkZu gksus ds ckotwnA** & jkcVZ ,l0 iQsYMeSu (1987)

"Perceptual Constancy is a phenomenon in which physical obejcts are perceived as unvarying and consistent, despite changes in their appearance or in the physical environment" — Robert S. Feldman (1987).

nwljs 'kCnksa esa fdlh oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k gesa mlds HkkSfrd okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu gksus ds ckn Hkh mlh rjg gksrk gS ;kfu fcuk cnys gq,] mls izR;{kKkukRed fLFkjrk dgrs gSA

mnkgj.kLo:i&nwj ls vk jgs vius fe=k dks ;fn ge [kM+s dksdj ns[k jgs gksa rks Hkys gh gekjk nf"ViVyh; izfrfoEc (Retinal Image) dk vkdkj vyx&vyx nwjh ij vyx&vyx

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curk gks ;kfu NksVs ls tSls&tSls ikl vk jgk gks oSls cM+k curk tk, ijUrq mls ge vius fe=k ds :Ik esa gh ns[ksaxsA Bhd mlh izdkj vkdk'k esa nwj mM+rk gqvk gokbZ tgkt (Aeroplane) gesa mlh :Ik esa utj vk,xk tSlk fd tehu ij] ijUrq mlds n`f"ViVyh; izfrfoEc (Retinal

Image) dk vkdkj vis{kkdr cgqr NksVk gksxkA Bower (1966) ds vè;;uksa }kjk Hkh ;g izekf.kr gks x;k gS fd izKkukRed fLFkjrk tUetkr (Innate) gksrk gSA

izR;{kKkukRed fLFkjrk ds dqN izeq[k izdkj fuEufyf[kr gSa&

(1) vkdkj fLFkjrk (Size Constancy) — vkdkj fLFkjrk dk rkRi;Z O;fDr dh ml izo`fr ls gS ftlesa og oLrqvksa dk izR;{khdj.k leku vkdj ls djrk gS ckotwn blds fd ml oLrq ds n`f"ViVyh; izfrfcEc dk vkdkj NksVk gks ;k cM+kA ;|fi fd nwj dh oLrqvksa dk n`f"ViVyh; izfrfcEc dk vkdkj NksVk gksrk gS vkSj ikl dh oLrqvksa dk cM+k curk gS] ijUrq ml oLrq ds vkdkj esa fLFkjrk ik;h tkrh gSA bls vkdkj fLFkjrk dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy,&;fn ge fdlh isM+ dks nwj ;k ikl] dgha ls Hkh ns[ksa rks mldk n`f"ViVyh; izfrfcEc Hkys gh NksVk ;k cM+k cus mldk izR;{khdj.k ge issM+ ds vkdkj esa gh djsaxsA

tc O;fDr fdlh oLrq ds vkdkj dk vuqeku yxkrk gS (estimate) djrk gS rks og lkFk&lkFk mldh nwjh dk Hkh fglkc yxkrk gSA vkdkj&nwjh fLFkjrk izkdYiuk (Size-distance

invariance hypothesis) crykrk gS fd fdlh nf"ViVyh; izfrfcEc ds vkdkj ds fy, izR;{khdj.k fd, x, oLrq dk vkdkj (Perceived size) izR;{kKkukRed nwjh (Perceived

distance) ds vuqikr esa gksrk gSa

— (fdyiSfVªd rFkk bVsylu_ (1953)) "Size-distance invariance hypothesis suggests that for givn\en size of

retinal imagte the perceived size of an object is proportional to its perceived distance."

— (Kilpatrick and Ittelson (1953)

gksyos ,oa cksfjax (Holway and Boing; 1941) ds iz;ksxksa }kjk vkdkj&nwjh fLFkjrk izkdYiuk ds ,d:I xokg (Consistent evidence) feyrs gSaA

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vU; dbZ iz;ksxksa }kjk irk pyk gS fd vkdkj fLFkjrk (Size constancey) esa lh[kuk (Learning) rFkk xr&vuqHkwfr (Past experience) dk Hkh vga Hkwfedk (Important role) gksrk gSA

vkdkj&nwjh laca/k (Size-distance relationship) O;fDr vius vuqHkoksa (Experience) }kjk LFkkfir djuk lh[krk gSA mls loZizFke gsYegksYt (Helmholtz 1909) us 1909 bZ0 esa cryk;k FkkA

brkuk gh ugha lacaf/r vkdkj (Relative size) dk Hkh vkdkj&fLFkjrk dh izr`fr (Tendency of size constancey) esa egroiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA lacaf/r vkdkj dk rkRi;Z mu n`f"V ladsrksa (visual Cues) ls gS tks vutku oLrqvksa vkSj ifjfpr oLrqvksa (Unknown

and known objects) ds vkdkj dh rqyuk ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA

&jkcZV ,0 cSju_ (2001)) "Relative size referes to a visual cue based on comparision of the size of an

unknown object objects of known size". — (Robert A. Baron(2001)

nwljs 'kCnksa esa &^O;fDr fdlh oLrq ds vkdkj dk vuqeku mlds vxy cxy ds oLrqvksa ds vkdkj dh rqyuk esa yxkrk gSA ;g lacaf/r vkdkj (Relative size) }kjk gksrk gS ftlesa nks oLrqvksa dk vkilh vuqikr fLFkj jgrk gSA

(2) :Ik fLFkjrk (Shape constancey) — vkdkj fLFkjrk (Size constancy) ds vykok O;fDr esa :i fLFkjrk (Shape constancy) dh Hkh izo`fr ekStwn gksrh gS ftlds vuqlkj O;fDr ,d HkkSfrd oLrq (Physical object) dk izR;{khdj.k fujarj ,d gh :i esa djrk gS ckotwn blds fd blls tks nf"ViVyh; izfrfcEc (Retinal Image) curk gS mlesa ifjorZu gks tk,A

mnkgj.k Lo:i& ;fn ge fdlh flDds dks gok esa mNkys rks gem ls ,d flDds ds :I esa xksy gh ns[ksaxs ckotwn blds fd ?kwers (Spin) le; dk nf"ViVyh; izfrfoEc (Retinal

Image) cny tkrk gSA

fy.Mls ,oa ukjeSu (Lindsay & Norman; 1977) Fkkmysl (Thouless; 1931) vkfn ds vè;;u }kjk Hkh :i fLFkjrk izekf.kr fd;k x;k gSA

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(3) ped&fLFkjrk (Brightness Constancy) — O;fDRk oLrqvksa dh ped ds Lrj (Level of brightness) esa fLFkjrk dk izR;{khdj.k djrk gSA mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh tgk¡ mu oLrqvksa }kjk ijkorhZr jks'kuh (Reflected light) dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu gks tk,A ped&Lrj (Brightness level) dk rkRi;Z oLrq ds dkykiu] mtykiu ;k /wljkiu (Greyness) ls gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,& liQsn diM+k dejs esa gks ;k lw;Z dh jks'kuh esa liQsn gh utj vk,xkA Bhd mlh izdkj dkys cky Nk;k (Shadow) es gks ;k lw;Z dh jks'kuh esa dkys gh utj vk,axsA nksuksa lwjrksa esa iQdZ ijkofrZr jks'kuh dh ek=kk T;knk gksxhA blds lac/ esa xsYc (Gelb) izksudks (Pronko) bR;kfn ds vè;;u egRoiw.kZ gSaA

(4) jax&fLFkjrk (Colour Constancy) — O;fDr oLrq ds jax esa izdk'k dh voLFkk esa ifjorZu ds ckotwn Hkh fLFkjrk dk izR;{khdj.k djrk gA tSls_ gjs ikS/s dk xeyk ?kj esa j[kk gks vk ?kj ds ckgj lw;Z dh jks'kuh esa og gjk gh utj vk,xkA blesa vkjuksYM (Arnold) vkfn ds vè;;u egRoiw.kZ gSaA

vr% ge ns[krs gSa fd izR;{kKkukRed fLFkjrk izR;{kjhdj.k dk ,d fo'ks"k xq.k gS tks O;fDr esa tUe ls fo|eku jgrk gSSA

1-7 fLFkjrk&vfLFkjrk fojks/kHkk"k (Stability-Instability Paradox) izR;{kKkukRed fLFkjrk (Perceptual constancy) ds {ks=k esa fd, x, vè;;uksa ls

izksRlkfgr gksdj euksoSKkfudksa us blds fcYdqy foijhr ifjfLFkfr esa izR;{khdj.k ij gksus okys izHkko dk vè;;u djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA

izR;{kKkukRed fLFkjrk esa geus ns[kk fd fdlh Hkh oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k gesa mlds HkkSfrd okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu gksus ds ckn Hkh mlh :I esa ;kfu fcuk cnys gq, gksrk gSA mÙkstuk dk n`f"ViVyh; izfrfoEc (Retinal Image) cM+k gks ;k NksVk ml mÙkstuk dk izR;{khdj.k mlh fuf'pr :i esa gksxkA euksoSKkfudkasa us izR;{kKkukRed vuqHkwfr (Perceptual

Experinence) dk vè;;u blds fcydqy foijhr ifjfLFkfr esa djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA

bUgksaus ,slh ifjfLFfr ftlesa lHkh mÙkstukvksa ds chp ds vUrj dks lekIr dj mlesa lketkrh;rk (Homogeneity) vk tk, mRiUu dj fn;k vkSj ik;k fd fLFkj izR;{khdj.k ds fy, ifjfLFkfr esa vfLFkjrk vkSj ifjorZu dk gksuk vko';d gSA bls gh fLFkjrk&vfLFkjrk fojks/kHkkl (Stability-Instability paradox) dgk x;k gSA

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blesa Øku LohV (Crosweet 1970), vyiZu (Alpern;1974) fizVpkMZ (Pritchard 1961) vkfn ds uke eq[; gSA 1-8 lkjka'k (Summing-up)

1- izR;{khdj.k ,d tfVy (Complex) vkSj laKkukRed (Cognitive) ekufld izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk gesa Ik;kZoj.k esa mifLFkr mÙkstuk dk rkRdkfyd ,oa vFkZiw.kZ Kku izkIr gksrk gSA

2- xsLVkYV&fl¼kUr] izR;{khdj.k dk ,d izeq[k fl¼kUr gS ftlds vuqlkj O;fDr okrkoj.k ls vkusokyh laosnukvksa (Sensory input) dks lEiw.kZ iz.kkyh (Whole patterns) esa laxfBr (Organise) dj izR;{khdj.k djrk gS u fd vyx vyxA

blds izfriknd eSDl ojnkbej (MaxWertheimer) dVZ dksÝdk (Kurt Koffka) ,oa owYiQxSax dksgyj (Wolfgang Kohler) ds lewg dks xsLVkYV oknh (Gestaltist) dgk tkrk gSA xsLVkYV fl¼kUr dh O;k[;k eq[; ikap Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vdj dh tk ldrh gSµ lEiw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k (Wholistic approach)] vkdfr&i`"BHkwfe izR;{khdj.k (Figure-ground perception),

izR;{khKkukRed laxBu ;k lewg (Perceptual organisation or grouping) ] iQkbZ&?kVuk (Phi-

phenomenon) ,oa lekdfrdrk (Isomorphism) vkSj {ks=k cy (Field forces)A xsLVkYVokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj O;fDr esa tUetkr izo`fr (Innate tendency) gksrh gS ftlds dkj.k og oLrqvksa dks laxfBr :Ik esa ns[krk gSA xsLVkYVokfn;ksa us iwoZ vuqHko (past experience) vkSj lh[kus (learning) ds egRo dks udkj fn;k FkkA czquj rFkk iksLVeSu (Bruner & Postman, 1947) ds vuqlkj funs'k&voLFkk fl¼kUr ds izfriknu esa O;ogkjkRed dkjd (Behavioural factors) ;k vfHkizsj.kkRed dkjdksa (motivational factors) dk egRo n'kkZuk gSA bu dkjdksa dks dsfUnz; fu/kZjd (Central determinants) vkSj bl fl¼kUr dks fØ;kRed fl¼kUr (Functional theory)

Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl fl¼kUr dh dqN izkdYiuk,a (Hypothesis) gS ftuds vuqlkj O;fDr dk izR;{khdj.k viuh 'kkjhfjd vko';drkvksa ewY; xq.kksa] 'khy xq.kksa vkfn ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA

4- izR;{khdj.k ds fofHkUu fo'ks"krkvksa (Characteristics) esa fnd~&izR;{khdj.k (Sapce-

perception) dh Hkh fo'ks"krk ekStwn gksrh gSA O;fDr ds n`f"ViVy (Retina) ij tc fdlh HKh oLrq dk izfrfcEc (Image) iM+rk gS rks og dsoy f}fofe; (Two dimensional) gksrk gS ;kfu mlesa dsoy yEckbZ (Length) vkSj pkSM+kbZ (Width) gksrh gSA ijUrq mlls fdlh oLrq ds yEckbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ dk gh Kku ugha gksrk cfYd mldh xgjkbZ (Depth)] nwjh (Distance) eksVkbZ]

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l?kurk (Solidity) vkfn dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA ;g Kku rhljk chek izR;{khdj.k (Perception

of third dimension) ;k fnd~&izR;{khdj.k (Space perception) dgykrk gSA blds }kjk O;fDr dks fdlh Hkh oLrq ;k O;fDr dh nwjh] fn'kk] l?kurk vkfn dk irk pyrk gSA =khfoeh; izR;{khdj.k dqN [kkl ladsrksa (Cues) ds vk/kj ij gksrk gS ftudk vè;;u nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vdj fd;k x;k gSA ,d us=kh; ladsr (Monocular Cues) vkSj f}us=kh; ladsr (Binocular Cues).

,d us=kh; ladsr vFkkZr os ladsr tks dsoy ,d vk¡[k ls Hkh xzg.k fd, tk ldrs gSa buesa nf"ViVyh; izfrfcEc dk vkdkj (Size of retinal image)] gLr{ksi ;k vkPNknu (Interposition or overlap)] js[kh; ifjn'; (Linear perspective)] ok;oh; ifjn`'; (Aerial

perspective), Nk;k (Shadow) vkSj xfr yEcu (Motion parallax) lfEefyr gSA

f}us=kh; ladsr vFkkZr~ os ladsr ftuds mi;ksx ds fy, nksuksa vk¡[kksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA ;s vk¡[k dh lajpuk ls lacaf/r gksrs gSa blfy, bUgsa 'kkjhfjd ladsr (Physiological) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA buesa lek;kstu (Accomodation)] vfHkfcUnqrk vkSj vilkfjr (Covergence

and divergence) rFkk vf{kiVyh; fofHkUurk (Retinal disparity) lfEefyr gSA f}us=kh; ladsr tUetkr (Innate) gksrs gSaA

5- fdlh oLrq dk izR;{khdj.k gesa mlds HkkSfrd okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu gksus ds ckn Hkh mlh rjg gksrk gS ;kfu fcuk cnys gq, mls izR;KkukRed fLFkjrk (perceptual constancy)

dgrs gSaA tSls_ Vscqy ij j[kh iqLrd dks ge nks iQhV dh nwjh ls ns[ksa ;k 20 iQhV dh nwjh ls mls ge iqLrd ds :Ik esa Hkh ns[ksaxsA ;g t:j gS fd vyx&vyx nwjh ij gekjs n`f"ViVyh; izfrfcEc (Retinal Image) dk vkdkj vyx gksxkA ;kfu nks iQhV dh nwjh ij cM+k nf"ViVyh; izfrfcEc cusxk vkSj 20 iQhV dh nwjh ij NksVk] ij gksxk og iqLrd ds :Ik esa ghA izR;{kKkukRed fLFkjrk ds dqN izeq[k izdkj vkdkj fLFkjrk (Size constancy), :Ik fLFkjrk (Shape constancy)] ped fLFkjrk (Brightness constancy) vkSj jax fLFkjrk (Colour

Constancy) vkfn gSA

6- fLFkjrk&vfLFkjrk fojks/kHkkl (Stability-Instability Paradox) ml izR;{kKkukRed voLFkk dks dgrs gS ftlesa fLFkj ,oa Li"V izR;{khdj.k ds fy, mÙkstuk ifjfLFkfr esa vfLFkjrk vkSj ifjorZu dk gksuk vko';d gSA 1-9 ekWMy iz'u (Model Questions)

1- izR;{khdj.k ds xsLVkYVoknh nf"Vdks.k dk ewY;kadu djsaA

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Evaluate Gestalt View of perception.

2- funs'k voLFkk fl¼kUr dh O;k[;k djsaA Explain directive state theory of perception

3- izR;{kKkukRed fLFkjrk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ blds fofHkUu izdkjksa dk o.kZu djsaA What do you mean by perceptual constancy. Explain its different types.

4- xgjkbZ rFkk nwljh ds izR;{khdj.k dh O;k[;k izR;{khdj.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds :Ik esa djsaA Explain perception of depth and distance as a characteristic of perceptioin.

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