10
Missing intentionality: the limitations of social media analysis for participatory urban design Luca Simeone, case study for Civic Media Reader. Simeone, L. (2015). Missing intentionality: the limitations of social media analysis for participatory urban design, in Eric Gordon and Paul Mihailidis (Eds) Civic Media Project, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press This article can be also viewed here: http://civicmediaproject.org/works/civicmedia project/missingintentionalityparticipatoryurbandesign Overview This case study reflects upon some limitations of Urban Sensing, a research project funded by the European Commission, which explored the potential of social media analysis and data visualization as sources of knowledge for participatory urban design and management i . The overall idea behind the project was: To analyze what city inhabitants and visitors publish on different social media channels (Twitter, Facebook, Foursquare, Flickr); To extract indicators on how these people perceive and live in the urban environment; To use this knowledge to feed more inclusive urban design processes (e.g., by measuring the realtime reactions of citizens towards new architectural interventions). Urban Sensing built upon several existing projects, either conducted by research institutions (e.g., CASA at the University College London ii , Spatial

Missing intentionality: the limitations of social media analysis for participatory urban design

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Missing  intentionality:  the  limitations  of  social  media  analysis  for  participatory  urban  design  Luca  Simeone,  case  study  for  Civic  Media  Reader.    

Simeone,  L.  (2015).  Missing  intentionality:  the  limitations  of  social  media  analysis  for  participatory  urban  

design,  in  Eric  Gordon  and  Paul  Mihailidis  (Eds)  Civic  Media  Project,  Cambridge,  MA,  MIT  Press  

This  article  can  be  also  viewed  here:  http://civicmediaproject.org/works/civic-­‐media-­‐

project/missingintentionalityparticipatoryurbandesign  

Overview  

This  case  study  reflects  upon  some  limitations  of  Urban  Sensing,  a  research  

project  funded  by  the  European  Commission,  which  explored  the  potential  of  

social  media  analysis  and  data  visualization  as  sources  of  knowledge  for  

participatory  urban  design  and  managementi.    The  overall  idea  behind  the  

project  was:  

• To  analyze  what  city  inhabitants  and  visitors  publish  on  different  social  

media  channels  (Twitter,  Facebook,  Foursquare,  Flickr);  

• To  extract  indicators  on  how  these  people  perceive  and  live  in  the  urban  

environment;  

• To  use  this  knowledge  to  feed  more  inclusive  urban  design  processes  

(e.g.,  by  measuring  the  real-­‐time  reactions  of  citizens  towards  new  

architectural  interventions).    

Urban  Sensing  built  upon  several  existing  projects,  either  conducted  by  

research  institutions  (e.g.,  CASA  at  the  University  College  Londonii,  Spatial  

Information  Design  Lab  at  the  Columbia  Universityiii  or  Senseable  City  Lab  at  the  

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technologyiv)  or  independent  designers  and  design  

firms  (e.g.,  Christian  Noldv,  Art  is  Open  Sourcevi  or  Stamen  Designvii).  The  

trajectory  of  Urban  Sensing  was  also  influenced  by  the  work  of  scholars  coming  

from  different  disciplines,  from  geography,  to  urban  studies,  up  to  computer  

science  (Zook  and  Graham  2007;  Girardin  et  al.  2008;  Kotov,  Zhai,  and  Sproat  

2011;  Liu  et  al.  2011;  Shi  and  Barker  2011).  In  a  24-­‐month  period,  the  teamviii  

behind  Urban  Sensing  created  and  tested  a  technological  platform,  which:  

• Gathers  data  from  4  social  media  streams:  Twitter,  Facebook,  

Foursquare  and  Flickr;  

• Applies  multiple  strategies  (including  text  mining)  to  analyze  these  

data  and  extract  indicators  related  to  several  areas  of  interest  (such  as  

characterizations  and  perceived  identities  of  geographic  areas  or  users'  

feeling  toward  local  policies  and  urban  interventions);  

• Visualizes  the  results,  plotting  them  on  a  web-­‐based  map,  like  in  

the  Figure  1,  which  represents  the  position  of  geo-­‐located  tweets  in  the  

city  of  Milan  (Italy)  in  a  two-­‐week  period  (January  2012).  Colors  denote  

the  eight  most  adopted  languages  while  writing  the  tweets  (yellow  =  

Italian,  green  =  English,  bright  green  =  Indonesian;  pink  =  Spanish,  light  

pink  =  French;  blue  =  Dutch;  light  blue  =  Portuguese;  and  red  =  Japanese).  

 

Figure  1  Screenshot  produced  during  Urban  Sensing  and  showing  geo-­‐located  tweets  in  the  city  of  Milan  in  January  2012  (Lupi  et  al.  2012)  

 

Urban  Sensing  and  its  visualizations  can  be  used  by  city  designers,  planners  

and  administrators  or  accessed  by  a  broader  audience  interested  in  urban  

dynamics.  Imagine,  for  example,  that  some  urban  planners  were  working  on  a  

new  master  plan  for  the  area  of  Bovisa,  a  district  in  Milan  where  the  quite  large  

Polytechnic  University  is  located;  they  could  use  the  Urban  Sensing  platform  and  

identify  the  most  crowded  areas  of  this  district  by  tracking  the  number  of  photos  

and  contributions  originated  from  or  related  to  specific  geographic  locations  

(Flickr,  Twitter,  Facebook)  or  the  number  of  check-­‐ins  in  Foursquare  for  each  

venue  in  a  predefined  time-­‐lapse.  In  Figure  2,  Urban  Sensing  platform  plots  the  

geographic  locations  associated  to  Twitter  contributions  (blue  dots)  on  a  

geographic  map  of  Milan,  also  displaying  the  time  trends  (i.e.,  the  number  of  

contributions  per  day  in  the  time  span)..  

 Figure  2  Urban  Sensing,  visual  representation  of  the  area  of  Bovisa,  in  Milan  (August-­‐September  2013)  

 Figure  2  shows  how,  during  weekdays,  the  Bovisa  university  campus  presents  

spikes  of  social  media  activity  during  lesson  hours  (9  a.m.  to  6  p.m.),  whilst  the  

nearby  UCI  movie  theatre  and  the  shopping  centre  are  the  stage  for  a  high  

concentration  of  social  media  activity  from  9  p.m.  until  midnight.  This  data  can  

be  further  analyzed  by  tracking  contributions  from  single  users  and  –  

consequently  –  investigating  how  the  users  move  across  the  city.  In  Figure  3,  the  

blue  dots  represent  the  initial  position  of  the  users,  whilst  the  green  and  red  dots  

show  the  positions  of  the  same  users  immediately  before  and  after.  By  

connecting  the  dots,  we  can  clearly  trace  users’  movements  over  time  and  have  

an  idea  not  only  of  the  most  crowded  areas  of  Bovisa,  but  also  of  the  locations  

where  specific  students  come  from  before  getting  to  the  Polytechnic  campus,  and  

where  they  go  after.  In  this  sense,  the  analyses  elaborated  with  Urban  Sensing  

highlight  some  of  the  students’  patterns  of  use  for  this  specific  area  of  Milan.      

 

Figure  3  Urban  Sensing:  Map  of  the  Bovisa  area,  Milan  (August-­‐September  2013).  

 

Urban  Sensing  aimed  at  investigating  the  potential  of  this  and  other  more  

complex  types  of  social  media  analyses  and  visualizations  to  support  

participatory  urban  design  processes.  The  basic  tenet  was  that  through  this  kind  

of  technological  platforms  some  of  the  needs  and  desires  of  the  city  inhabitants  

and  visitors  could  emerge  and  be  heard  by  urban  administrators,  designers  and  

planners.  In  the  specific  example  above  mentioned,  the  findings  helped  both  

Milan  city  administrators  and  real  estate  companies  in  identifying  suitable  areas  

to  build  student  housing.  

The  limitations  of  Urban  Sensing  and  the  problem  of  missing  

intentionality  

Urban  Sensing  was  a  research  project  also  oriented  to  investigating  the  

limitations  of  this  kind  of  approaches,  such  as:  

• Not  all  city  inhabitants  and  visitors  have  equal  access  to  

technologies  and  skills  to  post  geo-­‐located  contributionsix.  

• Although  Urban  Sensing  fully  respected  the  guidelines  offered  by  

each  social  media  platform  in  terms  of  privacy  policy  and  in  some  cases  

also  applied  anonymization  techniques  (Naor  and  Yung  1989),  there  are  

still  serious  issues  in  terms  of  privacy.  

• The  accuracy  of  geo-­‐located  social  media  analyses  is  affected  by  

the  distribution  of  free  WIFI  networks.  Especially  tourists  visiting  foreign  

countries  might  not  have  data  plans  that  allow  a  constant  Internet  

connection.  In  these  cases,  they  might  still  travel  with  their  smartphone  

and  use  it,  for  example,  to  take  pictures  or  notes  to  be  shared  at  a  later  

stage  when  they  have  access  to  a  WIFI  network  (typically,  either  a  free  or  

public  one  or  the  one  at  their  hotel).  Obviously,  the  distribution  of  these  

WIFI  networks  in  the  city  affects  the  geographic  dimension  of  social  

media  analyses,  as  a  large  number  of  contributions  might  emerge  in  areas  

where  accessible  WIFI  networks  are  located.  

Elsewhere,  these  limitations  of  Urban  Sensing  have  been  more  thoroughly  

described  (Ciuccarelli,  Lupi,  and  Simeone  2014).    

I  want  to  focus  here  on  the  problem  of  the  lack  of  intentionality.  

Urban  Sensing  does  not  only  collect  users’  contributions  related  to  the  context  

of  their  use  and  perception  of  the  city  but  also  all  kinds  of  contributions  such  as  

private  comments  or  conversations  with  friends  that  are  completely  unrelated  to  

urban  issues.  In  most  of  the  collected  contributions,  there  is  no  clear  

intentionality  from  the  users  to  post  a  tweet,  share  a  picture  on  Instagram  or  

check-­‐in  at  Foursquare  as  actions  to  influence  urban  planning  and  management  

processes.  Can  this  lack  of  intentionality  undermine  the  potential  of  this  kind  of  

platforms  as  tools  for  more  participatory  processes?      

Participatory  design  has  been  defined  as  a  “process  of  investigating,  

understanding,  reflecting  upon,  establishing,  developing,  and  supporting  mutual  

learning  between  multiple  participants”  who  strongly  contribute  to  the  design  

activities  (Simonsen  and  Robertson  2013,  2).  In  the  specific  context  of  Urban  

Sensing,  this  definition  highlights  the  need  for  the  users  to  become  part  of  the  

design  process  (as  participants)  through  a  specific  act  of  will.  As  of  now,  with  the  

current  instance  of  the  platform,  the  users  are  somewhat  passive  and,  in  the  vast  

majority  of  cases,  do  not  even  know  that  the  platform  exists  and  is  monitoring  

them.    

Some  authors  have  warned  against  those  technocratic  approaches  that  praise  

the  potential  of  urban  informatics  as  a  way  of  monitoring,  controlling,  and  

seamlessly  operating  the  city  (Mitchell  2005;  Foth  2009;  Greenfield  and  Shepard  

2007;  Ratti  and  Townsend  2011).  As  Ratti  and  Townsend  argued:  ‘‘Rather  than  

focusing  on  the  installation  and  control  of  network  hardware,  city  governments,  

technology  companies  and  their  urban-­‐planning  advisers  can  exploit  a  more  

ground-­‐up  approach  to  creating  even  smarter  cities  in  which  people  become  the  

agents  of  change’’  (Ratti  and  Townsend  2011,  44).  

Platforms  and  approaches  such  as  Urban  Sensing  can  easily  become  

instruments  of  control  and  surveillance  if  the  users  are  not  actively  involved  as  

participants.    In  order  to  tackle  this  risk,  the  users  first  need  to  be  aware  of  these  

platforms  and  of  how  they  can  control  their  interaction  with  them  (Galloway  

2004).  Secondly,  it  is  important  to  set  mechanisms  of  participation  that  

guarantee  that  all  city  stakeholders  have  sustained  access  to  these  platforms  as  

tools  of  expression,  investigation  and  critique.  It  is  only  when  the  city  

stakeholders  (a)  are  aware  of  the  potential  and  the  limitations  of  platforms  such  

as  Urban  Sensing,  (b)  are  in  the  conditions  of  actively  participating  and  (c)  their  

agency  is  framed  by  a  clear  intentionality,  that  they  become  agents  of  change  and  

not  passive  recipients  of  top-­‐down  approaches.  

Final  remarks  

In  a  way,  Urban  Sensing  showed  how  social  media  analyses  could  support  urban  

design,  decision-­‐making  and  administration,  but  at  present  there  are  still  serious  

shortcomings  for  these  approaches  to  be  used  as  a  tool  of  collaborative  

intervention.  The  lack  of  intentionality  on  the  users  side  is  one  of  these  

limitations  and  undermines  the  potential  of  these  approaches  in  terms  of  

widened  participation.    

References  

Ciuccarelli,  Paolo,  Giorgia  Lupi,  and  Luca  Simeone.  2014.  Visualizing  the  Data  City  -­‐  Social  Media  as  a  Source  of  Knowledge  for  Urban  Planning  and  Management.  Milan,  Heidelberg,  New  York,  Dordrecht,  London:  Springer.  

Foth,  Marcus,  ed.  2009.  Handbook  of  Research  on  Urban  Informatics :  The  Practice  and  Promise  of  the  Real-­‐Time  City.  Hershey    PA:  Information  Science  Reference.  

Galloway,  Anne.  2004.  “Intimations  of  Everyday  Life:  Ubiquitous  Computing  and  the  City.”  Cultural  Studies  18  (2-­‐3):  384–408.  doi:10.1080/0950238042000201572.  

Girardin,  Fabien,  Francesco  Calabrese,  Filippo  dal  Fiore,  Carlo  Ratti,  and  Josep  Blat.  2008.  “Digital  Footprinting:  Uncovering  Tourists  with  User-­‐Generated  Content.”  IEEE  Pervasive  Computing  7  (4):  36–43.  

Greenfield,  Adam,  and  Mark  Shepard.  2007.  Urban  Computing  and  Its  Discontents.  New  York:  The  Architectural  League  of  New  York.  

Kotov,  Alexander,  ChengXiang  Zhai,  and  Richard  Sproat.  2011.  “Mining  Named  Entities  with  Temporally  Correlated  Bursts  from  Multilingual  Web  News  Streams.”  In  Proceeding  of  WSDM  ’11,  ACM  International  Conference  on  Web  Search  and  Data  Mining,  237–46.  New  York.  

Liu,  Xiaohua,  Long  Jiang,  Furu  Wei,  Ming  Zhou,  and  QuickView  Team  Microsoft.  2011.  “QuickView:  Advanced  Search  of  Tweets.”  In  SIGIR  ’11  Proceedings  of  the  34th  International  ACM  SIGIR  Conference  on  Research  and  Development  in  Information  Retrieval,  1275–76.  New  York.  

Lupi,  Giorgia,  Paolo  Patelli,  Luca  Simeone,  and  Salvatore  Iaconesi.  2012.  “Maps  of  Babel.  Urban  Sensing  through  User  Generated  Content.”  In  Proceedings  of  Human  Cities  Symposium.  Brussels  (BE).  

Mitchell,  William  John.  2005.  Placing  Words.  Cambridge  Mass.:  MIT  Press.  Naor,  Moni,  and  Moti  Yung.  1989.  “Universal  One-­‐Way  Hash  Functions  and  Their  

Cryptographic  Applications.”  In  ACM  Symposium  on  Theory  of  Computing.  New  York.  

Ratti,  Carlo,  and  Anthony  Townsend.  2011.  “The  Social  Nexus.”  Scientific  American  September:  42–48.  

Shi,  George,  and  Ken  Barker.  2011.  “Thematic  Data  Extraction  from  Web  for  GIS  and  Application.”  In  IEEE  International  Conference  on  Spatial  Data  Mining  and  Geographical  Knowledge  Services,  273–78.  Fuzhou,  China.  

Simonsen,  Jesper,  and  Toni  Robertson,  eds.  2013.  Routledge  International  Handbook  of  Participatory  Design.  New  York:  Routledge.  

Zook,  Matthew,  and  Mark  Graham.  2007.  “Mapping  DigiPlace:  Geocoded  Internet  Data  and  the  Representation  of  Place.”  Environment  and  Planning  B:  Planning  and  Design  34  (3):  466–82.  

 

                                                                                                               i  A  more  thorough  description  of  Urban  Sensing  is  offered  in  Ciuccarelli,  Lupi,  

and  Simeone  (2014).  

ii  http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa  accessed  27  August  2014.  

iii  http://www.spatialinformationdesignlab.org/  accessed  27  August  2014.  

iv  http://senseable.mit.edu  accessed  27  August  2014.  

v  http://www.softhook.com/  accessed  27  August  2014.  

vi  http://www.artisopensource.net/  accessed  27  August  2014.  

vii  http://stamen.com/  accessed  27  August  2014.  

viii  T-­‐Connect  and  Accurat  from  Italy,  IT4All  from  France,  the  Technical  

University  of  Kosice  from  Slovakia,  Mobivery  from  Spain  and  LUST  from  the  

Netherlands.  

ix  According  to  Gartner  (June  2014),  smartphones  account  for  66%  of  all  

mobile  phone  global  sales  in  2014.  A  significant  percentage  of  population  still  

buys  phones,  which  are  not  fully  equipped  to  access  mobile  apps  and  social  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             networks.  The  Portio  Research  (March  2013)  showed  that  only  30%  of  the  

population  in  Europe  used  mobile  apps  at  the  end  of  2012.