M.Sc. GEOLOGY SYLLABUS - Pt. Lalit Mohan Sharma

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M.Sc. GEOLOGY SYLLABUS The post graduate programme will consist of four semesters: the details of which are as under

SEMESTER

Course Title COURSE TYPE

(CORE/

ELECTIVE/

SELF STUDY)

Course Codes:

C = Core, E

=Elective,

S =Self Study

CONTACT

HOURS/

WEEK

( L+T+P)

MM Credits

FIRST

SEMESTER

1. Physical Geology Core GO-211 4 + 0+ 0 100 5

2. Earth Processes Core GO-212 4 + 1+ 0 100 4

3. Structural Geology Core GO-213 4 + 0+ 0 100 4

4. Crystallography and

Mineralogy

Core GO-214 4 + 0+ 0 100 4

5. Lab Course - I Core GO-LAB-I 0 + 0+ 8 100 4

6. Lab Course – II Core GO-LAB-II 0 + 0+ 8 100 4

16 + 1+ 16 600 25

SECOND

SEMESTER

1. X-Ray Crystallography and

Optical Mineralogy

Core GO-221 4 + 0+ 0 100 5

2. Igneous Petrology Core GO-222 4 + 1+ 0 100 4

3. Sedimentology Core GO-223 4 + 0+ 0 100 4

4. Geochemistry Core GO-224 4 + 0+ 0 100 4



16 + 1+ 16 600 25

THIRD

SEMESTER

1. Palaeontology Core GO-231 4 + 0+ 0 100 5

2. Stratigraphy Core GO-232 4 + 1+ 0 100 4

3. Metamorphic Petrology Core GO-233 4 + 0+ 0 100 4

4A Remote Sensing And GIS Elective GO-234 (A)

4 + 0+ 0

100

4 4BPetroleum Geology Elective GO-234 (B)

4CCoal Geology Elective GO-234 (C)

5A Oceanography Self Study GO-235 (A)

100

2

5B Climatology Self Study GO-235 (B)

5C. Geodynamic Evolution of

India

Self Study GO-235 (C)

5D. Meteorology Self Study GO-235 (D)

5E. Geophysics Self Study GO-235 (E)



16+1+16 600 25+2

FOURTH

SEMESTER

1. Economic Geology and

Mineral Economics

Core GO-241 4 + 0+ 0 100 5

2. Mineral Exploration and

Mining Geology

Core GO-242 4 + 1+ 0 100 4

3 A Engineering Geology and

Hydrology

Elective GO-243 (A) 4 + 0+ 0 100 4

3 B Environmental Geology Elective GO-243 (B)

3 C Advanced Geomorphology Elective GO-243 (C)

4. Dissertation Core GO-244 4 + 0+ 0

100

4



16+1+16 600 25

64+4+64 2400 100+2

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Pt. L.M.S. Govt. P.G. College Rishikesh (autonomous college)

Name of Dept.: Geology

1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: I 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-211

3. COURSE TITLE: PHYSICAL GEOLOGY (Core Course)4. Credits : 5 (04 L + 01 T)

5. EXAMINATION DURATION: 3 hours

6. Maximum Marks : 70+30 (Sessional)

7. Course outcome: After this course students will be able to:

Know about the structure of universe and its origin.

Understand theories regarding the origin of solar system.

Describe all the physical phenomenon occur on the earth (like-weathering& erosion,

earthquakes, volcanoes etc).

Learn the events occur through the geological history.

Know about the geodynamics of the earth.

Know about the different plate margins and its associated tectonic setting or features.

8. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer-questions with internal choice, each

of 14 marks. Students has to attempt 5 question in all. 2 questions will be asked from each

unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units 5th question will have 4 parts one

from each unit and examinee has to attempt any 2 parts of it.

9. Main body:

Unit I Universe, Solar System and Earth : The large scale structure of the universe,

Doppler Effect, Red Shift Phenomena and the theory of an expanding universe, the

Big Bang theory, the steady state theory, theory of an oscillating universe. Concept of

galaxies, neutron stars, black holes, pulsar, quasars, Milky Way and the solar system,

the birth of the solar system and modern theories of the origin of earth and other

planetary bodies. Earth's orbital parameters, Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

Unit II Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Interior of the Earth: The nature, terminologies,

causes, effects, distribution, recording of earthquakes. Seismic waves and their types.

Internal structure of the earth, characteristics of the crust, mantle, core. Major

discontinuities of the earth. Concept and characteristics of the Lithosphere and

Asthenosphere. Volcanoes and their types, types of lavas, products of volcanic

eruptions, architecture, shape, eruptive styles.

Unit III The concept of Geologic Time: Earth history as a sequence of Geologic events, five

fundamental geologic events, Relative versus Absolute age. Physical Principles for

defining relative age, Radiometric age dating, methods of radiometric age dating,

uncertainties in accurate age dating. Fossils, conditions and modes of fossilization,

classifying life, broadly classifying fossils, evolution, macro and micro evolution,

natural selection, diversification, adaptive radiation. Extinction and causes of

extinction. Construction of the Geologic Time Scale.

Unit IV Drifting Continents and Spreading Sea Floors: Earth's gravity characteristics,

Isostasy and implications of Isostasy, Concept of Geoid and spheroid, Gravity

anomalies and Gravity anomaly pattern. Thermal structure and Heat characteristics of

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the earth, geotherms and heat flow patterns. Earth’s magnetic field, Palaeomagnetism

and apparent Polar wandering Curves, marine magnetic anomalies. Continental Drift

– Wegener’s and Taylor’s hypothesis, fit of continents, geological matching,

palaeoclimatic unity, location of past glaciations, distribution of fossils, polar

wandering curves. Objections to continental drift. Sea-floor spreading – magnetic

anomaly pattern, testimony of Iceland, Youthfulness of Islands and sea-mounts, ages

of sediments of present oceans, tearing of oceanic ridges.

Unit V The Theory of Plate Tectonics : The theory of Plate Tectonics, basic premise,

concept of lithospheric plates, Plate boundaries, types of plate boundaries,

characteristics of plate boundaries, processes occurring at plate boundaries, geologic

features at plate boundaries, mechanism and mechanics of plate motion, distribution

of earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries. Geometry of plate motion,

Causes of Plate Motion, Special locations in the Plate Mosaic – Triple junctions,

trilete patterns, aulacogens, continental breakup and evolution of continents,

subduction and plate consumption, Wadati-Benioff Zones. Plate movement and the

rock cycle.

10. Reference Books:

Fletcher,S. 2011, Physical Geology: The Science of the Earth, John Wiley and Sons.

Levin, H. 1981, Contemporary Physical Geology, Saunders College Publishing House

Marshak, S. 2014 Earth: Portrait of a Planet, W.W. Norton and Company

Murck and Skinner, Geology Today Holmes Arthur Principles of Physical Geology, ELBS

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3. COURSE TITLE: EARTH PROCESSES (Core Course)4. Credits : 4 (L)




Understand the surface and subsurface processes occur in earth.

Understand the glacier mechanism, associated landforms, erosional and depositional

processes. Effects of Climate that causes Ice age.

Understand about the surface and subsurface water bodies, its mechanics and its

forming geological landforms and features.

Understand the dynamics of atmosphere and geology of deserts.

Understand the coastal and oceanic environment and associated geological features.





9. Main body:

Unit I Weathering, Erosion and Transportation : Exogenic processes -gradation,

degradation and aggradation; Endogenetic process - diastrophism, and volcanism.

Extraterrestrial process - fall of meteorites. Weathering: physical weathering,

chemical weathering and differential weathering, factors affecting weathering,

products of weathering, Effects of weathering, formation of soil, soil profile and

mass wasting and its types. Erosion, processes of erosion – attrition, abrasion,

corrosion, corrasion. Transportation – transport processes, transport modes and

transport mechanisms, traction, saltation, suspension, flotation, solution.

Unit II The Geology of Glaciers and Palaeoclimatology : Ice- a rock made from water, the

nature of glaciers, types of glaciers, the glacier dynamics- mechanism of ice

movement through a glacier, carving and carrying by glaciers, the work of glaciers -

erosional and depositional features associated with glaciations, glaciers and glacial

landforms, interpreting glacial landscapes, response of ice environments to global

warming, consequences of glaciations, periglacial environments, oxygen isotopes as

a proxy of global climate history, mass balance of glacier, the Pleistocene Ice Age,

Ice Age – the causes, glacial interglacial cycles, orbital forcing and climate

feedbacks.

Unit III The Geology of Surface and Underground water : Runoff, formation of streams

and drainage networks (drainage patterns), drainage basins and divides, concept of

drainage system, drainage types, superposed and antecedent streams, permanent and

ephemeral streams, discharge and turbulence, the geologic work of running water –

erosion, transport and depositional processes in streams, how streams change along

their length, landforms associated with streams, rivers systems, evolution of drainage.

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Groundwater – a hidden reserve, general features of groundwater, porosity,

permeability, aquifer and their types, vertical distribution of groundwater, flow of

groundwater, factors that influence groundwater movement, major features of the

karst topography.

Unit IV Earth’s Atmosphere and the Geology of Deserts: Composition and structure of the

atmosphere, formation of the atmosphere, wind and global circulation in the

atmosphere, causes of the seasons, weather and its causes, storms- nature’s fury,

global climate. Desert and the desert environment, global atmospheric circulation,

factors that contribute to the formation of desert, types of deserts, weathering and

erosional processes in the deserts, depositional environments in the deserts, desert

landscapes, role of water in desert landscapes, life in the desert, the desert realm,

deserts in the modern era (desertification).

Unit V The Geology of Oceans and Coasts : The coastal terminology, continental

shelves, slope and rises, ocean water – composition, temperature, density, salinity,

currents, surface currents, upwelling, down welling , deep currents, coastal processes,

influences on the world’s coastlines, transformation of waves from deeper to

shallower environment, gobal wind and wave patterns, wave refraction and wave

generated currents, longshore currents and rip currents, tides and forces that generate

tides, the nature and impacts of hurricanes, effect of sea-level rise on coastlines,

coastal environments – rocky shorelines, estuaries, tidal wetlands, submergent and

emergent coasts, depositional and erosional coasts, coastal systems, coral reefs,

coastal landforms.


Fletcher,S. 2011, Physical Geology: The Science of the Earth, John Wiley and Sons.

Levin, H. 1981, Contemporary Physical Geology, Saunders College Publishing House

Marshak, S. 2014 Earth: Portrait of a Planet, W.W. Norton and Company

Murck and Skinner, Geology Today Holme Arthur Principles of Physical Geology, ELBS

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3. COURSE TITLE: STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY (Core Course) 4. Credits :4 (L)




Understand the behavior of rocks response to stress/forces.

Determine the analysis of Geometric, Kinematic, Dynamic and Kinetic

To learn various type of structural map used in geology (like-contours, topographic

and geological etc).

Know about the structural elements (bed, dip, strike, and outcrops etc.) and

instruments (brunton & clinometers) which are used in structural geology.

Know different types of geological structures (folds, faults, unconformities, joints)

Determine the shear off sense (SOS) indicators in ductile, brittle and ductile-brittle

zones.





9. Main body:

Unit I Theory of stress and strain. Analysis of stress in two and three dimensions, stress

tensor, Behavior of rocks under stress. Stress Ellipsoid. Mohr circle. States of stress

and their representation. Analysis of deformation, mechanisms of deformation.

Analysis of strain. Strain ellipsoid. Stress-strain relationships of elastic, plastic and

viscous materials. States of strain. Finite and Infinite strain, Progressive and

incremental strain.

Unit II Introduction to Geometric, Kinematic, Dynamic and Kinetic analysis. Collecting and

recording structural data. Stereographic Projection, representation of structural data,

contoured pole density diagrams, π-Diagrams and β-Diagrams and their analysis. The

Universal stage. Introduction to Petrofabric analysis, c-axis crystallographic

orientation analysis

Unit III Fold morphology. Geometric and genetic classification of folds. Mechanics and

causes of folding. Flexural slip, flexural flow and shear folding. Ramsay's

classification of folds, Interference patterns and structural analysis in areas of

Superposed folding. Structures resulting from extensional and shear deformation.

Geometric and genetic classification of fractures, faults and thrusts. Effects of

faulting on the outcrops. Mechanics of faulting.

Unit IV Classification of joints and their use in structural analysis. Unconformities their types

and criteria for their recognition. Planar (foliation, cleavage and schistosity) and

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linear structures. Cleavage and bedding relationship in the field interpretation of

folds.

Unit V Analysis of Brittle-ductile and Ductile Shear Zones. Fabric development in shear

zones, Shear sense indicators in ductile shear zones. Mylonites – Protomylonites,

Ultramylonites, pseudotachylite, SC Mylonites, б type porphyroclasts and δ-type

porphyroclasts

10. Reference Books : Ramsay, J.G. (1967): Folding and fracturing of rocks. McGraw Hill.

Turner, F.J. and Weiss, L.E. (1963): Structural analysis of Metamorphic Tectonites McGraw Hill.

Hobbs, B.E., Means, W.D. and Williams, P.F. (1976): An outline of Structural Geology. John Wiley and

Sons. New York.

Ghosh, S.K. (1993): Structural Geology: Fundamental and Modern Developments. Pergamon Press.

Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M.I.(1983): Techniques of Modern Structural Geology. Vol. I. Strain Analysis.

Academic Press.

Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M.I. (1987): Techniques of Modern Structural Geology. Vol. II. Folds and

Fractures. Academic Press.

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3. COURSE TITLE: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY (Core Course)

4. Credits : 4 (L)




Know all about the crystals and their characteristics and how crystals are distinguish

from non-crystalline substances.

Describe crystal elements and parameters

Learn method of parameter notations and crystal projection.

Describe symmetry elements and crystal system.

To learn general structure of atom and characteristics of minerals.

Describe physical, chemical, diagnostic and optical properties of some important

minerals.

Understand the basic units of silicate structure and different types of silicate structure.





9. Main body:

Unit I The nature of the crystalline state, difference between crystalline and non- crystalline

substances, crystallization and factors affecting crystallization. Concept of lattice –

space lattice, Bravais Lattice and non-Bravais Lattice, the fourteen space lattices,

reciprocal lattice, motif or basis, crystal structure, concept of unit cell, types of unit

cell, symmetry of the unit cell, the crystallographic axes, axial ratios, crystal systems,

symmetry, translational symmetry, rotation symmetry, combination of rotations,

combination of rotations and mirrors, and elements of symmetry – plane, axes and

centre of symmetry, rotoinversion, glide planes and screw axes.

Unit II Crystal Elements, 32 classes and crystal projections: Crystal elements – face,

edge, solid angles, face intercepts, Weiss symbol and Miller Indices, Illustration of

Crystal forms and habits, Hermann-Mauguin System and the Derivation and

description of thirty two classes of symmetry, Description of the seven crystal

systems. Crystal Projections, spherical projection, stereographic projection, equal area

and equiangular projections, gnomonic projections

Unit III Atomic Structure and Physical Properties of Minerals: Atomic structure,

Chemical Bonding, Comparative study of different types of bonds, Coordination

Number, Mineral chemistry, Pauling's Rules. Physical properties of minerals –

colour, streak, diaphaneity, form, luster, fracture, cleavage, hardness, specific gravity,

electrical and magnetic properties, Piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties.

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Transformation of minerals – polymorphism, polytypism and polysomatism,

pseudomorphism, isostructuralism.

Unit IV Structural Classification of Silicates I: Structure of silicates, nesosilicates,

orthosilicates, sorosilicates, single and double chain silicates, Phyllosilicates and

tectosilicates. Study of structure and group properties of Olivine, Garnet, Pyroxene,

Amphibole.

Unit V Structural Classification of Silicates II and The Genesis of Minerals: Study of structure and group properties of Mica, Silica and feldspar and oxides and

sulphides. Stability, activation energy, equilibrium, components. Introductory

thermodynamics, Mineral formation and Gibbs Phase rule, Attributes of phase rule,

Unicomponent, Bicomponent and three or more component systems.


Dana, E.S. and Ford, W.E.: A textbook of Mineralogy

Keer, W.A., Howie, R.A. & Zussman, J. : An Introduction to the rock forming minerals, ELBS and

Longman

Berry, L.G., Mason, B. and Dietrich, R.V.: Mineralogy, CBS Publishers

Phillips, F.C. Introduction to Crystallography

Kerr, P.F.: Optical Mineralogy

Moorhouse, W.W.: Optical Mineralogy

Winchell, E.N.: Elements of Optical Mineralogy

Nesse, D.W.: Optical Mineralogy, McGraw Hill.

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1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: I 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-LAB-I

3. COURSE TITLE : LAB COURSE I 4. Credits : 4

5. EXAMINATION DURATION: 8 Contact Hrs/Week


7. Course outcome:

Understanding of the characteristics of Plate Margins and their significance

Understanding of the earth processes and landforms

Understanding of geometric and kinematic analysis of structures

Understanding of crystallographic symmetry and mineralogical characteristics and

genesis of minerals

8. Main body:

1. Physical Geology:

Preparation of maps showing major physiographic features of the world and India

Preparation of maps showing the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes in the world

Seismic zonation map of India

Preparation of map showing the distribution of plates and plate boundaries and discussion

on the characteristics of the plate boundaries.

2. Earth Processes:

Study and description of the earth processes and landforms related to

Mountain and continent glaciers

Wind

River

Underground water

Coasts and oceans

3. Structural Geology:

Preparation and interpretation of Geological maps and sections.

Problems related to true and apparent dips, two-point and three point problems

Recording and plotting of the field data; Plotting and analysis of data on stereographic

projection, preparation of contoured pole density diagrams;

Structural problems based on orthographic and stereographic projections Study of the

hand specimen of deformed structures

Strain estimation from the data already collected from the field.

Study of dip-isogons from the fold profiles

4. Crystallography and Mineralogy:

Preparation of clinographic projections of crystal models and determination of symmetry

elements

Goniometer and its use in measuring interfacial angle of crystals and calculation of axial ratio

Representation of symmetry elements of crystals belonging to 32 classes of symmetry and study

of their stereograms

Clinographic projections of crystals

Identification of hand specimen of minerals based on physical properties

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1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: I 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-LAB-II

3. COURSE TITLE : LAB COURSE II 4. Credits : 4



7. Course outcome:

Student will be analyse and interpret toposheets

Students will be able to make and deliver presentations in an interactive way

Review literature and prepare summary of research papers

Undertake group filed projects

8. Main body:

1. Reading and analysis of topographic maps.

2. Presentation of seminars on specially assigned topics.

3. Presentation of term papers on specially assigned topics

Review of literature, Reading and systematic organization of Books and Research

Papers

Preparation of abstract cards and summary of research papers

4. Group discussion and group field projects

5. Field work

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1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: II 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-221

3 COURSE TITLE: X-Ray Crystallography And Optical Mineralogy (Core Course)

4. Credits : 5 (04 L + 01 T) 5. Examination Duration: 3 hours



Know all about the crystals and their characteristics.

Know about the different internal structure of crystals through X-Rays.

Understand the internal arrangements of atom and basis in crystal.

Understand the twinning of crystals and crystal defects.

Describe symmetry elements and crystal system.

Determine the optical properties of minerals by using polarizing microscope.

Know the basic components and principles of Scanning and Transmission Electron

And Electron Probe Micro Analyser and their applications

8. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer-questions with internal choice,

each of 14 marks. Students has to attempt 5 question in all. 2 questions will be asked

from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units 5th question will have 4

parts one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any 2 parts of it.

9. Main body:

Unit I X-Ray Crystallography: Introduction to X-ray crystallography and its uses, how

does x-ray crystallography work, requirements for x-ray crystallography, the basic

mechanics of the working process, X-ray infrastructure, X-ray spectra, X-ray

diffraction, microscope versus x-ray diffraction, phase problems, diffraction patterns,

Steps in the determination of crystal structure, Diffraction effects and the Bragg

Equation, de Broglie equation and theory, Laue Method, Other single crystal

methods, Powder Method, X-ray Powder Diffractometer, determination of lattice and

unit cell, Diffraction data collection, diffraction geometry, indexing and integration,

electron density maps, limitations of x-ray crystallography,

Unit II Twinning in Crystals and Crystal Deffects: Introduction, twin elements, symmetry

elements that define twinning, twin laws, composition surface, types of twinning :

contact twins, penetration twins, repeated or multiple twins, polysynthetic twins,

cyclical twins. Origin of twinning: growth twins, transformation twins, deformation

twins, Common twin laws: Triclinic system- albite law, pericline law, Monoclinic

system – swallow-tail twin, Manebach Twin, Baveno twin, Carlsbad twin,

Orthorhombic system: cyclical twins, staurolite law, Tetragonal system: cassiterite

and rutile, hexagonal system – calcite twins, quartz twins- Brazil law, Dauphine law,

Japanese law, Isometric system: Spinel law and iron cross. Crystal Defects:

introduction, lattice defects, point defect- interstitials, Frenkel defect, Schottky defect

, linear defect: dislocations, planar defect: grain boundaries, polycrystalline

materials, defects in plastic deformation and fracture.

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Unit III Optical Mineralogy I : Principles of optical mineralogy: nature of light, reflection,

refraction, determination of refractive index, total reflection, critical angle,

Introduction to the petrological microscope. Components and principles of the

polarizing petrological microscope, adjusting the polarizing microscope, Study of

important optical properties in plane polarized light and between crossed nicols, such

as relief, refractive index, cleavage, fracture, twinkling, retardation, birefringence,

pleochroism, interference colour, Extinction, types of extinction, extinction angle, and

twinning including twin laws, of common rock forming minerals. Determination of

Vibration Directions. Optic orientation and Determination of Pleochroic schemes for

uniaxial and biaxial minerals

Unit IV Optical Mineralogy II: The Optical Indicatrix – Isotropic, Uniaxial and Biaxial

Indicatrix; Determination of optical Characteristics under the orthoscope and the

conoscope; determination of length character, 2V and 2E, determination of sign of

elongation, Optic sign determination of uniaxial and biaxial minerals; Interference

figures of uniaxial and biaxial minerals, Optical Accessories – quartz wedge, Gypsum

Plate and Mica Plate, Dispersion.

Unit V Concepts of crystal field theory and mineralogic spectroscopy: Colour of

minerals, crystal field transitions and crystal field theory, molecular orbital (charge

transfer) transitions, colour centres, other causes of colours. Components and

principles of Scanning and Transmission Electron microscopes and their applications

in the identification of minerals; the Electron Probe Micro Analyser: its components,

principles and use in the understanding of mineral chemistry.

Reference Books :

Dana, E.S. and Ford, W.E.: A textbook of Mineralogy

Keer, W.A., Howie, R.A. & Zussman, J. : An Introduction to the rock forming minerals, ELBS and

Longman

Berry, L.G., Mason, B. and Dietrich, R.V.: Mineralogy, CBS Publishers

Phillips, F.C. Introduction to Crystallography

Kerr, P.F.: Optical Mineralogy

Moorhouse, W.W.: Optical Mineralogy

Winchell, E.N.: Elements of Optical Mineralogy

Nesse, D.W.: Optical Mineralogy, McGraw Hill.

.

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3 COURSE TITLE: Igneous Petrology (Core Course) 4. Credits : 4 (L)

5 EXAMINATION DURATION: 3 hours

6 Maximum Marks : 70+30 (Sessional)

7 Course outcome: After this course students will be able to:

Understand the characteristics, composition, structures and mode of occurrence of

igneous bodies.

Understand the Interlocking pattern of mineral grains which results classifying

different types of igneous rocks and its associated textures

Determine the pressure and temperature conditions of minerals and compositional

variation by using Phase rule.

Crystallization behavior of minerals by decreasing temperature –Bowen’s principle

Understand the processes of magma generation and its evolution in different tectonic

environment.

Analysis the peterochemistry and petrogenesis of major igneous rocks found in India.

8 Note: The question paper consists of five long answer-questions with internal choice,

each of 14 marks. Students has to attempt 5 question in all. 2 questions will be asked from

each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units 5th question will have 4 parts

one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any 2 parts of it.

9 Main body:

Unit I Classification, Nomenclature, Structures and Field Relations of Igneous Rocks:

Introduction to Igneous Petrology, pressure and temperature variations with depth;

Igneous Rocks – general characteristics, chemical composition, mineral composition,

Magma: Its physics, nature, magmatic temperatures, densities and viscosities;

Compositional terms and classification of igneous rocks. IUGS classification of

the igneous rocks. Igneous Structures and field relationships: extrusive or volcanic

processes, products and landforms; intrusive or plutonic processes and bodies.

Unit II Textures of igneous rocks: importance of textures, attributes of textures, rate of

cooling, crystallinity, granularity, shape, fabric, mutual relationships. Primary

Textures: rates of nucleation, growth and diffusion; nucleation at preferred sites,

crystal morphology determined by rate determining growth processes, compositional

zoning, crystallization sequence, magmatic reaction and resorption, differential

movement of crystal and melts, cumulate textures, primary twinning, volcanic

textures, pyroclastic textures. Secondary Textures: post magmatic changes,

polymorphic transformations, secondary twinning, exsolution, secondary reactions

and replacement, deformation.

Unit III Phase Equilibrium in Magmatic Systems: Crystallization behavior of natural

magmas, phase equilibrium and the phase rule; Unicomponent systems (SiO2 and

H2O systems); Binary Systems: binary system with complete solid solutions (Ab-An

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system); binary eutectic system (Di-An system); binary peritectic system (Fo-Si

system); Alkali feldspar system. Ternary Systems : Ternary eutectic system (Di-Fo-

An system); Ternary Peritectic system (Fo-An-Si system); Ternary systems with solid

solutions (Di-Ab-An systems); systems with more than three components. Bowen's

Reaction Series, the effects of pressure on melting behavior, the effects of fluids on

melting behavior.

Unit IV The Generation, Diversification and Evolution of Magmas: The generation of

magmas in their source regions, boundary conditions, mechanisms of melting,

melting as a result of decrease in pressure, melting as a result of addition of volatiles,

melting as a result of heat transfer from rising magma, causes of primary variation.

Petrology and melting of mantle. Generation of magmas in different tectonic

environments, Diversification of Magmas- Magmatic Differentiation: crystal

fractionation, liquid immiscibility and liquid fractionation; Assimilation: assimilation

with melting, assimilation without melting, reactions of magma and contaminant,

characteristics of contaminated rocks; Zone Melting and Mingling of magmas.

Unit V Petrology and petrogenesis of major igneous rock types, giving Indian examples, of

Ultramafic, Basaltic, Granitic, Alkaline, Ophiolite, Carbonatite, Nephelinite-Ijolilte,

Lammproits, and Layered igneous rocks.

Reference Books:

Bose, M.K., 1997. Igneous Petrology, World Press, Kolkata.

Best, Myron G., 2002. Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Blackwell Science.

Cox, K.G., Bell, J.D. and Pankhurst, R.J.,1993: The Interpretation of Igneous Rocks. Champman & Hall,

London.

Faure, G. Origin of Igneous Rocks, Springer.

Hall,A., 1997 Igneous Petrology, Longman.

LeMaitre, R.W., 2002. Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms, Cambridge University

Press.

McBirney, 1994. Igneous Petrology, CBS Publishers, Delhi.

Phillpotts, A.R., 1994. Pri;nciples of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Prentice Hall of India.

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3. COURSE TITLE: SEDIMENTOLOGY (Core Course) 4. Credits : 4(L)



7 Course outcome: Course outcome: After this course students will be able to:

Understand the processes involve in sedimentation through denudation to

transportation to lithification and successively diagenetic changes occur in

sedimentary rock.

Classify the different types of sedimentary rocks and its characteristics which help to

interpret the particular sedimentary environment of that rock

Classify the sedimentary rocks by studying the textures and structures of sedimentary

rocks.

Understand the different conditions in different sedimentary environments and its

associated facies.

Know the mechanism of formation of sedimentary basins and how they are evolved.

8 Note: The question paper consists of five long answer-questions with internal choice, each


unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units 5th question will have 4 parts one from

each unit and examinee has to attempt any 2 parts of it.

9 Main body:

Unit I Origin, transportation, deposition and formation of sedimentary rocks: Products

of weathering; Sediments: origin. Transportation and deposition of siliciclastic

sediment: fundamentals of fluid flow, flow regimes and processes of sediment

transport, particle transport by fluids, particle transport by sediment gravity flows.

Deposition of non-siliciclastic sediments. Sediment to rock: lithification and

diagenesis: major diagenetic processes, the diagenetic environment, major controls

on diagenesis, major effects of diagenesis. Broad classification of sedimentary

rocks.

Unit II Composition and classification of sedimentary rocks: Composition, textures and

classification of Rudaceous rocks; Composition, textures and classification of

Arenaceous rocks, provenance and tectonic setting; constituents, classification and

diagenesis of argillaceous rocks; Mineralogy, textures and classification of carbonate

rocks; composition and structural classification of evaporites, classification and

mineralogy of siliceous rocks, Iron bearing sedimentary rocks, sedimentary

phosphorites and carbonaceous sedimentary rocks.

Unit III Sedimentary textures and structures: Sedimentary Textures: Grain size, methods

of measuring and expressing grain size, graphical and mathematical treatment of

17

grain size data, use and interpretation of grain size data; Particle shape: particle form,

roundness, sphericity, surface textures, shape analysis; Fabric: grain orientation, grain

packing and grain-to-grain relations. Sedimentary Structures: classification of

primary sedimentary structures, erosional, transportation, depositional and biogenic

structures, Lebenspurren, stromatolites. Interpretation of sedimentary structures.

Unit IV Sedimentary Environments: definition scope and concept of sedimentary

environments, environmental parameters, sedimentary proceses and products,

Sedimentary facies and environments, Basic tools of environmental analysis,

classification of depositional environments; Facies models. reconstruction of

paleoenvironments. Continental environments: fluvial system, eolian desert system,

glacial system. Marginal-marine environments: Deltaic, Beach and barrier island,

Estuarine and tidal flat systems. Marine environment: the neritic environment and

oceanic systems.

Unit V Sedimentary Basin Analysis: Fundamentals of Basin Formation. Classification

schemes of sedimentary basins, mechanism and mechanics of basin formation and

evolution of sedimentary basins. Tectonics and sedimentation: sedimentation and

plate tectonics; Controls on sediment accumulation, Basins related to lithospheric

extension, Basins related to subduction, Basins related to crustal loading, Basins

related to strike-slip tectonics, Complex and hybrid basins, The record of tectonics in

stratigraphy, Sedimentary basin analysis.

Reference Books:

Blatt, H., Middleton, G.V. and Murray, R.C. (1980): Origin of Sedimentary Rocks,Prentice-Hall Inc.

Collins, J.D., and Thompson, D.B. (1982): Sedimentary Structures. George Allen & Unwin, London.

Lindholm, R.C. (1987) A Practical Approach to Sedimentology. Allen & Unwin, London.

Miall, A.D. (2000): Principles of Basin Analysis, Sjpringer-Verlag.

Pettijohn;, F.J. (1975): Sedimentary Rocks. 3rd Edn. Harper and Row Publ., New Delhi.

Reading, H.G. (1997): Sedimentary Environments and facies, Blackwell Scientific Publication.

Reineck, H.E. and Singh, I.B. (1973): Depositional Sedimentary Environments. Springer-Verlag.

Selley, R. C. (2000) Applied Sedimentology, Academic Press.

Tucker, M.E. (1981): Sedimentary Petrology: An Introduction, Wiley & Sons, New York.

Tucker, M.E. (1990): Carbonate Sedimentolgy, Blackwell Scientific Publication.

18




3 COURSE TITLE: Geochemistry (Core Course) 4. Credits: 4 (L)




Introduce to geochemisty and it’s scope and its role in the understanding of

geochronology and its relation with other branches

Describe the abundance of elements in the universe and interpret the data and

Understand geochemical evolution of universe.

Discuss the significance of major, trace and rare earth elements in rocks and its

contribution in deciphering the genesis of rocks

8. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer-questions with internal

choice, each of 14 marks. Students has to attempt 5 question in all. 2 questions will be asked



9. Main body:

Unit I Geochemistry, Cosmic abundance, Nucleosynthesis and Element Origins:

Introduction to Geochemistry, objectives of Geochemistry, Principles of

geochemistry, analytical methods in geochemistry. Abundance of elements: Cosmic

abundance of elements, Solar system abundances of elements, Cosmological

nucleosynthesis, nucleosynthesis in stellar interiors and the origin of elements,

abundance of elements in the crust , mantle and core, primary differentiation,

Meteorites: classification, mineralogy and origin of meteorites; meteorites as

essential clues to the beginning,

Unit II Periodic table, Crystal Chemistry and Chemical Reactions: Geochemical

classification of elements. Periodic table: characteristics of the periodic table,

periodic properties and trends Crystal Chemistry: Atomic structure, Rutherford-

Bohr model, Quantum numbers, Aufbau principle, Hund's Rule of maximum

multiplicity, Chemical behavior of elements. Chemical bonding: Ionic bonding,

crystal structure of silicates, ionic substitution in minerals; covalent bonding, metallic

bonding, Vander Waals bonding, comparison of bond types. Chemical Reactions:

Basic Thermodynamic Concepts, Thermodynamics of Solutions, Geothermometry

and Geobarometry, Reactions Involving Aqueous Solutions, Oxidation–Reduction

Reactions, Kinetics of Chemical Reactions.

19

Unit III Major, Minor and Trace Element Geochemistry: Major and minor elements in the

crust of the earth, normative minerals, variation diagrams, using variation diagrams to

model magmatic events. Trace Elements: Definition of Trace Elements, Sites for

Trace Elements (TE) in Minerals, Thermodynamic Consideration of TE Solid

Solutions, Partition Coefficient, Ionic Model for Bonding and the Role of Ionic Radii

in Understanding the Partitioning of Trace Elements Between Phases, Nomenclature

for Trace Element Classification: Siderophile elements, Chalcophile elements,

Lithophile clements, Atmophile elements, Compatible and Incompatible elements,

Large Ion Lithophile, High Field Strength Elements, Models for solid-melt processes,

rare earth elements, Determination of Partition Coefficients, Trace Element

Abundance Variations in Simple Melt-Solid Systems, Fractional Crystallization,

Fractional Melting, Spider diagrams, application of trace elements to igneous

systems, geochemical criteria for discriminating between tectonic environments.

Behaviour of trace elements during partial melting and magmatic crystallization.

Unit IV Isotope Geochemistry: Stable isotopes, advantages of stable isotopes, isotopic

fractionation: causes, mechanisms, types, fractionation factor. Stable isotope

geochemistry of oxygen, carbon and sulphur; evaporation and condensation

processes. Radiogenic isotopes: Radioactive decay, principles of radioactive

geochronology, Radiogenic isotopes. Decay scheme of K-Ar, U-Pb and Rb-Sr and

Sm – Nd. Radiometric dating of single minerals and whole rocks. Isotopic ratios as

Petrogenetic indicators.

Unit V Geochemical cycles: Introduction to the chemical composition and properties of

Earth’s layers, evolution of atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. Geosphere-

hydrosphere-atmosphere-biosphere interaction, Concepts of biogeochemical cycle,

global biogeochemical cycles-carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, water

cycles. Mineral stability in Eh-Ph diagrams. Sampling procedures and introduction

to analytical techniques. A brief introduction to geochemistry of natural waters.

Introduction to sedimentary geochemistry. Geochemical processes involved in rock

weathering and soil formation. Principles of ionic substitution in minerals.

20



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: II 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-LAB-I

3 COURSE TITLE : LAB COURSE I 4. Credits : 4

5 Examination Duration: 8 Contact Hrs/Week


7 Course Outcome:

Understand X-ray crystallographic techniques

Techniques of optical mineralogy and universal stage

Mineralogical and textural analysis of igneous and sedimentary rocks

Complete exercise on geochemistry

8 Main body

1. X-ray Crystallography and Optical mineralogy:

Microscope versus x-ray diffraction, Study and interpretation of diffraction patterns

Study of determination of crystal structure, determination of lattice and unit cell

Interpretation of Diffraction data, diffraction geometry, indexing and integration, electron

density maps

Study of minerals in thin sections

Determination of length fast and length-slow characters of minerals

Scheme of pleochroism and absorption of a given mineral in thin section

Determination of extinction angle and composition of plagioclase.

Study of interference figures of uniaxial and biaxial crystals, determination of optic signs.

Study of dispersion in minerals

2. Igneous Petrology:

Characterisation of igneous rocks, textures & structures: Mineralogical and Textural

analysis of different igneous rocks in hand specimen

Characterisation of following rock types under microscope : Mineralogical and textural analysis

of different igneous rocks in thin sections

Ultrabasic Rocks

Basic igneous rocks

Intermediate igneous rocks

Acid Igneous Rocks

Alkaline igneous rocks.

CIPW normative calculation for igneous rocks

3. Sedimentology:

Study of Clastic and Non-clastic Rocks in Hand Specimens.

Grain-size Analysis by sieving Method: Plotting of size-distribution data as Frequency

and Cumulative Curves; Computation of Statistical Parameters and Interpretation.

Microscopic Examination of Important Rock-types.

21

Study Assemblages of Sedimentary Structures and their Palaeoenvironmental

significance. Palaeocurrent Analysis.

Study of Vertical Profile Sections of some Selected Sedimentary Environment.

4. Geochemistry:

Plotting of chemical data on variation diagrams.

Problems related to seismic, geomagnetic, gravity data & its interpretation

Problems related to use of isotopic methods & determinations of age of the rocks.

Preparation and interpretation of geochemical maps; Rock/ sediments/ water/ soil analysis;

Rapid analyses of rocks for determination of major oxides by volumetric/

gravimetric/colorimetric methods.

22



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: II 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-LAB-II

3. COURSE TITLE: LAB COURSE II 4. Credits: 4



7 Course Outcome:

Students will be able execute wet and dry geochemical analytical techniques

Prepare oriented thin sections

Analyze and synthesize research data

8 Main body

1. Field mapping techniques

2. Introduction to the use of instrumental techniques of analyses of rocks, soils & water.

a. Spectrophotometry

b. Flame photometry

c. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

d. High Performance Ion Chromatography

3. Preparation of thin sections



Review of literature

Critical Analysis and synthesis of research data

Statistical analysis


7. Field work

23



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: III 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-231

3. COURSE TITLE: PALAEONTOLOGY (Core Course) 4. Credits : 5 (04 L + 01 T)



7 Course outcome:

Know the evidences towards the presence or absence of life in Archean time.

Understand the evolution of multicellular life in Precambrian to complex life in

palaeozoic.

Understand the diversification of invertebrates in Paleozoic era.

Understand the morphological changes, evolutionary trend and geological history of

trilobites, graptolites, molluscs, echinoids etc.

Know the origin of vertebrate life and their evolutionary trends from fishes to

mammals, their adaptation and migration from ocean to land.

Understand the evolutionary history of Dinosaurs, Horse, elephant and man.

Understand the different types of plant fossils their paleohabitat, paleoclimatic

conditions, and their migration.

Get brief idea about microfossils.





9 Main body:

Unit I Precambrian life: Archaean life: First life on earth, Stromatolites, microorganisms

in chert, difficulties in identification of earliest fossils. Proterozoic life: Progressive

evolutionary changes, appearance of multicellular organisms, direct and indirect

evidence for the first multicelled life, development of life forms through Precambrian

Ediacara Biota: Stratigraphic setting, Description, Palaeocology, Comparison of

Ediacara with other late Precambrian Biotas. Geological history and stratigraphic

significance of Ediacara fauna and Burgess shale fauna. Ichnofossils: introduction,

types and applications in paleoenvironmental interpretation. Major events in the

history of life on earth.

Unit II Invertebrate Palaeontology: Palaeoecology, Functional Morphology, classification

evolutionary trends and Geological history of Graptolites, Trilobites, Brachiopods,

Molluscs (Bivalves, Gastropods and Cephalopods), Echinoids and Corals.

Graptolites – classification, biological affinities, evolution in the shape of

rhabdosomes - proximal end -thecal structure, graptolite faunal provinces,

graptolites as stratigraphical indicators.

Trilobites – classification, ontogenic developments, evolution, enrollment and

coaptative structures, cephalic sutures and vision in trilobites. Faunal

provinces and stratigraphical use of trilobites.

24

Brachiopoda – classification, ontogeny, evolutionary history, ecology, faunal

provinces and stratigraphical use of brachiopods.

Mollusca – classification, evolution and ecology of bivalves, cephalopods and

gastropods. Predation of molluscs.

Echinoderms – classification, morphological characters and evolution in

echinoids, earliest echinoderms and their radiations.

Cnidarians – classification, evolution and ecology of rugosa and tabulate

corals. Geological use of corals as stratigraphical indicators and as

geochronometers.

Unit III Vertebrate Palaeontology: Origin of vertebrates; general characters of vertebrates;

function and evolution of bone and teeth. Nature of vertebrate fossil record, methods

of collection and preparation of vertebrate fossils; vertebrate life through ages and

important landmarks in their evolution. Classificatory characters and divisions of

vertebrates at the level of class; the vertebrate transition from water to land. Trends of

evolution of fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Aves and Mammals. Evolutionary history

of man, horse and elephant.

Dinosaurs :Endothermy versus ectothermy in dinosaurs; extinction of

dinosaurs.Palaeobiogeographic significance of Gondwana and Deccan

intertrappean vertebrates of India.

Man: Interrelationships of major groups of primates; evolution of man and

lithic cultures associated with various stages of human evolution.

Horse: Cenozoic distribution of horses; classic trends in the evolution of

horses; evolutionary implications of climatic changes.

Elephant: Evolution of proboscideans; Pleistocene extinction of mammoths.

Siwalik vertebrate faunal changes and their relation to tectonic and eustatic

events.

Unit IV Palaeobotany: Origin and highlights in the evolution of plants; dispersal and

migration of plants. Modes of preservation of plant fossils; modern techniques used in

palaeobotanical studies, classification of plants. Application of palaeobotany in

biostratigraphic correlation and palaeoclimatic studies; dendrochronology Study of

flora of past geological periods with special reference to Gondwana flora of India:

Gondwana flora and its significance, evolution and distribution. Palynology: General

morphology of spores and pollens, classification of spores and pollens, techniques of

pollen analysis - maceration techniques; a brief account on the classification,

biological affinities, distribution and ecology

Unit V Micropalaeontology: Microfossils- Introduction, microfossil record, important

microfossils; sampling, techniques for the separation of microfossils from the matrix,

preparation and mounting of microfossils. Types of microfossils, use of microfossils

in the interpretation of seafloor tectonism, Palaeoenvironmental, palaeogeographic

and palaeoclimatic interpretation. Economic significance of microfossils

Ostracodes: Morphology of ostrocodes, ornamentation and orientation of the

carapace, classification of Ostracoda

Foraminifera: Morphology of the test, test and its fossilization, composition

and classification,

25

Siliceous microfossils: Radiolaria-living radiolarians, classification,

distribution and ecology, radiolarians and sedimentology, geological history

Diatoms-general history, classification, ecology

Calcareous microfossils: Composition of conodonts, conodont apparatus and

assemblages, biological affinities and general history of conodonts,

morphometrics and analysis of shape in conodonts

Reference Books: Raup, D.M. and Stanley, S.M. (1985) Principles of Palaeontology (CBS Publications)

Clarksons, E.N.K. (1998) Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution

Boardman, R.S. Cheethan, A.M. & Rowell, A.J. (1988) Fossil Invertebrates (Blackwell)

Strean, C.W. and Carroll, R.L. (1989) Palaeontology – the record of life (John Wiley)

Smith, A.B.(1994) Systematics & Fossil Record – Documenting Evolutionary Patterns (Blackwell)

Prothero, D.R. (1998) Bringing Fossil to Life – An Introduction to Palaeontology (McGraw Hill)

Horowitz, A.S. & Potter, E.D. (1971) Introductory Petrography of Fossils (Springer Verlag)

Mayr, E. (1971) Population, Species and Evolution (Harvard)

Dobzhansky, Ayala, Stebbins & Valentine (1977) - Evolution (Freeman)

Romer, A.S. 1966 Vertebrate Paleontology (3rd edition). Chicago University Press

Carroll, R.L. 1988 Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W.H. Freeman and Company

Colbert, E.H. 1955 Evolution of Vertebrates. John Wiley & Sons

Lull, R.S. 1976 Organic Evolution. Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc

Benton, M.J. 1990 Vertebrate Palaeontology. Unwin Hyman Ltd

Doyle, P. 1996 Understanding of Fossils. John Wiley and Sons Ltd

Fastovsky, D.E. & 1996 The evolution and extinction of dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press

Weishampel, D.B. .

Shukla, A.C. 1975 Essentials of Palaeobotany. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd

& Mishra, S.P.

Tschudy, R.H. 1969 Aspects of Palynology. John Wiley & Sons

& Scott, R.A.

Briggs, D.E.G 2001 Palaeobiology II. Blackwell Science Ltd

& Crowther, P.R.

Quaternary Environmental Micropaleontology (Ed. Simon K. Haslett) Arnold; Oxford University

Press, New York Year. 2002

Elements of Micropaleontology by G. Bignot; Grahm and Trottman, London. Year 1985

Microfossils by M.D. Braiser; Geogrge Allen and Unwin, Year 1980

Micropaleontology in Petroleum exploration by R. W. Jones . Clarendon Press Oxford, 1996

Elements of Dynamic Oceanography by David Tolmazin. Allen and Unwin Year 1985

Oceanography; A view of the Earth by M. Grant Gross. Prentice Hall, Year 1977

Global Warming by John Houghton, Cambridge Univ. Press. Year 1997

Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology, by Haq and Boersma , Elsevier Year 1978

Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera: A phylogenetic Atlas, by Kennett and Srinivasan, Hutchinson

Ross, USA, 1983

26




3 COURSE TITLE: STRATIGRAPHY (Core Course) 4. Credits : 4 (L)




Know the different types of stratigraphy.

Describe the different succession of India through geological time.

Understand the divisions of Precambrian shield of India and Precambrian succession

of India.

Understand stratigraphy of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations of India.

Determine the characteristics of marine, coastal, terrestrial etc. facies of each

geological succession of India.

Understand the extra-peninsular stratigraphy through geological history.

Interpret the stratigraphy boundary problems between different GSSP.





9 Main body:

Unit I Recent developments in stratigraphic classification. Lithostratigraphic,

biostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic, magnetic stratigraphic and seismic stratigraphic

subdivisions. Methods of stratigraphic correlation of fossiliferous and unfossiliferous

rocks including Shaw's Graphic correlation. Concept of Sequence and Quantitative

Stratigraphy. Stratification, lateral, vertical and thickness variations and facies

variations. Code of stratigraphic nomenclature – Stratotypes, Global Boundary

Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP). Geological time scale

Unit II Precambrian Stratigraphy: Evolution of Indian shield – major Precambrian belts of

India and their tectonic setting. Precambrian geochronology. Chronostratigraphy of

the Precambrian of Western and Eastern Dharwar Craton, Eastern Ghats Belt,

Southern Granulite Belt, Bhandara Craton, and Singhbhum-Chhotanagpur-Orissa

Belt. Proterozoic stratigraphy of Delhi Supergroup, Son Valley, Cuddapah-Kurnool,

Chatisgarh basins and Vindhyan Supergroup

Unit III Phanerozoic Stratigraphy: Marine Palaeozoic formations of India, their distribution,

succession, fauna and correlation. Gondwanaland – concept of Gondwana and the

occurrence of Gondwana outcrops in peninsular and extrapeninsular region of India.

Age limits, flora and climatic fluctuations during the Gondwana period. Marine

transgressions and regressions during Mesozoic and the development of coastal facies

in India. Mesozoic succession of Peninsular India (Kutch, Saurashtra, Rajasthan,

Uttatur, Trichinipoly, Ariyalur), Cretaceous volcanism in the peninsular part and its

27

impact on fauna and flora. Cenozoic rocks of Andaman and Nicobar, Cauvery and

Godavari basins

Unit IV Himalayan Stratigraphy: Precambrian of Tethyan basement-Salkhala, Vaikrita and

Bhimphedi Groups. Precambrians of lesser Himalaya Simla Group, Lesser Himalayan

sedimentary belt of Uttarakhand. Tectonic history and Palaeozoic life. Palaeozoic,

Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequences of Extra peninsular India, Siwalik Group, its

classification, Tertiary of Assam and fauna. Pleistocene climatic fluctuations in India.

Unit V Major Boundary Problems: Stratigraphic boundary: how are they defined, factors

to be considered, Archaean-Proterozoic, Precambrian-Cambrian, Permian-Triassic,

Cretaceous-Tertiary and Pliocene-Pliestocene

Books Recommended

Dunbar, C.O. and Rodgers, J. (1957) Principles of Stratigraphy. John Viley & Sons.

Naqvi, S.M. and Rogers, J.J.W. (1987) Precambrian Geology of India. Oxford UniversityPress

Krishnan,M.S. (1982) Geology of India and Burma. C.B.S. Publishers & Distributors, Delhi

Pascoe, E.H. (1968) A Manual of the Geology of India & Burma (Vols.I-IV) Govt. Of India Press,

Delhi

Pomerol, C. (1982) The Cenozoic Era? Tertiary and Quaternary. Ellis Harwood Ltd., Halsted Press

Schoch, Robert, M. (1989) Stratigraphy: Principles and Methods, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New

York

Doyle, P. & Bennett. M.R. (1996) Unlocking the Stratigraphic Record (John Villey)

Weller Stratigraphic Principles and Practice

Ravinder Kumar Fundamentals of Historical Geology

Alen Goodwin Principles of Precambrian Geology

Naqvi & Rogers Precambrian Geology of India

G S I Misc. Publ. No.20

28




3. Course Title: Metamorphic Petrology (Core Course) 4. Credits : 4(L)




Understand the role of temperature, pressure and fluids in metamorphisms and various

grades of metamorphism.

Distinguished the domain of metamorphism between sedimentation and melting.

Interpret the zones of metamorphism in field by plotting the isograds.

Understand the textures and structures of metamorphic rocks.

Understand the applications of Thermodynamics in metamorphic reactions.

Understand the genesis of metamorphic facies in different terrain in different physical

and chemical conditions.

Understand the differentiation of metamorphic minerals. Origin of migmatites.

Determine the pressure-temperature conditions of rocks through its journey by using PTT

path.

Know about the characteristics, mineralogy, genesis and classification of major

metamorphic rocks/facies.





9 Main body:

Unit I Metamorphism, Factors of metamorphism, Role of temperature, pressure and fluids in

metamorphism Types of metamorphism, Ocean floor metamorphism and its types.

Shock metamorphism zones, metamorphic grades; Mineralogical Phase Rule for

Closed and Open Systems. Isograds and Reaction Isograds, Schrienemakers Rule

and Construction of Petrogenetic Grids, Composition-paragenesis diagrams, ACF and

AKF diagrams, AFM projections.

Unit II Metamorphic textures and structures. Laws of Thermodynamics, Gibb’s Free –

Energy, Entropy, G of Metamorphic Reactions (Solid-Solid and Dehydration

Reactions). Clausius – Clapeyron Equation, Geothermobarometry.Metamorphic

reactions, exsolution reactions, oxidation-reduction, polymorphic transition, solid-

solid, solid-gas application to geothermo-barometry.

Unit III Concept of metamorphic facies with special significance to its application to

regionally metamorphosed terrains, Systematic description description of each Facies

of Low – Medium to High – Pressure and Very High -Pressure with special reference

29

to characteristic Minerals, subdivision into Zones/Subfacies, Mineral Assemblages,

Progressive, contact and regional metamorphism of quartzofelspathic, argillaceous

and basic igneous rocks.

Unit IV Metamorphic Differentiation, Anatexis and Characters, types and origin of

Migmatites in the light of experimental studies, Metamorphic Fluids, Mass

Transport and Metasomatism: nature of metamorphic fluids, role of fluids in

metamorphism, metasomatic processes, Thompson’s metasomatic column, changes

associated with metasomatism

Unit V Regional Metamorphism and Paired Metamorphic Belts and their significance;

Pressure – Temperature-time paths in regional metamorphism, plate tectonics and

metamorphism, metamorphism associated with different types of plate margins,

Mineralogy, texture, chemical composition, types and petrogenesis of Amphibolites;

Characters, composition, classification and genesis of Eclogites. Characters,

composition, types and origin of Charnockites.

10. Books Recommended

Winter, J.D. 2001 An introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Prentice Hall.

Philpotts, A.R. 1994 Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Prentice Hall.

Bucher, K. and Martin, F. 2002 Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, Springer – Verlag, 7th Revised

Edition.

Yardlley, B.W.D. 1989 An introduction to Metamorphic Petrology, Longman Scientific &

Technical, New York.

Spear, F. S. 1993 Mineralogical Phase Equilibria and pressure – temperature – time Paths,

Mineralogical Society of America.

Powell, R. 1978 Equilibrium thermodynamics in Petrology: An Introduction, Harper & Row

Publishers, London.

Wood, B.J. and Fraser, D.G. 1976: Elementary Thermodynamics for Geologists, Oxford University

Press, London.

Rastogy, R.P. and Mishra, R.R. 1993: An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics, Vikash

Publishing House.

Yardley, B.W.D., Mackenzie, W.S. and Guilford, C. 1995 Atlas of Metamorphic Rocks and their

textures, Longman Scientific & Technical, England.

Spry, A. 1976 Metamorphic Textures, Pergamon Press.

Blatt, H. and Tracy, R.J. 1996 Petrology (Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic), W.H. Freeman &

Co., New York.

Kerr, P.F. 1959 Optical Mineralogy, McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., New York.

Turner, F.J. Metamorphic Petrology

Bhaskar Rao, B. Metamorphic Petrology

Best, M.G. Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology

Bowes, D.R. Encyclopedia of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology

Yardley, B.W. An Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology

Bucher, K & Frey, M. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks

30



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: III 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-234(A)

3. COURSE TITLE: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS (Elective Course) 4. Credits : 4




Understand the basic elements, principles, and process involved in remote sensing,

aerial photography and GIS.

Understand different types of Indian and foreign space programs.

Interpret aerial photographs and satellites images.





9 Main body:

Unit I Principles of Remote Sensing Introduction and scope of remote sensing in

assessment and evaluation of natural resources, developments of remote sensing,

advantages and limitations of remote sensing. Stages and steps in remote sensing,

active and passive remote sensing, Define the basic principles of satellite remote

sensing: Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and electromagnetic spectrum, earth and

atmospheric interaction with EMR. Remote Sensing: data resources, platforms and

sensors acquisition of remote sensing data. Satellite remote sensing, global and Indian

space mission. Different satellite exploration programs and their characteristics:

LANDSAT, METEOSAT, SPOT, JERS-I, IRS.

Unit II Aerial photography: Definition and uses, basic information and specification for

aerial photography. Planning and execution of photography flights; Aerial camera,

lens, types of aerial photographs and information records on the aerial photographs;

Geometry of the aerial photographs, stereoscopic vision and stereoscope; Use of

pocket and mirror stereoscope, scale of aerial photographs, stereoscopic parallax,

parallax bar, relief displacement, measurement of height of objects. Measurement of

the height difference from aerial photographs; Recognition of photo-elements and

terrain elements like tone, texture, pattern, shape, size; terrain elements like drainage

pattern, density, type, landform characteristics, erosion behavior of rock and soil

material, vegetation and land use; Aerial photo interpretation, photo-recognition

elements, methods of photo-interpretation, advantages and limitations of aerial

photographs.

Unit III Thermal and Microwave Remote Sensing : Introduction, TIR region of

electromagenetic spectrum, thermal properties of material; Interpretation of thermal

(radiant temperature) imagery, interpretation of day and night thermal image,

31

advantage of thermal imagery; Introduction, advantage of microwave remote sensing,

microwave sensors, radar operating principle; Spatial resolution of SLAR system,

geometric characteristic of SLAR imagery, transmission characteristic of radar

signals, radar return and image characteristic, interpretation of radar image and

general application microwave remote sensing.

Unit IV Remote Sensing interpretation in Geology: Remote Sensing for lithological

discrimination and geological structural mapping; Remote sensing application in

geomorphological studies: dynamics of geomorphology processes and resulting

landforms and their discrimination on photo and image; Remote sensing in

groundwater investigation: factors affecting groundwater occurrence. Indicators for

groundwater on remote sensing products and their application examples; Role of

remote sensing in mineral resources exploration. Main types of mineral deposits.

Geological guides for prospecting and their manifestation in remote sensing data.

Unit V Digital Image processing and Geographical Information Systems: Digital image

processing: introduction, image rectification and restoration, image enhancements and

its application; GIS: definition, components, Geographical concepts, input data for

GIS, Types of output products, GIS data types, acquisition, verification editing,

Georeferencing, spatial data analysis, modeling, spatial data analysis, data analysis

terminology, queries, reclassification, buffering and neighbourhood functionsData

Integration, spatial interpolation, surface analysis, digital terrain visualization,

applications of GIS; Global positioning System (GPS) and its segments, observation

principle, parameters effecting the accuracy of result, main components of a GPS

receiver and GPS application. Reference Books: 1. P.J. Curran Principles of remote sensing 2. S.A. Drury A guide to remote sensing interpretation images of earth 3. R.P. Gupta Remote sensing in geology 4. T.M. Lillesand & R.W. Kiefer Remote sensing and image interpretation 5. V.C. Miller Photogeology 6. S.N. Pandey Principles and application of photogeology 7. A.N. Patel & S. Sundera Principles of remote sensing 8. D.P. Rao Remote sensing for earth resources 9. M.A. Reddy Remote sensing and Geographical Information System 10. F.F. Sabins Remote sensing-principles and interpretation 11. E.S. Seigel & A.R. Gillespie Remote sensing in geology 12. W.L. Smith Remote sensing in geology

32



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: III 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-234(B)

3. COURSE TITLE: PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (Elective Course) 4. Credits : 4




Understand origin, formation, types and structural traps of oil and natural gases.

Understand chemical and physical properties of petroleum and natural gases.

Describe Geological and geographical distribution of oil and natural gas in India.

Learn exploration method and estimation of oil and gas.





9 Main body-

Unit I Origin of petroleum-organic and inorganic theories, limiting conditions; source

material. Transformation of organic matter into petroleum (bacterial activity, heat and

pressure, catalytic reaction, radioactivity). Kerogen, transformation of kerogen,

factors influencing maturation of kerogen. Surface and subsurface occurrence of

petroleum.

Unit II Physical and chemical properties of crude oil: composition of natural gas;

Extraction of petroleum products from crude oil; crude oil refining; Reservoir rocks:

classification, characteristics, relationship between porosity and permeability;

Reservoir fluids (water, oil and gas): distribution and classification in the reservoir,

Characters of oilfield waters.

Unit III Traps: Structural Traps for oil and gas accumulation: traps caused by folding,

faulting and fracturing; Primary and secondary stratigraphic traps; Combination traps,

salt domes, cap rock; Primary and secondary migration of oil and gas.

Unit IV Geological and geographical distribution of oil and natural gas in India; Geology

of Assam oil fields; Geology of Gujarat oil fields; Geology of Bombay High oilfields.

Unit V Exploration of oil and gas: remote sensing, geological, geochemical and

geobotanical studies; Geophysical methods for oil prospecting: gravity, seismic and

electrical methods; Onshore and off-shore drilling for oil and gas; Environmental

impact of oil extraction, land subsidence caused by petroleum withdrawal,

environmental concerns regarding use of petroleum.

Books Recommended

33

1. Mc.Cray, A.W & Frank, W.C. Oil Well Drilling Technology

2. Chapman, R.E. Petroleum Geology

3. Landes, K.K. Petroleum Geology

4. Russel, W.L. Principles of Petroleum Geology

5. Chandra, D. & Singh, R. M. Petroleum (Indian Context)

6. Hager, D. Practical Oil Geology

7. Levorson, A.I. Geology of Petroleum

8. Amyx, J.W., Ban, D.M. & Whiting, R.L. Petroleum Reservoir Engineering

9. Deshpande, B.G. The World of Petroleum

10. Holson, G.D. & Tiratsoo, E.N. Introduction to Petroleum Geology

11.Selley, R.C. Introduction to Petroleum Geology

34



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: III 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-234(C)

3 COURSE TITLE: COAL GEOLOGY (Elective Course) 4. Credits : 4(L)




Understand origin, formation and types of coal.

Understand chemical and physical properties of coal.

Describe various types of coalfields present in India.

Learn exploration method and estimation of coal deposits.

8 Note: The Semester End Examination shall be of three hours duration. The question paper

shall consist of five units. Each unit shall contain two questions out of which one question

from each unit has to be answered. Five questions are to be answered in all selecting one

question from each unit. Each question shall be of 14 marks. Questions may consist of parts

and may be essay type/ descriptive/ analytical/ short note type / short answer reasoning type

or objective requiring both intensive and extensive understanding of the subject.

9 Main body-

UNIT-I Origin of coal: accumulation of vegetable matter (insitu and drift theories), formation

of coal (humification and coalification processes). Types of coal, coal-rank, grade;

physical properties of coal; Seyler’s Classification of coal, grading of coking and

non-coking coals of India; Chemical characteristics; proximate and ultimate analysis.

UNIT-II Lithotypes of hard and soft coal; structures in coal seams; Petrography of coal:

lithotypes, macerals and microlithotypes; Stages and methods of coal exploration;

estimation of coal reserves; Coal preparation for different industrial uses.

UNIT-III Combustion and carbonization of coal; Gasification and hydrogenation of coal; Coal

forming epochs, coal and lignite resources of India; Geological and geographical

distribution of coal in India.

UNIT-IV Detailed geology of Jharia coalfield; Detailed geology of Raniganj coalfield; Coal

bed methane: new energy resource, maturation of coal and generation of methane in

coalbeds; Environmental hazards related to coal.

Unit V Exploration of Coal deposits ; surface and underground methods of mining of coal

deposits. Equipment and techniques used for mining, Beneficiation of coal deposits

Books Recommended

1. Chandra, D., Singh, R.M & Singh, M.P. A Text Book of coal

2. Singh, M.P. (Ed.) Coal and Organic Petrology

3. Sharma, N.L. Introduction to the Geology of Coal and Indian

Coalfields

4. S.K. Acharyya Coal and Lignite Resources of India

35



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: III 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-235 (A)

3 COURSE TITLE: OCEANOGRAPHY (Self study) 4. Credits: 4 (L)




Get brief idea of bathymetry of oceanic topography, concepts and scope of oceanography

Understand the different types of oceanic water masses and its physical and chemical

properties.

Understand the estuarine environment and classification of estuary.

Understand the wave, current, tides processes in coast and ocean.

Understand the atmospheric, oceanic processes e.g. ENSO, Monsoon

Know the chemical characteristics of oceanic water and quantitative and qualitative

distribution of elements in seawater.

Understand the processes of sedimentation in deep seafloor and formation of oceanic

basins.

Understand the community in marine environment and habitat of communities according

to depth of ocean.





9. Main body-

Unit I Introductory Oceanography: Nature and scope of oceanography, evolution of

oceanographic thought. Basic concepts of oceanography. The global wind system,

action of wind system; action of wind on oceanic surface; Ekman's theory; Sverdrup,

Stommel and Munk's theories; upwelling and sinking with special reference to the

Indian Ocean, relationship between density, pressure and dynamic topography;

relative and slope currents.

Unit II Physical Oceanography : Mixing processes in the oceans; characteristics of

important water masses; T-S diagrams; Wind generated waves in the oceans; their

characteristics; shallow and deep water waves. Propagation, refraction and reflection

of waves. Tide producing forces and their magnitudes; Factors influencing coastal

processes; transformation of waves in shallow water; factors affecting transformation

of waves in shallow water. Estuaries: classification and nomenclature; tides in

estuaries, estuarine circulation and mixing, sedimentation in estuaries; salinity

intrusion in estuaries. Wind driven coastal currents; typical scales of motion in the

ocean; characteristics of the global conveyor belt circulation and its causes.

36

Formation of subtropical gyres; western boundary currents; equatorial systems; El

Nino and La Nina; monsoonal winds and currents over the North Indian Ocean;

Somali Current; southern ocean.

Unit III Chemical Oceanography : Composition of seawater – classification of elements

based on their distribution; major and minor constituents; behavior of elements;

chemical exchanges across interfaces and residence times in seawater. Chemical and

biological interactions – ionic interactions; controls on chemical and biological

interactions, cycling and air-sea exchange of important biogenic dissolved gases;

carbon dioxide-carbonate system; alkalinity and control of pH; abiotic and biotic

controls of trace elements in the ocean; biological pump and controls on atmospheric

composition; biogeochemical processes in aerobic and anaerobic environments; water

column-denitrification and emission of green house gases

Unit IV Geological Oceanography: Morphologic and tectonic domains of the ocean floor;

structure, composition and mechanism of formation of oceanic crust. Seawater-basalt

interactions, hydrothermal vents – chemical and biological significance of

hydrothermal vents systems. Ocean margins and their significance. Ocean circulation,

coriolis effect and Ekman spiral, convergence, divergence and upwelling. El Nino.

Thermohaline circulation and oceanic conveyor belt. Formation of Bottom waters;

major water masses of the world's oceans. Oceanic sediments: Factors controlling the

deposition and distribution of oceanic sediments; geochronology of oceanic

sediments, diagenetic changes in oxic and anoxic environments. Tectonic evolution of

the ocean basins. Mineral resources.

Unit V Biological Oceanography: Classification of the marine environment and marine

organisms. Physio-chemical factors affecting marine life – light, temperature, salinity,

pressure, nutrients, dissolved gases; adaptation and biological processes. Primary and

secondary production; factors controlling phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance

and diversity; nekton and fisheries oceanography; benthic organisms; coastal marine

communities and community ecology – estuaries, coral reefs and mangrove

communities, deep-sea ecology including hydrothermal vent communities. Energy

flow and mineral cycling – energy microbial loop; role of bacteria in biogeochemical

cycling. Human impacts on marine communities; impacts of climate change on

marine biodiversity. Impact of pollution on marine environmnents including fisheries.

37



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: III 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-235 (B)

3 COURSE TITLE: CLIMATOLOGY (Self study) 4. Credits : 4 (L)




Understand the nature and behavior of ever changing climate and its impact in life.

Understand the interaction between water, air, solar radiation, wind, humidity

temperature and pressure in the atmosphere.

Classify the world climate.

Distribute the climatic belts from equator to poles.

Interpret the past and future climatic conditions by knowing present conditions.

Understand the climatic response for human comfort, health, agriculture.

Understand the human influence on climate.





9. Main body

Unit I Introductory Climatology: Nature and Scope of Climatology, development of

modern climatology and the development of applied climatology, climate impact,

Earth’s Atmosphere: Evolution, Structure and Composition. Fundamental principles

of climatology. Earth’s radiation balance; latitudinal and seasonal variation of

insolation, temperature, pressure, wind belts, humidity, cloud formation and

precipitation, water balance. Solar radiation and Terrestrial radiation, Latitudinal and

seasonal variation, effect of atmosphere, greenhouse effect and heat budget,

hydrological cycle. Weather and weather systems

Unit II Models of general circulation of the atmosphere, Jet stream, Air masses, monsoon, Jet

streams, and ENSO, characteristics, movements, frontogenesis – extra tropical

cyclones, tropical cyclones, Classification of climates: Empirical and generic, climate

change: data sources, methods and Theories: Koppen’s and Thornthwaite’s scheme of

classification.

Unit III Regional climatology : Scales and classification ; Tropical Climates; Mid-latitude

Climates ; Polar and highland Climates ; Past and future climate : Studying the

past ; Causes of change ; Global warming

38

Unit IV Climate and the physical environment – soil, and water resources, flora and fauna,

Urban climate – industrial transport and commercial activities, environmental change,

air pollution problems.

Unit V Applied Climatology : Climate and Human comfort: clothing, health, human energy

balance, impacts on performance and behaviour, morbidity and mortality. Climate

change: Data sources, methods and theories; Human response: health, architecture,

urban design, etc.; Climate resources: Agriculture, energy, industry, etc.; Human

influence: Ozone depletion, acid rain, etc.

References:

1. Lutgens, Federic K. & Tarbuck Edward J (1995): ‘The Atmosphere: An Introduction to

Meteorology’, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

2. Lal, D.S. (1998): ‘Climatology’, Chaitanya Publishing House, Allahabad.

3. Sarindra Singh (2005): ‘Climatology’, Prayag Pustak Bhavan, Allahabad.

4. Chritchfield ( ): General Climatology.

5. Thompson, R.D. and Allen, P. (1997): ‘Applied Climatology: Principles and Practice’,

Routledge, London and New York.

6. Oliver, John E. (1973): ‘Climate and Mans Environment: An Introduction to Applied

Climatology’, John Wiley & Sons, New York, London.

7. Mather, J.R. (1974): ‘Climatology: Fundamentals and Applications’, McGraw-Hill, New

York.

39



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: III 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-235 (C)

3 COURSE TITLE: METEOROLOGY (Self Study) 4. Credits : 2




Understand the structure and composition of the atmosphere.

Understand the Interaction of solar radiation with atmosphere.

Understand the stability and unstability of atmosphere and associated phenomena.

Understand the processes involves in cloud formation, precipitation and

condensation.

Understand the dynamic nature of atmospheric waves and their impacts.

Understand the mixing processes between air and sea.

Understand the modelling in atmospheric processes and phenomena.

8. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer-questions with internal choice, each of

14 marks. Students has to attempt 5 question in all. 2 questions will be asked from

each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units 5th question will have 4


9. Main body-

Unit I Physical Meteorology: Thermal structure of the atmosphere and its composition.

Radiation: basin Laws - Rayleigh and Mie scattering, multiple scattering, radiation

from the sun, solar constant, effect of clouds, surface and planetary albedo. Emission

and absorption of terrestrial radiation, radiation windows, radiative transfer,

Greenhouse effect, net radiation budget; Thermodynamics of dry and moist air:

specific gas constant, Adiabatic and isoentropic processes, entropy and enthalpy,

Moisture variables, virtual temperature; Clausius – Clapeyron equation, adiabatic

process of moist air; thermodynamic diagrams: Hydrostatic equilibrium: Hydrostatic

equation, variation of pressure with height, geopotential, standard atmosphere,

altimetry. Vertical stability of the atmosphere: Dry and moist air parcel and slice

methods. Tropical convection.

Unit II Cloud Physics: Cloud classification, condensation nuclei, growth of cloud drops and

ice-crystals, precipitation mechanisms: Bergeron, Findeisen process, coalescence

process – Precipitation of warm and mixed clouds, artificial precipitation, hail

suppression, fog and cloud – dissipation, radar observation of clouds and

precipitation, radar equation, rain drop spectra, radar echoes of hail storm and

tornadoes, radar observation of hurricanes, measurements of rainfall by radar.

40

Unit III Dynamic Meteorology: Basic equations and fundamental forces: Pressure, gravity,

centripetal and Corolis forces, continuity equation in Cartesian and isobaric

coordinates. Momentum equation Cartesian and spherical coordinates; scale analysis,

inertial flow, geostrophic and gradient winds, and thermal wind. Divergence and

vertical motion Rossby, Richardson, Reynolds and Froude numbers. Circulation,

vorticity and divergence; Bjerknese circulation theorem and applications, vorticity

and divergence equations, scale analysis, potential vorticity, stream function and

velocity potential. Atmospheric turbulence: Mixing length theory, planetary boundary

layer equations, surface layer, Ekman layer, eddy transport of hear, moisture and

momentum, Richardson criterion; Linear Perturbation Theory: Internal and external

gravity waves, inertia waves, gravity waves, Rossby waves, wave motion in the

tropics, barotropic and baroclinic instabilities. Atmospheric Energetics: Kinetic,

potential and internal energies – conversion of potential and internal energies into

kinetic energy, available potential energy.

Unit IV Numerical Weather Prediction: computational instability, filtering of sound and

gravity waves, filtered forecast equations, barotropic and equivalent barotropic

models, two parameter baroclinic model, relaxation method. Multi-layer primitive

equation models. Short, medium and long range weather prediction. Objective

analysis; Initialization of the data for use in weather prediction models; data

assimilation techniques, application of satellite in NWP (Numerical Weather

Prediction) and remotely sensed data.

Unit V General Circulation and Climate Modelling: Observed zonally symmetric

circulations, meridional circulation models, mean meridional and eddy transport of

momentum and energy, angular momentum and energy budgets; zonally asymmetric

features of general circulation; standing eddies; east-west circulations in tropics:

climate variability and forcings; feedback processes, low frequency variability, MJO

Madden-Julian oscillation), ENSO, QBO (quasi-biennial oscillation) and sunspot

cycles. Basic principles of general circulation modelling; grid-point and spectral

GCMs; role of the ocean in climate modelling; interannual variability of ocean fields

(SST, winds, circulation, etc.) and its relationship with monsoon, concepts of ocean –

atmosphere coupled models.

41



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: III 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-235 (D)

3 COURSE TITLE: GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION (Self Study) 4. Credits : 2




Know how to used physics in exploration.

Understand various types of geophysical method used in exploration.

Learn interpretative, quantitative and qualitative analysis of used methods.

8. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer-questions with internal choice, each of

14 marks. Students has to attempt 5 question in all. 2 questions will be asked from each



9. Main body.

Unit I Introduction to geophysical exploration: Signal Processing: Continuous and

discrete signals; Fourier series; linear time invariant systems with deterministic and

random inputs; Field theory: Newtonian potential; Laplace and Poisson’s equations;

Green’s Theorem; Gauss’ law; Continuation integral; equivalent stratum; Numerical

analysis and inversion: Numerical differentiation and integration, finite element, and

finite difference techniques; Simpson’s rules; Gauss’ quadrature formula; initial value

problems; pattern recognition in Geophysics. Well posed and ill-posed problems;

method of least squares; generalized inversion techniques.

Unit II Gravity method - basic principles; Earth’s gravitational field and its relation to

geophysical exploration; Instruments used in gravity prospecting - pendulum, torsion

balance and gravimeters; Marine, Airborne and Terrestrial gravity measurements;

Reduction of gravity data, separation of regional-residual gravity anomalies and

interpretation of gravity data.

Unit III Magnetic method - basic concepts. Geomagnetism; Instruments used in magnetic

surveys – dip needle, Hotchkiss superdip, and magnetometers; Marine, Airborne and

Terrestrial magnetic surveying techniques; Reduction of magnetic data, separation of

regional-residual magnetic anomalies and interpretation of magnetic data.

Unit IV Seismic method - basic principles, types of elastic waves; Refraction technique -

Time distance relations for horizontal interface, dipping beds and faults. Delay time,

shot and detector arrangement and corrections; Reflection technique - Time distance

relations for horizontal and dipping interfaces, shooting procedures and corrections

applied to reflection records; Seismic instruments and records (digital and analog).

.

42

Unit V Electrical method - electrical properties. Principle, field procedures and electrode

arrays used in electrical resistivity method and its application in groundwater and

engineering problems; Electromagnetic techniques - natural source and inductive

type; Well logging: Electrical, radiational and allied techniques used in petroleum,

mineral and groundwater exploration; Radiation method - basic principles.

Instruments used in the detection and measurements of radiations and operating

procedures.

Books Recommended

1. A.M. Evans (Ed.) 1998 Introduction to Mineral Exploration. Blackwell Science Ltd. 2

2. C. A. Heiland 1940 Geophysical Exploration. Prentice-Hall Inc.

3. G. D. Garland 1979 Introduction to Geophysics. W.B. Saunders Company

4. Gerhard Dahr 1984 Applied Geophysics. English Book Depot

5. L. L. Nettelton 1940 Geophysical prospecting for oil. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.

6. L. L. Nettelton 1976 Gravity and Magnetics in oil prospecting. McGraw-Hill Book

Company Inc.

7. M. B. Dobrin 1952 Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting. McGraw-Hill Book

Company Inc.

8. M. B. Dobrin 1960 Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting. McGraw-Hill Book

Company Inc.

9. M. B. Dobrin 1988 Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting. McGraw-Hill

& C.H. Savit Company Inc.

10. M. B. R. Rao 1975 Outlines of Geophysical Prospecting–A Manual for Geologist.

Wesley Press

11. P. Kearey 1984 An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration. Blackwell Publication

& M. Brooks

12. T.S. Ramakrishna 2006 Geophysical Practice in Mineral Exploration and Mapping.

Memoir 62, Geological Society of India

13. W. M. Telford, 1988 Applied Geophysics. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd.

L.P. Geldart, R.E. Sheriff & D. A. Keys

14. William Lowrie 1997 Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press

15. E.J. Lynch 1976 Formation Evaluation. English Book Depot

43



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: III 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-235 (E)

3. COURSE TITLE: GEODYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF INDIA (Self study)

4. Credits : 5 (04 L + 01 T)




Understand the formation of different platforms/cratons of India of different

geological ages.

Understand the origin of Himalayas through different tectonic pulses.

Understand the Mesozoic tectonics i.e Gondwana

Understand the role of tectonics to the formation of foreland basin, tertiary basin,

indo- gangetic plain during Himalayan orogenesis.

Understand the impact of tectonism in Holocene life.

8. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer-questions with internal

choice, each of 14 marks. Students has to attempt 5 question in all. 2 questions will be

asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units 5th question

will have 4 parts one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any 2 parts of it.

Unit I Physiographic Layout of Indian Subcontinent; Geological terranes of the Indian

subcontinent; Archaean Cratonic belts of India, Paleoproterozoic and

mesoproterozoic mobile belts, Neoproterozoic intracratonic basins

Unit II Early proterozoics of Himalaya: metamorphism and igneous activities; late

proterozoic and early Cambrian in the Himalaya, Himalayan province between.Pan

African and Hercynian Tectonic upheavals

Unit III Gondwana Tectonics, Inland sedimentation and life; Cretaceous volcanism; Mesozoic

pericratonic basins; north and north western continental margins

Unit IV Collision of India with Asia, emergence and evolution of Himalaya;Himalayan

foreland basin, tertiary basins, Andaman Island arc and back arc sea Indo-Gangetic

plains evolution and later developments

Unit V Quarternary cover and tectonism: peninsular india; Quarternary deposits of

Himalaya; Holocene tectonic movements and earthquakes, Ocean around peninsular

India ; The evolving Indian continental shield

Geodynamic evolution – K.S. Valdiya

Precambrian Geology of India – S.M. Naqvi and Rogers

44



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: III 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-LAB-I




7. Course outcome: * Understand morphological characters of fossils

* Interpret data on principles of stratigraphy

* Understand facies concept and determine P-T-t paths

8. Main body

1. Palaeontology:

Study of the morphological characters of some important Invertebrate Fossils belonging

to :

Trilobita

Brachiopoda

Mollusca (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda)

Echinoidea

Corals.

Determination of valves and dental formula of Heterodont Bivalves. Shell petrography

of Bivalves and Brachiopods.

Study of ammonoid suture pattern, coiling, whorl section and ontogenic variation;

exercises in ammonoid heterochrony.

Study of an assorted group of trace fossils.

Study of microfossils.

2. Stratigraphy:

Construction of rank charts for lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy & chronostratigraphy

Exercises on stratigraphic correlation and classification.

Construction of graphical logs from text descriptions

Exercises on Seismic, magneto-stratigraphic and quantitative stratigraphic

interpretations.

Study and understanding of plate-movements through important periods during

Phanerozoic Eon.

3. Metamorphic Petrology:

Study of metamorphic rocks in hand specimens and thin sections :

metamorphic mineral assemblages with respect to metamorphic facies and grades

Use of ACF, AKF and AFM diagrams

Use of rock composition diagrams

Calculation of P-T conditions from the composition of co-existing mineral assemblages

serving as geothermometers and geobarometers

45

4. Remote Sensing and GIS:

Stereo test.

Study of Aerial Photographs, resolution, mosaics, symbols, gully pattern and drainage

analysis, image parallax

Determination of scale, height, dip, slope vertical exaggeration and image distortion.

Visual interpretation of satellite imagery for geological structural geomorphic and

hydromorphical mapping. Exercises on digital image processing.

Petroleum Geology:

Exercises on calculation of oil and gas reserves. Evaluation of bore hole data and their

interpretation. Logging exercises and their application in petroleum exploration.

46



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: III 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-LAB-II

3 COURSE TITLE : LAB COURSE II 4. Credits : 4



7 Course outcome:

Construct logs and interpret them

Prepare stratigraphic charts

Prepare oriented thin sections

Critically Analyse research papers

8 Main body

1. Exercises in correlation from given data or logs and Construction of range charts; Evolution

of ocean systems during Phanerozoic.

2. Study of rocks in hand specimens from known Indian stratigraphic horizons and type

localites.

3. Preparation of thin sections




Critical Analysis and synthesis of research data


7. Field work

47



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: IV 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-241

3 Course Title: Economic Geology And Mineral Economics

4. Credits : 5 (04 L + 01 T) 5. Examination Duration: 3 hours



Understand genesis, mode of occurrence of ore deposits and can be classify

different types of ore minerals.

Classify metallic & non-metallic minerals and their distribution in India.

Learn various techniques studies in ore geology.

Introduce mineral economic and it’s concept.





9 Main body:

Unit I Concept of ore bearing fluids, their origin and migration. Wall-rock alteration.

Structural, physicochemical, lithologic, and stratigraphic controls of ore localization.

Paragenesis, paragenetic sequence and zoning in metallic ore deposits. Classification

of ore deposits – genetic and associated parameters, important scheme of

classification. Fluid inclusions in ore: principles, assumptions limitations and

applications. Geothermometry, geobarometry and isotope studies in ore geology; Ore

Textures and structures.

Unit II Orthomagmatic ores of mafic and ultramafic associations – (Chromite, Fe ± Ti ± V

oxides, Cu-Ni + Co sulfides and PGE ores), their types, mode of occurrences and

genetic models; Mineralization associated with Kimberlites and Carbonatites, their

characteristics and genetic models; Ores of silicic igneous rock association –

disseminated and stockwork deposits, porphyry type of deposits, types, alterations

and process of formation. Hydrothermal deposits – classification, general

characteristics, zoning and associated wall rock alterations. Placers and paleoplacers –

process and mechanism of development, tectonic and temporal aspects of placer

deposition and origin of ores; Sedimentary and synsedimentary ore deposits (iron and

manganese)– types, general characteristics and origin; Synsedimentary to post-

lithification non-ferous ore deposits (sandstone type Cu ± Zu ± Pb and Uranium) –

general characteristics and origin. Stratabound carbonate hosted base metal deposits

– types, general characteristics and genetic models. Volcanic hosted massive sulfide

deposits – types, characteristics and mode of occurrences. Ores related to weathering

processes – bauxite, laterite and Ni/Au-laterite deposits, general characteristics and

process of formation; Supergene enrichment of ores and protores – process,

48

development of alteration zones and their characteristics; Ores of metamorphic

affiliations – metamorphic and metamorphosed ores. Skarn deposits, their types and

Process of formation.

Unit III A detailed study of ore minerals related to the following metals with special reference

to their mineralogy, genesis, specification, if any, uses and distribution in India: Fe,

Mn, Cr, Cu;, Pb, Zn, Al, Mg;, Au, Sn and W. Study of important industrial minerals

of India with particular reference to the following: Iron and Steel industry, refractory

industry, fertilizer industry, cement industry, chemical industry and abrasives.

Gemology - an introduction

Unit IV Metallogenic Provinces and Epochs: Concept of metallogenic provinces and

epochs, Evolution of Continents ; Metallogeny through Time; Global Metallogeny in

Relation to Crustal Evolution; Metallogeny in Modern Basins; Major Ore types of

India and their Tectonic Settings Global Metallogeny in relation to Plate Tectonics;

Factors Governing the Disposition of Metallogenic Provinces; Mineralization along

Convergent & Collisional Plate Boundary Environments; Mineralization along

Divergent Plate Boundary Environments and Transform Faults Mineralization along

Early and Late Stage Continental Rifting

Unit V Mineral economics and its concepts. Tenor, grade and specification. Strategic,

critical and essential minerals. National mineral policy. United Nations Framework

Classification (UNFC).

Books Recommended

Evans, A.M. (1993) Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals, Blackwell

Stanton, R.L. (1972) Ore Petrology, McGraw Hill

Barnes, H.L.(1979) Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, John Viley

Klemm, D.D. and Schneider, H.J. (1977) Time and Strata Bound Ore Deposits. Springer Verlag

Cuilbert, J.M. and Park, Jr. C.F. (1986) The Geology of Ore Deposits. Freeman

Mookherjee, A. (2000) Ore Genesis – A Holistic Approach. Allied Publisher

Wolf, K.H. (1976-1981) Hand Book of Stratabouond and Stratiform Ore Deposits. Elsevier

Ramdohr, P. (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press

http://geol-amu.org/notes/lect2.htm















49

Pt. L.M.S. Govt. P.G. College Rishikesh (autnomous college)



3. COURSE TITLE: MINERAL EXPLORATION AND MINING GEOLOGY (Core

Course)

4. Credits : 4 (L) 5. EXAMINATION DURATION: 3 hours



Understand detail study on various type of criteria, guides, and methods used in

prospecting.

Learn quantitative ,interpretative and qualitative analysis of exploration and mining

methods.

Understand mining processes and can be classify different types of mining method.

Solve different types of problems associative with mining methods.





9 Main body:

Unit I Prospecting criteria, Different methods of prospecting: geological, geochemical and

geophysical. Criteria and guides for mineral search. Selection of minerals for

explorations. Use of GIS and remote sensing in mineral exploration. Criteria and

guides for mineral search. Stages of mineral exploration in India. Geological:

prospecting indicators (guides), zoning of ore bodies, primary and secondary

minerals. Climatic, geomorphologic, stratigraphic, lithological, structural criteria.

Geological and mineable ore reserves and their calculation. Geological modeling for

mineral exploration.

Unit II Geochemical: Elements of exploration geochemistry. Role of geochemistry in ore

prospecting. Geochemical cycle. Pathfinder and indicator elements. Primary and

secondary dispersion patterns. Anomaly, background and noise. Geophysical:

Elements of geophysics. Role of geophysics in ore prospecting. Surface and aerial

methods of prospecting. Gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, seismic,

radiometric methods and GPR Data processing methods

Unit III Introduction to geobotanical exploration methods. Use of geostatistics in exploration.

Sampling methods - chip, channel, trench, cutting and underground mine sampling.

Preservation and sampling of cores.

Unit IV Introduction to mining, Classification of mining methods. Mining Methods: their

advantages and disadvantages. Mining methods: surface mining - subsurface mining -

classification of stopping methods, underground development (different types of

50

stopping Ventilation in underground mining: Purpose, types and arrangements of

ventilation in underground mining. Mining hazards and safety measures.

Unit V Methods of drilling - diamond-core, rotary, percussion, jet, auger drilling. Bore hole

problems, Bore hole logging. Analysis of core for geological, geotechnical,

geochemical data

Suggested Readings

McKinstry, H.E. 1962. Mining Geology (2nd Ed.) Asia Publishing House.

Clark, G.B. 1967. Elements of Mining. 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons.

Arogyaswami, R.P.N. 1996 Courses in Mining Geology. 4th Ed. Oxford-IBH.

Marjoribanks, An Introduction to Mineral Exploration and Mining Geology

Kuzwart and Boehmer: Mineral Exploration

51



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: IV 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-243 (A)

3. COURSE TITLE: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY (Elective Course)

4. Credits : 4 (L) 5. EXAMINATION DURATION: 3 hours



Understand the role of engineering geology in civil construction and mining industry.

Learn about different physical and mechanical properties of rocks and soil to be used

for different construction purposes.

Know about civil engineering projects (dam, road, bridge & tunnel etc ).

Understand origin, mode of occurrence and distribution of ground water.

Describe varies type of water bearing properties of rocks and also Distribute

geological formation of groundwater.

Learn estimate and method of water treatment for various uses.

Understand surface and sub-surface method of GW exploration.





9. Main body:

Unit I Role of engineering geology in civil construction and mining industry. Various

stages of engineering geological investigations for civil engineering projects.

Engineering properties of rocks: rock discontinuities, physical characters of building

stones, concrete and other aggregates.

Unit II Geological consideration for dams and reservoir sites. Dam foundation, rock

problems, geotechnical evaluations of tunnel alignments and transportation routes.

Methods of tunneling; Classification of ground for tunneling purposes; various types

of support. Geological considerations involved in the construction of roads, railways,

bridges and buildings. Improvement of sites for engineering projects.

Unit III Occurrence of Groundwater: Origin and age of water; rock properties affecting

groundwater; vertical distribution of groundwater, types of aquifers, springs and

geological formations as aquifers. Hydrogeological properties of water-bearing

materials – porosity, permeability, transmissibility, storage coefficient, specific yield

and specific retention. Determination of hydraulic conductivity.

Unit IV Groundwater Quality: Quality criteria for different uses, graphical presentation of

water quality data. Estimation and methods of water treatment for various uses;

Problem of Arsenic and fluoride and remedial measures for their treatment. Quality

Problems in India. Groundwater pollution.

52

Unit V Water level fluctuations: Causative factors and their measurements. Artificial

recharge of water - Recharging by surface water and rain water harvesting.

Consumptive and conjunctive use of surface and ground water; problem of

overexploitation; ground water legislation. Water Well Technology: Well types,

drilling methods, construction design, development and maintenance of wells. Water

management in rural and urban areas.Coastal water and its management. Arid zone

Ground water, Ground water in hard rocks and non-indurated sediments – their

management. Ground water exploration.

Books Recommended:

Krynine, D.H. & Judd, W.R. (1998) Principles of Engineering Geology, CBS Edition.

Schultz, J.R. & Cleaves, A.B. (1951) Geology in Engineering, John Willey & Sons, New York.

Ray Chowdhary, K.P. (1987): Surveying (Plane and Geodetic) Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi

Shahani, P.B.(1978): Text Book of Surveying, vol.I. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi

Todd, D.K. (1988): Ground Water Hydrology, John Viley & Sons,New York.

Davies, S.N. and Dc-West, R.J.N. (1966): Hydrogeology,John Villey & Sons, New York.

Ground Water and Wells (1977): UOP,Johnson,Div. St. Paul. Min.USA

Raghunath,H.M. (1983): Ground Water, Viley Eastern Ltd., Calcutta

Driscoll, F.G.(1988): Ground Water and Wells, UOP, Johnson Div. St. Paul. Min. USA

53



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: IV 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-243(B)

3. COURSE TITLE: ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY (Elective Course)

4. Credits : 4 5. EXAMINATION DURATION: 3 hours


7. Course outcome: After this course students are able to:

Understand the concepts and principles of environment and ecosystem of earth.

Know various types of pollution and waste and can be able to find their cause, impact

and solution.

know about the Types and Effects of Disasters, the characteristics of natural

disaster.

Assess the magnanimity of geological hazards and prepare hazard zonation map.

learn about environmental management





9. Main body:

Unit I Concepts and Principles of Environmental Geology, Earth Materials and processes,

Concepts of natural ecosystems on the Earth and their mutual inter-relations and

interactions (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere). Environmental

changes due to influence of human-dominated environment over nature-dominated

system. Concept of biodiversity. Mobility of elements. Earth system and biosphere:

Inter-relationship of Earth, Man and Environment - population and environment,

population and limited resources, disruption of natural system, causes and

consequences of growth rates, population and carrying capacity, population control

strategies. Earth’s support to mankind; Ecological spectrum - biotic communities;

food chains, stratification in biotic communities, community stability, species

diversity; Anthropogenic changes in ecosystem. Preserving gene pools and

conserving endangered species; Components of the geosphere and environment -

lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere; Biogeochemical cycles –

nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle and phosphorous cycle.

Unit II Environment an Integrated system of our spheres, Biogeochemical cycles,

Geological evolution of crust through Quaternary times. Time scales of global

changes in the ecosystem and climate. Impact of circulations in atmosphere and

oceans on climate and rain fall; Energy / water resources and environmental

problems: Energy resources- consumption and production trends of energy

resources, environmental effects of various energy resources i.e. petroleum, natural

gas, nuclear, hydropower, wind and solar; Mineral resources and reserves.

Environmental impact of exploitation, processing and smelting of minerals;

Conservation of mineral resources; Soil as a resource - soil-formation, soil profile,

54

soil classification and soil erosion; Strategies to reduce soil erosion; Water use and

water supply, water quality, water management and conservation.

Unit III Earth processes and geological hazards: Conditions promoting the hill slope

instability, rockslides and avalanches, monitoring mass movements, slope control and

stabilization; Factors governing floods, flood characteristics, flood hazards and

urbanization, flood management, flood Forecasting; Seismic hazards - causes and

consequences, awareness and public response, coping with seismic hazards; Seismic

conditions in India - Himalayan and Peninsular India. Tsunami generation mechanism

and its impact on the coasts; Volcanic hazards - volatiles, pyroclasts, flows, lahars,

toxic gases, Nature, prediction and mitigation of volcanic hazards. Climatic influence

on the evolution of life especially on human evolution. Role of physical, chemical

and biological parameters influencing environment. Coastal erosion its causes and

control.

Unit IV Pollution and environment: Global warming - increase of CO2 and N2O due to

industrialization, urbanization, burning of fossil fuels; volcanic activity and

deforestation. Magnitude of ozone depletion and its impact. Suggestive measures;

Hydrology and pollution - human use of surface and subsurface water and connected

problems of water pollution; Ocean pollution through addition of toxic waste; Waste

and its disposal - surface and subsurface disposal of toxic, metallic and radioactive

wastes; Planning and management of hazardous waste. Domestic refuse and landfill;

Medical Geology – trace elements and health; controls on elemental intake, iodine,

fluorine, zinc, selenium; Radioactivity and cigarettes, regional variations in heart

disease.

Unit V Environmental management: Problems of urbanization, human population and their

impact on environment. Alternative sources of energy. Waste disposal and related

problems. Environmental legislation Environmental impact of mining - hazards of

opencast and underground mining, effects on air, water and land. Disposal of mining

waste, environmental management of mining; Land use planning and environment -

land use options; multiple use and sequential use. Land use and land cover with

regard to global environmental change; Desertification - causes and extant. Drylands

of the Indian subcontinent - Thar desert, aggrevation of desertaic conditions. Signs of

desertification in Himalaya. Measures to combat desertification; Environmental

Laws – Water Reserves Law, Mineral and Fuel Resources Law, Pollution Control

Law, Natural Hazard Mitigation Law, International Resources Dispute i.e. Law of the

Sea and Antarctica.

.

55

Books Recommended

1. Environmental Geology Montgomery, C.W.

2. Natural Disaster and Sustainable Developments Casale, R. & Margottini, C.

3. Introduction to Environmental Studies Turk, J.

4. Exploitation-Conservation-Preservation: Cutter, S.L. & Renwick, W.H.

A geographic perspective on natural resource use

5. Environmental Geotechnology Hsai – Yang Fang

6. Environmental Geology Keller, E.A.

7. Environmental Geology Valdiya, K.S.

8. Environmental Geology Merritts, D., Wet, A.D. & Menking, K.

9. The Atmosphere: An introduction to meteorology Lutgen, F.K. & Tarbuck, E.J.

10. Encyclopedia of Global Change: Environment Gaudie, A.S. & Cuff, D.J. (Editors)

Change and human society Vol 1 and Vol 2

11. Natural Resources Holechek, J.L., Cole, R.A., Fischer, J.T. &

Valdez, R.

12. Environmental Science Santra, S.C.

13.Bryant, E. (1985) Natural Hazards, Cambridge University Press

14. Patwardhan, A.M. (1999) The Dynamic Earth System. Prentice Hall

15. Subramaniam, V. (2001) Textbook in Environmental Science, Narosa International

16. Bell, F.G. (1999) Geological Hazards, Routledge, London

17. Smith, K. (1992) Environmental Hazards. Routledge, London

56



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: IV 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-243 (C)

3. COURSE TITLE: ADVANCED GEOMORPHOLOGY (Elective Course)

4. Credits : 4 5. EXAMINATION DURATION: 3 hours



Understand the agents, types, control factors and mechanism of weathering and

erosion, erosion cycles as well as the various constructional and destructional forces.

Understand the geomorphic conditions, processes and the landforms created by

geomorphic agents. In addition, the features of erosion, transportation and deposition

made by the geomorphic processes. 8. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer-questions with internal choice, each




9. Main body:

Unit I Nature and scope of geomorphology, evolution of geomorphological thoughts. Basic

concepts of geomorphology. Constructional versus destructionall processes; Morphometric analysis; Slope morphometry, analysis of slope shape, shape profile, analysis

of relief, Relative relief, Absolute relief, Drainage morphometry: stream number, ordering of

streams, bifurcation ratio, Drainage density, Drainage frequence, Morphochronology,

Unit II River basin and drainage network, river erosion and sediment transport, channel

forms and processes; glacial forms and processes; coastal forms and processes;

karstic landforms and processes.

Unit III Climatic geomorphology and morphogenetic regions; semi-arid and arid zone

geomorphology; coupled influence of tectonics and climate on geomorphology.

Introduction to the geomorphology of the Himalayas, the Ganga Plains and the Thar

Deserts and its margins.

Unit IV Structural geomorphology; cycle of erosion, rejuvenation and polygenetic relief;

denudation chronology, erosion surfaces and peneplains; introduction to modern

techniques and concepts in tectonic geomorphology, seismotectonics and

palaeoseismology.

Unit V Geomorphology in the study of Natural Hazards and Environmental Management;

introduction to engineering geomorphology; geomorphology and mineral exploration.

Geomorphological mapping with reference to the Indian subcontinent.

Morphogenetic regions of India - coupled tectonic and climatic perspective.

57

Books recommended:

Geomorphology: Thornbury, W.D. 1980: Principles of Geomorphology. Wiley Easton Ltd., New York.

Holmes, A. 1992: Holmes Principles of Physical Geology Edited by P. McL. D. Duff. Chapman and Hall, London.

Halis, J.R. 1983: ;Applied Geomorphology

Sharma, H.S. 1990: Indian Geomorphology. Concept Publishing Co. New Delhi.

Geotectonics:

Gass I.G. et al 1982: Understanding the Earth. Artemis Press (Pvt) Ltd. U.K.

Windlley B. 1973: The Evolving continents. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Condie, Kent. C. 1982. Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution Pergamon Press Inc.

58




3. COURSE TITLE: DISSERTATION (Core course)

4. Credits : 4 5. Maximum Marks : 70+30 (Sessional)

6 .Course outcome: The student will be able to learn to review literature, define a research

problem, carry out independent field/ laboratory work and present a thesis

7 Note: The student will have to carry out independent analytical, empirical, field based and

experimental work and present a thesis on the original work.

8 Main body:

DISSERTATION – Independent field based/ lab. Based/ empirical study carried

out by the student.

Identification of gaps in knowledge and problem identification


Problem definition and statement of problem

Assess the international and national status of the problem

Outline the objectives

Frame Hypothesis

Devise methodology

Collect field/ lab/ empirical data

Customize data

Analysis and discussion

Conclusion

Chapter wise presentation of dissertation in the form of a thesis

Summarize the report

Present a Powerpoint present in defense of the thesis

Viva

59



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: IV 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-LAB-I



6. Maximum Marks : 70+30 (sessional)

7. Course outcome:

Identify and describe ores and ore associations

Carry out geological, geophysical and geochemical exploration surveys

Understand complex mining operations

8. Main body

1. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY :

Megascopic study of Indian metallic ores and industrial minerals in hand specimens.

Study of ore structures in hand specimens.

Study of optical properties and identification of important ore minerals under ore-

microscope.

Preparation of maps showing distribution of metallic and industrial minerals in India and

also classical world mineral deposits.

Study of ore types in association with plate margins

2. MINERAL EXPLORATION AND MINING GEOLOGY

. Exercises on sampling and reserve estimation.

Framework and guidelines for report making. Collection of field data and writing of

reports.

Graphical representation and interpretation of geochemical and geophysical data.

Exercises on geochemical and geophysical survey methods using case studies.

Reading, analysis and interpretation of logs

3. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

Study of properties of common rocks with reference to their utility in engineering

projects.

Study of maps and models of important engineering structures and dam sites and tunnels.

Interpretation of geological maps for landslide problems.

Distribution of Hydrological Provinces of India.

Delineation of hydrological boundaries on water table contour maps and estimation of

aquifer properties as hydraulic conductivity, storage coefficient and transmissivity.

Analysis of hydrographs for various components.

Chemical and Physical analysis of water and presentation of data for uses in irrigation,

drinking and industry.

Evaluation of Pumping Tests data for Aquifer parameters. Interpretation of Geophysical

data for fresh and Saline Ground water.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

Population characteristics, their representation on maps and their interpretation

Major soil groups and their depiction and analysis

Biodiversity maps and analysis of biomes at risk

60

Climate and Natural vegetation zones

Preparation of hazard zonation maps

Preparation of land capability maps

ADVANCED GEOMORPHOLOGY

Drainage and slope Morphometry, Hypsometry,

Geomorphology through topo-sheets, Geomorphology through aerial photos and satellite

Imagery, Terrain aspect mapping.

61



1. M.Sc. SEMESTER: IV 2. SUBJECT CODE: GO-LAB-II

3. COURSE TITLE : LAB COURSE II 4. Credits : 4



7. Course outcome:

Students will be able to write own research papers

Students will be able deliver seminars with multimedia aid

Students will be able to prepare complete research proposals

8. Main body

1. Presentation of seminars on specially assigned topics (selected from each paper)

2. Presentation of term papers (Writing of an independent major and minor research proposal

complete in all respects).


4. Field work

5. VIVA VOCE

Documents

M.Sc. GEOLOGY SYLLABUS - Pt. Lalit Mohan Sharma