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Scholars' Mine Scholars' Mine
Professional Degree Theses Student Theses and Dissertations
1942
Research investigation of organized drainage districts in Research investigation of organized drainage districts in
Mississippi Mississippi
Lee Dorsett Dumm
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RESEA.RCH nIVESTIGJ1 TION OF OROAt1IZED
DRA I NAGE D-I5X!UGTS I N MISSI SSI PPI
BY
LEE D. D'fJWl
Ii
'fl;{'ESIS
Submitted to the f'aeulty of' the
SCHOOL OF MINES AJ1D METALLURGY OF 1'HE uNrvgnSI'M!' OF MISSOURI
in partial. fulfillment of the work required for the
Degree of
CIVIL ENGINEER
R.;f>ll.a. mo.
1942
1
CONTENTS
Introduction - - - • - - - - - - -
History or Drainage in 1!issis sippi
Page
5
~ .. -' - ....... -- 5
Need for Drainage Researoh - - ... - - - - - - 11
Research Inve·stiga. tlon - - - - - - ... - - 12
Establishment of P~ojeet - "': - ..... - .... - .... - 12
Pe~1od and Extent of Project - - .. - ... - - - 13
Cost or Project - - - - - - - - - - - - • ~ 13
~pduUoo--------- -- ---"
ork Projects AdminIstra tion - - - -- - ... - - - 14
Sponsor - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - 15'
Co-Sp-Onso%' - ... - - - - ... ... - - -- - - - - - 15
Cooperation - - - ... - - - .... - - ... - - - - - 16
Eng1n~&r1ng - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18
artice Pe.rsonnel - .......... -- ... - - - - - - - - -... 19
l'leld Personnel - - - - - - "" - _... 20
CoItputa ttons - - - - - ... - - - - ... .- - - - - - - 22
Bas:1s of Hydraulic calcula tions ... - - .... - - _.. 21
Accompllsbm.ents - - ... - - - - - - - ... - - - - - 30
Field Surveys _... - - ... - - ... ... - ... - - - ... - - 30
Dralnag,e Plana - - - -- - -.... -- - - - - - - - 31
.p ---------------------- ~
CONTENTS
fteports- ........ - .................. ...... ... """ .... - ... - - .......... -
Distribution of maps and reports - - - ... - - -
Detail Data Availabl e ... - - -
Results ......
Summar y fabl e - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Study of Tabl e .... - - - .. ... - ... - - - ... - -
Page
35
35
36
37
)8
44
,0 Concl~s1Qns ... • - - - - - - ... - - - - ... ... - - ~ 63
Acknow1edg$m8nts - - - - ... - - - - - - - - - - 67
Appendix A ... - - - - ... - - ...
Appendix B -....... - - -- - -
B1b11ocrapby - - - • - - - -
- ... - - - - -
- - -- - --- - - -List or 111ustrations - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -
I.n4.ax. - .,. .. 'w ..... - ... .... ... .... .... ... .. ... .. ... ... - - - ... .... ...
70
91
94
3
98
3
ILLtJSTRATIO}:!S
Figures.
1. state map - - - - - - ... - - - - .... - - - - - 10
2 . Computation foX' wette<l per1metsr - - ... - - - - 25
3. D.1seharge CUl'ves - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - 29
4 . ~/pieal Pl nn- sheet (reduced scale) - - - - ... - 32
S. Typical county m.ap (reduce.dscale) - , - - - - - 34-
6 . Organization. and price com,arison chert - - - 45
7,. Floa,ting ~ed.ge at work - - .... - - - .... - - - 5'0
8. Dr1.fts an(ised1m$nt from. upland ditch - 5'0
9. Poorly maintained ditch - ... - - .... - - - - - ... - ,2
10. D1$crutl"ge eapac:1ty 1$ cut one- half - - -.... 52
11. Clea1"'ing channel doubled the eapae1ty - - - - - 54
12. Ra..tutbU1tation work on main ditcb - - - .... - 54
13. Flat slopes .give stability - - - - - - .... - ... - 54
14. MaintainIng ditch by mowing - - ... - - - - - 54
15. A sodd&d inlet ... - - - - - - - - - .... - - - 56
16 . Snn4 and silt deposited by floods -- - - . ' - - 56 17. DGpthof sediment five milss from foothills - -
1 8 ", Yalobusha River - -- - ... - - - - - - - - - - -
19. Abandoned t ,enant house ........ '-_ ....... . _-
58
~8
" 20. Abandoned tenant house - - - - -- - ... - - - -;9
4
ILLUSTRATIONS
11gUTes. Page
21. Aerial phot()graph in 1928 - - - - .... - - - - - - 60
22 •. Aerial photograph in 19]:8 - - .. - - - - - - - - 60-
23. Delta floodway with insufficient capacity - - - 62
24. Map or Indian Creek brainag& District - .. - - - 69
5
In the eat-ly days farmers attempted to drain
their la:n<l individually, but they soon found tha t water did
netreeogn!ze property lines . One f armer auld ditch his
land only to find that the water trom his neighhQr ts farm
would wash over his l and and fill up h1s ditches . Another
'fIouJ.d attempt to ditch his land, but would find that no out
l et was avallible f'or his ditch unless he constructed it
&eross the land. of his neighbor .
Because or sueh sl tuatlons, groups of fa1"rAe.rS
'Cooperated in eon$tructlng dralnage1mprovements . However,
dlrrleul ty was encountered 1n reacbing an agreement as to
the divi sion ofcostSt the location of ditches, and the
n.ethod of ¢Onstruct1on. As a. result, many cooperative
enterprises rai l ed and .tate 1,& s w~re enacted so that the
drainage ent&rpr1ses might b$ governed and the costs
dlstt:r 1bl:. ted.
The first drainage 1& . wa.s enaeted in 141&s1ss1pp1
in 1886. S1ne.e that tim numerous 4lte1nage 1&.s a..n4
a endatorF a·et,s ha:ve been passed by the state Legls1ature.,
( A short discuss 10n o£ th$ $()l'·e il'orta1!t. A.ets is giy-ea
und~r Apl'ehdu 8 .. )
6
The Chi appa cree k. Bottom Swamp Land District,. the
first d.istriet in Mississi ppi to be organized under such a
law, waS created in 1888. S~ee thstt1me more than 300
districts have been ereated, most of the'fa prior to 1925.
The location of districts in existence on January 1, 1941,
is shown on the aecompanying map , Figure 1.
YAny of the drainage districts hay been organiU'd
in cotapara tlYelysmall ares , based mo.re oncommunl ty needs
and interests than ~ll watershed re-qu1re nt.s .. No sy-ste tic
procedure has bee n fo.llowed. Some districts have good agrl
oult\1ru dlwa1nag hUe iru.uteqtlBte outlet- Qf other drainage
ditches cause flooding of the lower- lying arens . Big
diteh$ flow into little diteh~s which empty into unimproved.
ba.dly- conges ted, winding stre.ama o'r sluggish. bayous .. !hese
adverse situations ex1st in many lowland a1" as causing
damage , creating eonfusion , and r e sulting in bard feelings
1$ 41.1.'$ to poor :planning and plee.eme 1 aethods of so-ealleli
"'cheap drain ge ft • Few distrIcts h 'Va e ployed competent
eng1:t·i1:~e.ring personnel a.nd many haV1t no engineering pl ans of.'
any kind.. The capac1 ty oC dlte 6S was 1na'dequate and a s .a
rasu1 t the l nd ftS not ~alMd ..
7
In the hill sectiQn of the state as many as five
or six districts ere organized along one short stre.am.
A district Was formed along the upper reaehes of .Q. stream
and a di tell was: dug downstream for a few mil es ", This
ditch eono:entrated the wa ter- upon leer areas and as a
r ·esu1t QJl.Qther district was organ1zedand the dl ten was
extended a tew miles fa.rther ", This was repeat.ed several
times. Frequently tha ditch Was not increased in size as
1 twas e.xtended downstream, with the 1"e9111 t, tha t the
wa ter from the increa.sed drainage area o.-erflowed th.e
lower 41.striets in spite or their im,provements . In 1mlllY
or the hill d14tr1ats s and and silt were wash.d fre t he
cultivated hillsides into the ditches where drift and
other obstructIons caused the 5.11 t to be deposited QIld
gradually .filled 1n and choked the lower ends of the ditches •.
J.&any di.str1cts have been unsound proJe.ets fro
the beginning beeat'lSeaolls were not 02 suf'f'1e1ent fex-til-
1 ty tn.. . and \)eoeuse excBssift &ami and silt de 1'05 1 ta
blocked. til tche$ in otbel."S" Ill: .5 cas~s e. small l"ttta of
bottom l aml wa$ burdened with heaVY taxes neeessary
because it re.ee1ved all of t he wa t9:r from Q 1a1'e lI'a.ter·shed.
Partially eCreet1v"e improvements eould not lower the. 1'l 00da
sutt1cd&ntly te perm! t profitable a.il"ical tnral deYelop!amt
and tbe lands b:av,e stn4e '~n abatld~ned r ior er&p a$.~s., •.
8
Usually dra i nage works ha'Ve ooen grossly neg
lected.. Ditches have be3n constru cted and then Ii ttle
Ol" nothing dGne to maintain them. In N1ssissippi ve t;e
tat1ve growth is r a pid and 50 abundant that the ca.p:aclties
of drainage eh.annelsean be gr eatl y redueed b ' only one
year of sueh growth . In many eases ditches have been
allowed to dtateriorate until t hey are ~arrying only ten
to twenty-five percent of t he amount of water they carried
when first constructed.. ~us J l andowners receiving little
benefits from df'ainago systems they nil.va paid for . have
become dissatisfied with and 1nd.iff~reBt to the drainage
lm'provaments .. Tbe now of water has been bl ooked in
variou$ ways... Tree s have been pulled i nto di tabes ; d$br1s
of all kinds has ~en d.:l.u!lped i n to the ohannels; f anees
hal'S been built IH!rOSS the ditches and small. inadequate
eu.l v erts bs.va been ins tall$d 1n l"oadways.
lna4equa te dr:a1nag6 has made i t impo~u;:1bLe. for
many land-cmners tD meet t heir drainage tnx'Ss.. The result
has been that farmers have lost their 1. nds and drai.nag.e
districts have def'aul ted on the bondslssued by them to
, '1 for drainage improvement s . Thus t he l.andowner hs
not only SUrre1"ed't but the purchaser of' the honds ha$
tl1ed to reeelve L"lt .Pe'&t on h1s :inV'.stmeIllt~ an4 hl S0218-
Cel$$s . has lostt~, mon~ be invElst.d.
9
FOTtunately, all of the drainage work in t he
state has not been unsatisfactory. There ar e several
&reas of gooo agricultural l and where drai nage improve
ment s have been v, e ll planned, well constructed, and "here
th ar.:rail"S Qf' the district have been efficiently admin
istered by the drainage district offie1als . The l&nd
owners in these d istric ts have been a ble to pay their
drainage taxes and to dev elop and 1 prove their l and.
These bEme.fits fut'nlsb ample evidence that wher e areas
1 th good s,olls have been dr a ined ill &ceo-rdance wi t h sound
engineering practices and where administration of th. 4:t.s
tr10ts has been ~ff'iQlellt, dr.ainage, has been profl tabl.e
fl~d bas resultod in t he development of much of the best
a r-lcultUl"al .land in the state of Mi.ssissip,i •
.. r e the 3,, 300,000 acre s,. cr more than ten per
cent of the tota1 area ot t he stat.e of W.ssiss1ppl, 1s in
or an1~ed drn1:nage distr1ct:s. Appro:X:il'll&tely $22, 64B,OOO
have been expended in the more than 300 districts which
constructed 4 , 562 . lies of outlet d:1t-clles ) ,320 ·11es of
levees, and four drainage pumpi ng pl ants . This does not.
i nclude the millions of do1.18.1"8 expended in oonst7uct1ng
p1"iV'at. farm ditches and field drains . Practically all
of this V&S~ expenditure has been ¥l!Qdeitbout state 01"'
fe4ral &$.slstano ..
o r-I
; i
W' AM ~' Ai ,
A
H N 0
'~H--'-'~'~ '
--·,-----i i i i i i MONTGoMERY i i i
CAR R 0 L L i ...fi1~' .fI;~t-~:... I i i i . . I
r-I- '--'- '-'r-'- '- '- '- '- '- '-"-1
I ' ; r'- '~ I i I '/NOXUBEE" A ~_ . .J
I WIN! ;
r '- ' -._.r.-.-j
II' ! ; I . . -.-.-.-. +.-.-.-. i.-.-.-.-.-.-._.-.-J j i
i I j i
i
5 COT T
i----.- .- .-.-.- .- . RANKINj
i i
E' M PER ; ; j ;
_._._._._._._.} I ;
o ALE I ; ,
_._.~._._i I ,
I-.-~'-"- ' -._. _ . ._ ._ ._._._ ._._._ . .L.--,
; ; ; \5 MIT H JASPER!
COP A S IMP 5
i i i i
I i i
ONE 5 j ._., i i i LINCOLN I
I i I
I N i i I I r ·- ·- ·l·-L·_·--.,.I.,d,-·_·\--·_ ·! ·- ·_·.i.. ·- T ·-·_·- ·--.~. i I _ ._._._ ._ .i.!. __ ._ --t-. / I i
I ii . :£ I I i » jLAMARi i
TEl (' '1 i . . P IKE )0. iFORRESTI
I 'Y Iii
i "f ', I i.', I i I.. I.. -·---·-.- .- . -.-. L·-·_._._._._._.~_.~_~ __ .L_._._._ ._ ._.L-. ....l;r_.-L- .. -=-_ ...J'~ J'=\ ~_
i i i i i
FIG. I
SUMMARY REPORT OF
ORGANIZED DRAINAGE DISTRICTS IN
MISSISSIPPI
PREPARED BY DRAINAGE DIVISION. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SPONSORED BY MISSISSIPPI BOARD OF DEVELOPMENT
1941
SCALE IN MILES
10 20 JO 40
R
iii l-_._.-L- .- ._., .j
PEARL I iG i i
VERi sT ONEi
i ~.-.- . I ,._._. _ ._ ._ .~
r ·-·-·-+·- ·.J I i ' i . I ! iHARRISONi
.r.J i i r i i
-' -'-~'i
i i i
; ;
11
While there has been a marked progress on flood ,.
control in the state of Miss1sslpp1 by t he Corps of Bngi-
ueers , U. S. Army, little- advancement has been made to
improve l And drainage conditions . Dra1nage proble $ have
baff1ed l oeal interests for many years. Dra1nng~ districts
were organl se ,d and leV'ees and di tehes were eons tructed for
the proteotion or individuals or a group of landowners
wi thou t nons 14era tlon of' coord:1na ting sucbork$ wi th
dr-ainage and nooa control works of' other organ1za. tiona:
tershed
basis . !he e.xp~t'1enee of pl"C)ceed.lng upon an 1n4ependent
basIs provedc()s. tly to ":by dl'a,lr.aga districts. for heavY'
finanoial losses resulted, th-l"ough the fail ure or l evees to
provide the ~lItpeeted flood proteet.lon and the fal1ur~ of
41 tches to :fu:tnlsb a<tequa.te far - drainage o-utlets.. !here
tore, only p.al"tlal flood. pl"o~eet1-on and dr ainage Q .$
<tbtained by many distr1ets , and in man¥ of these 41strlets,
tbe east of eonstrnct1n.g n4 .ma1ntaining 'te drainage
works VIas pro.h1b1tlV8 considering the benefits . The magni
tude or dnlna.ge problems in W.sslss1ppl has IlU\de 1~G1
-end.V·QF Inttee:t1ve i n many sections and tbe resear ch
$ tud,y 1f1 $ to devel .op re¢~da tlO'ns that gbt b h~1pru1
in the $o.luUoaso-t the (U.tfloul.t pl"oble ' ..
12
The re.seareh 1nv~stiga t 10n covElring organized
dr ainage districts in Jiississippi was a coopera tive study
conducted jointly by the His.s1ss1pp1 Board of Deve lopment ,
\: ork Projects Adm1nistration, and the United St a tes De
partment ot Agriculture., So11 Conservation Service,
Divisi on of Drainage, Research .
In January 193B, the .oil' ctor of the Mississippi
s tate Planning Oowrlssion (later ehanged to the Hissis$ipp1
Board Qr Develop ,ent) 1"<8Q.uGsted t he Drainage Division,
B·urea.u of Agricultural Engineering (now under Hesearch in
the SoU CO:rut&rv t10n Sarv>lee) t United States Depar tment
of Agrl~ulture. te d.etermine the physical, financial and
ec<mom1e cond1 tl,ons ef o1"gan1zed dr$1nag dis tricts in
lUss1ssippi tor the purpose or preparing plans aM reC'--
o:aentiations oovertng the rehabilitation and coor41nat!on
of tbedrablagft systems in that al"ea. 'Thls re-quest re$Ul.tetl
in Q cont'-erenc, in ~ash1ngton, D. C. J on J nuary 18, 19)8,
and not l ·ong the,rea:fter t he Bureau ~r Agricultural Eng1-
neering report·ad 1 t41d not have sufficient funds to under
take the pr~po$ett ' res:earob . lntt , a,l"ee <l to assign eng1naitrs
to :$U~J.,$$ nn4di:re~t such work. The lIis:slss1p.,1 Btate
13
Planning Co~i$$lon ncc£'Jpted. the proposal, and through
t he cooperat1on of .the Centra l Committee for Drainage
Dls:trietsot J!1ssissippi succeeded i n securing a ppro
pr18 tions from the ate. te Leg131a ture .
Active eper-Qti ons were started Septeufbar 20,
1938, and. the pr-oJeat as completed February 15, 1941.
'lhe 304 organaed: drB~1a:ge dIstricts eOV6l"-ed: by the
research studies are located. t}lostly in the northern half
of' the' Bta.t. w1 th 112 districts in. the DEll ta and 192
distr1et$ in the Rill £leoU.one or east c$ntrlll. arul narth
east W.ssi.s.slppi respectively.
In August , 1938, th~ K1ss1ss1p'p1 sta teLt!iig1s
lature ap-proprlated $20,000 f'or a state-wide drainage
survey.. The Plaf'~g Commission utilized this $20,000
to sponsor a PA. PraJQ·ct and obtained an add! t10nal
$64,982 provided by the Work PrGJ.ets Adm1nlstration ..
Presidential approval for this project Wri$ received on
SepteHr 3, 1938. SUffieient funds were not provIded
by the i n! tia!. apprQP,..1a tloJl$ to cQmpl ete: thewark and
on October 31, 1939. Pr.s1dential approval ... s granted
on a oontil'1u1ng pr.ojee"t wh.!.e)l pr~lded addlt1onal'e4eru
14
funds of $35,309.00. The sponsorfs requiNd contribution
ot $8, 890 was provided by an additio.nal state appropria tion.
of $12,000 early i n 1940. Inel ud1ng the funds expended by
t .he Dr6inage, Division and those s upplied by the Central COl!: ....
mitt&e fOor Drainage Districts of Jiisslssi ppi " an amount ot
about $150,OOO 'was :requir-ed to complete the entire research
program.
1'he organization to condu.ct the r eseal"eh.
a ,ctlvit1es r~ll naturally Intotwo div1s1oruu Work
Project's Admln1stra t1on, and Enginoerllli . All act,1vltie s
er'econductttd cooperntively by the Work Projects Ad.l!lin:i.s
'tra 'tlon w1th the Mississippi Board of, Development as
s~onsat-, and the Drair!a.eo Division , S011 Conservation
Serviee ~ United States J)epartment of Agriculture, as co
sponsor.
!b$ Wor k Projects Administ1"'a t10n ,lmpervlsm:y
personnel was respons1blto :tor. feder,al p,a.rTolls t N-qld. ....
sitlQn anA Bssignm~nt or certified workers , enf'oT'Oement
f,)t all regulations perta1ning to employmentf$afety~
hout"s ofWOl"K, rtl tttS' of pa..r. and tb:~ e:omplet i(')X1of .~k1ng
pr-ocedUl"U ad ark Pl?'oJeets' ·dm.!n:t~trat1an '1" ,po;-t s. !be
15
assistant supervisors, eng1neers,. instrument men , or
foroll8u in charge of field and of'fiee work, pr-eptll'cd the
daily time r~J'Orts for all persons working in Q~ch
divisiQn of the pro . .leet.
Ueneral project administration was conducted by
the sponsor and: severnl employees were assigned to assiat
the eo-sponsor,. The sponsor also :furnished attics spaC$ "
office eQ.u1pr4ent, mater'ials" antipar't of the operating
expens1lts .
A_tn! tr: ttve 1'"8.syons1bU1 ty for all technical
phases eompr1$ingenglneer-1ng 8etlv1ti$s was delegated to
t he c.o-spot1S().r and regular progres s reports were subm1 ttad
to the WOl"k Pro.1-eet.$ Adtd.niatra tion lind the sponsor. The
r iel.deng1ne.ers were furnished maps and $k~t;Che.s of the
l oeat-lon and l ength Q1: e eh ditch and instrnct1cns cover
lng procedure to be followed on the surV6,.$ . The nu bel'
and el: ss1f1eation of fleldmen needed were submitted with
an estt t~ of' the time in days to compl ete eaeb unit et
'Gl' ... The ts.ahn1cal s tart of the CQ-$pcm.sor also, $Up~""
v1:s-ed tl ·. prepart1.on of' prof':11e and C'l'O$$ pet.i Oli ••
16
drafting" and typ1.r tH aonducted the deSiEl'.ling of plans
covering the rehabilitation and coordination of drninage
systems; dl"atted all drairuag$ district 1"eports; and pre
p(;Ired a Summary Report of Organized Drainage Districts
in Mississippi which was published for distribution by
the Mississippi Board of Development .
COo~erat1on
Soon aft .... rthe Project was set up, speeial
efforts to assemble all Inrormation pertaining to orgnnized
drainage distrlct$ led to conta.cts with several Federal and
State agenele's who cooperated s plendidly t hroughou t the
period or the 1nvtJst1gati i)n. Such cooperating agencies
i ncluded ·the Central CotAr:d:.ttee for Drainage Districts or W.ssissippl, Corps 'Of Engineer's, United ::lt~tfHl Arm.y ith
d1str1et offices at ViCKsburg., r!obl1~f sallhvilla , " emphls,
and Re Orleans; liational Resources Planning Board; Federal
dIrlnlstrat1o.n,
Wssh1ngto.n, D. C. ; Dra1nage Distl"iet Cowd.asioners ,. Engineers,
and Attorneys; Agr1cul tural Adjustr.l:ant Admln1:stratlGn;
Division of. H1gb a1 Planning , Uississi.ppi state Highway
Department; and the Reconstruction Finance CoPporat1on.
\
lU.-ss1asipp1 a$sisted g)-EJ'atl:y in $e-enrlng rl1l'ld~ tor the \
11
Sponsor's eontribut1on a..tld such additional funds as were
necessary in starting and operating the project.
The CO!'ps ot Engineers, United States Army a t
Vicksburg, Mobile, tlas,hville, ~emJ)-h1s t and I 'e Orleans made
avail a.ble all of their infor 'wt1cn nM data. on drainage and
:f 100<1 control 'Uorks, nnd in addition, cooper ted to the ex
ten t of assigning part- time technical assist nts f amiliar
with dra1nage problems 1n th~ state . '.rho,. al so furnished a
great number of quadrangl e w~ps and prints from tracings
preparEad on the prOle'ct.
71 Na tional Resoul"o$.s Pl~M111g Board assigned
t.t}e Ch1ef Water Consultant . for t he t o cer KlsA isslppi Dra.in
age Bas.i$to part- tiM aasistane. in a eons lt1ng capacity.
!he Farm cr~t Adsin,1str&; tion, tJu'ongh the led
er 1 Land, Bnnk of new Orleans, supplied co=ple~ Worrna t l on
of orgl1nl~ationJ assessmenta. . aad financial data for the
304 (}raina,go tilstr1ets1n the State . County maps showing
the loct1ons 'of dt"ainage districts also ere furnished a t
the start of t he pl"ojeet ..
Drtt lnage Dist.ricts t brough tbe1Jr () , 1$8 'n-ers ,
engineers , and ttorneys ~e ;til.sk-ed to supply • F or!le ,
pI ns of '&.~k and $truetu~.s~ nd other .41" taage 1nt01"mation.
18
Tl e Agr1cul turnl Adj'Ustt~nt Adminlstrn tlon made
available triTough the J a cKSOn,. .li.ss:i.ss1pp1, office and.
offices Qr county a,g~n ts, a.O'rial photogl"apns of each COlLl1ty
in the state f'QT use in Blapp1ng drainage systems and
topography.
The Division of Highway Pl anning, m:ssissippi
State U1ghway Oepsrtw.ent, .f"u:rnished count y maps on the seal e
01.' one inch to the mile showing the location o!' highways ,
rail ways, towns , and aoons1del"'abl e amount of natural and
artificial drainage rel1~t . Thedralna,e relier on these
maps '¥I' S assembl ed from 6r1ginal un1 uul sta tea G-oVQ1"ntHnt
Land Department township plsta an4a rial pbotographs and
provided some ot the bas t data used in deterrnning drainage
a r eaS in t be bill se c tion of th~ State.
!he Engineel'lng Divia10a !tas divided into ott1c:e
and· field orga.!1iza tiona, bath ,oper a t11'1g under. the g-ener nl
s.'Upel"V'1sion of theC-o-Bp(ffi$ctr .. 1!n.e ot'fic$ pet-sonnel oon~
.sisted or adtdrdsuat1ve eng~.r'l editing engineer, off1ce
englne.er, engineering ass:1stant s , draftsmen, at nOgl"apher$
and ~erks* !he maxtaumnumber of £1e14 par ties was
twe lve, e8Qb oonsis t1ngO£ .& .• n _1'l~ !he t otal n .bar of
$r.aplQy-eea _8 gree.tut 4nr:1nc Apl'"'11, 1939. Q en lO~l per sou
19
were assigned to various activities .
The main office of' the Engineeri! g Division Vlas
set up at Greenwood. lssisslppi, and a branch orf1ee Via S
!l'la1nt ained for a period of seven mont hs t Tupelo , ississlppi .
orr1ce P~rson.nel
The adJnl :11strative eng1ne-er had charge of all en
gine.erl ng assignments under the directi on of the Co- Spon sor,
d-rafted drainage distr 1ct reports , and or ked in cl ose co
ordIna tion lith tbe ol'f1c'e and ed1ting engIneer s . Field
engineers s.ecured assigllD.lents , delivered intQrmat1on, and
repart,ed d irectly to the administrative eng1neer . The office
e ngln.eer had charge of ehecking of field notes , platting of
profiles and cross sections of t he <11 tenss , hydraulic com
putations, preparation of pl ana from hydraulic ca lcul ations ,
eom.putat.1on a-f 1 rdage and clearing quantIties, and est! ....
aation costs . ~he editing er~1ne,er reviewed and re-
drarted the reports into final for ' and had cbar ge of' t he
typing section. All hydraulic <:aleultlons end o t her
dt1sign1ng d. ta a.nd o~putatlons wer e cheeked a.1'ld the reports
drafted before tbey went to the editing engineer for f1rull
n1ting ..
20
A. mnx1.m1rn or nine stenographt:.l"s was employed on
t he pr oject; .five, in t he !'lain office a t Green ·oQd t
lss1-ss1pp1; t wo, i n the branch office at Tupelo, Mississippi,
and t wo , in the offices of the sponsor. '!'hesa Ils.s1gnraenta
were partly by the Work Projects Adndnistl"atlon ·from ~ert1iled
r olls and partly by the s ponsor.:
The drnftine d"vis:lon wa,$ mol"a 0.1" l ess of :l separ a te
tl .. lli t in thel"egulal" engineer ing d1vision . It eontds ted of a
chief draftsman assigned by the sponsor and t wel va draftsmen
2'Ssigned by the Work Projects Administrati on from eertified
rQlls. The eertj.f1ed men Mre assi gne.d wit hout much pr &-vious
experienoe aM it required from two to tbre~ months ibr the
chi$f draftsman to train them to do credit.tthl e dr afting.
Each !Survey party consisted or an engineer, two
rodman, snd from three to four helper,s . In order to main
tain t his per sonnel and to fulfIl l ae edule r e 1u1rements o-f
the Work ProJects .A~in1s-tn.t1on , two rode1en and tour helpers
usually were asai gnedto eacb survey party. lin ver age Gf
approxi1D&te ly e'i gbt field parties W6}"e etilpl oyed on th pro
.1e,et... The field PQ~t1es ulJually wer e Gstabl..1she.d in ~mpo:ral"Y
headquarters in tha county ;n~h1cb operations wer-8 being
21
conducted principally beclll~se certifi ed Work ?rojects
Ad!dnistru t 1on i~orkers \rere assigned fro;a county r elief
:e~lls .
The engineers furn1s.he-d transporta tion , nd t hey
W~:lra reimbnr$cd on PI · mileagEf basis either by the Work Pr-o.
jects Administra tion or by t he Sponsor. When such arr.a.n.ge
menta could ue made th~ en~1neer s supplied trans its, lav~ls,
tapes, and l ev el rods . :..11 addltl ()nal equipment lias furn
ished by the sponsor,. co-sponsor, and cooperating agencies .
When s t1sfaetory maps of the districts and profiles
of' the d1tehes we.re'\', 11able, croas sactions extended eros·s
the a,r a inags channel and spoil bank on each sid~ and were
taken at various intervals. In tho tlarly stages of the sur
vey, if' profiles 0.£ the ditches had bee'n Q.btainsd, or were
known to be avaU able , laY-el$ 'Wel"e n'Ot carried between cross
sections. -here prof.ile$ were not aVailable, a continuous
110.$ or l.evel.s ~ef~reneed to mean lEuIr-level d&t ' "as
establ:1she<t along each dra,ir.age dltc:h in connection with thO'
crOS5 sections . Exper1o:nee soon indicated that it WQS me-at
desirable to t1.e all erOSSSQct!Orul into lev~l lines referenced
to mean-gulf datum $0 that tnel"elation or c~os.s sections In
adjo1nins d1strict$; cotUd be det1!l1 t&ly ascertained", Bot
Ol'lly was it desirable tl"Dm the stan<\po.mt or acel.U"&C:Y, but
thE} ,saving in of!'iee time more than cO!!llJ'ltnsa.ted for the
increaSced fi.eld eX,P$nse .
In add! t1011 to the 1nst~nt s11rVeys j eng1neers
made observations and not.asof the condItion of all drain
age channels ~ith reference to slIdes, s11tbars, tree
growth, dr1f't and other evidence of chan_'l&l deter1oraUo-n
a.nd obstruction. They also intarview-ed the drainage dis-
trlct eomm.issioners and inquired of la.ndO\mers as to the
opera tlon of drainage syste£1s and the Iiixt0nt of flood
damage-s.
When ftela notes were received. all level notfS$
were first cheated and then eq:tneer1ns; assistants plotted
all cross sections and ,raftl es or eaCh drain.It'a 41 teh and
bound them by districts. these crogs sections were then
turn.ctdwer to the off 1~ ~ngin.qr who made the .1' ollaU1g
OOSl,utat1ons and :1nco3:"pol"ate-d them into the drainage tii-s
trict reports: (l) Drainage AN4flS , (2) Discharge, (3) ny~
draUl1c Design, (4) Clear1n,g, (5) Excavation, (6) Costs ..
.ond,I ... '. Area!. 1'h~ drainage area or Bach ditch
_s first rua in on _ps of' tnG a.riUt. !bese _P$ eott.1.tet
at YntMd __ .8 Al'tIT q_~l. sheets ff!1l> the Delta _0-
t1on, wh1ch .-.4 all _tllral .aad, a:rttt1ciel reliof ••
23
contour lines on rive- foot intervals; and county .maps ,
furnished by tuu Mississippi llighway Department for the
11111 sections, h1clJ sllowed all. r'..a tural and a.rt1! ieial
relier . Consider'able care was requ.ired in running in these
drsinago .... a.rea lines in the Dsltase.etl::m due to the almust
fla t topography.. After tbese drainage areas viera· run in.
they were sub-dividEHi depending unon the length ot ditch
and the characteristics of the drainage area, and eaehof
these sub-div1.sions
D.1§eharl@ . nle dis.charge ,r ·o-r 61 ch pai n t , e;e
required, was computed Qnd record(Kiso thll t the ~t ot
d.ischargE! to be taken eare of at each point was known . !he
fOl"!ilulae used in aQ~ting the required discharge were set
up and axplaine' under"' the heading "Basis or Hydraulic
COmpu ta tlons ,. ~
design o.f a d1 tcll was to plac"& a tbeol'iGtical tlOTI 11n$ or
wat.er->surfa cce line on t.he profil. of t e ditch u..1rldel' ca -.
s14er:atlon., It.. considerable amount of' time and tho\.1ght _ .$
nace -Stay in the olle'ra tlon because not only the entire bT
drau-lie design as based upon this lL~0 put t.lsQ to lars,$.
ext.ent tn. d . gre · of dr '1lUig(! provid.ri. ifhe n llt:t . ~, $
to aacu~am ;.18 th~t1cal . :a~ eleva t1on. t ",QverU
24
average cr.oss sections on a p~.rt1cular ditch trom th~ f101'1
line . as shown on the profile find to plot this water $le
vatioD on the cross sectiQns. The area., 'W$tted per.1meter,
and hydr aulic .. 1"2d1.u8 ot the sEJetlon below this theoretical
flow line was eomvuted, and knowing the slope of the flow
line, the v,alQcity of the water was computed by means of
Kutter ts formula, ,and the discharge by means: of Chezy 's
fOI"mula . Both of these formulae are given and explained
under the heading -B sis of Uydrau,11a Computa t ,1o-ns lit. l ,r
the d1$CMrg'e eQfhputed for the cross seQtlons was as large
as the required d1seharge, wh1chhas already been expla1ried,
the ditch in its present eond1tlQ.n was ecnsl4e-red tQ: d'te:td
ample draiMge.. It this COlJputu 4isaWl.rge as smaller than
the l"$qu,ired discharge , it \"laS neoessa.ry to design a new
d1 te-h s.1ze whla:b WQuld tseat the ~u1t'ed discharge.
Ba.~ te:r ~es0t now 11n~u~ we:vs ms.de along
$ceTeral of the larger uut1et strea $ that enter the river
ehannel.$ using the proposed eleva tions of river flo s given
by the~ps ot Engineers, United states Army pllans of flood
oOlrtrol .a startin.g elevations fo·r the backwater computatiQns ..
!he d..signed maximum flow lines or tba dra1nap
.,-stems were not. a l ways Minta1neti helow the natural S~01lnd
sur-! ae ~or- "IlPiet.e drainagQ in sevenl eampar:ati'!1e.ly small
arau of' low-ly!l1g. mo·· tl,. tmAevelope4 ldds" eQn!1oi; 'be
FIGURE 2.
METHOD OF COMPUTING WETTED PERIMETER. lVliEN HORIZONTAL AND VERT ICAL PLATTUvn SCALES ON CROSS SECTI ON ABE NOT EQUAL.
I -.-+-:' I -. f-- . I I
--_. J ~.J:fl.:11"~ -I ! - - -. ,+-.r-- 14- ..
_::.1 f.- - r'): -r-t-;.,.
1 , j I
1 . to
Iff r- -.. . ~ .
I i', I i-
It! t: I"
:::'" i'... I'
~ , 1n; _----L.i
r-:--t"fi\C\ I .--~-
V· .-.- .. -~- .. 1 hrt 1\ \, I t 1 I J
/(7 /5 zo 25 3tJ
EXAMPLE: Compute the wetted perimeter of the eros s section shovm .
/P I I I I I
141 eo '" A , V
!.<:: I
.. -.11.
tJ 10 zo .Jp 4P 50
COMPUTATION: The line AB is the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose ot.her t.wo sides are 4 and 12. On the above chart go up 4 spaces from 0 and our 12 and the ~circle line nearest the intersection of these two lines is the length of the hypotenuse or AB. In t.his manner each line in the cross sect.ion below t.he wat.er elevat.ion is comput.ed.
:provided at reasonable eost con sid.ering pr$sent eeono..'11ic
c-ond1tlons and land va l.ues " Also these lCl" ~r~2.S will
not be. ful.ly p.roteeted ag&inst river backwater inundation
lmder flood control plans uow Deing eons.ici(1red by the Corps
of Engineel"s., United states l~rmy*
All o:t t hese design computations were r ee·orded:
in a table of hydraulic el ements whl~h was incorporated
into the report on each district.
Clearing .. Each field eng1.neer recorded in his
notes t he el.~sslrlaat1on or el.e$ring required witbin the
dr Inoge ehrumel, berm, and s,p911 banks.. Aerial ,bGtogr .pM
wer e also uaed -in (lonJunet1on witt f1&l.<i notes especially
in determining tbe lo-eat1of1 ot necessary clearing . These
eleftX'ing notes, along wit h the CQ1Ilputatlonof acres: of
clear1ngand ~ost pe1"~" 1tere ada a. part or each d.ra1nage
district repert. ..
kgVI.PiM. Mter the now line bad been .P'tlt on
t lle profIle of faal:h ditch and tha raqu1red ditch size dete-r
mined, the bottom of the pltoposed new d1t.«h was also plotted
upon the profile.... Th~ditch bottom elevation was eoaputed
and ,l'ottod nponthe ocrrespond1ng orossnet1on dt~u' which
the 4es1~ tit tell MCft:1onwM superuposed on t~ ~eross
.eat1-O'l1. Th. eut between th. pres·eai s.1a. .nd the d.es1pe4
21
size was planemet.er$d, a.nd excava t10n computed and i n.cor
pOl"fl ted in the tableo!' channel excavation included in eaeh
drainage distric t report.
Costs. . Atter the clearing and excavation tables
'Were eompleted on each dl"ainage district, a summarization
of clearing and exeaVa tion quanti tie s *as set. up, costs
eompllted and i ncluded in e ach report,.
the formulae used tor estimating the required. dis ....
ebarg@ capae.1 ty o~ di tehes W61"e as follOW's:
Del'tiu Q = 40 11 5/6
HUlsl Q . 80 II wbere H 1s 14 or l ess , and
Q I: 50 11. 5/6 . .f. 675 where i .$ gr-eate1" than 14.
Q is the JllaXlmum required capacity in
eub1c tee t , per seeond and 1i is the drat..ll
age al"'8a 1ft sq;uarfj miles""
These fortmdae do not prov1d.e .flood control wor ks , but drain
age ,$ystelils designed accordinglywlll give re sonn'bly good
agricultural drainage facUlties atlthough thee lowest-lYing
ar$as may be f. l ooded Tol" short j>arlod$ of tiM !ol,lmnn:c
stonas of· exees$1v.e precipitation,.. !'he basi$, Cor $eleeMnif
these f'ormnlae 1$ that drai:uage $ys~_ in. the lo.~
li1ss1,ssippl Va1l:esrd.esicnedlth eapQ<:;ltu$ QQPuted tV
28
the use of' these form:ulae have been receiving good avl
eu! tux-a! drainQ,ge where the dItches have been maintain~d
in etfiei$nt operating condition.
The r-equtred sizes of ditches were designed in
accordanee with Chazy ts Formula 2
Q : AV
where Q is the flow in cubie feat pel' seoond
A. is: the cross sectional area of flO.\f in &quare feet
V 1s a:V'erage velocity in teet pe. s8<lond.
The computations for velocity W0re based on
Kutter'$ Formulal
$ r &v67ageveloci ty 1n teet per second.
r is the hydr aulio J:'ad11l.$
s is the slope in. te-et per toot
n is the eoerrieien.t of rouglme$s
rh$ "{talues of n uud 'Va:r1~d frO$ .0275 to .. 175. For th$
.at part the !! values 'W'el"e .035 tor newly eXtlf4vated channels,
and . 040 for channels clEMu'-ed in good condition. Lower
values weresl'p11ed to eerta1n channe,l s which have maintained
unusually efflc'ient flowage seet100s because or slap~ an4
RUNOFF D 'l' CUBIC FEEl' PER SECOND
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.(\ 0 l.f\ 0l 0l r-i
0 0 0 r-i
'\ I I f ~ ! I I~~II!~ I ' I ' ' ,
, . I • t I I I •
\-- • i I I
1 1 I I I I
' . .. '! t- ~ j j ' ,
0 0 1.(\
I I . I Ut I I
.. . " _
---.
.----
0 OJ
1\ ~ Ii r-- . I' .. --:: g
.-f -
I .-I: -j. -
I "., = .- !- - --'~I-------"-' .--r-'--.. -'-'-'t----+ .. --.-.. ~.----_t_ -- ., .. - 0
~~ . .. ~1; :1. ( ° ~ .. -' -
• j j ~ ., I , · . ,. . .--
1. "" tn ... -t • • , .
, ·---t--t~ (j . -J-t-----I-··----.-'.;.--:-fH"-+-i-'-----.-~........,!------- ~-.-... -'~~.-._ ... , 4-._-, -.-.-_~ ... -. ' __ -1 S;
~ ~ . :,: ~ i : :~ t d·! t . L -~-:--.~ ~;: ; 'I' t~' t: .+: ·i·t· -1'" t· 'I-~ :-.': .:~~-.:='-I-- ~. .----:- J •• ~ .j .4 ~T .. - .. --. ·· .... -J--~-i - t ,'" ~-~-
'" 1 I"-"! t' .... -~ . --- _.:- \+ ·-4.J t· .1:_~f-'."-' ___ t +- .. ! -!-, .- -1-'" -_.. .. -
1--" , . O · . .. ....... ~ . j .. -f--- - . U' . :' , -
~ . -- . ~ __ I-- ____ :"''':'' . 1 :.. .. .... -•• , •. -= 0
H--.---- ... .. ., d : I I - ...:t
~. - ... 1 i: ::: ., I 1 •• -= 1--'-::'':' . -... r ~ :'-:"l--i - :i ... tl .: ' . . . I i I ~. ; : :: I-r-" . -- ! .~-j •• , r, .. t • I i r • --, rl t I . ~ ....... -~-:' ... : j~ l' 1-:-·j ;.1 1 HI! 1 ...... _I; i· :',1 I: i::~ .: :: r-- ,_. --1'" t-· . t ' - .:--' --'- ,- I ~ 1 t • ... • ~- - -
-H-4 i I '. , ~-\ , g 1----.. -:-... ~-.: .... :t l-' -j ;.+.r t + -... --~-:.~ -It+.: =1 ~., . t!~·~t" --:::' -..... -t-- - ..... - , • ,- .. , . ~ •. 1 11- _._ •. - , .... j j I->-~, ,.. I '1 .-._-J--~" " .~ ... -i· : . , . -I, l !-tm·: ,I I .. - ... ... , ... ;!! t L" . T - . ~ ,,-
1-_______ -+-............ -t - ot ~ r ~ .. .-l ~ -f ...--. . -~ 1--" _I· •• t" -I .. . 1._ • .•• - .. --:::::=:.:- -: =-"'¥ff~ I -r: ~ .. ~ . ;', ~l-.. _·tt t -: '-... ~-: .~ .. -. : +-j !4IT-f-- ,1- -L -r-l . ~.:-:--1------' .-- - 4"-+~' L.,. '1- .1. l ~,r _....... . f':' , •.. ~ . ;. - • -' -J--- ~~-~ .. ~. ~-~i 1+.). j,' -~.' .. -.. ,. ~··-"·lll... .- .. -
~ -~. ~.....+-. 0 I--~l. -. . . I I ! Ii·. I I I , ~.. ';? .. • • t •• t 1-' p ~~ --- N r-.--- .. .-- ... - ! .• . .1 • 1- .•• , • ~ •• I j;.:- , . - ••••• _-1----. --0" I •• j I ,. 1Ji ~! .. -!--t-.... :--~-:-! l~i ., ' , . . . .: j i ~ ....... --1---+ ..... _.1 • - t-- I l ' 't .. t f--:-r-' .. -.-
~.: ~: ; : ..... 1.:-; , ~-! . I I : ~ 1 ~ , '! ; : ; , It. J:: "; = 1--- ..... - .... , ! I t·. i j I L : ., .j ~ . : • I I ~ t·! : ' .......... -f----i---- ........... j., ,--; :' ' ! . : , • I . ~ I ' t--J j - -+-........-
I' ---~.-t 1-l-i- I' ~ !i- '''r' --... ~ r-'-- .. TT" n-t i. r~~r=F~-- -l.i..~" ~ ~ +t-_-++-...... '--lyll--'~.-I- M .. 1.!. .. -j- - - -1' -l!--;---'-'''' '--- ['n : 1 !%:!'-<' - T
~.-...- - . ---f "f-- - -t--r---j-' ...... 1. t .. · • ~ ••. r 1~ . I
I--~+ .-t-.. . . .. . !- .. . • - - -r' ".' 'r-1= tt:l- -t- ~ :r . '1-' j:.~ I =t-
o o 1.(\
No
- 1-1-
8 o N
8 1.(\
r-I
. 1- ttt-i++- ~ ! V I
8 o 1.(\
30
soU types . The high values were fOT uncleared flooQways
-and flows through uncleared sedimentation basins .. "The values:
or !! are ba3sd partJ.y upon r e-cent rasearch investi gati on
.resul ts and partly upon the results given in techn1cQl
Bulletin flo . 129, The F1O'W of iate:r in Drainage Cha.nnels~
United States Department of AgrIculture .•
erne ajor ~H:(!Gmp11.sluwnts 'Or th dra.ina e inVesti
gation are set up in the f ollowing paragraphs .
Levels and cross sections of existing drair.ua.ge
works eov-ere<i ,3263 miles of d1 tches in organized drainage
dis tricts and 220 ia1.1os of natural main $treacs not 9 part
of orga,n1z9.d drat-nag·a systems . but serving S • . in .outlet
cha!mel .. s t'or d1strlct&. CoMplete $~Ul'vey$ Were !!1o-t ma4-
o:t 1299 miles or ait. 8 U twenty- seven dlstrlet$ 1fi Bolivar ,
De6Qto , and WashlngtcmConnt1e& 1:t1~ of.f'lclal sof' these dis
trlets er$ able to furnish suttieient data f'ro engineering
l"eeor-ds ., i'here ",er g nineteen recently dissolved dist.ricts
and$&veral dormant distr icts fGr ~hich it WQS not neeessary
to ntake field tlneys since their it." 'Prove-ments had been taken
cw~rb, other organ1$e4 dist:r'icts or weN n.ot eC~llct$d
31
or considered ooesu.se .of various circumstances.
ProfIles and cross seetlons trom field survey
n-otes were platted. on uniform 22 by 32 inch cross- section
sheets with 10 hy 10 divisions ,$r L'1ch. !be prof'11es show
t he eleva tiollS or na turnl ground and t he bot tom of the c
is ting channel t .ogether wi til the elevations o.f the flow
line and the bottom or channel dt'edg1ng [ -or the improvement
works eons1del"ed. $be cross S$ot1ons give the <11menslons
of ~x1sttng ehannls ,; ~, and s~11 banks, and alsQ gbo.w
t he propo$tid improve nt section tor work con.,,1d~4. 1he
interval of cross-sect.ioning 'Wol"k in t he fteld v$r1ad in
accoraance wi thahannel eondi tions, bu.t for the most part,
lHiQtlons w~e taken. a~~l"ox1matel1 1000 fee t .,art. Ii total
of 985 prof1le and eross .. seot1on sh$t)ts were required an.d
the$$ were inke41n form for ",rodu.ot1on.
A State :map (Figure 1) was pr epared on t he seale
of eight mU Gs to the 11len to show ~ r.elat1ve lo'cat1on 1n
the stat •. ofeach organlz:sd district. This map was prepar-e4
by _ans of a pantograph, fiom Count y map-a an the sea).,e Qt
one Idle t'O the inch.. The dr.1nage: 41striQt$ 1f.st"edeslpated
32
"-. ~
-4-_~_-----C~ ____ ____ 1 __
-t:
. UI~_ .
-
'- -- , , \ \ , \ , \ ,
\ \
'--"1 \ I '-...1
. \ \ ,
'-.J
,
-
=¥ -
/ 2.17
\ I \.J
- -/<#C
- -- /;~ . / 417
. . . .... . ....... ... .-. - . . .;.. . -- ... - .
.. :.~:> ~ :r! ... ~::: , I • ~ ,-.,... ,.-"'-r~ t , •• I •
. • _. •• t- >- ~
.. ::;," :. .;: ~~:: J.
.. , .. ---:- ... ... . . :1' .. :-:.~ ':., J:-
...... - .. ~ ... ~ ~ .. .... "'""1"'1 •.•.
33
on this map by number s COl"l esponding l1flth & file number
scheme used throughout tbe variQus proJect act1v1 Uesand
reports ..
A complete d~ta11ed dral mtge map wa s pr&p.&redon
tracing .cloth to t he set.lle of one mile t'O the inerl for $acl'l
of t he forty- eight counties in which Ql"gtmlze<l draL'"lage
districts are located . ~hese n"taP$ S .OW' t-olRlships, r anges,
ap..d s~etlons; n11roads; United s t ates , state , and other
px-1ncip:m:l highways , togeth$r 'fI'1th s.econdary roads; 1"1v~r$~
large;, stre'a,m$, ardi intermittent stre::sns; cities andtOmu;;
an jot" constructed flood-t,}ontrol r.s~o1r$, and laf'~
na tional parks. In add! tlon, and the principal. p\U"!)os.
:for lIh1eh t\:te: ups wer.e prQpared.,. the,. sho\\1 the name and
boundary Qt: eaeh t!ralnag9 district; the loea tion, length.
and nalie or n_l>er or aea U ,teh 6'r '1ap:roveraant construc ted,
and t he QV-erlappill 0« distr1Qt.$,. 'fhl/JsEt pa- are aV'a11able
£ar repr"oduet1on.
For eaoh or t.he 304 organIzed districts , ~eept
the n.1netee8 dissolved d1si;riots and t he twmtl'-eight d~s
'fu."'ict,s in :SOl:f.V91" and f/as,hingtnn Count!es t . a separllte dt....
tr1c:t sp was prepar-ed on tra{,ting <lloth 01" in other fQ:t
tor- " p;rodllct1on and to tlie seale or one ·m11e to t he inch.
'tb$$e .Vs ~~ a11 the ifh'1~l 1nto.nlUlUon i .iven '0.0 the
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co-unty maps. , a.nd in additIon, indi cate district ditcbes by
he8:vySU)lid-11M symbols and outlet ditches ccmatruetGd by
otlt~r di$triets wi th heavy dashed .... lim~ symbols . A ~X'int
was atta ched to the inside eovti"'of $a¢h c'ol"responding Gis
tr1et r eport fOl' ~uiak ~et'el"ence as t he r epGl"tis 1"ead and
analyzed. A total numlHu' or 252 such separate maps is
available for reproduc,t1on.
tru. Stat, Count y ; and s$-p#il:ra't:e district meps
'Comprise ~ t ,otal of 301 s.be8ts.
A se-pante l"eptn't was prepared rot" each of' the
)04 orgtinued districts following a unifor m outline and
t.elve typewritten copies wer e ronde or :each report. The
3648 copies of' the reports are bound ill. su.bstantial man:11a
cover f'olders. 1 $atnple report is given. 1n Appe:.~d1x .,
!he d1stl!"ibutlon of' 'r'eporls, pr.ints or eOlk"1.t y tnap$,
&nd district maps waG as follo~.9'
Fliss! •• 1pp! Board Qt Development, Jackson. W.$s1~si.pp1
Work; Pt"OJe-ct$ AdlUn.1stra tlortt Jac:ks~t )U.ssis~"11'pl
Work ProJ4),ct$ A4JU.ni:s\ra t101'l t 1l4shlngt ol%, 1'i. G.
)6
Drainage Di Vision., S011 C,,)uservation, United
sta tes Department of Agrtcrulttil"e,
Washington , D ... C.
Boa rd of' Drail'l.ste D.1strict CQ~issiorier s Cor each
Dr ainage Dis trict, M1s sis.sippl
Department of Archives a nd IUstory,
Jaek S{m t llis$issippi
Oentl~fil Comm'lttH tor Dr-alnage Districts or 1t1.8:$is.s1ppi
Cor}}$ or I ng1neers, Unlt~d state, Anq, Vl'Chb'url,
11ob11e" NashVille, ~hls. and lelf~lea.M
P.del"£~l ~,nd Br~, hw Orlhns, Lou!.s·ida.
National Sesour_a Planning Board, WashIngton, D. C ..
R$eOn8tructlQ..~ Fine:nce Corpora tit)n,
W&&n1ngton, D. C.
Prints were not anad. or the 9S, sheet$ or profIle
and ~os:S sEJctions for ,eneral 41.str1but:1on, but the original
inked sheets 8.'1"6 available for repr04tlctiotl to t hose interested
in obta1n1ng aitber prints of the entire set or of separa.te
<U-a.1na:ge 41str1et syatems.
OOIIl>.l.te \1'ssanttal 4atlas! tbeproJeet aetlY1t1es
haYeHen placed on tn. w1 th the Ilepartmant or Archives
31
and History in J'aeksen, Mlss1ssip-;ri, ror permanent am1
a:.ailable record purposes .•
The important l"e-sul ts Qf the d.rainage s tud1&s
al"estlIlllmS:r1~ed 1.n the accompanying table, DRAINAGE: DISfftlCTS
IN mSSIBSIPf I ..... J/.N'UARY 1t 1931. f.bis intormat1on coy&re
organizatlon, are,as, e·xtent of 4ra1nage works,. tinano1al
status, and 1.m.prov~ments «»ns14erad tor each draInage d1 ....
trlet~ !he data mtder head1tl(s Ol""gtln1~ation, Ar8$t C&st ,Qf
WorkS, Boncls were COJapll.atrom the beStt$UUI;'ble re~ord$
8S pr$p:are4 by f"e4ersl and stateapnoies and are belleYM
to be reasonably correct. ~ secure accurate lntormatioB,
it that 1.8 pt;)ss1bl~, and to cheek such. results could not
be u!'Aertake'n w1 th the f"und4 prov1ded for the pro.Jeet ..
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44
Ol'iiiiP1z;gtion of Qt§1 wga Dj,.,striets . A. study of
the dates o£ organization or the 304 drainage districts
was made ~y listing the distl' ict$ aoeord.u g to Y$ar of
or-g~n1za tion comp.ared with a study o.f the S$Qsonal averag'6
price or cot ton per pound . The resul ts are shown ill the
aCc ~ panylng chart. It is i n teresting to note that prior
tOo 1910 t here were t hirty-a.1ght districts i)rgani~ed s nd from
1910 to 1914:, consld&Nitd:by- fedGr 1 gf.l.neias a s the p~lod
of normal f' l"m pr1CJ6s , $eventy- one districts ere organized ..
!'he .orld \tar period D-l"Ought. about a sudden decline a only
forty-two districts wet'~ Qrg&,nlzed during tha t period •.
From 1919 to 1929 wilen good priees ['Ol" cotton were r eeelved
by .farmers, 147 districts were organized ~ith seventy-five
of these during 1:919. 1920, and 1'921 tcl101'ting the pea '
ootton priee in 1919. tUnee 1930 • .bl.eludblg t ',6. depreesion
years, only s·L"'t districts haYG been ol"g5r..1zed n4. of these,
two a~e dormant and one .as completed only very 11m1t.d
improvemen t WQ1"k. bcluding the vrorld !' p r10d the extent
~ dr._inage district organizatiDn follows , in general, the
rise and fall in the price or cotton .. the major crop in
Ls.s1ss1ppi .•
~
5 FIG. 6 10 0 DRAINAGE DISTRICT ORGANIZATION P-.
~ AND 30 P-. SEASONAL COTTON PRICES
:z; 0 E-i 20 20 t) 0
rx.. 0 10 r.:il 0 H g:; 0 0
1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935
&j 30 N 30 H .-..
~ @5 20 20 (J)
E-i 0 H ~ E-i lO 10 (J) H ~ 0 rx.. 0 0 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 . 0 iYEA.R :z;
Land InDrJIun1zed Dr- 1tl80£0 . D!s!ir~.ctG . The cQ.l'{lotr..ad
area of al l organized drainage districts in the State is
3,726, 003 acres. Considering that some l ands are included
within .t!IDr-e than one district, the actual total nueber of
acres of land in drainage districts is 3,353 it 499. n;r of
the dis tricts i nclude lands that have no asse-ssed drain ge
46
benefits. Ti~rcforeJ the n-ggregate- asRessod area. 1s redt:tc*
to 3,240,148 acr es .
The extent ot lands 1n cultivation or othe,rwise
d.eveloped 'Was estilnated" partly by ''l.sing data secured .fr·om
t'ederal snd $tatesgen~ies and partly by both~l nimet$r
measurements and sampling ~th{)d of r.tteasuraments on aerial
pho tographs . !fhese results 1ndie~te4 & total of 1,,997,251
acres dev61Gped. ., or about fifty .... nln.e pel"centof tho to·tal
ar:ea and s1:x:ty ... ·one. p-ereent or theassess$.d area 1ndrainage
districts is i n im.proved condition f'OT erop production or
other Illr1eultUl"al 'Uses .
!9f~JCp..1:§trQet!4.. The 304- districts constructed
4,;:62 lidles of dltehes , 320 miles c4 levees, and rour pump
lng units . !braa l'uapmg un! ts did no t prove pr actica l and
only th~ unit. 1llstallad by the, ill! CNteJ:t Drainage 151.$
trlet has OOQn matnbl1ned in een.1t1on £Ql'eoJltinuoas
opera tion. For the t¥Hl t P-al'"t, tile llelte levHs ere along
m jorstreams sueh as the YQ$QO: nd tall~tchie R1'Vers1
or along hill stre JU$9.x~nding into the D<a . thea.
leve·Qs have not operr.. ted e1 thor effectively ~rs;a t!sfaetol'111
1n the past and have oo(;ln the C,ri'UlJe of many i nter-dutrtet
eontrOYel"$ielh
47
Cost of ~a.1l;!;B,ga i"o,rJlSl . The I nlPrmrements eon- .
strttcted by the )04 organized drainage d1,t,ricts have cost
about $22, 650, OOO., fhis figure is probably slightly lowGi"
than the tru€ amuunt" tor It is oo11~.lved many eash }la1J1Wnts
have not been included in the summary table lx!eause of
imeol'llplete records ..
f ,1nangi!1 I)lft:ioultl\t~ ... During pe·r1ods ,of good
prh~Gs fof' agrlaultural products , the d,lstriet$ we.re abl e
to JaSet f1rumaialobllgations . but follO\?1ne '7 aI'S or
deprtuJs!on, landolll'l~r$ wel"'e Ul1&ble to pay th$ ir d:ra L"lage
a s ss·ssments . f\.S a result. fl1 ·districts defaulted both
bond principal and bond interest payment's .•
the lleeonstruet1.on Finane€- CorpOl'a tie;.R offered
dlstr1et$ a mean.s ot 1r4p,;r'ovlng fmaneisl problems by sealing
down otl:~$'tand1ng indebtetbless thrott (fompl\omses with bot.ld ....
hold r$ and byprov141ng lOl'lB-term, 10W'-.intere t pl
schedules for the reatlJtlsted debts. Durfngthe y.a1r. 1934
t o 193'9, tl'le!"e' were r1tt,y- SSVE:1l <l2re~. 41stl"ietu in
141ss1sIS1ppi ,.aflnaneed t..'1:rough the Jileconstl'uctlon Finance
Corporation. The dls'bursetn6-uts by thla q.e:ney 1>& t.b.$ <11s ....
tri ets 1n JUssiaslppi t ,ob:.led $4,,722,266. while tbe pr,tn....
01.,&1 a~t of outstandina ~s ~~n up unde!, the
r et 1nanomiproll'A . · 9,.)8.l.., 5')4- wG. feb t'.1gure
represents a little over fifty percent of the unpaid prin
cipal. Including delinquent ulterest suld ethe.t' fL.YJ.anolal
obllgat1ons, the total outstanding indebtedness rei.'1naneed
amounted to $10,803,768 or a d.gbt r &duct1on ()f r1f'ty~s1x
percent . Sevel'al drainage distr1ets scaled down financial
obliga tions as much 8.S eighty percent .. ·
Ilnl?tQVEH.ilasts RegY1-red. The project ecentered its
aetlv1tie:s principal.ly upon a studt of the phy.sical con
dit10ns or the dl'ainag'e district improvements in the state
t .o <let·ermine theadequaey of ditches, t...~e extent of main
tenance, and: the improvements required to pNvide ,oooJ'"d1nated
effective dr ainage systems . Throughout th entire project
the engineers worked in close coopera t1on with the Corps of
Engineers, United. States 1..1'.1, to make certain that plan~
tor beth drairut~e and. flcod eontrol would be cOQrdinated.
!ile Corps of" En ine'$l!"s f urnished pl ans of flood control.
t'forks in order that. project fll'lgl.neer$ could design drainage
flow lines. accor dingly ..
!he costs of improve.ants veri! based upon existinU
eontraet prices f'or tH3 various types or aonstruct1an work.
Tne est~ tea roJ!' excaVa t10n were on at sliding soale o:f s.1x
and a halt eent~ pereuble yard for quantities of" 15,000
cubIc yards Q"Jt oYer ,ar. mile. eigbt cents for quantlUe.s
r anging from 5,000 to 15,000 c.ubic yards p~r tl11e and $400
per m11e wheN excava tlon was less than 5,.000 cubic yards
per mile . The ~st est1ma t&.s for levee embanment work
"Varied rrortl ten to we-lve eents per eubic yaU. The unIt
acre prices for clearing we:r~ $1, for light, $20 for udium,
end trom $25 to $45' for h&avy work.
!here are several di$ tr1cts ha,vlng4ra1nage
systems tbat now are o! -er a tlng satisfactorily nnd need to
h.ave no major i~prove:ewnts .- Vlork in suc.b. d1str1e:ts is, 11m1 ted
to maintenance requirements .
50
DRAINAGE WORKS
The drainage systems of m~ny organized districts
were originally excavated wi t h floating dredges . These
heavy duty excavators (fig . 7) were well adap ted to cutting
ditches through wooded swamps and operated very efficiently
under flooded conditions . They served effectively during
the period of pioneering in the drainage field to recla i m
f ertile swamp l ands for agricul tura l purposes.
'Fig. 7. floating dredge at work on a main ditch.
, Fig. 8. Drifts and sediment from an upland ditch have blocked a main channel through a fertile valley area.
The early type ditches were roughly cut with steep
side slopes t ha. t were unstable and with t he frequent rising
and re'ceding floodw'a ters t he a l most vertically cut banks
51
soon wer -ta eroded to flatte r and more stable s l opes . Thi.s
hank caving an.d ehanneleros1on enlarged many of the ditches
and same benefits r esulted but most enl a.rgeuents occurred
along ditches w;.th steep gz·ad.1ents in which increased capa
cities wer e not needed .
the channels of lower lying watersheds with low
gr adients lmG that were undersize ( fig . B) usually were
decreased in size and often blocked by tbe s~ttlement of
drift and silt inQved dO' .nstreanl from the eroded u.plands and
enlarged l,lpland ditcbes .
Many drai...'lage systetms have r:ece1ved little atten
tion towards maintaining them in $ft1cl~nt operation .. D1tch.es
have been allO'iied to become congeste4 with tree growth, brush,
debrls , and bars of sediment. A typical situation is shown
1n Figure 9 . The dense tree growth l"euirds tIl . flow of water
to such an extent 'U:rat tb.e a etuttl. capelty Qr the ehann~l is
only a small per cent of thg 'Volmae t lua t C:fU1 be discharged
under well cleared and.free flowing cond1t1ons.
N~"ll$l"OUS exp~riments have been eondueted to deter
mine acctU"atel y the re l ative efficiencies of channels in
various eondlt1ons. The main outlet dlte,h shown in F1.gure 10
was cleared of trt!Gs, brush , dr1ft. and oth-or obs tructions
and by aotual mea!HlremeDts the discr..arge capacity was tOtUlQ
52
to be nearly dcub,l ed . That iS t under eonditl,ons s imilar
t o that shown i n Figure 10, wit h 8 feet of water a flow of
259 cubic ! aet per lleoon(t 'as measured whil e under the i m
proved e:>ndltiorus sh<1Vm i n Figure 11 with a Q6'pth of 7 .. 9
feet of water the .flo. ' as 4.61 cubio feet per seeon ..
!Fig. 9. Poorly maintained ditches reduce flow as much as 75 percent.
Fig . 10. The discharge capacity is cut one-half by this heavy vegitation.
Clear ing t he tree growth snd removi ng thif! bars
of sed.iment and drift that block f l ow i n the di.tch shotm
in. Fi gt.u-G 9 pr oba bly would increase th~ cl1annel c<ftpa e~ tl
by as mueh as 75 ptlr'cen t . The ditch shoun in F'1guI'6 1.2
has bc.en ,el ear e<I Gf' treegrawth and drif t s, and l"',sucaVCi tlon
is underway. The dr agllne opt~rate5 from both banks and th-e
spoil 1s 1~v·$11ed .
Tl:te most recent d1'aina.ge rehab!l! ta tion Vlorks
are t ending towards channel improvements that can be easily
maintained with .. minimum of costs . The improvad ehaIlnel
shawn in Figure 13 with the flattened side slopes and spread
spoil banks that can b@ easily leveled and utill~ad as
productive l and can be very economically ma1nt8..1nad 1n
effic1ent operating condition due to bothstab111ty and
aee~s.s1b111ty . Figure 14 sh.ows the same ditch as in FIgure
13 wit h t he 3=1$1de slopes seeded to a hay crop t hat is
being ll\OW&4 911 th Grd1!laI'Y .fUel equipment", Eresion isc(.)l'l'"
trolled, field drail'la.gf;! f]rOl'l1Tovt crops empties on sodd9d
slopes ,. and l eveled spoil banks are under cultivatIon.,
the f ·ormat1ons of the num-erous small bars of sedi
ment 1n th~ channels at the entr ances of Is.t el'al and field
ditch-es and at public road di tches ar-e very objectionable
and do much toward l"ap1d deteri()l'cat1on 0 ·( t he d1tchf;lS tor
they block flow, provide excellii}nt places for tree growth
:and heavy vege tation, and serve as barriers t'O drif t, sed1·
ment, and debris carrl~d. downstream by floods.. Land. ·use
an.d eontrol practices that w111 prevent or r-aduee the erosion
in l a teral and i"·al"'m dltcMs and ove r the land will do mueh
toward d$er~nua1n }' the extent of sedlt1le n tatl&n in the C'hannels
that so effect1vely. d~erea5e the $rr1c1ency ofd1"a1n ge
d1tcbe$. !'he excayation of' inl-etg at the nec-9sstaJ"Y entranee-$
Fig . l~. Clearing this channel doubled the capacity.
Fig . 13. Flat slopes give stability, reduce upkeep costs, and spoil banks can be leveled for cultivation.
Fig . 12. Rehabilitation work on a main ditch.
Fig. 14. Or dinary farm equi pment used on ditch maintenance. Side s;I.opes and spoil banks are productive and the ditch is in a stable condition.
5,
of farm l aterals t ends to pr oteet the !l1Q..tn ensn.'1.6! l agairtst
heavy bar formQtiofls.,.
Vege tative protection such aa sodd1ng nolds the
inlet slop-es ~ga1nst axoessiv~ erosion and \v111 act to de
crease the movement of erosion action upstream along farm
drains . Figure 15 shows a. newly excavated and sodded i nlet
constl"ucted on a r edred,gt}d main chaMel to provide drainage
of adjacent lands anti yet control as w eb as poSS:UUe the
cutting of a deep f'al"n't lateral . This photograp.h was t ake.n
a sbort time aft_l" the inlet was constructed and t he Ber
muda sod bad not had sufficient t1m:. to beCOlMl tnost affective .
In add 1 t10n to preventing erosion the l ando-.mer 1s followIng
land ut11uat1on me thods adv'f.mced by Federal Agencies by
plaeing a ;It trip of land a l ong ti: 1s main ditch in per manent
Pflsture as an additional pr.e;aution against eros ion and to
11mit ditch maintenance probl ems .. The s1de slopes Qf the
main cha.nnel also wer e spot s.od.ded with tJensud . grass .
The most d1t'f1Gul t d"1Mg_ pl"oblems ere in the
at-&ta.$ ly1tlg a.long the ea.stern edtte of the!)el ta adjacent
to the tOt)t 1'1111$ "" Enormou$: quanti tie s of s11 t earl~ 1ed by
the h111stre-sllts are dS)'rosi ted at tbe places \1bt\N~ the
st;r-.a.ras~1t8e r~m :the hill.$ and ~nter the Del ta . Under
natural ~d1t1ol1$ $1.1'Uv1~1 tans ris1llr ~s much as went,.
56
feet or more abo-ve the lev€-ls efthe surrounding Delta land$
"fere fO.1"M6 at thea places . These a l luvial forma t ions
ret,arded the velocity of the hill stretlmB and acted to sprea4
flood wa iel"s in several directions aver Del ta farms.... In
attem.pt1ng to ;prevent flooding many districts exeavated
drainage ehannels through the a11uv'1&1 JacCllwla t10ns and
constructed guide l ev6€1s to divert f l ood aters into main
stream.s and rivers .. Many of these i mprove e.nts operated
only for short periods s~n b~eorA1ng destroyed by heavy
511 t depos1 ts, reltule,r1ng the dra1na~e works p r'tia11y or
wholly ineffe.etlve..
(Fig. 15. A sodded inlet to reduce Fig. 16. Sand and silt deposited in erosion at the entrance of a Delta channel by floods a farm lateral into the main from t he Hills. ditch.
dr ainage . . ,
57
Drainelle dis tricts have spent large amounts for
flood pro t e ct.i on, a.nd maintenance of f l ood eon-
trola.nd drainage work.s . The degree of suoce ss of s''Uch
works has been varied , some districts with eomparativelY'
sma.11 hill wa t ersheds encount e r ed only l:li nor difficulties
in sa t1sfaetorilycontrol ling the limited sand and silt
movements .fr om, t he hills whil e otheT district s wit h exten
sive upl and wat e rshed$ have had sueh ~oor.nous quantitias of
sand and silt lllOved 1ntQthe drainage sys t ems that long
r eaa:hes of main dl tehes have become entirel y inopera t ive.
In som.a. districts , drainage eondl.t1ons are muah more t.m.$atls
factory than before ditches wer e axeav$t'lld ..
A t ypic!.tl condi tio,n of an excava t ed channel over
that reach extend1ng i amedia tely below the foothills is
shown in Figure 16. 'Uaually at distances of about three to
five miles from th~ hills t he low gradient Delta channels
tUl wlthss nd , s,il t and debris so oompl e t ely that the l e\!el
or the depos1 ted ma t e r1al rises above the generel l and sur
face . In a t e instances f ar m roads and even t enant houses
hflve been l ocated al ong filled cha.nnel sections .
F1gul"'es 11 and 18 sbow conditions rlnall;y r esult ..
ing &$ sand and 511 t washed from the en! tiva t ed anti defor~sted
uplaX1ds Is worked dow.ns t;ream by floodwat.ers . The depositions,
58
in V.1gura 1'/ a~'s about 10vel wit h the t op or the Itebspol1
banks and s·everal teet above t he original nat1U".a,l ,round.
surfa ce .,
Figure 18 15 a s,ectlon or YalQbusha BiYe t:" . t'bls
re.ncll of the river as an apol"'t ant water y tor ste .boat
transport- t10n of c.otton :and othe,r products .
Fig. 17. At a distance of 5 miles from t he foothills, t he depth of sediment in the main channel is abo¢ 20 feet.
Fig. 18. Ya10busha River 15 miles northeast of Greenwood at the junction of Potacacowa Creek. The river once was navigable.
I l lustra t i ons of wha t r esults in the Delta ar eas
where bill s treams with appr eciabl e sizes of watershed ar e
dredged ti!ll'ough t he 00 tur~l allluv1&1 cones or f anlike s1.1 t
form t.ion s at th$ foothil l s a r e shal'ln by Figures 19 and 20.,
Fig. 19. The silt is 6'10" over the floor of this abandoned house and 9'3" deep on the natural ground.
Fig . 20. This tenant house is 2200' from the main ditch and 4 miles from the foothills. The silt is 4'2" deep in the house and 6' 8" over the ground.
60
Fig. 2l & 22. Upper and lower photographs were taken in 1928 and 19.38 respectively. The lower main channel became filled in 1932 with silt from nearby hill area.s forcing floods over natural grolllld. A large area of land cultivated in 1928 has been abandoned ana silt deposits are as much as 10' deep.
61
Both the Ii bandort-ed tentt;Xl t houses are loea t ed
wi thin the areas shown by the comparison aerial photo
graphs in Figures 21 and 22. The photograph in Figure
21 lfflS taken in 1928 and clearly outlines the excavated
main channel and the bands in cultivation at t hh t tllOO.
Flgt1re 22 covers eXactly the sarl9 area but the photograph
was taken in 1938. It indica t @s the chang0 in direction
of .flow due to the lower reaeh of' the channel 'becom.1Bg
filled with sediment. Floodwaters have spread over the
orig1nally cuI t1vated l~mds cau1&1ng damage by lateral
stream erosion and heavy sedimentation even though new land
1s bal1t along the channel. Second er01lths Qf willows an4
cottonwood are rapidly covering fllOst of the once developed
flelds. the silt deposited by numerous overflows during
the ten ye~r period has accumulated to depths of as much
as ten feet.
The floods moving into the. Delta from the adJa .....
cent hill sections are very flashy. reaching high stages
that flow r apidly and with great erosive power, capabl e of
conveying enormous volumes of s11 t, sand, greY!f!l and debris
into the lower ohannels. The improvements constructed by
Del ta drainage d1$trlcts to control hill noods have been
combined channels and flood.B.Y·. tormed by placing exoavated
ma ten'll in eontinuotls so11d spo1l banks. As the oh.a.nllels
62
filled withsediltlent t he l evees or solid spoil banks wexe
r a isad tl nd enl a r ged with t he ver y s andy m. t erial dredged
from the channels .. Thus super ... eleva t ed floodm-3Ys were tor mGd
for t he bottoms of t he channel s nov.; ar e of t en abovEl t e
na t ur a l gr ound surface a s silo m i n Figur e 23. When contin
uous high s 't age floodwa ters move a lr.mg t hese floodways the
l a t er al seepage movements t hr ough t he sandy l evee sections
gr a dually cu t ar:r¢<.yor floa t ou t ail t and fine s and finally
so weakeni ng t he embnnkma.nts tha t entire l s vs s~ctlon8
br e a.k open or floa t away t hus r e l eas ing the e l ev ted flood-
. ate rs and their- heavy bur den s of sand and silt. As so<m as
the floodwa t ers s pr ead,. veloe1ti s dacraa se and the silt and
s nd l oads EI r e dropped over f a1"ml aJlds as in.dica t ed in
Pi e 23 .
lFig. 23. This Delta floodway does not have sufficient capacity and the levees have been crevassed and repaired many times. The sand spread over the land is the result of a levee break follovv.ing heavy rains over the nearby hi11 section.
CONCLUSIONS
After a study of the results of the drainage
1nvest1 g~:a tion the following conclusions we-r e set up :
1.. The organized drainage districts lllUst rehabil
ita te th~lr dr ainage improvements in order to receive the
gl"eatst benefit from some of" the Joost productive land i n
the state .
2. There 1s need for the development of a coordI ...
nate d. drainage p:robl'am.. n .lscoordinated program should be
set up on a watershed basis . In the past" nos,Ystematie
procedure W&s followed 1.."1 construeting dr a1nag s;ys tams ,
and moat districts were organ1zed to serve rela tivel y small
a~eQS without reg 1'-<1, to the effec t the 'Work m.ight i ave on
adja.cent ar eas ,. L~ ck of considera tion of conditions oval'
the entire watershed bas resulted in a tta districts damaging
as much land as they benefited.
3. It was develope-a through hydl"aulicstud1es ,
throug.b SQll prodllcti.vit, sttt-d l es , nd tpJ>ough s011 analysis
~t many dIstricts weTe unsound both 1~ro~ an economic and
an all"lcuJ. t tU"alviewpoint.
4 .. Tht: maintenance of d1tches and other 1 prQve
menta h tii S been \loefully negl eeted. Even 11 des1£ne~ and.
well eonstrueted drainage improvements be come of l i ttle
benef1 t if not properl y malnta1ned . '.fhOI'$ 1s urgent need
for dr ainage district officials to adopt effective main
tenance pr-a-gl"ams ..
~. Drainage district ir!!pl"O ement not only benefIt
the individual land·owners but they rosul t in the improvement
or public hf.Hllth; t hey Incre3se the goneral tax ba,se; t hey
add t o the Valu.e of the surround1ng prop~rty; they r educe
maintenance costs of hi,gbwsys ; nd th0Y improve the general
wel fare . thesa public bQnef1ts a ply j ustify' assist nee
from feder al and state gaver nments in planning and carr ~lng
out programs .for ;rehabi11ta t1...'1g and coordinating dr&l n.ate
systas .
6. It 1s des.1rable t ha t some central, st,a te agency
be provld.ed yd t h f und s to carry ort , in coopera.tion with
feder al agencies , investigati ons and research :ork r elating
to drainage. Such an agency coul d cooper ate Viith dr inage
district Qftieial$ ar..d plal'L."l.ing boards in coordinating tll"ein
ag-e l"$ha'b.111tatlen or l£, . '!'here is a need for a eompl e t
analysis Qf d.rainage proJects to elimina t e those lJIh1eh &7!G
unsound and t o Qbtaln unitle·d drainage S I S $ .. A e . pl. te
6,
r eview of propGseddra inage enterprises by a central agency
with properly qualified p-ersonnel woul d avoid much was t eful
. expend 1 t u!'$'.
7. Thera Is a decided nee d tor the adoption of
moreeffe ct1ve dra.i.nage maintenance progr a.ms by drainage
districts . Existing dr ainage l aws do provide maintenance
proaedures, but s uoh pr ocedures, $,ithel' through negl ect or
lack or un.derstanding 'Of the vital 11ti1portance of maint enance,
have been largel y neglected by dralnt!ge o.ftlelals. Cona1de.r
at10n should be given to the desir abIlity Qf Qlllan iag existing
drainage laws so as to make .mor e deflnite the responsibilities
of district offic1als in Maint a i ning i mprovement in effioient
opern tlr~ conditions ..
8. A very l{rge percent of the oriGin 1 records
of d;rainage dist.ricts hes b~en lost even though ~x1st1ng
drainage l aws r equIre t ha t these r ecords be filed with county
~flcials . To avoid future d!fficul ties of this character
it 15 st~ggeatad that existing l aws be amended to r equ.ire
certified copi es of all drainage distric t r ecords to be
filed with. som.e r e s ponsible st~ t C1 agency.
9.. The S tl(!C,OSS or a drainage: d'lsU'lot is partly
due to tb adm1nls1:r4t t1v<6 abi11ty of its biO~ri of gO 1,s5ic;tt
era Just as the $UrueeS$ Qf a uo ercial ~nte)7pr1$$ is lazge11
due t ,Q the ability of its managers . It is therefore 1m
portant tha t l andownel" s elect offi cials of proven ability
for drainag-e dIstricts.
10. Before undertaking dr~inage WorR: consider ation
!!lust be given t o the demand for mor earrl'1cul tural l and , th
cos t or drain.age, and the va l ue of dr alned l and as eom-
pared with the val ue of s i milar l and t ha t does not need
dra inage . Incompl e t e or inadequa t e drainage works lar a a
poor 1nvestm~nt . Eve ry project tha.t is poss1blEl! fro an
engineering standpoint is not eoonor!lical J.y pr actical .•
67
The drainage r esenl"'eh investigation her ein des
cribe d was under the teehniet~l sup(~rvl s1()n ·of Mr. La 1s
A. Jones , Chief , Division of Drainage , Soil Conservation
Service, Unit ed Stutes Department ·of Agricul ture , 1asblng
ton, D. C. For the Division of Drainage llr. John f . olsen,
Senior Drainage Engineer, a s In I mmedlatecnar ge or the
work, 'With Mr . R. D. ktarsden , Senior Drainage EngIneer,
and tfr . It . D .. Mor ehouse , ASSQcia te Drainage Engineer , as
part tims engineering editors , nnd the writer in char ge of
checking and pl a.tting field notss, bydr u11e calcul .a.tlons
and designs., computation of clearing and excavat1on, and
estimating coste ..
The Mississippi .Boa~d of D(l)velopment , .h1eh was
the sponsol" of t he inve"'tlgatlon,t ' made avail able to the
writer t he cuts , fro$ original pictures and dreWing , herein
shown •.
Tile Corps of 'Engineers, UnitGd sta t es Ar 'tlJ...v ,
c:ooper~ ted with the t)lvisi()n of Drainage by :making avail
able all :flood control plans and sttH.Ues cov~T1ng the area
affe .eted by dr!iinage iiistr1cts and o·tfer ed a gr~at d.e al
or helpflU. advice ..
Th$ National Resources f lanning Board rurn1sh~d
part time services o.f Mr . L ... L ... 1I1dinger, Chief ater Con
sultant, Lower Missi ssippi Basin.
':the wrl tar 1·$ under ob11g,s: tioD. to all of the
above named for helpful 1ntormation,dvice, and useful
and pertinent inforll1a t1on gleaned through technical dis ...
cuss10ns Qfthe drainagep.roblems involved .) and to other
lnem ers or the drainage investigation or£an121ation whQ
had aceas.1o:n to fuudst in the assGmbly of data contai ned
her~1n.
Lee D. Dumm, Assistant Dr 1nage Engineer,
Division of Drainage ,
SOil Conservation Service,
United states Department of Agriculture .
69
LEGEND COUNTY LINE:S __________ ____ • __
TOWNSHIP LlNES _____ • ______ _
SECTION LINE5 _____________ _
RAI LROADS ______________ . ... , +'~-+-<I-+-'
HICHWAYS. _______________ -==_ SECONDARY ROADS _____ ~~::===== EXISTINC DITCHE5 _____ . ___ _
EXISTINC LEVEES
INTERMITTENT STREAMS _ ... _ ....
OISTRICT 80UNDARY __ _ _ .~~~~
N
W E
5
R.l W.
M : F. F. 1'+0
Fig. 24
MISSISSIPPI BOARD OF DEVELOPMENT
INDIAN CREEK DR. DIST. NO.l WITH SUB O. D'S, NOS. 1&2
PANOLA, QUITMAN & TUNICA COS. MISSISSIPPI
STATE-WIDE DRAINACE SURVEY
w. ~A. PRO~ECT N~ 5483 1939
DIRECTED BY COOPERATORS SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE CORPSOf"E:NCINEERS
U. S. DEPT.OF ACRICULTURE U. S . ARMY
SCALE OF MILES MEEEiiiifiii I
I 2 3
R. 9 W.
APPENDIX A.
ISSISSIPP I BOARD OF DP"VELOPMENT
IN})l.AB caUl DRAINAGE DUf:n-tICr NG., 1 HICl;l.UDING SUB-DIS1'BIC'fS NO. 1 A.ND NO. 2,
PANOLA , QUITMAN, AJU) 'lU:IlCA COnff~I&S MISSISSIPPI
A report, prepared under the d.1r(H:tion of U. S. Departmental Agr1eultur$, Soll Conserva tion Servlee, D-raill.age Div1.s1oD, Research.
1939
INm9!ltJCT£QI
'this diatriet was organized in 1916, . by ],n'oceed1ng$ 1n Panola Connt~~ Itej!).brac~s 43,936 aC'PQs , 41 peref!,nt 1n Panol a County, ,8 percent in Qult~n County, and 209 ae:ros in Tunica County, all ass~ssed io:r drainag~ ' ben~f1ts .. About 64 percent , of the acreage 1s ·c.u.lti"I'Q'Ud. The east boundar, of the north halt of' the district follows the hUl& for some 6 mIl es southeastward froD. Crenshaw.. fhedlstrict touch s Coldwa ter- Diver at the nQrtltwest and so"tltbwest corners . It '6mbr&ee-s two sub- d1stl'iots Qrganized in 1-920, 140 . 1 In the $xtre~ 6t\ste.rn por t ion e~pris.1n& 3,146 acres assessed, and No. 2 along thenorthw6$tern bo-undary j cO~1"1s1ng 2,084 acres 855tU~J$ed ",
In the northerB end there 1s oV'erlapping of ale. acres in Draln&£4 Dlatr1ctNo. 2 fit Qul ten, Pa:JlGl , and Tuni.ea CountIes; 1n the southem ,$pt the Ind1an Clte -k Dist r ict embr-aces, about tw-o-tb11"ds aftna '5 $<iuore miles co pr.1s1ng Squir rel Lake Dl"ainag$ District,.
'lb. PUl"])l:)se of organl~1ng this dl.$triet was to . , r oteet g-ainst O'ver.flow from Cold s .t er River and to pr ovide drQ,:1.ttage rar the lands in. the dlstl"let, ;..nelud1llg disposal or water and sediment brough.t down f r om tb~ hIlls . !he d1strtet eo.nstruett'1a $ leve:e about 12 miles lon~ on its .estern boundat"'11 a~ a celJPl5' te aystemof ditches about '73 miles in tote.l length .. Part of the drainage 1$ dlaehar~ed into Bur:rE:1.1 lmyo'U 3nd theneE) to ColdVla t ar 1l111-e:r) ~iHl:d l'ar-t into BonG take mud thenC$ to Tallahatch1e River. Th$ two
largest hill streams wer e carried in floodwQYsto d.ischarge their s1.1t into lak~s in the aentr ,.al part ot the district.
Coldwat er Riv$f' do€s not provide a satisfactory outlet £01' the lower part of the district ·during large floods. Extra-me high water backs Nell up into tbecentral part of the district. the drains dIscharging i nto Titlle"" natchie :River have bette r outl.~ts, thOUgil the l'es trlct~d capacity of the ruttural ohanne l 0010 :Babe Lake soae- hat r e tards outflQW i'roM the district.
A large d$i~ee nf protection aga1ns t floods in Cold'Wa. ter . River W1U3 ob t ained througb construction of the levee beginn1ng a t Coldwater Biver in the nortb1la t part or Seotion 35, Township 6 Sonth, Range 10 Wost, and extonding to the ba1J.k o:t Coldater' R1yer a t about the sou th line of Section 21, 1'oflnsht, 29 N07'tn, }Wnge 1 West ,.. In th1s e ... bankment there are th£"ee 10 pla<!es near the eenter of Sect1o-n 28 , .near the cente r o-t $aet!on 9t and near the nQrth line of S ction 3, in Townshl p 7 South" Rang 10 est... Only one of these pl ac&s a s overtopped by t he 1935 flQodl anti tb n by only a few lnchs$ ". CIt! erwise tbis leve<; ian . ood condition exee"t for a consider abl e gr o-wth of tl"Ot-.: S throughout its length ,. of such siae as to, ttrenten some injury.
L.ands 1n I ndian ~.ekOistrict are sometlt\0s in ... jured slightly 'by ovsrflow trom Coldwt4ter aivar coming through Draina.ge D1str1et No . 2 of ultman ,. P nola l and :fl..m1ca Counties , which borders the river eastwal"d l"ra the nortb-Qrn en4 {)f thE/: IM1.an c~k D"1st:r:tct Le\tee", The 1 ve,'~ in Distr1ct 10. 2 was cons t ruc:t ed and is owned l>¥ individual landowners.hicb h6S pre'Vent e 4 publIc enlargement or th-0 e!tban.lonent.
Fowler Cre$k enters this dis trict at the northeast eorn.r, near Ci'snsllaw • A tlood1tay 600 f e~ t wi de be tifeen . boundary lev.eaas eons t.ructed to earry the '11& ter wl t h 1 ts heavY' load cf 1511 t i1lto YallcOw Lake in the 50uthwestpal"t or 5.e.ut1on 13,· 'fownlihip 7 south. Range 10 West.. !he
72
depos1 tsar sediment have nsarly filled Yellow. Lake &11<1 l'lave a.Qcu.mula ted 1 to 3 f$et de~p in the floooW'ay and e uset\ breaks in the levees . HO'lftlvar in 1937 the dlstr1ct rebuilt the levees and 0pened an outlet to the $onthest into tb$ drainage d1tch-es .
Fo.~ Indian Cr$~kt entering the district n ar the ~outheast COl"nEf1"ot Secti~"1 2l,T?Wnsh1p 1 South, H ngo 9 ~es t, a flood:way between 1$'1613 $ 100 feet apart. was constructed to diseharge tbe tla into Peean Lake in the nor thea s t Quarter of Section 6 Townsbip 8 South , Range 9 West. Both Peean Lke and L:1ttle .Peean Lake in seat1.011. 31 , Township 7 south , R nge 9 fiest, have been filled wit h silt to about 1011 ~ t el' e10 ... vatlons, and large portion of the fUl u under eultlvatioll .• In 1938 the district r a ised and strengt hened th.ese lev · s and extendoo them southward one-half fAl1e to cause the silt to be depo:llted in the southern end of Pee&n t ke and Mud Lake in the southeast quarter of Section 6, i'O'fInShip e South, knge 9 W$st . ., The Oeverflo from th1ss1~t1ne basin 1 ' divided, part tlow1ng lltQstwaN into Burrell Bay¢u and part $outh'wardtnto !lobo Lak~ ..
Hog creek and smaller streams entering the distl"'iet tre:m the hills a re per l'll tte4 to sprtisd and posit their sUt loads in depress10ns neal'the foot of t he hills, f1"0 hleb the Walter t'inds. its ay into the drainage ditches of the district ... fh hads ·of several of the d1 tche s ha.ve besn !'111ed itb material t ha t was not left in the natur'al depres Si'CH1S .
!be p~lncipal drainage outlet for the gr~$ter part of tbe district 115 the cllannel 0-£ David Bayou aD . BlU'rell Bayou, wbleb traverses the len~tb of the este;l"n part of the dIstrict from Coldwater Hive I' in the northwest quarter of ~at1'ln 35, Townsh1p 6 South, Range 10 est,. into Cold ater River again in Section: 24, fcwnsMP . 2S·ortb1 Range 1 . West, aoout 2 m.11es north of iMr.ks and about 84 i.L0S by ¢hannal beyond the. southen1 boundary of this dratnag district .
At th$ south line of S ct10n 2, Township, 1 South,. Bans.e 1. (). W(tst! »art. d, . BaTGU r ftce. Iv" the d~. ina.ge from D.rai.nage Distriot No .. 2 or Qu1t an. ¥ano1a,. ,nd ~1ea Counties,. At the south lin . sf' S -etion 28" TOUl"...shlp 8 South, R~nge 10 'We,st, B:ur~ell klau l~aV'es Indian Cl"eek l}rainage District, carrying pro'babl1' tftyee-fourth.s Dr the r 1L"1-atf f ,rom this d1stl"'ict, and the gr" .. & tel" portion of' that train SQu1rrell Lake
13
Drainage District . Dav1-d Sa-yon and lltlrrell B-ayotl have been designa ted asD! tch ]fo . 3 of !od1Q,1l creQMD1st-r1Qt.. The channel1s l arge but v~ry crooked. and- coMiderably · OD tructcd bytre~~ gl"OWt n , by 911t bal"s, and aceumul tions of drift".
The aouthea s tern port1-<ul of In4in Creek Drainage District dischar ges throu.gh 1)-1tch l.lo . 22 into Boba Lake near the, ,sou t.· heas t Cor nel" . of' s. ee~lon 7, fownsh1p 9 South, Ftl.lnge9 ~est, 2 mi l es south of t1!9 southeast eornerot the distriot. It car ries about 25 percent of the run- off' from the Cii3 trlct.
OthGr tl"~n $ome e ll tting Qf the willOf!s t the district did little work toward maintainiIlg thfB dra inaga works in gQod OJ)er4,lt1ng eondlt1on until the f ' U Qr 1931 hen a I i- yard dr ag .... line exo vatO'l' was purchased. S1nc~ ben a consider able amount of the most. urgent work i' s been done; neverthele3$y in th.e s' .. e r o.f 1939 the greater portion (Of .. t he drainage eh.a:nn-els . needs cl · l"lnt or tres s and brs, and a con:s1a.el"able ~l"tlf1n n·eeds 6l1l1arglng and deep$ning in or der to rmov~ sIlt deposits , to Ine~eaQ.e eapae1t , and to dr ain low l and •
. RSC.O~NImD Ir~'PROV'§t.£SNI@
llged Qon'tl:'S.t . 'OI"&5
r o provide safe ty against,overflou fro Col dwat.r River t tbe low places in the lev6$ a l ong tbe vestern border of'thls a l ·strict would n ed ttJ ~ br'ought up to grade and the priva te levee along Col dwater1l1ver i n DraiMge D1strict ito,. 2 would need to be ra.ised. If eertain 'planS! q( tb . Corps or· Engineers , United Sttl tes .ft.r m,y are adepted t ·the .. flo-OQ control WQ~k$ of that ttg@ney 1f111 proto-ct tn'is 4:istr 1et frOIll Col dwater River .fl.oods . Evil) 'S-O 1t 1.5 .1"QOO1ial nded that tn ' l evee al(.)ng tnt) we,s t ~l1dg 'Or th~ distr lot be kept int ct as a ~asr\lreotextra pr eeautl00.
S11tt99ntl."Ql Wo,rlq
Fgi€.er Cr~!k ,1I,'1'QP4l! fc !he d1$triets ' p;rogra of mabitenanoe:; in aceor-danee it whieh t: e . l;$Ve~iU~ f01"1!lin, . FQ'Wle~ C .. e:f;llk f'lo.'Odvtay we}!"e rapairOO. raised, and s t r n,gt1ht·. ened in 1931" saould be aotl1t1t:med. . -(d d ttE1lS s-naul d 00 . bu.! .
scross the bOI?0l1J pi ts to aprsad the flow (JVel' the en tir~ a r ea betv:e~n the l ev5 €!.s.1th pe:rlodJ.c ~a1ntenano~ . the flooow.&i.y and YO!)llow Lake may be expe(~te{l to. provide for control of' the s11 t for several . ears ...
. ;t,yiAA . ~at'lQ,04wal. !he ma lntenauce p-l'ogr a . , in aecoraance wi tli'hieh tho lev.ees of th.e floodwa)' were r~pn1red, .,raised, and str r:ngthened in 1938, $b!>uld be continued .. ¥ti t il s\'l.ch !118.1ntensn.c.e, Mtld Lake and th lQ e r end of Pe can Lake may be 6Xi.pected to provi de s tor §..ge for the s11 t bronght down b y this stream tor thil next f ew years , after whicb period it will ~ necessar y to provide additional and per .aps ue.w area for deposit o.f t .• e silt.
ling .9"; ~§ :!3IbJ4!iji, Ba-s1n.. 't'cr ks .shooldbe eons trueted to obta1n dep~$ltlon of the silt brought down by Bog Creek and Fl.oyd Creek i n 8ect1on 35, Township 7 South, it nge 9 . est, bafor-e it entel's tile dr;:.1nage ditches . It ls r ecomme d that a new channel bt:· constructed to tfl.ke the flow o.r Ditch "No . 26 at the canter of SeCt1!lfl 3, TownShip 8 South, Rana'e 9 f:lest, and discharge it into a lo'it flat area in tbe nor the.ast quarteT or Section 9. Th.an Dl tclt Ne ~ 27 shoul d be ext nded '11estward from its prp. $ent cutlet to Join the n~ channel of 1)1 teh flo . 26 . The spoil. bank should be made a cont1nuou$ l evee on the south ,side o.f Di tchtis 1105 . 26 and 27 . and this levee should 00 40-ut1nued to join th~ SP(iU bank of D1 tch 1'I. ,. 25 North of the eent-~r of 8eet1on 9. Overflo from the silting a.r~a woul d be i n to Ditch No . 25 t hrough openings made in the 8Jpoil lmnk, and n.ot t: &rou &h excava ted. chann .. l •
Dralnag! . Q).EWl~t~
!'he improvemen.t \i(ork hel'e l"e~oaend.ed wlll provide good agr1eul t ur al dl"Eiiuage for th.e district as a wbol e , alth4j\lgh the lowest 1~8 t rlbut&1"l to 5()me of the d1 tche& probably ?lill be 1nUlldat s d foX" short periods following ex ... eElDs.lve stor ms . UntIl high water e ondlt1.oM in Coldwater lAnd 'tallahatcbi e Rivers are improved by lowering the f lood heights , tbe backtl'atereffeets during extremel y hinh river sta~~c s c n notba entirely eli!llina,ted .
The estaa ·t,-ed al.!1(;unts of clearing and earthwor k are stat@rl in apP$ndfi<l tablos , and the locations nd d1. enslons of Qxcavat10n arAl fill arr;;, :dl()'#!\ on the pr«l:fl1es and Ol'{)SS So ct1x,)!'l,$ .. . nere an axcavatinet - ohina 1s to opera ted, at least QntJ bank as well as the crumael . $t ~ el ared .
75
nita tf-o . 1 , lpc&.tad l'lGa.r th~ we~t tlistl"iet otlundt.l'7t disehargeai.ntoD1tch 110 ... 3 near tho est quarter c.t')l"ner of Section 21, Townsip 8 South, Ra ge 10 West . This ditch shm.lld be cleared t U'oughout 1 ts l ength of !All t r ees , brush, debris, an(t bars fn the ehan..lle l . lleaoVal of the bar s prob~bly can. be dona ntn ~xplo$ive,gf hand. shoveling, 01" under favorable {wnd1 t1m'l$ with t eams and slip SCl"t.l · rs, lI10Te -e.c-ono!1li cally than with dtrag- line xcav tor.
D!tcl;! no . l"'A, in the southwest ern pert of the distr i ct, disc ·arges into Ditch. No.1 in the northesst quarter of Section 19, Towns 1p 8 South, Range 10 West .. All tre-os and bru.sh shcHlld be removed from t is channel thr oughout its l.ength .
l21tSlLl!oft' 2; on thesoutb 1100 of Sect10n 33 , ToWl: ·ship 7 s{1UtE ~ < t. ngl.1 10 Wsst, has o.en cut orE f'rortl Ditch No . 3 IJnd disohnrges into. D1 ten No .• 1; 1 t (\ s not ne-ed lraprovetlen t __
D1~, N$h;J II' The ehsnael$or Uavl d B yon and Burrel Bayou shoul.d ~ elEu:.r~d. of all trees , bar~h and .Ql}or is thrQughout the1:r l eng th t'-l,rough tlte d1stl~ict a.nd beyond to the outlet irtto Caldw.s t .al" River . the lar er hal" be-t · en the R(1r th line af Ssction 2, anti thl: south line ot SectiQn 11, ~shlp 6 South, at:llte 10 'fest, should be r el'JlOved 11ft tb adra.g- l1nl!<- ·excava tor .
£lAtch Jig . i , fol lows a mea ~l~ering course fr!J"" SectiQn 11 . towIish1p '1 SQuth , R.?.nge 10 West, i nto D1 ten No . 3 in Section 271 'l'awnsnip7' Sou tb , . San a 10 West. !he ~"lamlCl should. be- cleared (If aU trees.t b-:rush, d brig, . no. ttars throughout 1 ttl length,. ar~ sho 11£1 be enlarged b, teen Pi t<:hes No . 5' and 6 in Sectl.ons 23 an 26.
. Web No.,)", ne~d$ 00 IBprOV~J4ent . It .. &s en-l arged in 19~1 to faeil1tt.e th-.. flow o.r "0 ler Crenk through Yel low Lake into Ditch No . 4 .
P~tsh 110 .• 6 , should be e1a~n-ed of tre~s t:md brush In the cbannal thrcHi.ghout its lcent th ~
nitch l'iQ 2, heads ne:\}* the _llills in seo tion 7 f Tottn.sb1p 1 South" I:ange 9 ~est, and flows !ll)utherly into Littl e Paean take 011 tll'3 west linear a et10n 31, and t nlc.n 1nt.o 01 t Gh lie.,. 3 tn 8e~rtlan 2 . to'lo'1l1$h1,t> 8 Sout.h, lUingQ 10 West. The ehanne1. $1\0 ~ld be ele ·red thrcfu,gbol.lt it.s leiigtb"
76
$nd should be l"Eh'XCa:V& te exeep:t in the lower mil~ of ~t~ leng th, .'.;lth ~ppr~lei~bleeJ\11llr~emant from rUtah §o .. o to belowO .... tah ]ro . 11 . 1'he portion aUliVG D1teb :0. 8 is des1gned 1Ulth ~ttom width of 18 feet to pl'~vide storage :tor 6il t washed dOfo'li fl'OlU the . ,ills ..
Dl tciJ. No . fhan thQ south line of !;eetions 17 and 18, Township 7 South, Ran. E! 9 ~{,at , shul , be clear ed ~nd enLarg~<1 throngt:out :tts l ength . A wide ditch is l:'+J C01ltm.~nded tOf}l' CiVid~ stGrage for silt.
1{1 tc~' lio , 2. on th~ sou th linf" of Seetlon 19, should 00 el~a:rGa and reeXCl\Ve ted thr .·;ut~h<.}u t 1 ts I fm gth.
lUtcb !SO l: 10, on the. south I1ns of Sentiens 29 and 30, shGul<l1m cl e. r ed tltroughout its: 1 ngth of tr~as and brush in the channel .
Qitc1l ~li);;l . lt* t in t.ho southeastern pa:r·t of Sect i on 25, Towtlsbf1'7, lao'Uth, itnngtl 10 ;; :st" should be cleared thl"vugho:u. t i t .s length '(),t· tree g md brush ",n the ehalli"1~l ..
. i t eh Jo 1. in tb.~ SQut 1 est qual"~r of ee-. t1011 31, !'dWn!l ip . South. F..a1".;ge 9 \:lest, is ample fOT th~ S»1Qll trr~a now draine-d, and no improvement 1s r~3co£:m;ended •
. D{!,tah No . IJ~ U Bope B-you in Sect,ion 35, Township 1 south. Rango 10 West .. Tbe ehann 1 should M ele r~d of tree s !Llld brush.
. . n1 t~h le.:4t" ! aads i n Se;ct1o.r: 6, . ow {ship 8 South, Range 7 West. ~n the sonh end oj PoanLnlm', and eaf>ries a large l'lll't of' the flew or Imllan c:reak into South La e in Section 24., Tavmship 8 Sout"tl, Rang(t 10 fest , . lence the W~ .. tar f l ows tb.rougbSqulrrttl ,Lake _00 :into Burrel l Bayou in. Section 2ft Townsl:!lp 8 Sclrth., Rang$ 10 riest . !he e 1an:nel s houl d be ele r ed. tht'oughcut i t s ent1r~ l ength, nbo'lE! South Lake , and baenlarged xcept in the upper 1600 t at .
D1teb .10, . l,2l discharges i nto Di te ... 110 It 14 on the east 11ne o£ i 8eet1on 12. T.h~ ®ar"nel shou.ld ~ al a:red t~ou~out ib l eng t h , and be r.eexeava t ed tor nearly half a mil e t~o 1ts ·outlet.
. .' D!lsthJio . Ot on 'the west and south line Qt. See .... t!. 12" ~\1as1t1.p ! .SOu tn, ., nge 10 es.t , should be clea~d. of trees, bnDhf · $ll4 bars tt'FoU,Jhout its length .. Bat re"&1 would. .be msl"G economical by 300M other means th n an. $X~av~ tlmg maehin !to
77
~ltf lio la 12, it natural dr ain in SSc:tiOl1B 14 and 15, TownshIp South , Ban.g~ 10 West, . shQuld be olea.red of trees , brush , and bars in the ch,nnel throughout its length ..
R1~h B'~.&8, i .s Ii na t\U'al d.r~1n in Sect1ons' 1 ~ and 14, T01lr1!1sip ~ S~uth, Range lO u Gst . Ha work is r ecom-mended on this drain .. "
i>1 tch tiP. 12 discharges into Squ:1rrel Lak~ in the center ot Section ~6t township ·8 South, Hlince 10 West. It has be-en Clear $d r ecently for nearly a mil e fro its outlet. and cl ear ing Qf t he elannel should ~ ~ont1nued to the l>lpp<ar end of the iii tch ..
Rt,teb. i(Q. gQ, tributary to Ditch No . 19, has been: cleared r ecentl y and no 1eprovement is aeeded now.
l!1S,ch ito. . 2Ju tribu t a r y to Diteh No. 20, has been clear ed r ec-fiilntly and no im.,provement 1s r.t.f~eded · .,
R! tch 12 • . 22, the _in ontl e t for the southeast port1.on of th$ distric t, beads 1.~ Seat10R 32, Townsh1p 7 South. Range 9 West .. It rlo $ . directly southward fo.ll ing the course of' Wa t er Dayou rot' about 2 mil es in Seetlons a to 20, and d1sohar $es into Bello take a t the i outheast C(l)rner o.f Seetlon 1 f 70wnship 9 .aouth ~ Range 9 we st... Tb ent1:r-ed1 teh shoul d be H '9xesYa ted. That portion above th s~uth line of Section 20, Township 6 South, Range 9 West, sho'Uld have a blase wIdth 1nereesing from -4 to 8 feet and that portion below Seetton 20 should have a base wi dth or 44 teet.. "This will involv6elear'lng the channel and o.llS bank tbr~ugh it.$ imtire l$ngth, xce,t about one- half mlle near- the· $'ooth line of secti on .8) Township 8 SO\] ttl, Range 9 West ..
~1t¢h .lio . 2,], discharges into Ditch lio .. 22 i n o$ctlon 8 t fown&b1p a SQuth, Ra.nge 9 West, br' nging from lind Lak6\ a portlon ot t s flo from Indian Cr eek. 0 1m-p'rQV'e~ent 1& r e commended for this ohannel; the existlng heavy t?~e growth will a id diversion ~r a large portion ot the Ind1,an Creek flow into Ditch No . 14.
Diteb . '2. .24. d1scllarges lnto D1 tch No. 22 an th:e south 11~ of' Section 20, Towns.h!p 8 south, Range 9 W'G'st. 1he ehanne.l should be cleared of trees. brush, nd. bars t.hNughout J. ts l ongtb1Jl' }Jar l"emQVQl wlll not r qu1re U$.e o-f an exca'Va t1ng ma..eb1ne.,
Di ficb JiQ, ,21, head.s in Section 33, :rovmsh1p- 7 Sout h , Rt!\:nge 9 West, and d1sebargGs into Diteh No __ 22 on ~he _south l.ine of Secti on ~O , TO\mship 8 South, lange 9 wes t . _ The eh~el sht'>u1d be r e&XC-&VQ ted and d pen-edl' with bottom: l.dths of 4 tee t about D1.teb o. 26 ·at the center ot section 9, . !Qwshlp B South , Range 9 West, and of 24 fee t below that point. Clearing 1$ requll"ed only above t he center of Section 4.
n~ tches Nos . _2 1 .sn· 13, earry the flO' of s ome smli_ll . U~ streams into t e~a~ of Ditch No .. 25. No improv$ment Q£ these channels 1s r ecomaended.
Dlt£h _Ny. i6t carried the flow of Hog Cr eek from Section. 3 , ·'ownsh1p ~ ~outh, Range 9 iie t , into M tell o . 25 a t the cGnt er of Sec t i on 9 . Uuch silting takespl aee a t the h.ad of this d 1 teh but 1 t has been ):"eexeava ted recently- and the improve _ftt rEloo~nde-d 1s tha t already described f or eonstru-ction 'Of Ro.g Creel! Silting Basin.
D!tgh No.. gZ, in Section 3, . !oonship 8 South. Range 9 West, has been fl11e'd w1th sllt i'romhill str ' 8 , b1.1.t r e cen tly has be~n r eexeava. t ed a.nd improve nt 1-s not re¢O~n4ed (txeept ext&nsi on into the proposed Bog Cl'e k S11t1ng Basin.
»1 tAA }lo • . IJ)l , was construet ed by Sub- Drainage District JlQ~. 1 . It discharges into 01 tch fto . 22 ne r th center ot· Section 20, !.'oWllsh1p 8 South, Range 9 6$t. It has bee-ri Nl-sxeavated r eC'e<1tly for about 2 m11itl1 and this "'ork Should . 00 ext ended t o the upJ1.e3t end of the ditch near the nort heAst cornel'" or Seetion. 5 t. Townsh1p 8 Sonth, - ng 9 7est . Clearing th,(ll channel and -one bank 1.8 r equired thrG'ugnout t his l ength.
Ditch Ho • . 102, was c:onstruc't ed by Sub-District Ho. 1 ", It dischar ges into 'Dtt-eh Ro . 25 at the south ('fua.rter CGrnerof Section 21 .. The tl"eos and brush should be l"emoved t'rom the ehs.nnel throughout its l ength .
R1tch No . _201., west of Da-v1d Bayou , waS cons tl'11-eted by aub-D1~tr:tet No. 2. It empties l ntoifleCbute in ~ct100 2~J. TiI!YWll.sh1P 7 s outh, Range 10 West . It should be ~ear@d Qr ~8S and brush t hrougbout ltoS l ength, and should be enlarg.d and de-epelWd u eept through the l ove$' 2000 feet.
79
S.gu1~r!,l, u kl.t!se k!a~, in Secti ons 24- and 26. Township 8 &:Hl t h ) Range 15 West, eonneets South Late and Squirrel Lake . It should be cleal"e\1 O'f trees lllld brush for aw1dth of 40 fee t t hrtJugoout 1 ts length .
. . ~U1n'1 Laka iklo'i. provides an outlet f or Squirrel L $ into Burrel :Bayou in Section 21 township 8 South, Range 10 V;·Eu;t .. It should 'be- 01 ~ared or troB'S and br ush for a width of 40 fee t thl"oughQut its len.gth ..
gIK2RAk RECQ~NDATI0N§ Ua1»t1!11arMl! .~t: . n~,1ni,eg~eli
It is ~peJ'atl.& that all d.rs! _ ,g channel s be properly _1nta1ned .. 'lTee gl"'owth a l on can reduce th.eir ea,tmei tyas neb a s 7'5 per cent .. 1!.11 tree JI"o:wt h shoul d be eut a.nd r emoV'ed every year from all exe.av · .· d drainage ditches, and. trom natural drainage ehann Is whEt spec1f!
. All tree growth shoul d be cut \71 thin a f ew 1nehes sf the S1.trf ace of t he ,ground whera it stands, and all slashing and oth$:r rnat$rial l"enwved fTomth() chan.n~ l should either be burn&d or piled in sueh & manner that it can not fall or float back i n to tbe ehannel~ All silt bar should be removed befor e capacities of the dlteh()s are serlo\tsly 1. ... paired. trash and debris l odged agalrurt fenees crossing the Gli tel es should b~ 1: ·oved before the aeeumuls. tions rna.terlally 1nterter e with the flo of a t -er ..
D1sppsalof .Spotl
All material excavated. from drainage channel s1 eJ.tber fo.r enlar,etm)nto~ tor- theret1loval ot bars) shOUld, be pl aced beyond t he tapaf the existIng spoil banks and .he" it 1$ poss ibl e to do so with tba equ1WMnt used, should be Bpread SG tbat none of it 11111 extend t<lOr e t han 4- .f$a t a.boyethe general l evel of t.he surface of t he ground.
i!'ftq.U!g Spoi. :§§pks
It 1s :r6~en4ed that all llR $pc11 'banks, as _ Ua$ t.hos.· now in ex .. ts:ta.n~et, l-ong dr In ge 41 tetles " ere t:b,e l and is. el~ared .. be· l evel d by 'lllOV:Mag ths urial all 7 fl'QDl tbft 4itehes to $U.~ '. n $xtent t '. k tbe~lopeG c-t the ' rema11U:ng mate-r1al. .:U.1 nat be $ t6$}W't' than 4- te. t
ho~izonta~ to one foot vertical. Atter lev$ling, spoil banks of ordil'lry siz:e should .nat extenmore than 4 ret above the general level of the surfEle~ of the ground ..
Width ofD!!rm,
. Ma tar! 1 exct,tVa ~d from drainage d1 to es should not be depositedol·Qser than 15 feet to tile channel being excavated, and where the oottom Idth Qf the dItch exee tis 20 fee t , no W'lte!'ial shoUld ba placed closer than 2; re~t to the edge of'the eXCt\V ted channel_
S1d.e §lo;pe s ()! 0,1 tcnes
Where drainage d:1t{;.~$ re e.nlarged or the side slc.l:pes a;re tB.istm"be.d in the r eJ!!3val of silt bars, the sides or the ditches should be given sl.opes not stecPfJr than 2 tee t hOl" lsont 1 to one foot vertical .. .har the depth of ditch e%ct;eus 12 fee t" or lfhere thE! material through which the dit.ch. is $x¢Qvated t -nds to slide, flatter side slopes shQuld be given.
ConstDlctton of Inlet$.
In oriel" to pr$vent the f'orma t10n of 511 t bars and control Qr retittes erosion in l ateral d:rn1n wher t ey e-nter drai~ge ditches; iDlet chann is should be QXcav .- d to the s. detpthas the main ditoh for a di~tanceQt ;0 feet f~o ' its .edge aoo then g1ven a 10 to 1 slo~ along be botto t.o the established grade of the l a teral drains . e inlet cihannel should hav a bottom width of not l ess than 4 fset and side slopes 'or 2 ~o 1, and tb.e entire. ucavated section should be pl anted to a dense growingveget tlon such as Bermuda gl."8.$s .
The bl.h eost 01 reenforced concrete, concrete pipe, lld cQrrug. t ed pipe usually restriots thEir use for inlets to road ditcbes nd other places wher e spaca is lim:1ted .. .
9?astt"ou,gngf ':9r,idge§
Bridges s}:t...ould be bul.1tso as to catlse l east obs 't .r uetion t.o flaw and giv~ least lodgetl.&nt f ;;,r trash and deb-ria. N() support should be pls e&d in the bottemof a 41teh whel'e the bottom width is less than 20 fe.et . AJ.'fY
trestle bont built OU Ii mud sill between the tops of the bank slopes . should hav e the top oJ: the mud $111 set a t or bel ow the e levnt1Qu or the ditch botto . ... B:l"idge tringers should ~ high enough above the flo lin.G that. floating drirt will pass fr,e~11.
CPns'!i;tuctlotl of Q).tl'(i!r~!
. Ord,1n&rily, culverts shoul d not bt! pamitted in drainage d.itch.~~ sjO WnerG use of' them is &bsolu.tely nQcess ry, they sh(mld be of' su~h sig,e t hat they tilll not cause serious loss of head or r aise the l'fatar surface above the culvert 8:td 'f'lciently to C&ti.se th.e di tah to overflow , The f loor or i nvert s.houl d be .set a t t be elevation of t he ditch bottom, and tbe structure shou1d. be· buUt on a. foundation tim till prevent settlement or ot her displa.eettlent.
ggnstrust1gn or I.#6V01Ji~
tav~es should be constructed of earth fr.ae fro all logs , stUlnl)S, and large pi eces o:f perisnabl$ matter , and be r~asonably free tro:.a roots and sticks... The groun-d to be occup1ed by the levees should ~ cleared of all tr es . and growth Grall kinds, and of l! 11 l ogs , trash, nd debris . All stumps should be pulled out and re ved, and the surrace to be oCQup.!eQ by the l EtveGs. soould· be thoroughly plowed. Where the l evee a:rossQ$ SfUld ridges or in and: soil .~ muek diteh shoul d be excavated 6 feet deep ith a bottom w1,dt h of 4- fee·t and w1tl'l 1 to 1 side slopes ", • eJ"e t..~tl leve.e 1s con.structed acl'QSS ditches , natul'ttl ehannel:al or depressions, banquetts sht;;uld be oonstrueted to the fUll wIdth of the herm and up to trdt l avel or th$ . net' 1 r und surfa~. A ber~ not less t han 25 teet 1a 14th should be left between the toe 0'£ t he embankment and the bor:ro pit. fa provide tor oompaction, all lev~$S should be CGustructed 20 percent higher than spee1!ied 1 th full crown · 1d,t h and s1deslop$. Upon compl-et1an, tho emha~nt sboul d be . spot sooded wi th 4 i noh tuft& :of Berlauda g!'"ass at 2- f'·oot intervals in both d1reeti o.t'ls ,. or be S'66ded -1th· !I11table grass. mixture that will forma: hea"fl nod.
QEBJ!AL . If!f:O~MAtlCll
This Teport is \m;s:ed on the ol"lg1~141 plans of the district aup.])l Mated by field 111sp et10n 2nd '~'agQr su.rvays. De,tailed SlU'V\\Y$, sht:nlld ba _.de befor~ fAny reconstruotion work ~t importance 1 und9r ken.
82
. InfoTJ:1a tion concerningorganizat1on, &SS .sa . nt, and finanei' 1 status of the d1st1"ic't t the hydraul ic data , . and estimate:; of reaomm.ende-d w01'k ~l1'''e ivan in the tabl a. ttaohed her~~to.
Bll e prints of the Pan<>.lt.t, ~t~ i ~.an, a..'1.d 1.'Ilnlea County drain g9 maps showing the loca ion of' t his district, and: such px<ofiles and eross sections of d1 tc.hes as are available, I.t, y be obts.inedfrom the nississ1Pf, l Board of Development 0-1'" the Department of . ~ehives and HIs t ory, Jackson, Uississip!>i .
§tate~ge . Drainagf! SUTV£t,Z
1:his report has been prepared under the eta ts ide Dr! l:nuge Survey e.stabli:sheg a..., Work Proj$cts dmin1stru t10t11 Froj~ets t~Q* 54 3 and lio . 6426, sponsored b ths1ss1e;sipp ~aal"d of Dav-el opment... the other cooperators are D1vi ion of Drainage., nes.eareh, SoU Conservatio-n Servleet Uni ed states Dep~tr "" e t of ,t .. gr1~u.ltur$1. directing the surveYl een.t ral tbf!1rr.itte €"· to,l' l)ralhage D$tricts of 'ssisslppi; !fa t1on.al. Resourc es Pl anning Board I supplying technio 1 eons,ul t ing ~dvice ; a nd th~ Corps of Engineers, lJn:1t.d.at s AJ! • n:e deral Land B;(Jlk of" Ne Orleans , Louisiana! !:'as lur--n.1shed tl'Je org"'nlsat1on, assessment,. and f1nancuud ' pl"'e$~ntef nnd otheT Wormat:!on ..
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APPPPD; l! if18§I SSI PPI PllAl!AGE LA S
!his r port does not a ttempt a full discussion. of 'th.e many drainage laws and only brleny outlines those o.r major importance· under which the Swa p Land Districts and Drainage Districts in Mississippi have operted. These laws and the ear-responding number of opera t .1ng districts are listed as follows:
5w&14P Land Districts Chapter 2JJ7. Laws of 1886 .. . . .. "' . . . ..... .... . 4 Ch pt.eI' 121, Law of 1900 . . . . .. ", . .. ,. • •• ... . •• • 2 Ch pte:r 10, Lan or- 1902......... .. .. .. ............ 14-Chapter 17, Code of 1906.. . .. .. ..... ..... .. .. .. .. 28 .-
fo:t&l number .. .. .... a .... .. . It .. _ • • t • 48
Drainage l)istrlcts Cbapte:o 39, Code of: 1906600 A_11 nts 94 Olapter 195, La s of 1912 and ..runendm.en ts 146 Chapter 197, taws of 1912 and mndmants 12 Ch8:pter 198;, Laws 0.1' 1912 and Amendments .3 Chapter 107, Cbde of' 1930 and Amendments --l
'rota! numool" • ••• •• •• •••• • •• • ••
Tbe 4 district.s under Ch4'Ul' 2.01., La . s of 1886, all in Lee f;:ounty were dissoLved S-p'telaber ',19:)9. Thls laW' ~pp:rove:ttl"cb 13 . 1886 • .. was an Act to reclal p and Qverfla . lands In. Lee Count,. andf~ oth r pUl"PQses . It app1..1$d only to Lee County.. !he 44 cU.stl"1Qt orga.ilizod under the ()th~ awamp. Land Laws are 4G~nt. as their pr ovement works have b~~n taken ~.eT by l ater Q ~rlapp1ng orgaid.ut1·Qtls, bave be n ,Ussolved, <»r. have Nqu1red IltU or no a1ntenan~e s.1ne.dra1nage works w~u,"e constructed. When reconstruction work 1s undertaken by those districts 0. l'"lg1nallY~l"gan:i.Z$;d UDder SWamp Land Act!! they usually are l"ttarganizsd under mot's r~C$nt i tA s .. me S aap Land Acts· do. Uf)~ 'baTe t}:l.,.e a ss(!s$ed benefit basis of drainage aSJLSS'llSnt~ as provIded by .t:· <:.re- recent ).a .s but rollo ·the ~;()e.edurer of levying un!tOl' a~ l ' 5S.Sf> Bnt~ on an a~a ba$l. for Q $urt1e~ent '. -' her of' · ye r-s ta .produce the costs Inc:!j.d«n,tal to impreveme.n.torks. . ese distr.icts
92
coapl"lse4 only swamp lands tha t werf: subject to Qverflow and would be benefited by the drainage systems. The annual taxes are variable but did not exceed 50 cents per aere.
the leg.islat1ve enaetments unde.r which the 256 Dl:-ainage D1stricts have operated cover five different laws and amendatory ~cts.
Chapter 39, Code of 1906 and Chapter 195, La s or 1912, govern most of the organizations. County Boat'dg of Drainage Comm1ssioners conduet the affairs of all districts organiaed under Chapter 39,. Code of 1906, wbile a separate Board of Comiss1oners is appointed to administer the arra1rs of each d.istrict operating: nn4 r Chapter 195, Laws of 1912.
. . Chap,ter 197, La :g of 1912, 1s n. Act ereating addi tional method$ ot: o:rgan1z1ng and «1.ntain.1ng drain ge dis tric ts and provides f(}r the validating of any dr ina, e district tha t was organized under Chapter 39, Code of 1906 that might petit10n to e~ un4-ei' the provision.s of t his Act. Its provisions parallell in genet" 1 Chapter 39. Code of 1906, and outline ,add.1tional powers .
Chapter 198, Lawa or 1912, fo110'O sll$htly different pro~edur.s with admi nistration ~r rra1rs eontroll&d partly by the Board of Supervisors and. partly by a :eo.rd of' .Drainage Commissioners (or each district. The e~as.$1rlca tlon of llAllQ:s ec-orditl, to benefits eOV'Q" the usual eons14e:raUons fo,r til. d~gree. oftnes 01' nd and prox:b11ty to the dItch or outlet and 1$(J; lve consider ... at10n to the fer-tillt,. of th s011.. !bis law .. som:EiW t broader in cope than other laws.
itle State IAg1sla ture in 1930 revise.a. the Mls5-issippi Dra1ru:tge CG4$ un4e1" Chapter 10'7.. All dJ.str1ct organ1~.d atter the e.nsctment of this Code ust C:Q under 1 ts provisions. D~8,1mtg district or an1tte4 prior to thlsQode oJ' that were in the proeess of organization under other 1 $ ~ t the tlme the Code was adopted have the pr1"11, .... 11ege of cont:1nu1ng to opera; te unde-r i$uoh other laW!;' rh.e adQJlt10n of the 1930 Co4e doe · not rep . otb r law aatI a,uum-dat0!"7 . cts so tar as d1str1rC'ts 0:'1" an1~'$d eee.rd1ngly are e~~n d~ !his COO. Gutlin.es 0 organizatlol1 pro .. CedWf_j~l'y to? alstl"'lcts elsetlng to have County
Commissioners and for districts choosing to have Local CoWdssloner s . The essential tea tur es , other t han addlti{)nal and "at-led adnt1,nlstrat1ve proeedure $, are patterne·d aCts],' Chapter 195', Laws of 1912.
!he Mississippi Drainage Laws Illow the as ess·ed b.enefit basis of levying assessment ~ Questions have been r aised regarding this phase of the laws for t hey do not elea rly 1ndiCoc'l te by the teehn1cal legal phrasing lIbetller anyone tract 1s liable for all the taxe$ to be eolleeted in the distriot for the pa~t of betb bond and intere$t or whether it 1s the intention to l1nnt the tlOunt.s of taxes aga1nst a t ract to the mount ofb$n.e-tl t s assessed again.$t that tract.. the question i nvolved 1& wb t r the trae:t 15 l 1m1te4 to the amount of ssesse4 benefits ortg ... 1n$.llT Elssessed ag 1nst each individual tract; 0-1" 1$ l1m1 ted to Irega te benet! ts sss$$S'edon all the 1 n<1 w1 t b1n the d.Is trict In 6,QQorCl e,e with th$' so-.ealle4 1l1ast f lthtul a cre 4oetl"'ine. '" Att-orneys familia!" nth dra1na. $ G'I'tranizat1Qns. are d1sag!"eed on thls Jat.l"pr·&tat1en e.nd it bas never b.eenp:resen ted to the S'll~ Cou~t tor d:ecislon.
94
BIBLIOGlt!PBY
1. fur ner, Nicholas... Essay an drainage &11d improving peat bogs . ,London, R,. Baldwin and J . Bew t 1784. 86p ..
2 . Stephe~s, Henry. Uatu.lal of praet1cal dr 1n1nc. London., Wm. Dlue1woOd « .sons , 1846. 144p.
3. Frenoo t Henry F . Farm drainage ; the principles, processes, and att'Qets of draining f a ' l !ld. J . Y." A. O. : ' A &: Co ... " 1859 .. 384 P.
4 . Roland" Arthur. 'iJ'r'ainag& of land. London, Obapman&- :Hall. I P-SO. 192pitl'
S. seGt,t, 3Ohn,_ Dral~ and, ,' embanking. tondon, Lecnooo &: Co., 1883 . lJ3~.·
6. JUlest ," ~nby "" Land dr, ~1n1r~. li. "it Orange JU4d Co,.) 1892. 199p.
'i .. Johnstone, J ohn.... Ac<wunt (),f the 11Gde.,,#/£ dra1n1n3 land. London, B., & R .. OrosbyCo." 1814, 2ll p.
8. Elliott, c. a.. l1ng1neuing tor l @d dra1nagG'. 11 . Y., John Wiley &. s.ons, 1919. 363p~
9,. Mw!phy" 0 .. , .. Drainage ~1n rinih .., lleGr-a1T- RU1, 1920. 178,.
1.0. Afr9S" Q .. C. and Seo.ste5, D. t.and , d'r ina, nd ... el.~t1en. .. 'I., leG ... w""Hl11, 1928 .. 4191>.
11. lia&$fl . ",\llsf4 n~ flows!. .. tudJl' or frequ~neles and magnitua&s. I ", Y. t Jolml1el .t Sons ~ 19.30. 199p.
12. K1n1h R:o.rtH~$ 1111~ Haa4b0e4 or . ydraulies . 31'<1. ed., I . Y. , BcGl!"a -HiUt 19)9.
13. ~lek$l$t C.~g _ • Dralnage and flood eontrol tmgl'1:'leer1ng. 2nd e .. ~ ... Y .. , kGraw .... H111 , 1941. 476p .
B!lttIOGBAPRY
II .. PERIODICALS;
1. SteWal."'t1 J .. t. Drainage en.gineer'il'.g .. gngin~er1ng .. !fews, V.' 75, p . ;04 (1916)
2. Bosa.r'd, Rt Determ1na t10n of Kutter's rougMGSS in n dralna,e ditch. Ing1Merlng $_ v., BJ; p. 921- 922 (1919)
3.. Coefficient , ot roughness for dr,' airut,s, di tel16s .. Bng1nserlng News~ v. 85. p. 840 (1920)
4 . Pa tt,y, R, .. L"" Extension projeet :in f arm draina.ce . Agricultura l bginesl"i,ng, V"" 7. p. 53-55 (1926)
S. llead, .. B.c:lamatio.n as af"£ect1ng flood control., American So.c1.ty or C1Yil Stlglnee-~s t Procaedings t v. 53. p . 2607- 2609 ('192:7)
6. llds.er, C., E . :!treat o-f growth upon ' the eapaeit1 , or 4l"aiM,ge ditches. Agr1aultural Engineer ing ,
'¥. S, P .. 177-180 (192'7) ,
II!.. U.. S . GOVERN It' PUBLICA TIOlUh
1 . Elliott. C,* G. , Drainaf,:;e of f am land ., u. S. Department 'Or Jtcrleul tun. F rmer$, i Bulletin 187. 19M,.. 4Op.
2 .. JIforgftnt A1"t11Ul'" milt" a."14 ~.n:xtert o. tl . Report on th ,' St· .. h~d.$ VaUey ~1llage pI"ojec.t~ in Borth-a.stern AJikansas,* U. $ ., p 1" nt:lt Agrl t'rld 't\U"e. m:rt~e of' expef'UIent sta t i ona Bu11etm 230, 191.1.
3 .. . ".1~ I. ll_ Bconol\Y f)f r r l!l\ til"a1nage . 11 .. 5 . h,pf(~tio:t Agr1'Cw.t,us. Yefirbook~ 1914. , . 24!f-a.%_
,BIBLIOGRAPHY
4. Jones , Lewis ~' iO:i Schliek, W. J.; and Ramser, C. B. l\epo~t on the methods and cost of reela1m1ng the overtlD1U!d lands a l ong the D.1g Bl ack River t W,ss ! ss1ppl . U. S. Department or Agr1cUl tnre:, Dopartment bulletin 181. 1915. 39p#.
5. Yarnel.l,D •. L., nd oodward., s . M. Flow or ster in drain t11e. U •. S . D(tp.artment of Agriculture . Department Bulletin 8,4. 1920.. 5'OP .
6 . Ramser , O. E.. Flow of water in dJ:-$dged drainge ditches. U_ S . Department or Agriculture. ;[)apat'tment bullettn 832. 192O..60p.
7,. YArnell , D", L .• ho8vatlng machinery used in land dl"'a.ln:a!o.U. 5- .. D$part~nt of ir10ul tura . J)spartmant bull$tln 300 . 1922. 591' .
·8. Ramser , C. E. Dra:lnage €11 teh clearing. U.. s. Depar . en.t of Agr1euliure.Year·book, 1926. p . 30,.312 ...
9. It $$1'. e. B. Flo of . tar in drs.:l.nage channels. fl. ii ., Department or Agriculture .. T$cimieal bull eUn 129~ 1929,..· lOlp ...
10. Jones. L\S\I!s' A. Far drtainage . U. S .. Deparant c·t Agr1eulture. Farurs 'bulletin 1600. 1929. 24.p.
1.1 . Bael', C. B. E;.rcs1on and. s11 t 1ng or dred dral.Xl1lge 41 t.e:b s... U 4!i S.. Vep~U'tment af A.grleul turf! ..
. !eebn1cal bulletin 184, 1930. ,4p. 12. Harsden., B .. ' V. Eco.nOldeal use . of large tile tor
land drtl1xmgQ. U. S .. 1lepartent of .Agriculture . i'eehniclll. bullet!.n 269.. 19)1. 24.p •
. 13. Bul"$&U f)t' Rl. ecl.. . tloot lJ., S • Depal" . nt o.f the Interior. Bydl-a:u11a an.d u'Cavatlon tabl es. 19)5'. 168p~ .
14 .. FU'teentb Csnoos or the United at tes , 19)0. Dr'a1nage ot~gr1cu1tural lands_ 1932. 4'3p .
15. Prico$ot faT; pr04\1~ts 1"_1'1'94 by r~r04uc rs . U ... 8 . Departme.nt of .· Fl(Nltu:re ~ Sta tist1cal Bull etin 16", 1m.. ~41. .•
IV . STATE Pt1BLI QA. TIONS s
1. W.sslss1pp1 state Tax CGb ission.. The intern debt structure cL the counties and mtm.ie1pallt1es of t heS1>au . or ... 1ssisslppl as of ~un.G 30, 1939. Servl~ bulletin 22 . 1940. 16,;});.
2 .. Olsen, Joh .. "l 'l ... and 1)umm, Lee D.. 81ltlmary rEI t ot organized dral1lag$ districts in W.ssls5ippi . Board ~ t)@'V&lopment . 1941. 321' ..
(Fol' a mure detailed bibliography on the ubj et $ $
Blb~lograph1()n land drainage ", Co. piled by Do"l"othy . .. {h"af" t Libra!'1 n • .. Bureau or Agr1eul tural Rnglne(u."ing. U. S. Dspartmentof Ap-leulture . 1936 . 24,p.J ·
98
Pag
A eeompl1 s:lunents
Drainags Plans .. " .. . ~ ........... "' ... ..... ..... ,. .... "' .. ,.,. 31 Fi e ld Surveys ...... , ..... ,. ..... "' • .. • .. • .. .. .. .... ... .. .. .. .. 30 ~ps ., ....... 4 • •• e· ........ ' • • ,.. ... ., .,..' " ..... ~ .......... . ... 31 Reports ...................... " ........ it. .. ..... ' .. • .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35
Acknotlled.gezuents .. "' .. ......................... ji. ..... .......... "'............. 67
Adm1n1str~tlon
Farm Cred1 t ... .. '" ..... , .......... "" .......................... "' .... 16, 17 Q·enaral ................... '" '* ............ ., ............... !II .. .. .. .. .. .. 15' ~ol"k ProJects ..... .. ................. .. .. l),14,19,35
Appendix A........ .......... ............. .......... 70 B ...... ft •• · ... "' ..................... ... ~ ..... * ••••••• 91
Ap·prop:r1a t1ona ... '"' .. .............................................. 13,. 14
Approval, Pres.1t!!!ntlal ........ .............. ... ......... ....... ' ... .... 13
rc ives and liistory. , . . .......... ' ................. "'.. .............. 36
Avoilable. D$ta il Da ta •• , ...... ' .................... '......... ..... 36
B1 bllography • "', ............................ AI ., .......... .... .............. '. .. • .. .. 94
Boe rd, frational Res.ources Planning., .. _ .. ............... 16,17,.36
:.so r n ot Develo lent., ................ "Ill."' ....... ' . .. ...... 12, 36
Central Go ·itt e tor Dr .. Uist.. in Kl$s ...... . ,13 ,14 ,16,36
Cl 1 ")6 4° . ea.r·· ng • ., .. ' ..... "' ., "" ...... .. ~ ..... '" -iii ..... , .......... ii' " , ..... *' .. ....... It . ..... c;. }7
99
Con-clu .. sions ..................... ,. " .......... ..,1O .... ......... ................... . 63
contents ••• .., it· •• " ........ e" " • ' ........ ..................... - ...... ""' ••• 4> ... 1.
Constructed, . jorks,. .- ..... ,. ...... 4- ........................ ,. .... ,..., ........ .
COopera.t'1on ............................ .. ... ............. ...... 16,1?,18
Co- Sponsor ....
Cost Clea1"ing ............... ' 11' "' . ...... .. e .. ., ...... * ... II' ........ lit ...... .. DJ:'~lnaci3 Wor-ks." ...... " ......... , .. ;o. .. .............. "' ..... .
Exca.v&tlon ... * ........ ................. , .. ............ .... ...... .
Pro·jee·t . .,.. ...... .... .. ..... " ........... or ............ '"' ......... ..
CUrves
Ba ckw'a te.r ........ oil ......... ...... ............ ., ............. . . .. . ,. ;. ..
Dl$chal"'ge •• " ........ " .. " ................................ ..
Da ta , Detail·ed ........... " ..... !It .... ,« ............ .... .... .... .,. ................. .
Ds tum. He,an G·ttl..t., ........... ~ ..... ~ .. ,. .•• ., ... __ ,. ..... ' ... it ...... '. '
Iles1gnll Rydrn.ulle"' .............. ~ ......... ..... '. ·iF ..................... ..
PUtieultles, Financial ........... til •• .. .................... .&
Districts
L nd in Grgan1z~cd Dra.1.nege .. " ...... .. ., ........... ... Organ1s.a tiM or Da."-a1nage .••• ,. ........... ' lOr ... ..
. 07ks Cons tl"ueted by. '" ........... ow .... ................ '"
Division
9,
15
49 47 49 13
24 29
36
41
Dr .. rAtting .. •• ..••.•. ' .... ' ........................... "' .. . <\" .... . c · ' . ~ 'nr·Q.1Mge., .•••. Ii ...... '." ...... ............................. l~ _
Dr 'inag_
100
14t1$ ( A ppendix B ... , ... . , .. '* .. ., ......... ,,",!lie • ' ...... ..
Pl ans .. ..... . . ............ :.;." •• ,."' •••••••.•.••• Works .. .. . , ...... .......... "" ................. "' .. .
9-1 31 50
~,.~1n1.&tratlye ............ ,"" .. "".... .. .... ........... l B. 19 Corps af .. « .... .............. ..... ... , ............ ' ....... ~l, 1.G,17 t,36 Editing"' .. ............ ' . ................... '..... 18t 19 .office ............. ... ' ................ ., •• '.......... l B., 19
Exce,va t1Qn ...... "" ...................... ,. ....................... <II' ". ' 'It ... ' • • .. .. 26
O()'s·t Qf ........ '" .. .. !!'!II ..... Ii .... !It , ... .. . . iiI> '. ,. .. '" • '" .. .. . iI>., bl -.' ............. •.•..•• '. ' ...................... ' M · ••
Oh.ezy'.S "", •. ,.. ,* . • . '."., ..... ,.. .•• * ...... '" • . ., it' ••• "'._, 28 Del ta P.:unoff AI> ........................... <Ii, ........ *-...... .. ~ l'J.ischar ge ..... "" ... « .... .. ...... '" ................ ........... .. 27 Sill Runoff . .......... *' ... '. 'II ................ '"' ... '" ..... .
Kutter fa ..... "'. '" ., ........ , .... .............. .. ... .. Z?
24, .28
If1s t ory ............ !If • . If . • , . , .............. . . ........ , .. . ........... ., If, .... . · 5, 10
Ar-ch:1ves and .... '" '* ., ........... ' ..... ·Ir"" ... ., ......... .. 36
III us trn t l.01'iS ••.• ' ... ., ... ., . ...... .. ........ .... .. '" • '" ........ __ ,. '" • . ., ... .. 3
Reoommende·d . .. ....... ., ... .., . ................ "' .......... .. Require-d ......... .... "' .......................... ............ .
101
tN~
Indi &n Creek: Drfl i nage District
Page
lfa,P. .. .. • ....... -.. ' ........... '.' ... .... .. ,. .,. ....... _ .' ........ iii_ • • 69 nepGl"'t •• ii .......................... (AppendiX A: 10
I .lltrod.uc·t1on .... .. ~ * ••• .• ' ... If ........... ,.. .. ....... .. •••• • •• •• ,.
Kutter' s Formula .. . ................... __ ............ ........... .. ............. 24
MaPS"~ •• _ •••••• • • " •• ", ••• ,, • .•••• " •••• "'''.'' •••• ''''jIf •••••••.• 31
sta te· ......... __ •• e' •• ' .... " ........ .... . .,. • • , ... .It ,& ....... ." .. 10 Count.y ( Typical) •.•. ., .... -- ... • .......... ,., .... • .. • .. .. ,.. .. .. .. 349' Ind1an Creek Vra1nage District.,........ .......... 6
1ssis's1ppi
Board or .Deve~opment ...... " * ." ...... .. . " .. .. .If ... .. 12J 36 u ntral Co -1ttea for Dr . D1st. of •• 13,14, l b, 36 Drainage La'5 (ApperAix il) ••• "" .................. ,. 91 state H.lgtm y Departv~nt ...... o. •• II ....... ... 16, 18 Stilts LegIslature ...... '" ..... ' .. ..... . .... .. .. 'If ... .,...... 13 state Punning COmrdss1011 ...... :. .. . ........... '" .... 12
or,gan1.:r;a tlon ..... '" ...... ........ ..... .... '" ... If ..... ,Of, ., ... ,., ., ....... lit .. .. '. .. .. .. 14
' er1n1eter t Wette4 •• _ ..... ~ •• • , ................................ # • .., . 24
Method of' (:omput1ng .... '" • ., ............. < •• to .. '" '...... 25
F1eld •• • , ..... ., •• '. , .. ....... ,. ...................... ' •• '... 2£) Otfiee ..... .. ........ * ........ ., .. '. , ...... ;II ·If ..... .. • • • .. ... .. • • • ..... 19
Pl ans", l}r<;i;l..nage ... ~ ...... " .11/ .. ... .......... ., .. ........ ,. .. '. •• • .. ... • .. .. • • ... 31
Tn'1eal . II' ~ ' . ... ............. .... ........ '. ' . ' . " ............ '.... ......... 3,2
102
Project
COst of .... __ • ,. .,. ..... • ""!/Ii " " .. ' .... "., ... .......... .-Period end Extent . . .................. 1' ... .
n-eport s .. .. '" ........ ......... .... ...... ........... . f' .-. .. ... ....... ., ...... ......... ..
Distribu tion o..f .. .... .................................. .. Drainage D ... strtct $Ul:i.t.'U'ary .......... e' """ . " ...
Research, HJ1J d for . ..... . ................ . . ,. ............... .
Besul ts ... ,. ....... ............................... 1O . .............. , ............ ..
S1l t Disposal . *' ......... ' ••• it .............. ' ........ ..... ' ... .... .
Sponsor .... . ............................. "':.. .... . . ...... .
3UJm'lla.,t"y 1!r;.b1e ..................... .. ....... ... 38, 39. 40. 41)
Surveys, Fittld ................... lIf · .......... .. .. "" ........ . /11 ......... ..
!able
E$ t 1ma t e of' clear·ing .... ...... ,. ........... w ...... .
Esti!1l&te of Channel ax·caY · ,tlon . ... ,. .. ... .. . . Est1mte of oost . .. ... ~'!t''''ilt' .. _ ........... ..
fI,J'd::rau11e Ela.!lleot s ........ "' .. .. ...... ,,"'." . , . .. '" •• '. Ol'gani.!tat1on, A.5sesssent . dF n.e1al $lll'nBl&l"Y", .. '* ... ., ....... II! ........... ,.38 t 39 t 40 1 41 ,
'Works
s true tion.. ,.. • *' ......... .. ... '" ..... ,; .......... ,. .... . 'Cos t of Drai ge· ....... ,. .... .. " ." ................... .. Or .ina, s .. .. "' ........ ' ....... P" __ . ........... .,. ........... . t"'$.t~ct Administra tion ... ' ......... 13, 14,
42,
42 ,
Page
13 13
35
35 18
11
37
71
15 43
30
90 90 88 89 83 43
46 47 50
19, 35
