PRESENTATION ON SILENT

SPRING

- TRIBHUWAN DHAKAL - B.SC. 4TH YEAR - ROLL NO:- 305/069

MAN HAS LOST THE CAPACITY TO FORSEE AND TO FORSTALL. HE WILL END BY DESTROYING THE EARTH

- Albert Schweitzer

1. A FABLE FOR TOMORROW

a. Writer tries to drag our attention to the natural environment which is not disturbed by anthropogenic activities. There is a city where birds are singing, visitors are coming to see the natural beauty. The river is flowing with carrying different lives in it. It is developing human civilization in it’s bank.

b. Suddenly a disease strikes the city. Animals die. Strange disease is seen in people. There was the shadow of dead. There were no birds. Trees were lost. No agricultural and animal husbandry could be carried out. Visitors stopped visiting the place.

c. The death was ruling over the city. There was death in everything. It came suddenly as something was introduced to them in their system.

c. “ A white granular powder still showed a few patches; some weeks ago it fell like snow upon the roofs, lawns and the spring.”-From Silent Spring

This was the

result .

THE OBLIGATION TO ENDURE1. The universal contamination of the environment, only humans

have altered the natural environmental cycle by adding pollutants in almost every earth’s system.

2. - 3.8 million tons pesticides - 1 million tons fungicides - 2 million tons insecticides etc. only in the US.3. More than 1055 pesticides active pesticides only in US, with revenue of 52 billion US$ in 2015. 4. Single crop system introduced more pests. 2,00,000 new species of plants and 180 insect species were imported to US.5. The chemicals used are without advance investigation of their effects on fundamental functional components of Earth’s system.6. Era of experts and specialists, but the destruction and death cycle was accelerating.

QUESTION MARK 1. How could intelligent beings seek to control a few unwanted species by a method that Contaminated the whole environment and brought the threat of disease and death Even to their own kind?

“OBLIGATION TO ENDURE GIVES US THE RIGHT TO KNOW”

ELIXIRS OF DEATH

1.DDT2.CHLORADANE3.HEPTACHLOR- FOUR TIMES MORE TOXIC THAN CHLORADANE4.DIELS- 4 TIMES MORE TOXIC THAN DDT5.DIELDRIN- USED TO KILL MOSQUITOES, BUT KILLED SPRAYMANS TOO

6.ALDRIN- USED TO TREAT SEEDS AND WEEDS7.ENDRIN- MOST TOXIC AMONG CHLORINATED HYDROCRBONS A. 15 TIMES POISONEOUS THAN DDT

8.PARATHION- MOST TOXIC OF ALL AND USED AS INSECTICIDE AND ACARICIDE

9.MALATHION- HOUSEHOLD POISON TO KILL HOUSEHOLD INSECTS , SPRAYING IN GARDENS ETC.

10.DINITROPHENOL, PENTANITROPHENOL

1.WE ARE SUBJECTED TO IN CONTACT WITH DANGEROUS CHEMICALS FROM THE MOMENT OF CONCEPTION UNTIL DEATH AND OTHER SPECIES TOO.

2.CONTAMINANTS ARE FLOWING THROUGH EACH AND EVERY EARTH SYSTEMS POISONING EVERYTHING.

3.THEY ARE BIOTRANSFORMED, BIOACCUMULATED AND BIOMAGNIFIED IN EVERY BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC SYSTEMS.

4.FROM 1947 TO 1965 THERE WAS 5 FOLD INCREASE IN THE USE OF PESTICIDES.

5.ARSENIC CONTAMINATION KILLED MANY DOMESTICATED ANIMALS6.Dr. W.C HUEPER, “ANYONE WHHO HAS SEEN THE DUSTERS AND SPRAYERS OF ARSENIAL INSECTICIDES AT MARK MUST HAVE BEEN IMPRESSED BY THE ALMOST SUPREME CARELESSNESS WITH WHICH THE POISONEOUS SUBSTANCES ARE DISPENSED.

7.TOXINS COMBINE WITH MOLECULES OF FAT. 1 PPM IS ENOUGH TO CAUSE HUGE HARM

1.INDIVIDUAL WITH NO EXPOSURE = 5.3PPM2.AGRICULTURAL WORKERS = 17.1PPM3.MORKERS IN PLANTS = 648PPM

1.EGGS – 8PPM2.MILK 3PPM3.BUTTER 65PPM

POISONED WATER 25PPM

PLANKTONS 5PPM

PLANT EATING FISH 40-300PPM

CARNIVORES SPECIES 2500PPM

1. HOW CAN WE BE INDIFFERENT TO THE SAME EFFECT IN CHEMICALS THAT ARE DISSEMINATE WIDELY IN OUR ENVIRONMENT ?

2. POISON PASSED THROUGH SURFACE WATER AND SEA. POLLUTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER WAS POLLUTION ALMOST EVERY SPECIES AND EVERYTHINGS.

3. POLLUTION IS UNSEEN AND INVISIBLE.4. EVERY LIFE IN AQUATIC SYSTEM GOT POISONED5. THE POLLUTION AND TOXINS WERE TRANSFERRED

TO DIFFERENT TROPHIC LEVELS THROUGH FOOD WEB IN AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS.

6. POISONS GOT ACCUMULATED IN EVERY BIOLOGICAL AND ABIOTIC SYSTEMS OF EARTH.

1.MIGRATORY BIRDS, ANIMALS AND FISHES WERE ALSO POISONED, SOME TRANSFERRED THE TOXINS TO THEIR NATIVE PLACES.

THIS IS THE RESULT

NOTHING EXISTS ALONE IN NATURE

THE REALAMS OF THE SOIL

SOIL IS IN PART A CREATION OF LIFE

1.NATURAL SOIL CYCLE WAS CREATING MARVELLOUS LIFE. BUT SOMETHING IN ITS CYCLE WAS INTRODUCED BY HUMANS

2.THE KILLERS OF SOIL, PESTICIDES WERE SPRAYED OVER THE TOP SOIL.

3.BACTERIA, FUNGI, ALGAE ETC. WERE KILLED AND THEIR CYCLE WAS DISTURBED.

4.SOIL LIFE RUNS THE GAMUT FROM BACTERIA TO MAMMALS.

5.AERIATION CYCLE OF SOIL WAS DISTURBED. 6.EARTHWORMS WERE KILLED BY THE TOXINS WHICH WERE THE GEOLOGIC AGENTS FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOIL STRUCTURE.

BENZENE, HEPTACHLOR, LINDANE, 2,4,D- THEY CAUSED INTERRUPTION IN NITRIFICATION

INTRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS EXCEEDED NAATURAL RECOVERY OF SOIL.TOXICANTS WERE ADDED TO DIFFERENT AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL FOOD WEB THROUGH SOIL.- POTATO FIELD – 15 POUNDS PER ACRE CHEMICALS- CORN – 19 POUNDS PER ACRE- CRANBERY – 34.5 POUNDS PER ACRE- ORCHARDS – 30 TO 50 POUNDS PER ACRE- ARSENIC IN TOBBACCO FIELD INCREASED UPTO 600%CROPS TOOK MORE TOXINS FROM SOILS WHICH BECAME UNFIT FOR MARKETING.MANY VEGETABLES, GRAINS, FRUITS ETC. WERE REJECTED DUE TO HIGH AMOUNT OF TOXINS IN THEM.

A FEW FALSE MOVES ON THE PART OF MAN MAY RESULT IN DESTRUCTION OF SOIL PRODUCTIVITY

AND THE ARTHROPODES MAY WELL TAKE OVER

EARTH’S GREEN MANTLE

PRODUCTION OF PLANT KILLING CHEMICALS AND THEIR HAPHAZARD USE IS KILLING PLANTS1.WHY THE LAND IS, WHAT IT IS, AND WHY WE SHOULD PRESERVE IT’S INTEGRITY. BUT THE PAGES REMAINS UNREAD. Eg. Sage eradication in western highlands.

2.THROUGH CONTINUOUS STRUGGLE WITH THE EXISTING AND CHANGING ENVIRONMENT SOME SPECIES OF PLANTS DEVELOPED RESISTANCE AND THEY SURVIVED OVER THERE. BUT HUMAN INTERVENED THEM.

3.NATURAL VEGETATIONS IN THE NAME OF MANAGEMENT ARE CLEARED AND TREATED WITH COMPLEX CHEMICALS WHICH KILLS AND DESTROYS THEM.

4.CHEMICAL PLOWING DAMAGED THE LONG RANGE HEALTH OF EARTH’S GREEN MANTLE.

5.TREES ARE DAMAGED BY CHEMICAL SPRAYING, SOME DIED, SOME WERE WITHOUT LEAVES, THE WEEPING OF WHOLE TREES PERSISTED.

6.BEAUTY OF GREEN MANTLE TURNED FRAGILE WITH BROWNISH COLOR, IT WAS DYING AND THERE WASN’T ANYTHING TO CURE FOR IT.

THE ESTHETIC VALUES OF THE WILDERNESS ARE AS MUCH OUR INHERITANCE AS THE VEINS OF COPPER AND GOLD IN OUR HILLS AND THE FOREST IN OUR MOUNTAINS.KEY SPECIES FOR POLLINATIONS ARE BEING KILLED, AND IT IS BREAKING THE THREADS THAT BIND LIFE TO LIFE. IT IS KILLING GREEN MANTLE.

2,4 – D AND 2,4,5 – T ARE MOST DEADLY TO DESTROY GREEN MANTLE. THE POISONED GREEN MANTLE IS POISONING DIFFERENT LIVES THROUGH DIFFERENT MEDIUMS.

NEEDLESS HAVOC

MAN HAS WRITTEN A DEPRESSING RECORD OF DESTRUCTION DIRECTED NOT ONLY AGAINST THE EARTH HE INHIBITS BUT AGAINST THE LIFE THAT SHARES IT WITH HIM.

SPECIES ARE IMPORTANT FOR WHAT PURPOSE

CONSERVATIONALIST AUTHORITIES

POWERLESS, BUT WITH KNOWLEDGE POWERFUL WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE SINGLE EPISION FALLING FROM SKIES HAS THE POTENT TO DESTROY ALMOST WILDLIFE WHOSE RESETTLEMENT IS IMPOSSIBLE. WILDLIFE WAS DUSTED WITH ALDRIN JUST TO REMOVE A SINGLE SPECIES OF MOTH.MILKY DISEASE WAS SEEN IN JAPANESE BEETLE DUE TO ALDRIN POISONING.BY ACQUIESING IN AN ACT THAT CAN COME SUCH SUFFERING TO ALL

LIVING CREATURES, WHO AMONG US IS NOT DIMINISHED AS A HUMAN BEING

AND NO BIRDS SING

MANY BIRDS DIED OF DUSTERS AND SPRAYING.CHEMICAL WAR JUST TO KILL INDIVIDUAL SPECIES KILLED ALMOST EVERY BIRD SPECIES.BIRDS FEEDING ON POISONED EARTHWORM, POISONED AND DEAD FISH, ETC. DIED OF EXCESSIVE TOXICS.THEY WERE MADE STERILE AND NO NEW OFFSPRINGS COULD BE SEENHATCHED CHICKS ALSO DIED WITHIN FEW DAYS. SOME EGGES NEVER HATCHED30 TO 119 PPM TOXINS WAS FOUND IN THE TESTES OF MALE BIRDS151 TO 211 PPM OF TOXINS WAS FOUND IN OVARIES OF FEMALE BIRDS WHICH WAS SUFFICIENT TO MAKE STERILE90 SPECIES OF BIRDS WERE COMPLETELY LOST BECAUSE OF DUSTING AND SPRAYING IN SHELDON ONLY AND 20 OF THEM WERE GROUND FEEDERSPLANTATION OF SIMILAR SPECIES IN LARGE LAND AREA WAS DISASTEROUS AND IT WAS INVADED BY THE ENEMIES PPESTS. SPRAYING AND BRUSHING OVER THEM ACCELERATED THE CONTAMINATION. EAGLE EXTINCTION WAS THE MOST PROMINENT ONE. 80% OF EAGLE NESTS FAILED TO PRODUCE YOUNG ONES AND THEY THEMSELVES WERE MADE STERILE. MIGRATORY BIRDS WERE ALSO KILLED. THE NUMBER OF THEM WAS ALSO REDUCING.EXCESSIVE DEATHS OF PEGIONS WAS ALSO NOTICED.SEEDS WERE COATED WITH LETHAL TOXINS LIKE PARATHION WHICH WAS A DISASTEROUS POISON IN KILLING BIRDS.

RIVERS OF DEATH

DUSTING OVER AGRICULTURAL LAND, PASTORAL LAND, AND THE RAIN OVER THEM DRAINED THE TOXINS INTO RIVERINE SYSTEM. THROUGH RIVERS AND STREAMS THEY WERE TRANSFERRED TO OCEANS. THE SPRAYING IN CITIES ANH HOMES WERE ALSO WASHED AWAY BY RAINS. THE DRAINAGE FROM INDUSTRIES AND CITIES WERE DRAINED TO RIVERS DIRECTLY.THIS CAUSED THE COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF RIVERINE ECOSYSTEM. DDT CAUSED BLINDNESS IN FISH.THE DEAD AND POISONED FISH WERE EATEN BY BIRDS AND OTHER CARNIVORES AND THEY ALSO FACED DEATH.IT CAUSED THE SERIUS DESTRUCTION OF FISH.FRESH WATER WAS COMPLETELY POISONED. THE CIVILIZATIONS IN THE BANKS OF RIVERS WERE IN THREATEN.SPRAYING, SPRAWLING AND DIFFUSION WAS CAUSING DEATH CYCLES ALMOST ALL OVER THE PLANET IN EVERY SYSTEMS.AGRICULTURAL SPRAYING DAMAGED THE LIFE OF FROGS, CATFISH AND OTHE FISH SPECIES. MILKFISH IN SHALLOW PONDS WERE DEAD ALMOST 100%THE ANIMALS WHO DRANK THE WATERS FROM THESE POISONED RIVERS ALSO DIED. SERIOUS THREAT OF SHEMICALS WAS SEEN IN THE DOWNSTREAM REGIONS OF RIVERS. MARINE ECOSYSTEM ALSO WAS DISTURBED UPTO THE HIGHEST EXTENT.

INDISCRIMINATELY FROM THE SKIES

ABOUT AERIAL SPRAYING“AMAZING RAIN OF DEATH FROM SKIES”

THE MOST TRAGIC ERA IS FOR THE EREDICATION OF FIRE ANT.DIRECT SHOWERED DOWN INDISCRIMINATILY FROM THE SKIES. NOT ONLY THE TARGET INSECTS, BUT ANYTHING HUMAN OR NONHUMAN, PLANTS, WITHIN THE RANGE OF CHEMICAL FALLOUT MAY KNOW THE SINISTER TOUCH OF THE POISONS.TWO MASS SPRAYING OVER GYPSY MOTHS IN 1950SIT WAS SPRAYED OVER DAIRY FARMS, GRASSLANDS, OVER CITIES, OVER CROP LANDS AND INDUSTRIES.SOME SERIOUS DAMAGES ARE- DAIRY FARMS ENCOUNTERED 17PPM TOXINS IN MILK.- MOST OF THE COWS DIED.- IN PEA, 20PPM- BEEKEEPER LOST 100% BEES.- MANY BIRDS ALSO DIED AS THEY FEED ON THE POISONED DEAD INSECTS AND EARTHWORMS.

- FATAL DISEASE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM WAS SEEN DUE TO TOXINS.

BEYOND THE DREAMS OF THE BORGION

EVERY SPECIES ARE SUBJECTED TO CUMMULATIVE POISONING, FROM CONCEPTION TO DEATH.EVERYTHING LIKE MOSQUITO KILLERS, SPRAYS, EVEN COSMETICS ARE LOADED WITH DEADLY CHEMICALSSUPERMARKETS, VEHICLES, FOODS, HOSPITALS, MEDICINES, ROADS, EVERYTHING IS LOADED WITH SOME POISONS WHICH ARE AT ACCEPTABLE LEVELS.SOME TOLERANCE LEVELS OF PESTICIDES AND CHEMICALS ARE- DDT – UPTO 7PPM- PARATHION – 1PPM- DIELDRIN – 0.1PPMIT MEANS EVERY SPECIES IN EVERY SYSTEM OF EARTH ARE POISONED IN EVERY BREATH. NOTHING IS LEFT UNPOISONED.

THE HUMAN PRICE

SURROUNDED BY DEADLY CHEMICALS INTRODUCED BY SELF IN NATURAL SYSTEMTHE TOXINS ARE STORED IN ADIPOSE TISSUEALTHOUGH SYMPTOMS ARE NOT SEEN, WE ARE POISONED.THEY ALTER NERVOUS SYSTEM, OXIDATION AND ENERGY PRODUCTION IN CELLS.WITH THE INCREASE IN CONCENTRATION OF CHEMICALS, RATE OF LIVER DISEASE INCREASESIN THE SAME WAY SOME TOXINS INCREASE SKIN DISEASEOCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE MAY DEVELOP SUDDEN SYMPTOMS. CHEMICALS SOMETIMES MAY KILL IMMEDIATELY AFTER INJESTED OR INHALED.EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT CHEMICALS, THEY INTERACT THEMSELVES AND DEVELOP MORE COMPLEX CHEMICALS IN OUR BODY.CHEMICALS INDUCES MENTAL DISORDERS.GINGER PARALYSE EPISODE IS THE MAJOR EPISODE.

THROUGH A NARROW WINDOW

THERE IS ENEGRY PRODUCTION IN EVERY CELLS AND HENCE IT WORKS.ATP – ADENOSINE TRIOPHOSPHATE (CHARGED)ADP – ADENOSINE DIOPHOSPHATE (DISCHARGED)DDT, METHYLCHLOR, MALATHION, PHENOTHIAZINE AND VARIOUS DINITRO COMPOUNDS ALTERS OXIDATION PROCESS IN CELLS.- CELLS STOPS PRODUCING ENERGY.- THEY GET HEATED.- MITOCHONDRIA FAILS FUNCTIONING.- ATP IS NOT FORMED IN CELLS.- SPERM FAILS TO MOVE TO ITS DESTINATION.- IMPULSE STOPS TRAVELLING THROUGH NERVE CELLS.- ALTERS GENETICALLY AND PRODUCES MUTUATION TO OFFSPRINGS.- RADIATION ALSO PRODUCES MUTUATIONS TO SUCCEDING GENERATION- CHEMICALS ARE MUTAGENS AND MUTUATION WAS OBSERVED IN BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMAL SPECIES.

- THERE WAS DISORDER IN CHROMOSOMES.

ONE IN EVERY FOUR

ONE AMONG FOUR INDIVIDUALS IS SUSPECTED TO DEVELOP CANCER OR EVEN DEATH DUE TO CHEMICAL EFFESTS OF PESTICIDES.IT IS EQUALLY VALID FOR BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALSTHE LEVEL OF CONCENTRATION IN THE BODY OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES DETERMINES THE SUSPECTIBILITY.BONE MARROW CANCER, HAEMORRHAGE, LEUKEMIA, ETC MAY BE SEEN. BLINDNESS IN BIRDS AND DEATH DUE TO THIRST CAN BE SEEN IN SOME ANIMALS.ALMOST MOST OF THE TOXINS THAT ARE ADDED TO THE ENVIRONMENT CAN BE REMOVED ANTHROPOGENECUIALLY.

NATURE FIGHTS BACK

INSECTS WORLD IS NATURE’S MOST ASTONISHING PHENOMENON. NO PREDICTIONS CAN BE MADE.INSECT DEVELOPED RESISTANCE TO CHEMICALS. MUCH STRONGER CHEMICALS WERE NOT ABLE TO CONTROL THEM. THEIR POPULATIO OUTBRUSTED IN THE ABSENCE OF NATURAL ENEMIES.THEY WERE KILLED . BUT THEY REAPPEARED WITH MUCH MORE POTENTIAL AND RESISTANCE TO CHEMICALS. THEY WENT UNDER SUDDEN GENETIC MUTUATION.BUT THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT WAS WEAKENED. HUMANS DON’T HAVE THE ABILITY TO CONTROL OVER NATURE. SO THE RESULT WAS SAYING. HIGHLY RESISTANCE PESTS TO CHEMICALS DESTROYED CROPS AND KILLED ANIMALS. SIMILARLY MALARIA CAUSING MOSQUITOES REAPPEARED AGAIN WITH MUCH MORE RESISTANCE.

THE RUMBLING OF AN AVALANCHE

INSECTS DEVELOPED RESISTANCE AND CHEMICALS WERE INEFFECTIVE TO CONTROL THEM.THE POPULATION OF POWERFUL INSECTS TO CAUSE SUFFICIENT DAMAGE TO CROPS, VEGETATION ANIMALS AND HUMANS WERE OUTBRUSTING AND THERE WAS NO CONTROL WITH CHEMICALS.ALMARMING DANGER WAS NOTICED EVERYWHERE. SIMILARLY INTRODUCED PLANT SPECIES WERE GETTING VERY WILD AND UNCONTROLLED IN THE ABSENCE OF THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.AL OF THE CHEMICAL WAR AGAINST THEM WAS SEEN AS INEFFECTIVE.THEY WERE BECOMING THREATS .THERE WAS THE SIGN OF DISASTER EVERYWHERE, DISASTER FROM PESTS AND INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES.

THE OTHER ROAD

HIGH SPEED, PROSPERITY

NON ECOLOGICAL

CHEMICAL METHODS

DISRUPTS EARTH’S NATURAL CYCLE

ENDS LIFE

LESS TRAVELLED ROAD

ECOLOGICAL

BIOLOGICAL, ECOLOGICAL METHODS

MAINTAINS EARTH’S NATURAL CYCLE

PROMOTES LIFE